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Energy Efficient Electric
Vehicles Lessons from Abroad
Dr. Shannon
Arvizu
Mr. Robert Hall
Why EVs?
What do successful EV
Movements look like?
The EV Movement in the U.S.
Who Leads the EV Network in the
US? Entrepreneurs
Established Firms
Research Orgs
Utilities NGOs
Media
Government Agencies
Revenge of the Electric Car
Global EV Movement
US 1 million EVs by 2015
Germany 1 million EVs by 2050, 5 million by 2030
UK 1.2 million EVs by 2020, 3 million by 2030
France 2 million EVs by 2020
China 5 million EVs by 2020
Japan 2 million EVs by 2025
Israel 100% EVs by 2020
EV Movement in Israel
Who Leads the EV Network in
Israel?
Entrepreneurs
Government Agencies
Utilities
Venture Capitalists
Established Firms
Media
Better Place Goes Global
What are the ingredients for
a successful EV
Movement?
1- Establish Network Partnerships for EV Technology
Development and Public Awareness
2- Political Leadership for Energy Independence
3- Incentive Policies to Build Capacity of Local Industry
What targeted incentives
are used to stimulate an EV
Movement?
An EV Policy Package includes incentives
for:
1-Manufacturers of Vehicles and Suppliers
2-Consumers/Fleet Operators
3-Charging Infrastructure Companies
1- Incentives for EV
Manufacturing
Public and private financing for vehicle and battery
research, demonstration, and deployment (U.S. and
China)
Regional tax and rent subsidies to attract
manufacturing plants (U.S.)
Government fleet orders of EVs (Europe and U.S.)
2- Incentives to EV Owners
Tax Credits or Reduced Sales Tax (UK, US, China,
Israel, Denmark)
Fee-bates (CA)
Preferential parking and/or traffic lanes (CA)
Exemption from congestion policies (China)
Reduced franchise fees from city governments
3- Incentives for
Infrastructure Deployment Subsidies and loans for charging infrastructure
equipment manufacturing and installation (U.S.)
Make public/private land available for charging
stations (Israel)
Subsidies and loans for home-charging units for
consumers (U.S.)
What Can We Learn from
China?
A Short-Sighted Vision in
China
-20/40 regulation is lax.
-Demand for faster and heavier EV 2-wheelers.
-Network is dominated by unregulated EV 2-
wheeler manufacturers who use outdated EV
battery technology.
Can China Change
Course?
90% of EV bikes in China use lead-acid batteries (10-
20 kg of lead in each battery)
Need to be replaced every 12-18 months
Mining, producing, and recycling lead is a problem
The right set of policies will:
1. Establish a target and a roadmap for energy
independence
2. Build public-private partnerships between the EV
network of stakeholders
3. Drive demand from early adopters to the
mainstream market
4. Take into consideration clean energy usage and the
lifecycle of vehicles and batteries
5. Create a culture and economy of clean tech
innovation
EVs and EV concepts are
not new…
1993
• Battery powered
EV with on-board
ICE generator
• Designed & built
by team of 38
undergraduate
engineers over
18 months
• Won Ford HEV
Challenge, in
competition with
universities
across US & CA
…But only recently are global
auto makers bringing EVs to the
mainstream market.
EVs Available Globally Now
Nissan LEAF Battery: Lithium-ion
Range: 160km
Available: Japan, US, Ireland, UK
Manufactured: Japan, US
EVs Available Globally Now
Chevrolet Volt Battery: Lithium-ion
Range: 64km all-electric / 610km total
Available: US
Manufactured: US
EVs Available Globally Now
Tesla Roadster Battery: Lithium-ion
Range: 352km
Available: 30 countries
Manufactured: US & UK (assembly)
EVs Available Globally Now
Think City Battery: Lithium-ion
Range: 160km
Available: Norway, Netherlands, Spain,
France, Austria, Switzerland, Finland,
US
Manufactured: Finland, US
EVs Available Globally Now
BMW Mini-E Battery: Lithium-ion
Range: 250km
Available: Limited in Germany, US, UK
Manufactured: UK
EVs Available Globally Now
Electric
Vehicle
Battery
Chemistry
Battery Pack Range
(all
electric)
Charge Time
Nissan LEAF Lithium-ion
(Li-
manganese)
24 kWh; 192
cells; 80 Wh/kg;
272 kg
160 km 8h at 230VAC
Chevrolet Volt Lithium-ion
(Li-
manganese)
16 kWh; 181 kg 64 km 10h at 115VAC
4h at 230VAC
Tesla
Roadster
Lithium-ion
(Li-cobalt)
56 kWh; 6,831
computer ‘18650’
cells; 450kg
352 km 3.5h at 240VAC, 70 amp
10h at 240VAC, 24 amp
BMW Mini-E Lithium-ion
(Li-NMC)
35 kWh 250 km 26h at 115VAC
4.5h at 230VAC, 32 amp
Think City Lithium-ion
(Li-
manganese)
24.5 kWh 160 km 8h at 115VAC
So, why did mainstream
commercial availability take so
long…?
1993 2011
Improvements in Energy Density of
Selected Battery Types, by Year
Battery Technology: Comparing
Energy Densities
Appendix
Battery Technology
