ENERGY MANAGEMENT Module 3 - MAEEP DATA... · Larger and Distributed DDC systems require multiple, networked DDC Panels Evolution of Control Systems Each Manufacturer “invents”

BIG DATA & ANALYTICS…

THE NEXT FRONTIER FOR

ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Module 3

Jack McGowan, CEM

Your Seminar Leaders: Jack

McGowan, CEM

Jim Lee Jack is Principal of the McGowan Group. He was formerly CEO of Energy Control, Inc., an OpTerra Energy Company, and also has held

management positions with Honeywell Inc., Johnson Controls Inc.

and others. He’s Chairman Emeritus, U.S. DOE GridWise

Architecture Council, and a Fellow with the Association of Energy

Engineers (AEE), as well as a member of AEE's International Energy

Managers Hall of Fame. His experience in the energy and buildings

industries spans four decades, and included leadership roles in energy

management, Smart Buildings / Open Systems, Energy Services,

Smart Grid and Big Data Energy Analytics. His most recent book,

Energy and Analytics: Big Data and Building Technology Integration

is published by The Fairmont Press.

Principal Team of Leaders Chairman Emeritus Senior Fellow Fellow

Hall of Fame

Jack McGowan, CEM

http://www.aeeprograms.com/store/detail.cfm?id=1188&category_id=6

Intelligent Buildings and Big Data

Building Technology Architecture • System Analysis and Data Evaluation for Optimization

Analytics Data Determination and Integration • Understanding Data and Systems Architecture

Key Underlying Technologies

Technologies: Multi-Tiered Building Automation, Meter Data Management, CMMS, other

Middleware

Information Technology and Computer Network

BAS

BAS Market • Legacy and Open/Standard Technology Evaluation

BADDC Network Mgmt, Equipment & Zone • Control / Automation Applications

Active Energy and Analytics

Digital Communication for Building Technology

Protocols and Data Networking • Architecture and Data Communications

Internet and Web Services • Energy Analytics and Data Access

Middleware

Middleware Technology Definition and Market • Legacy System and Visualization Interface

Network Systems and Data Analytics

System Integration

BAS Architecture Integration

Integrating Legacy Systems For Optimization and Data Access

Energy Management, Sustainability and Analytics

Big Data and Analytics - Module 3

Next Generation

Building Technology Architecture

Architecture must leverage Technology and

standards to bridge between internal building

systems and Web/Cloud Services

N2

N2

Equipment

Control (ELC)

ELC

Operator Workstation

Remote/Dial-Up Operator

Workstation

Fire Controller

VAV Controller

Zone Controller (ZLC) Lighting Controller

NEU Controller

LCP Controller

ZLC Controller

Access Controller

AHU Controller

ELC ELC

BACnet™ IP

BACnet™

MSTP

LON

Legacy

Big Data: Only Smart Facilities Can Play

Building

To Grid

Analytics Data Determination and Integration – Leverage wideranging sources

Smart Building trends toward Cloud based IT Aps and Big Data Energy Analytics

Leveraging large scale building/consumer networks is the future

Dynamic Pricing,

Microgrids & M&V

Smarter Buildings can Kick

Start Smart Grid Marketplace

on Supply & Demand Side

Big Data & Effective BAS drive larger functionality

– Why Automate?

– What is Value of BAEMS ?

– Evolution of DDC

– What is DDC

– Value of BAEMS

– Control Theory Review – What it takes to understand underlying technology that supports Big Data Energy Analytics

Analytics Data determination

and Integration

Why Automate HVAC Applications?

Air Flow

R/C

Temperature sensing

Setpoint

- Proportional Control

- P+I and P I D

Valve

Actuator

Cooling

Coil

Off-coil Air Temperature

Sensor -high limit

•Setpoint

•throttling range

•hysteresis

•anticipation

freeze

stat

Heating

Coil

Isn’t the answer to this question obvious? Precise control and environment Complexity of one unit, let alone plant, loop, many units Technology does require rethinking basic requirements Communications & integration are no longer transparent Optimization requires systems thinking Variables are no longer internal, but external too, i.e. DR

CW

All Data may be used with

Analytics

Topic to be revisited continuously in this seminar

All benefits discussed in Modules 1 & 2

Cost

Optimization for cost and operations

Energy and Environmental benefits

Sustainability

Compliance

Vendor Management

How does BAS Support Analytics? Other Systems

HVAC

24/7 Monitor

Video surveillance

Elevator

Lighting

Fire

Access

Energy

Consider: Reducing Building Cost S

ervices a

nd

Tech

no

log

ies

Copyright ® 2007 The Fourth

Utility, LLC All Rights Reserved.

Big Data Energy Analytics

Analytics Data Determination

and Integration

Understanding Data and

Systems Architecture

What Data is Needed?

Where does it Reside?

What Architecture supports

Acquisition?

High Speed Internet / Wireless

Voice Communications

Facilities Management

Interactive media

Visitor management

Audio – Video Conf

Ambient Music / TV

Better Tenant & Common Area Experience: learning, productivity, comfort and cost

Digital signage

Ser

vic

es a

nd

Tec

hn

olo

gie

s



Understanding Data and

Systems Architecture


is focus here

However there is much

more value across many

types of buildings

High Speed Internet / Wireless

IP Telephony

Future Applications

Interactive media

Visitor management

Audio – Video Conf

Ambient Music / TV

Architecture ties together applications

which are sources of data

Digital signage

HVAC

24/7 Monitor

Video surveillance

Elevator

Lighting

Fire

Access

Energy



The introduction of microprocessors

Evolution of Control Systems

Communications technology was not part of system design pre-microprocessors

or in the First Stage of evolution

Single, small DDC

system

…post pneumatics and mini-computers

Larger and Distributed DDC systems require multiple, networked DDC Panels


Each Manufacturer “invents” control plus

digital communications

these are called “Legacy Systems”

Panel A Panel C

Panel B

Pre- BacNET™ expanded systems turned into isolated systems of automation


No Standard Method of Communication!

Vendor A Vendor C

Vendor B

Important Note: No Standard Method of

sequence programming either

1st Generation DDC (really EMS...)


Master/slave (polling) protocol is a crude beginning to the use of communications

Single Mini/

Mainframe

Computer

Still no Standard Method of sequence programming

…more to come on this later

Consider a BAS technology parallel, from Music Let’s go back to 1980

1980’s IT (Data Processing)

And Today? The Internet

Cloud!

Network stuff here

And, BAS Architecture of Tomorrow…

The Internet Cloud!

Network stuff here

Controls

Analytics

Application

s

Analytics CMMS FDD

DR GUI

Commissionin

g

Pieces of the “BAEMS” Puzzle

BAEMS …in the building and in the cloud

HVAC & DDC Open Data

Communication

Energy Management

&Facility Application

And the Cloud

Brings more data


Leverage all above, and not

Just the Web but IoT

BAEMS Open System Evolution

Equipment

Controller

Micro-processor

DDC

Network

Communications

OPEN

STANDARD

Future

Systems

The Technology Funnel

Future

Applications

i.e.

Analytics

Managing BAEMS requires a working knowledge of:

• Your facility applications

• HVAC Systems

• DDC Control theory and practices Architecture, Distributed Controllers

Control Configuration and Programming

• Digital Communications

• Open/Standard Protocols

• Computer (PC) technology

• Internet/Information Technology and now

• Big Data Energy Analytics

BAEMS Awareness

Back to HVAC Control Applications

Air Flow

R/C

Temperature sensing

Setpoint


- P+I and P I D

Valve

Actuator

Cooling

Coil


Sensor -high limit

•Setpoint

•throttling range

•hysteresis

•anticipation

freeze

stat

Heating

Coil

What does this have to do with BAEMS? What does all of this have to do with buildings operations? Oh, and it is all Data

CW

ASHRAE Closed loop control of a condition, applied directly at the application,

using a digital control loop with feedback to sense changes in condition. DDC Open Systems Expansion

DDC controllers must be networked so that information from control loops, and applications can be combined into a building control system.

Open Systems are the next wave and have led to Integrated Systems that leverage STANDARDS for networking

ASHRAE Vision 2020 for Net Zero Energy Buildings: “If NZEBs are to become reality, manufacturers and designers must be better able to integrate systems into buildings that may be significantly different from most buildings constructed today. Designers will need the tools to design and apply better integrated equipment, manufacturers will need to produce ultra-high efficiency equipment and know how to best apply it to buildings, and both will have to be able to better monitor occupants’ needs and provide comfortable conditions, taking advantage of everything that nature has to offer, including human ingenuity.”

DDC Definition and beyond

To Better understand this, go back to basics Controller Function

Single Closed Loop Control

Inputs • Thermistor (varying resistance) • 4-20mA • 0-5/10vDC • Above can be analog or binary

Outputs • Binary - On/off (usually 24vAC) • Analog - Pneumatic, 4-20mA, 0-10vDC

Algorithms • PID & Adaptive PID • On/off with differential • Control Sequences

* Integration at Systems and Enterprise Levels

BAEMS Controller Options

Unlike closed loop, open loop: • Does not vary the output to affect the input (controlled

variable)

• May use a software variable as the input (e.g., a schedule)

• Algorithm is usually a logical test (IF/THEN)

CONCLUSION - 90% of DDC control is a combination of open and closed loops.

Open Loop Control

HVAC - Comfort (Temp. control), Energy, Maintenance & Cost Management

Life Safety, Lighting & Security

Building or Industrial Processes

This seminar does not focus on the differences in these functions, but it recognizes that they must coexist and may bring value in optimizing Hospital operations

DDC System Applications

Before BAEMS Hardware Deep Dive… Revisit the basics

Theory Review – What it takes to understand BAEMS

Control Theory

N1 LAN

Basic Temperature Control

Direct Digital Control (DDC)

Control Theory: Basic Temperature Control

Goal: Establish a final condition

Temperature control

proportion between setpoint

temperature trigger call

anticipation

deadband

throttling range

Simple temperature control wiring

red = fan

blue = cooling

yellow = heat

black & white = common/power

Simple

mercury

bulb

Control Theory

Sensor Controller Controlled

Device

HVAC

Process

System Feedback

Sensors

Temperature

Pressure

Humidity

Control Theory


Device

HVAC

Process

System Feedback

Controllers

Two Position Control

Analog Control

Direct Digital Control


Typically a mechanical device such as a thermostat or pressure switch

Control Theory


A mechanical thermostat opens or closes a relay based on the temperature. this applies a voltage to a two position fan coil valve which goes full open or full closed.

Control Theory

Differential

Temperature

Increasing

Cut in

temperature

Full flow to FCU

Cut out

temperature

No flow to FCU


Low Cost

Inaccurate Control

Inflexible Strategies

Cannot be Networked

Used for Simple On / Off Control such as FCU in Hotel Guest Rooms

Used for Safety Controls

Control Theory

Analog Control:

Uses analog electronics but no microprocessor

A temperature sensor located in the return air of a CAV AHU controls the chilled water valve using a proportional algorithm.

Control Theory

Control Theory: HVAC Application

Air Flow

CHWS

CHWR

T-

stat

Temperature sensing

Setpoint


- P+I and P I D

Valve

Actuator

Cooling

Coil


Sensor -high limit

Setpoint

- throttling range

- histerisis

- anticipation

freeze

stat

Heating

Coil

Control Loop Calculations

Proportional-Only Control results in a continuous error.

Control Theory

Setpoint

Deadband

Time

Input

Time

Output

Proportional Only Output

Control Theory - more complex: P+I

+

Setpoint

Input -

Error

Calculate

Proportional

Term

Calculate Integral

Term

Deadband Proportional band Integral time

Output = P Term + I Term

+

Error*

+

Calculate

Error*

ASHRAE : Closed loop control at the application using digital control

DDC Open Systems Expansion: controllers must be networked so information from control loops and applications controls a building

Open Systems led to Integrated Systems that leverage STANDARDS

ASHRAE Vision 2020 for Net Zero Energy Buildings: require integrating systems into buildings that may be significantly different from most buildings constructed today. Designers will need the tools to design and apply better integrated equipment, manufacturers will need to produce ultra-high efficiency equipment and know how to best apply it to buildings, and both will have to be able to better monitor occupants’ needs and provide comfortable conditions, taking advantage of everything that nature has to offer, including human ingenuity.”

BAEMS Definition


Device

HVAC

Process

DDC System Feedback

BAS System Architecture BAS is one of many building systems and a good

example of dedicated system architecture

Now it is possible to Dig into the

Architecture, and discuss the system

Components and their functionality

N2

N2

Equipment

Control (ELC)

ELC

Operator Workstation

Remote/Dial-Up Operator

Workstation

Fire Controller

VAV Controller

Zone Controller (ZLC) Lighting Controller

NEU Controller

LCP Controller

ZLC Controller

Access Controller

AHU Controller

ELC ELC

BAEMS System Architecture … more HVAC / Special System Focus

HVAC / Control focused manufacturer add Special System including Fire, Access & Video Surveillance –

Understanding Tech = awareness of data sources

BAEMS MiddlewareArchitecture

The Next Wave is to Integrate anything including legacy BAS, Other Systems, IT & Web Services

– BAEMS Systems Architecture – BAEMS Applications beginning with Direct

Digital Control (DDC) – BAEMS Devices – Software vs. Firmware – BAEMS Systems Architecture again

Again, these are all source of data and they make it easier to add new Sensor Data, etc.

BAEMS begins at the basics

Controller Objective:

Optimally satisfy space requirements

Energy Strategies ??

Additional Benefits:

Eliminate system short cycling

Adaptable for dehumidification

Minimize system run time

Implement a complete building control strategy e.g., stagger system

Typical Usage:

Medical Professional Buildings

Beltway Office Buildings

Retail and Churches

DDC Applications: Simple D/X Roof Top Unit

Complete Building Control System

Coordinate Facility Functions HVAC/Special

DDC Leverages Sub Systems

Terminal Unit Systems

Fan Systems

Chilled Water Systems: Prime Mover/Loop

Heat/Hot Water Systems: Prime Mover/Loop

Condenser Water System

Solar Thermal / PV

Commissioning/Metering / M&V / Analytics

Comprehensive Control Strategy Means:

Minimized cost of operations

Minimized occupant disruption

Maximized occupant comfort and satisfaction

DDC Applications: Complex

Enhanced system operation

Microprocessor reliability & precision

Local and/or remote setpoint adjust & tuning

Local and/or remote start-stop

Saves Energy & Money

Start-stop based upon occupancy

Eliminate cooling & heating unoccupied areas

Reduces Maintenance Cost

Immediate notification of failures/alarms

Provides warning prior to actual alarm

Remotely “view” equipment from a P.C.

Diagnose mechanical problems from the PC

Mission = Positive Health Care, Work & Learning Environments

Optimization to further enhance all of the above

Analytics for Continuous Improvement, M&V and accredation i.e. Joint Commission, Carbon and benchmarking

DDC Application Benefits State of the Art DDC or BAEMS Benefits

Direct Digital Control (DDC) is typically applied on a building wide basis through digital strategies executed by many local controllers

A Building Automation System (BAS) is a computer-based system which centralizes and automates the monitoring and control of HVAC, lighting, fire alarm and security systems.

BAEMS combines both the above systems & adds functionality for Energy Management, not just comfort, plus Integration of multiple other Legacy DDC/BAS as well as meter, CMMS, FD&D, Special Systems, Kiosks, Dashboards and other Building / IT technology for broader Facility and Enterprise Management from a Local or NOC level

DDC, Building Automation and BAEMS Systems

BAEMS System Architecture … traditional HVAC / Special System Focus

This section will touch on the

Devices, their function and

Programming as well as their

Communication for data or for

Integrated Control

Enterprise/Integration: i.e. browser/server – more later

The “backbone” connects top level panels, controllers, and operator interfaces High speed, large volume of data transfer

Provides operator interface to network

Interface with remote communications devices

Lower level communication bus connect controllers to backbone Slower speed, smaller data volume

Diversity of control sub-system interfaces

Lowest level are the points (devices, sensors, etc.) - not typically networked or “addressable”

BAEMS System Hierarchy

SYSTEMS MAY BE CATEGORIZED BY NUMEROUS SETS OF CRITERIA SUCH AS: FUNCTION

DEGREE OF "INTELLIGENCE" OR PROGRAMMABILITY OF THE SYSTEM

COMPONENTS AS WELL AS THE EXTENT TO WHICH THEY COMMUNICATE or Integrate

WITH ONE ANOTHER or An Interface

OPERATE AUTONOMOUSLY.

BAEMS CONTROLLER TYPES

CATEGORIZED BY

DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS

Hardware configuration and capabilities

FUNCTION CHARACTERICS

Method of creating control strategies

IN ALL CASES INTELLIGENT CONTROLLERS DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT A BUILDING AND CONNECTED TO A LOCAL AREA CONTROL NETWORK AS WELL AS AN EXTERNAL INTERNET CONNECTION

BAEMS CONTROLLER TYPES Said another way

DDC BUILDING WIDE CONTROLLER

Integrated control such as DLC, DR and OSS

DDC EQUIPMENT CONTROLLER

AHU and Plant Applications

DDC ZONE CONTROLLER

VAV, Single Zone and Unitary applications

BAEMS Controller by Device Characteristics

Building-wide Controller May Integrate Equipment Level Function and/or enterprise networks

Building Equipment Level Controller Lower Level Network Manager Connection to Local/Remote Operator Interfaces Connection to “other” building functions General-Purpose Global/Supervisory Control May not directly connect to points

Lower Zone Level Controllers Connects to Points Programmable Controllers - General Purpose Typically special purpose Security/Lighting Controller

Points - Sensors/Actuators typically via analog signals

BAEMS Devices

Building-wide Controller

BUILDING-wide CONTROLLERS may be peers or at Enterprise

Some Manufacturers implement with Controller Functions

May have high point density or no points

Key Function is to Route communications to between all controllers and backbone network

May include gateways which are part of Middleware discussion

Monitor system-wide sequences, Trend data & alarms

General-purpose programming of various sequences

Option A (peer) or

B (enterprise) A

B

Controller Functions - aka DDC Panel…

May have high point density or no points

Routes communications to backbone network May include gateways which are part of Middleware discussion

Monitor system-wide sequence and control loops

Trend input data, record/transmit alarms

General-purpose programming of various sequences

Equipment Level Controller

BUILDING CONTROLLERS

Large point density Applications

Boilers

Chillers

VAV Air Handlers

Multi-Zone Air Handlers

Large Zone Air Handlers

Intra-equipment sequence integration: i.e. morning warm-up or Surgical Suite Temperature Sequences

Equipment Level Controller Applications

Controller Functions: aka ASC, terminal control, zone control... Lower point density and may include integrated sensor/interface May be general or special purpose

Simple communications with higher-level controller

Implements most of the closed loop control

Point interface data May trend/alarm or repeatedly sends data “up”

May or may not have a clock/schedule

Lower Level Controllers

LOWER LEVEL CONTROLLERS

Self-contained or Replicated Applications

Single Zone Units

VAV Boxes

Fan Powered Boxes

Access Control Interface

Lighting Control Interface

Smoke And Fire Control Interface

Lower Level Controller Applications

SENSORS

TRANSMITTERS

TRANSDUCERS

ACTUATORS

RELAYS and SOLENOIDS

VFD, ECM AND VRV MOTOR INTERFACES

PNEUMATIC INTERFACES

LIGHTING INTERFACES

ELECTRIC POWER MEASUREMENT WATT TRANSDUCERS, Building or load

UTILITY METERS, KWH (PULSED SIGNAL)

DON’T FORGET “VIRTUAL POINTS

POINT DEVICES USED WITH BAEMS

SENSOR: A DEVICE PLACED IN A MEDIUM TO BE MEASURED, THAT HAS A CHANGE IN OUTPUT SIGNAL PROPORTIONAL TO ANY CHANGE IN THE SENSED MEDIUM

Sensor Output signals VOLTAGE, RESISTANCE and CURRENT

PULSE, FREQUENCY and CAPACITANCE

PRESSURE

PHYSICAL DISPLACEMENT

Sensor Selection and application RANGE, INTERCHANGEABILITY

EASE OF CALIBRATION

LINEARITY, SENSITIVITY, ACCURACY, REPEATABILITY and COST

POINT DEVICES: Sensors (DATA)

COMMON TEMPERATURE SENSORS

RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DEVICES (RTD)

THERMISTORS

THERMOCOUPLES

SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC SENSORS

PRESSURE SENSORS

AN ELECTRICAL MEANS OF MEASURING THE DISPLACEMENT CAUSED BY A PRESSURE DIFFERENCE

HUMIDITY SENSORS

METERS /MEASUREMENT DEVICES

BTU, FLOW, etc.

POINT DEVICES: Sensors, continued

TRANSDUCERS

ACTUATORS

RELAYS and SOLENOIDS

ELECTRIC POWER MEASUREMENT

DON’T FORGET “VIRTUAL POINTS

POINT DEVICES: Outputs

Location of data within a system and approach to developing sequences is determined by the DDC system software design

TWO Distinct and Critical Topics

Sequence Development: Configuration

Operational Modifications after Commissioning: Programming

With Programming, there is no “correct” location for data like:

Setpoints Schedules Trend Data Alarm summaries

BUT...

BAEMS FUNCTION CHARACTERISTICS OR EXECUTING CONTROL SEQUENCES

Virtual Data

points

"GENERAL PURPOSE" SYSTEM

STAND ALONE OR NETWORKED

APPLICATION SPECIFIC -- STAND ALONE

PRE-PROGRAMMED TO CARRY OUT A LIMITED AND UNALTERABLE SET OF FUNCTIONS

DUTY CYCLERS

DEMAND LIMITERS

BOILER OR CHILLER CONTROLLERS

PACKAGED AIR CONDITIONER CONTROLLERS

COMPUTER-BASED TIMECLOCKS.

CANNED GENERAL PURPOSE CONTROL LOOPS AND START/STOP PROGRAMS

PROGRAM WRITTEN BY THE CONTROLS VENDOR OR THE USER AND BASED ON THE DETAILS OF THE APPLICATION.

BAEMS FUNCTIONAL CONTROLLER TYPES

STATE OF ART: BAEMS NETWORKED SYSTEMS SINGLE OR MULTI LEVEL NETWORKS

CONTROLLERS FULLY PROGRAMMABLE BY THE SI

LIBRARY ALOGRITHMS AND STRATEGIES APPROACHING NORM

SHARE COMMON DATA OR REPORT TO A CENTRAL COMPUTER

MAY BE PROGRAMMED TO SUPERVISE OR COORDINATE THE OPERATION OF THE REMOTELY LOCATED SYSTEMS.

MORE SOPHISTICATED OPERATOR ACCESS

COLOR GRAPHIC DISPLAYS, HIGH SPEED PRINTOUTS OF STORED DATA

BAEMS FUNCTION AL CONTROLLER TYPES

Firmware – Software provided by the factory “System” software written in “C”

Embedded in non-volatile memory by manufacturer

Typically cannot be changed by user

Includes Operating System, Operator Interface support, & Communications

May include various pre-programmed control applications

May include a general-purpose programming language/editor for custom sequences

The “source code”

Software vs. Firmware

Software or “Configuration” The parameters and programs created by the installer in the field

Stored in volatile or read/write memory

Typically may be changed by user with appropriate tools

Initial Configuration includes Setpoints, custom control sequences

The control software code generated by the general-purpose programming language • line-by-line

• graphical/function block

Software vs. Firmware

Basis for diversity of manufacturers solutions is that each manufacturer provides a customer tool including:

– a different mix of firmware vs. software

– a different mix of firmware vs. software between each level of controller and operator workstation

– a different database architecture

– a unique configuration methodology

– Separate tools for “Programming” including PC software, Kiosk or Dashboard interface tools, etc.

BUT, firmware source code is typically proprietary and inaccessible to the user!

Software vs. Firmware WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW!

PC software may or may not handle all Operator Interfaces – Much OI is now Dashboard/Browser

Application specific control may not always be in firmware (e.g., Zone and Package Equipment)

The sequences/algorithms in firmware differ between manufacturers (PID is not PID)

Custom Control programming tools (programming language/editor) differ greatly from manufacturer to manufacturer of control systems

Software/Firmware: more details

Software/Firmware: How it is done

Consider some applications

Simple DDC Start/Stop Control

Temperature Control: OCC/UNOCC, Reset, etc..

DDC Thermostat Loop

More Complex Optimal Start/Stop

Demand Limit Control or Demand Response

Chiller Plant Optimization

Boiler Optimization

Here are some examples of the approach

Configuration: Line Program Sequence

Configuration: Function Blocks

Configuration: Graphic Sequence

Programming: Graphic Setpoints

Summary of BAEMS Technology

BAEMS = DDC = EMS = BAS

Based on HVAC but entails much more

Multiple Levels of Control: Local - NOC

Multiple interlocked open and closed loops - pressure, temperature, etc.

Global sequences provide building- wide functions, optimization & more

The need for integrating with packaged controls (e.g., RTUs), third-party controls (e.g., chillers), fire alarm systems…is a major challenge

Configuration & Programming differ

Data Communication & Networking A Key Underlying Technology for


Middleware – An essential building block

Quite simply this is technical data but has major impact On System effectiveness and operation

A BAEMS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Server on

site or other

network

Node 1 Node 2

After max

distance

Repeater

Network A

Segment A

Media A Node 3

Network A

Segment B

Media A

Bridge (Change media)

Node 5

Router (Inter-networking)

Network B

Segment A

Media D

Network A

Segment C

Media B Node 4

Gateway (Translator)

Protocol A Protocol B

Node 1

Point-to-point

Interface

w or w/o Gateway

Mo

dem

Internet

Server

ASP

Web Browser

with Light

Weight Client

Speed (bps, baud) * Overhead/Headers Topology * Modem Bandwidth * Baseband/Broadband(CATV) Multiplex * Encoding Throughput * OPC Point-to-point, LAN, WAN * Network Operating Systems MAC (media access control) * Network Operating Network Operating Center(NOC) * Inter-network OBIX * OASIS Media (coax, TP, TSP, fiber, IR, power-line) Web Services add much more

Data Communication Terminology

DEFINITION: A set of rules that govern how two or more computers share information over a digital communications system.

Due to the complexity of digital communications, more than one “protocol” is used in a communications system.

Each functional “layer” has a protocol which combines into the protocol “stack”.

The granddaddy of all protocol standards (OSI) dictates how the functions are divided into layers.

What is a Communications Protocol?

Various organizations are involved in developing communications standards:

ISO

ANSI (ASHRAE)

CEN

EIA

IEEE

Each standard typically defines a protocol for a specific layer in a system.

Standards

LEVELS OF “OPEN-NESS”

Low

PROPRIETARY

SHARED - Partners with a gateway

OPEN - Available to all, but not free

DEFACTO STANDARD - e.g. IBM PC

STANDARD - follow ANSI rules

High

Open vs. Standard Protocols

Governed by ANSI

Representation by Users, Manufacturers and Consultants

Consensus Process

Public Review Process

The effort can be reduced for a Defacto Standard

Conformance Testing/Agency

The above does not guarantee product!

The Standards Process

1. Which network technology uses an uninterrupted cable or backbone with terminators?

A. bus B. Star C. Ring D. All of above E. None of above 2. Which command sends out a packet to a specified address and

waits for response? A. Ping B. Netstat C. Traceroute D. None of above 3. Network Hardware device used to connect LAN’s is? A. client B. Router C. packet D. None of above 4. All networks require a dedicated server computer? A. True B. False 5. What type of jack is commonly used for Ethernet networks? A. RJ-11 B. RJ-31X C. RJ45 D. None of above

Network Quiz

TERMINOLOGY

Speed (bps, baud) * Overhead/Headers Topology * Modem Bandwidth * Baseband/Broadband(CATV) Multiplex * Encoding Throughput * OPC Point-to-point, LAN, WAN * Network Operating Systems MAC (media access control) * Network Operating Network Operating Center(NOC) * Inter-network OBIX * OASIS Media (coax, TP, TSP, fiber, IR, power-line) Web Services add much more

Server on

site or other

network

Node 1 Node 2

After max

distance

Repeater

Network A

Segment A

Media A Node 3

Network A

Segment B

Media A

Bridge (Change media)

Node 5

Router (Inter-networking)

Network B

Segment A

Media D

Network A

Segment C

Media B Node 4

Gateway (Translator)

Protocol A Protocol B

Node 1

Point-to-point

Interface

w or w/o Gateway

Mo

dem

Internet

Server

ASP

Web Browser

with Light

Weight Client

A BAEMS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

An ISO standard

Divides digital communications functions into 7 layers of functionality.

The layers vary in “level of abstraction”:

Think of how abstraction increases as software goes from machine language to a GUI.

The lowest layer (layer one - Physical) deals with wire and electrical signals.

The highest layer (layer seven - Applications) deals with services and data structures.

THE OSI MODEL

Layer One/Physical - Electrical and mechanical characteristics for interface to and transmission on media.

Layer Two/Data Link - Orderly access of the media (media access control or “MAC”) and error control.

Layer Three/Network - Communications across networks (inter-networking), including routing and filtering.

Layer Four/Transport - End-to-end control independent of underlying networks. Segmentation and error checking.

THE OSI MODEL

Layer Five/Session - Maintains communications dialogs through message context marking.

Layer Six/Presentation - Converts messages and/or data between differing applications.

Layer Seven/Applications - Interface to the “user” applications programs, including data structures, services and encoding.

THE OSI MODEL

AN EXAMPLE OF LAYERING

OSI PRODUCTS AND STANDARDS

Repeater - Amplifies signals (layer 1)

Bridge - Changes media or filters traffic (layer 2)

Router - Connects dissimilar LANs, creates an inter-network (layer 3)

Gateway - Converts dissimilar applications and data representations--typically considered a “protocol converter” (layer 6)

SUMMARY OF CRITICAL TERMS

The “Letter/Mail” View of OSI

The Peer-to-Peer view of the OSI

Gateways have been integrated into BAEMS systems as Building-wide or Equipment Controllers (i.e. JACE in JCI, Siemens. Etc.), but many are still stand-alone (Field Service) Do not provide complete communications:

language translations inherently involve ambiguity and “there is no word for…”

Can be expensive they are “one off”

Can be difficult to maintain what if one party changes their protocol

The above can be improved if a standard is “on one side” of the gateway Without gateways all nodes must be “Native”

Gateways... The basis for Middleware

Physical and Logical layout of a LAN

Physical topology is determined by the physical layer protocol - it is the electrical characteristics (media type/speed/length) and route of the signal.

Logical topology is determined by the MAC protocol:

Token Passing is a ring topology

CSMA/CD (Ethernet) is a free topology

TOPOLOGY

Physical Topologies

Most LAN’s allow for a variety of topologies (and media).

To reduce the need for additional equipment, topologies/media should not be mixed.

Therefore controllers on the same network must be specified with the same topology and media.

Most DDC systems will be comprised of an inter-network of low, medium and/or high performance LAN’s.

Physical Topology as it applies to BAS

A BAEMS Inter-Network

Middleware ties together Inter-Networks

•Mapping leverages Middleware

•Access to Sensor data leverages

Middleware

LAN’s in most cases provide access to the Web & local terminals, topologies and media are governed by IT.

System Integrators must address multiple media if it exists and firewall issues.

Now there are BAS & Corporate Inter-networks

Internet access is governed by IP addresses and management of the local LAN

Long term success requires interface with IT for management of LAN and IP addresses

Physical Topology as it applies to the Web

Each layer wraps its “data” in control information to provide:

Message type

Message priority

Context/Segmentation

Error Checking

Encoding rules

Addressing

Data length/Message length = Throughput

Message Formatting

System Integration is all about Inter-Networking and Middleware

BAS Architecture Integration

Integrating Legacy Systems For

Optimization and Data Access

Energy Management, Sustainability

and Analytics

Integration Leverages Middleware & Standards

Smart buildings:

Old School • Technology (me too)

• Engineers – Write Spec

• Contractors (GC, MEP)

• Bid Day wins all - price

• Net Zero Energy?

• … ?

Green Buildings:

Next Frontier • Big Data Energy Analytics

• Energy Star - Benchmark

• Certified Energy Manager

• LEED / PEER

• Economics&Sustainability

• Resilience, Microgrids, DR

• Smart Grid&Perfect Power

Smart Buildings use

Automation, Web services

& Analytics to drive Clean

efficient use of energy and

become Green buildings

Analytics: Demand Response & Microgrids

Energy, Buildings, Web & Big Data Energy Analytics

…the next Frontier

Q & A

Next Module Preview

Analytics Tools, Internet of Things and Standards Driving the Future

Optimization and Data Access via Multi-Disciplinary System Organization

Data Standards and Next Generation Building and Campus Systems

Internet of Things

Definition and Context

Trends Driving the Internet of Things and Building Opportunities

Internet of Everything Meeting Intranet Building Systems for Energy Management

Analytics Tools

Energy and Analytics Best Practices

Cloud Computing and Software as a Services for Energy Management

BAS, Middleware and HVAC-Centric Solutions

Dashboard and API Solutions

Analytics for Measurement and Verification

IPMVP and M&V Science Meets Analytics

Proactive and Predictive M&V

M&V and 21st Century Electricity Markets and Management

Case Studies

Microgrid Campus University

Envision Charlotte

Microsoft - 88 Acres

Big Data and Analytics - Module 4

Documents

ENERGY MANAGEMENT Module 3 - MAEEP DATA... · Larger and Distributed DDC systems require multiple, networked DDC Panels Evolution of Control Systems Each Manufacturer “invents”