ENERGY CONCENTRATES

pp. 212-220

Classes of Energy Concentrates

• Grains• Fats and oils• Byproducts of sugar or baking industries

Energy ConcentratesGeneral properties

Nutrient Grains Fats and oils Sugar or Food By-products

Energy High(77-90% TDN)

Very high(189% TDN)

High(80-90% TDN)

Crude fiber Low(< 18% CF or 32%

NDF)

Very low(Unless fed as a

component of an oil seed)

Low

Protein:

Quantity Low(8-15% CP)

Very low (Unless fed as a

component of oil seed)

Very low

Quality Low - -

A high quality protein will have ____?____

a) a high digestibility.

b) a high concentration of amino acids.

c) a high concentration of essential amino acids.

d) each of the essential amino acids present in concentrations that are proportional to the animal’s requirements.

e) all of the above

f) none of the above

Which of the following are amino acids essential in the diet of a pig?

Glycine Alanine Valine

Leucine Isoleucine Serine

Threonine Phenylalanine Tyrosine

Tryptophan Cysteine Cystine

Methionine Proline Hydroxyproline

Lysine Arginine Histidine

Aspartic acid Glutamic acid Asparagine

Glutamine

Which of the following are amino acids essential in the diet of a 1000 lb beef steer?

Glycine Alanine Valine

Leucine Isoleucine Serine

Threonine Phenylalanine Tyrosine

Tryptophan Cysteine Cystine

Methionine Proline Hydroxyproline

Lysine Arginine Histidine

Aspartic acid Glutamic acid Asparagine

Glutamine

Energy ConcentratesGeneral properties

Nutrient Grains Fats and oils Sugar or Food By-products

Energy High(77-90% TDN)

Very high(189% TDN)

High(80-90% TDN)

Crude fiber Low(< 18% CF or 32%

NDF)

Very low(Unless fed as a

component of an oil seed)

Low

Protein:

Quantity Low(8-15% CP)

Very low (Unless fed as a

component of oil seed)

Very low

Quality LowDeficient AA: Lysine, tryptophanExcess AA: Leucine

- -

Nutrient Grains Fats and oils Sugar or Food By-products

Minerals:

Calcium Low(0.02%)

Low Low

Phosphorus:

Quantity Higher than forages(0.3%)

Low(Unless fed as oil seed)

Low

Availability Low in nonruminantsWhy?

High in ruminantsWhy?

Low in nonruminantsHigh in ruminants

-

Sodium chloride

Low Low Low(Unless Food

waste)

Nutrient Grains Fats and oils Sugar or Food By-products

Vitamins:

Vitamin A (Carotene)

Low (Except for corn)

Low Low

Vitamin D Low Low Low

Vitamin E Fair Fair Low

B-vitamins:

Thiamin High Low Low

Niacin High(Low availability for

non-ruminants)

Low Low

Riboflavin, Pantothenic acid,

Vitamin B12,

Biotin

Low Low Low

GrainsStructure

• Bran– Fiber (Hemicellulose)

• Endosperm– Starch

• 98% of starch in kernel

– Gluten • 75% of protein in kernel

• Germ– Oil

• 81% of oil in kernel

– Protein• 23% of protein in kernel

Starch in Grains

• Major component of grains– 70 to 75% of grain DM– Removed by grain processing

• Classes of starch– Amylose

• Chains of glucose bound by alpha-1,4 linkages• Normally approximately 30% of starch

– Amylopectin• Chains of glucose bound by alpha-1,4 linkages w/ alpha-

1-6 branch points• More rapidly digested than amylose• Normally approximately 70% of starch

• Factors affecting starch digestion in grains– Bran and endosperm protein matrix around starch

• Digestibility may be increased by cracking or grinding

– Starch structure• Starch chains are arranged in concentric circles as

granules

– Enzymes hydrolyze one layer at a time. » Limits rate of digestion

– Heat treatments (steam flaking, popping etc.) destroy granular structure producing straight chains» Process is called gelatinization» Increases starch digestion

Oils in Grains

• Approximately 3 to 4% of grain DM– Concentrated in grain processing by-products like

distillers grains • Under current processing methods

• Triglycerides primarily containing unsaturated fatty acids.

Proteins in Grains• 8 to 15% of grain DM– Concentrated in grain processing byproducts

• Quality– Deficient• Lysine• Tryptophan

– Excess• Leucine

• Ruminal degradability – Approximately 50 (Corn) - 75% (Small grains)– Low ruminal degradability is valuable in light

weight calves and high producing dairy cows

Properties of Individual Grains• Corn

– 56 lb/bu– High energy (88% TDN, DM basis)

• Improved 5 to 10% by processing

– Low fiber (NDF, 10% of DM; highly digestible)– Low protein (8-10% of DM)

• Low lysine and tryptophan• High leucine

– Low Ca (0.03%)– Moderate P (0.30%)

• Approximately 50% of P is bound to phytate– Unavailable to nonruminants– Available to ruminants

– High in beta-carotene– High in thiamin– High in niacin, but it’s unavailable to nonruminants– Low in other B vitamins

– Use of corn grain in livestock diets• Swine and poultry–Only limited by the needs for supplemental

nutrients and cost–Supplemental nutrients needed: Amino

acids, available P, Ca, salt, trace minerals, fat soluble vitamins, B vitamins

• Ruminants and horses– Limited by fiber requirements, supplemental

nutrients, and cost– Fiber requirement primarily met by forage»Can be met for finishing cattle by whole

corn grain or ground ear corn–Other supplemental nutrients needed:

Crude protein, P, Ca, salt, trace minerals, fat soluble vitamins

– Variations in corn composition• Genetic variants

–High lysine»Opaque-2»Slightly higher in protein

• High in lysine and tryptophan• Reduces amount of protein needed in

nonruminant diets• Must test for lysine

» Limitations• Lower yields • Soft kernels

• Subject to ear rot–Waxy corn

» 100% amylopectin» Improve starch digestion»Variable improvements in animal performance

–High amylose corn» >50% amylose»Primarily used for wet milling of corn

producing high fructose corn syrup.» Lower yield than normal varieties

–High oil corn» 7 to 8% oil» Improved feed efficiency and rate of gain

in livestock diets»Primarily used for corn oil production

–Considerations with genetically modified corn»Must prevent cross pollination» Lower yields of high lysine and high

amylose corn»Must test for characteristic to properly use

in diets

• Other variations–High moisture corn» 24-35% moisture»Ensiled in anerobic storage• Preserved by lactic acid produced

during fermentation• Requires anerobic storage

»Advantages• Improves starch digestion• Improves feed efficiency in cattle

by 8 to 10%• Allows for early harvest• Doesn’t require drying

» Limitation• Must be marketed through livestock

–Ground ear corn»Also called corn and cob meal»Contains 20% cob» 70 lb/bu» 84% TDN, DM basis» 7 to 8 % CP» 28% NDF»Uses• Not used for swine or poultry• May be used for ruminants or horses• If used, reduce the amount of

forage in diet

• Harmful constituents in corn grain– Aflatoxin

• Carcinogenic toxins produced by Aspergillus molds on corn

• Particularly a problem in drought-stricken corn produced in hot (>85oF), humid conditions

• Control – Rapid dryiing to < 15% moisture

• Use limits

Use Concentration, ppb

Pet foods < 10

Marketing, ethanol, young animals, dairy cattle

< 20

Breeding beef cattle and swine, and mature poultry

< 100

Finishing swine > 100 lb < 200

Finishing cattle < 300

• Sorghum (Milo)– Drought resistant– Energy value• Swine and poultry– 95 to 98% the value of corn

• Ruminants– 85 to 90% the value of corn

• Requires processing– 8 to 12% Crude protein• Most limiting amino acid: Lysine

– Low Ca– Moderate P• 50% of P bound to phytate

– Uses in diets• Can replace all corn in nonruminant and

ruminant diets if processed

• Oats– 32 lb/bu– Very palatable– 65 to 75% TDN (DM basis)– 32% NDF (DM basis)

• Hulls are poorly digested (32% TDN)• Groats (Dehulled oats have energy value = corn)

– 12% Crude protein (DM basis); limiting AA, lysine– 0.09% Ca (DM basis)– 0.38% P (DM basis), 50% phytate bound– Uses of oat grain in rations

• Poultry, growing/finishing swine (< 60 lb) lactating sows, or finishing beef cattle rations– Can replace < 20% of the corn

• Growing/finishing pigs (> 100 lb)– Can replace 40% of corn

• Lactating dairy cows, growing calves (Creep feed), or gestating sows– Can replace 50% of corn

• Horses– Can replace 100% of corn

• Barley– Energy

• Ruminants– 83% TDN (90% value of corn)

• Swine– 80% value of corn

– 19% NDF (DM basis), poorly digested– 12% CP (DM basis); limiting amino acid, lysine– Uses in rations

• Should be rolled and not finely ground• Finishing cattle, growing/finishing pigs, or

gestating sows– Can replace 100% of the grain– Care needed to prevent bloat in feedlot cattle

• Lactating sows– Can replace 85% of the grain

• Dairy cows– Can replace 50% of the grain

• Growing pigs (<60 lb)– Can replace 25% of the grain

• Wheat– Energy• 90% TDN (DM basis)

– Starch properties• Very rapidly digested–May cause lactic acidosis and bloat in cattle

• Floury powder–Becomes doughy in mouth if finely ground»Reduces palatability

–Should be coarsely ground– Low fiber, but contains xylans• Must be supplemented with xylanase if fed to

poultry– 12-14% CP (DM basis) • Limiting amino acid; lysine

– Biotin present, but in bound form

– Uses of wheat in livestock diets• Gestating, lactating, and growing/finishing pigs– < 95% of the grain

• Broiler and layers– < 85% of diet»Requires a pigmenting agent and

xylanase» Fat in wheat-fed broilers is firmer than in

corn-fed broilers• Finishing beef cattle; dairy cattle; and growing

pigs (< 60 lb)– < 50 % of the grain

• Rye– 83% TDN (DM basis)– Starch properties resemble wheat– 12% CP (DM basis)– Very unpalatable– May contain ergot

• A fungus producing toxic alkaloids– Lysergic acid– 6,8 dimethylergoline

• These alkaloids cause vasoconstriction– Abortions– Gangrene resulting in loss of hooves, tails, and ears

– Uses in rations• Weanling pigs, young cattle. or dairy cattle

– Do not use as grain• Growing/finishing swine or cattle

– < 33% of diet• Lactating sows

– < 40% of diet• Gestating sows

– No limit

• Triticale– A hybrid of wheat and rye– 78% TDN (DM basis)– Starch properties similar to wheat– 15% CP; limiting amino acid, lysine– Unpalatable– Susceptible to ergot– Use in rations• Growing/finishing swine and beef cattle– < 50% of the diet

• Gestating sows– < 25% of the diet

• Young pigs and cattle, or dairy cattle–Do not feed triticale grain

Additional considerations regarding grains

• Drought-stressed grains– Results in low test weight grains• Less starch, more fiber–A problem for nonruminants with high

energy requirements and low feed intake (Nursery pigs or lactating sows)

• Silages– Often the most effective use of cereal grains for

ruminants