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Energy in the Water Cycle: An introduction. Jorge A. Elias M. [email protected]. 1. Energy in the Water Cycle. Why is it important? How can we reduce CO 2 emissions in the UWC? How much heat is lost in Domestic Water? What is the heat potential in Urban Water? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Why is it important? How can we reduce CO2 emissions in the
UWC? How much heat is lost in Domestic Water? What is the heat potential in Urban Water? Where is an opportunity? How heat is recovered? What kind of projects are there? Which are some developing technologies?
Energy in the Water Cycle
2
Why is it important?
3
Energy supplied504 ExaJ
12 Bill Oil Eq12029 Mtoe
Peat/Coal26.5%
Oil34%
Gas20.9%
CombustRenew9.8%
R
Hydro 2.2%
N
N: Nuclear 5.9%R: Renewables
0.7%
Energy conversion8286 Mtoe
Total Final consumption
by sector8286 Mtoe
Coal8.8%
Oil42.6%3532
Gas 15.6%
1296 Mtoes
Combustible Renewables
12.4 %1027 Mtoes
Electricity17.1%
1414 Mtoe197 TWh
R
Industry
Transport
Non energy Use
Renewables: 3.5%
290 Mtoes
HouseholdsServices
Agriculture and Fishing
Other sectors
41.5
5.6
20.9
15.6
13.8
2.6
800.5
15.14.4
9.2
61.2
12.8
16.8
35.6
5.8
47.8
11.2
42.2
1.6
56.2
Coal11%
Oil, Petroleum
40%
Natural Gas45%
Nuclear1%Biomass
2%
Hydropower0%
Windpower1%
Solar Energy0%
Ambient Energy
0%
Other1%
Total Energy use (2008), 3200 PJ
Energy sources in The Netherlands
World1 Mtoe = 2388 PJ
CO2 emission and electricity consumption in the world according to the development of certain countries
Why is it important?
4
Zimbawe
India
WORLDChina
BR RUMX QatarUAEIT
CANL
USAAustralia
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0
Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent I
ndex
Tons eq CO2/inhab
20032006
Source: UNDP
Energy reducing strategies
◦ Improving treatment processes◦ Recycling water◦ Reusing energy in water◦ Using different energy sources◦ Water minimization◦ Producing energy form water
How can we reduce CO2 emissions in the UWC?
5
PrecipitacionSurface,
Ground WaterCatchment
WaterUse
Storm Water
Wastewater Treatment
WaterRecycling
Evaporation
Water Disposal
Rivers
Sea Water Treatment
+
In The Netherlands
How much heat is lost in domestic water?
6
Water Consumption
130 L/inhab
Heated water 65 L/inhabAverage temperature of heated water
40ºC
Energy in water
kWh/inhab/yr
Transportation 90Treatment 90Heating(40ºC) 700
70 – 82 % of «invested» energy in water
20 – 40 % Of Energy loses in a house
What is the heat potential in water?
7
Avo
ided
Kto
ns C
O2
Case of Amsterdam
Where is an opportunity?
8
PrecipitacionSurface,
Ground WaterCatchment
WaterUse
Storm Water
Wastewater Treatment
WaterRecycling
Evaporation
Water Disposal
Rivers
Sea Water Treatment
+
How heat is recovered?
9
Heat pump ◦ Its utilization started more than 20 years◦ In Switzerland: 3% of the thermal energy demand
of buildings.
How heat is recovered?
10
Heat Recovery in showers◦ 4 – 15% Energy Savings◦ No extra energy required◦ For individual showers◦ The near to the hot source, the better
ATES-BTES◦ Heat «Storage»◦ Coupled with heat pumps◦ BTES are more expensive◦ They must be stabilized
What kind of projects are there?
District heating◦ Hotels, pools, buildings,
houses.◦ Minimum flow: 10 L/s◦ Main concern: Performance of
WWTP
Sludge drying◦ With treated water◦ It does not represent danger to
the WWTP performance◦ Not many publications
What kind of projects are there?
Using different energy sources
Water minimization Producing energy form
water
Solar desalination Smart Grids MFC’s
Which are some developing technologies?
13
PrecipitacionSurface,
Ground WaterCatchment
WaterUse
Storm Water
Wastewater Treatment
WaterRecycling
Evaporation
Water Disposal
Rivers
Sea Water Treatment
+
Membrane desalination◦ A thermally driven process the steam
of the feed (hot solution) passes through membrane
◦ Need for development Long-term performance Scale-up Realistic assessments
Which are some developing technologies?
14
Smart grids◦ Measuring and control technologies◦ Applied mostly in electrical industry◦ Leaks detection◦ Provide information about consumption◦ Real-Time knowledge
Wchich are some developing technologies?
15
Microbial Fuel Cells◦ Yield: 23 W/m3◦ Can be used for WWT (nitrification)◦ Cathode is the «bottle neck» of MFCs◦ No commercially available
$ Materials of electrodes Pilot projects (fouling, changes in
substrate and temperature) Lack of knowledge about
bacterial metabolism
Wchich are some developing technologies?
16
Other types:Plants-MFCs
And finally…..
17
You can be happy when you use me
Because me and my friends
can become more CO2
neutral or… An ENERGY FACTORY
18
Comments and
suggestions?
And finally, thank you for your attention
