Energy needs assessments for rural bioenergy projects - FAO

Energy Management and Conservation Office

A good start :Energy needs assessments

for rural bioenergy projects

Assoc. Prof. Kanchana Sethanan, Ph.D.Energy management and Conservation Office (EMCO)

Khon Kaen University, ThailandEmails: [email protected], [email protected]

Tel: (043) 362299

Mobile: (081) 5536429


Outline

Introduction

The energy needs assessment methodology

Case study in a Northeastern community

Conclusion and future research

1


• Improving access to energy services is a basic requirement to meet basic human needs and achieving sustainable economic development.

• Then, delivering energy services to rural and remote communitiespresents a significant development challenge, because those communities are often far from established electricity networks and lack other basic energy facilitating infrastructure.

• In order to promote rural development by providing wider availability and more timely delivery of energy and its related services; employment; and means to develop alternative means of income generation, a clear need exists for pro-poor concerns to be explicitly incorporated within policy and energy planning at national and regional levels.

1. Introduction

2


Feasibility study

Implementation

Evaluation

Output: Business model(s)- short term- medium term- long term

Output: Business model(s)- short term- medium term- long term

Implementation- Management (Tailor made)- Technology(low cost, high quality of products, meet demand, create higher income for a community)

Implementation- Management (Tailor made)- Technology(low cost, high quality of products, meet demand, create higher income for a community)

-All components:- Well human being- Financial- Economy- …

-All components:- Well human being- Financial- Economy- …

Evalu

ation

and F

eedb

acks

Make t

he st

anda

rds

Dissem

inatio

n

1.1 Development for Sustainability

Check

Do

Plan

Action

Deming CycleDeming Cycle

3


1. Select the community by priority: Bioenergy and renewable energy for communities

Regional issues Future community

2.Raw material (Supply) determination

• Types of oil rich crop (oil palm, soy, rape seed)/ biomass

• Location of sources, land uses• Agriculture, Harvest &collection methods

Oil rich crops/biomass

3. Production/Transformation process

Community leaderKey Community members

4. Demand and marketDemand, market development and agriculture

5. Determination of utilization method

Listing the potential alternative options

Feasibility study

Determination of utilization method

6. Reevaluation of the utilization plan by the demand side

Source: Adapted from EX corporation, Japan

Conversion technology

Organization/community engagement

Production Management

Marketing management and mechanism

1.2 Development Cycle of Bioenergy and RE in a Community(Integration among issues to develop the business model )

4


CommunityCommunity

villagers

Ana

lysi

s

Implementation

“Business model/framework”The project must create a sense of ownership among the community by engaging everyone in the community

with this project (i.e., community participation)

Assessment

Stud

y

SocialSocial

TechnologyTechnologypoliciespolicies

EconomicsEconomics

cultureculture

Raw material

Raw material

Issues

Impa

ct f

rom

Well human being

Make a better economics

Good environment management

Maintain the social base

Develop the technology and managemial knowledge

Team works in a communityan im

plem

enta

tion

Energy Needs Assessmentand data collection

Database

Analysis

Model development

Public hearing

> Geographical conditions& land uses

> Social

> Economics

> Utilization of oil rich crops

> Community policies

> Culture MarketingMarketing

1.3 Conceptual energy needs assessment model

5


Goal

ObjectiveObjective11

ObjectiveObjective22

ObjectiveObjectivenn

Fig. xx: Logical Framework Analysis for controlling and monitoring the project implementation

Indicators

Process:

Results :

Process:

Results :

Means of Verification

• TechnologyTransfer

• Bank Saving• # of jobs Created• # of work centers• # of new business• # of Knowledge

Centers

• TechnologyTransfer

• Bank Saving• # of jobs Created• # of work centers• # of new business• # of Knowledge

Centers

• Daily• Monthly• Weekly• Quarter• Yearly

• Daily• Monthly• Weekly• Quarter• Yearly

Frequency

• Projectmanager

• Projectcoordinate

• Supervisor

• Projectmanager

• Projectcoordinate

• Supervisor

ResponsiblePersons

1.2.3.4.

1.2.3.4.

Key Activity

1.4 Logical framework analysis for controlling and monitoring the project

6


Develop the Business models/framework and ImplementationDevelop the Business models/framework and Implementation

Conduct energy needs assessment and develop key actions to accelerate the bioenergy projects

Conduct energy needs assessment and develop key actions to accelerate the bioenergy projects

Identify the community needs and current situations of the communityIdentify the community needs and current situations of the community11

22

33

2. The energy needs assessment methodology

7


Outcome: What are the significant benefits for all stakeholders ????Data collection:

Workshop(s):

– Knowledge management identified through at least xx workshops with at least xx stakeholders (e.g., contribution to understanding, findings of the current situation from investigation, proposed energy needs assessment models: AS IS)

• Basic data investigation in each aspect: See Table 1

– Contribution to an understanding by all stakeholders in the target community about the project (TO BE)

– Possible stakeholders: local community, policy makers, private sectors, other NGOs, government sectors, donors

– Local community: men, women, elderly, those from different social backgrounds, other exclude groups

2.1 Identify the local needs and current situations of the community

8


Category Contents

Utilization of rich oil crops • Resources and markets• conversion technology• scale• business solidity

Industry and the economy • primary agriculture industry• secondary industry (manufacturing)• gross production of agriculture• industrial development plan

Geographical conditions and land uses

• location, oil rich crop plantations• geographical features• Climate, weather• opportunity cost (competing uses of land)

Social conditions • change in population• employed population• public transportation, accessibility

Basic policy for the community • basic policies in development community• Master plan• economic development project in the community

Regional issues • quality of life enhancement• environment• creation of new industries, employment creation• energy situationSource: Adapted from EX corporation, Japan

Table 1: Data Collection in each aspect

9


Energy needs assessment:Assess the data for each issueMay apply various methods

Determine the priorities of community needs by applying Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) or well-suited tools

Appropriate Conversion (major) technology

2.2 Conduct Energy needs assessment and Develop key actions to accelerate the bioenergy project

10


Assessment Issues Assessment MethodIssue

Social

Technology

Environment

• Employed population•Public transportation, accessibility•Quality of life•Industrial movement (creation of new industries,

new business, entrepreneur)•Gap of income generation (duration to get income)

• Budgets• Maintenance system • Ease of implementation• Reduce NOx emissions• Safety

•Green acres intends to plough its “profits” into the community

•Reduction in the consumption of diesel fuel•Reduction of households using chemical fertilizers• Soil fertility enhancement• Competing usage of land

QuestionnairesSemi-structured interviewDirect observationCost/benefit analysis

Cost/benefit analysisAnalytic Hierarchical ProcessA review of a documentFlue Gas Analyzer (for NOX)

QuestionnairesSemi-structured interviewDirect observation

11


Assessment Issues Assessment MethodIssue

Team works

Economics

Culture

• Community involvement•Key players (Leader & key community members in

harvesting, production, sales and uses )• Knowledge transfer

• Jobs for villagers (increase their income)•Convert unused land to income generation•Gross production of agriculture•Security

•neutral and culturally-sensitive local learning environment

win-win-win strategyQuestionnairesCost/benefit analysisSemi-structured interview

QuestionnairesCost/benefit analysisSemi-structured interview

Degree of communityinvolvementRate of conflict to livelihood, tradition, or cultureQuestionnairesParticipatory exerciseSemi-structured interview

Management Skill

•Community engagement•Skill of community in management issues• Drawbacks

Degree of communityinvolvementQuestionnairesParticipatory exerciseSemi-structured interview

12


• A structured technique for dealing with complex decision

• It can assist with identifying and weighting selection criteria, analyzing the data collected for the criteria, and expediting the decision-making process.

• It helps capture both subjective and objective evaluation measures, providing a useful mechanism for checking the consistency of the evaluation measures and alternatives suggested by the team thus reducing bias in decision making.

13


Goal

Alternatives

CriteriaBenz = x1?BMW = x2?Honda = x3?

Ford = x4?

Benz = y1?BMW = y2?Honda = y3?

Ford = y4?

Benz = z1?BMW = z2?Honda = z3?

Ford = z4?

Eigenvector

x1 y1 z1

y2

y3

z2

z4

style reliability fuel economy

Benz

BMW

x3 z3

y4

Honda

Ford

x2

x4

*

0.319

0.560

0.121

Criteria ranking

=

Benz

BMW

Honda

Ford

0.3280

0.3060

0.2720

0.2940

Alternatives

criteria

• Determine the ranking of the criteria by performing pairwise comparisons (judgment from the representatives of all stakeholders )

• Compute the Eigenvector determining the relatives ranking of criteria and then alternatives under each criterion

14


Win-Win-Win concept

This project must create a sense of ownership among the community by engaging everyone in the community with this project (i.e., community participation)

Low costs, high quality of products, high incomes for a community

Apply “engineering management and Supply chain & logistics models” to enhance the competiveness

For example: Raw material management:Inventory modelsStoring and warehousing mechanismTransportationPricing

2.3 Development of Business model/framework and Implementation (multi disciplinary)

15


Long term operations – training & workshop and mentoring/coaching to make sure that the community can perform their operations efficiently in a long run

Training includes management system, and marketing mechanism

Models developed in scenarios for short, medium, and long term plans

Develop the simulation model(s) under the uncertainties (i.e., when key success factors or critical success factors changed)

2.3 Development of Business model/framework and implementation (cont’d)

16


Possible RM Management Models

Harvest

ing

Collecti

ng

Transport

ing

to the plan

t

Plantin

g

RMdetermination

Economy

culture

Social

CommunityPolicies

Environment

Geographical Conditions(land uses)

RM models:• Private farm• Farmer group• Cooperative• Contract Farming• Mixed strategy

Objectives:• Cost/income• timing• quality

17


Year Number of communities in the promotion of RE project of DEDE

2006 24

2007 80

2008 162

2009 300

2010 75 (not yet updated)

• The number of communities promoted is increased year by year3.1 Bioenergy and renewable energy projects in Thailand

3. A Case Study in a Northeastern Community

18


A Case Study in a Northeastern Community

19


Occupations

Average income : more than 23,000 Bath/person/year

Education

3.2 Background of the Community

20


• 1 Community leader•2 Assistant Community leaders •7 sub-villages (areas) which has 1 leader in each sub-village• Good leadership • Good collaboration

inside community (Community Engagement)

• 8 Groups

• 5 Groups – economics purpose (mostly is setting for the agricultural products)

• 3 Groups – Health and livelihoods purpose

• Firewood• Charcoal

Social Cooperation Groups Resources

21


3.3 Methodology

22


I. Identify the local needs and current situations of the community

23


1st workshop (Cont’d)

24


II. Conduct Energy needs assessment

25


Field surveys and data Collection

26


2nd Workshop

27


Item Device ‘s nameEnergy consumption

Quantity unit Kilo-oil equivalent Cost (Bath/y)

1 Lighting system 59,889.47 kWh/y 5,103.63 169,867.92

2Electrical appliances in a Cooking process 116,365.29 kWh/y 9,916.69 314,129.88

3 Other devices (Electricity) 440,775.67 kWh/y 37,563.01 1,232,706.69

4 Stoves using biomass 167,487.80 kg/y 73,825.70 531,000.00

5 Stoves using LPG 20,003.43 kg/y 22,113.48 413,921.35

6 Lanterns 1.80 liter/y 1.55 57.60

7 Carbonization stove 25,571.00 kg/y 10,260.34 45,042.00

8 Generator 240.00 liter/y 206.91 7,680.00

9 Transportation 263,492.27 liter/y 220,617.57 8,910,512.00

Total 379,608.88 9,908,212.95

28


Item Cattles Pigs Chickens Ducks

Quantity 2 10 37,493 294

Energy Potential(kilo of oil equivalent/y)

0.38 1.61 90.79 0.36

Species Rice Corn cassava Sugar cane

rubber tree

Cultivated Area (square kilometer) 0.2736 0.5888 0.6864 4.2096 6.5664

Energy Potential(kilo of oil equivalent/y)

8,149.63 23,591.43 36,933.73 1,700,369.05 4,660,092.00

29


No Question Outstanding Excellent Good Average Poor

1 How do you understand about energy conservation? 3.92 15.69 51.96 26.47 3.92

2 Do you use any kind of renewable energy in your house? 4.90 8.82 24.51 45.10 4.90

3 Are you interesting in Energy conservation? 42.62 32.79 22.95 1.64 0.00

4 How are you understand on energy conservation? 22.95 39.34 37.71 0.00 0.00

5How did government help you in energy conservation? 26.23 22.95 42.62 8.20 0.00

6How did you contribute in energy conservation of the community? 11.48 34.43 52.46 1.63 0.00

7 How do you want to know about renewable energy and energy conservation to reduce your energy cost? 40.98 40.98 18.04 0.00 0.00

8 Do you think that the energy village will benefit you? 47.54 40.98 9.84 1.64 0.00

30


Community NeedsEnergy sustainability or Energy security

AlternativesAlternativesAlternatives

Alternative 1Alternative 1 Alternative nAlternative nAlternative 2Alternative 2 Alternative 3Alternative 3

CriteriaCriteriaCriteria

Socio culture

Socio technical

Environ-ment

Local Knowledge

Community Goals

Socio economy

Expected Outputs

31


GoalReduce Energy consumption in a Community

AlternativesAlternativesAlternatives

Electrical Appliance(0.4025)

RenewableEnergy Devices

(0.5411)

Electricity generation

(0.0564)

Fig. 2: Energy Needs Assessment for a core study community

CriteriaCriteriaCriteria

Access to resource(0.30)

ECO-friendly technology

(0.04)

Respect for local

knowledge(0.07)

Ease of Imple-mentation

(0.38)

Respect for teamwork and management

(0.05)

Economy of scale(0.16)

32


2nd Workshop

33


2nd Workshop

34


Hi-efficiency charcoal stove

The hi-efficiency charcoal stove is developed from the standard stove by reducing the gap and installing an insulation that results in reduction of heat loss.

The advantage of this stove is the variety of firewood.

This is developed from the normal noodle pot by reducing heat loss from the pot.

Renewable energy devices


Carbonization Stove

This is a carbonization stove that makes from 200 liter tank. This has been developed to improve it efficiency. The advantage of this stove is very simple to make charcoal. The quality of charcoal is high. Furthermore, it is simple to move.

This stove is developed from the standard stove. This stove is designed to reduce heat loss. We can also collect the cooking oil from this stove and use it to be a raw product for bio-diesel.

This stove will convert common bio-mass to combustion gas (gasification process).

Renewable energy devices

36


LPG CoverThis cover will reduce the heat loss from the LPG stove.This cover will reduce the heat loss from the LPG stove.

Electronic Ballast consume about 1-2 watt or about 10-20% compare to the standard ballast.

Electronic Ballast consume about 1-2 watt or about 10-20% compare to the standard ballast.

Compact fluorescent consume about 20% of electricity compare to incandescent bulb at the same luminary.

Compact fluorescent consume about 20% of electricity compare to incandescent bulb at the same luminary.

High energy efficiency devices

37


III. Implementation of energy conservation measures

38


Item devices amount

1 High efficiency charcoal stove 28

2High efficiency fire woods (small) 63

3High efficiency fire woods (medium) 28

4High efficiency fire woods (large) 1

5 200Liter Carbonization stove 31

6 LPG stove cover 60

7 Fluorescent 18 Watts 136

8 Fluorescent 36 Watts 141

9 Compact fluorescent 11 Watts 29

10 Ballast 18 Watts 49

11 Ballast 36 watts 50

Total 616

Item Renewable energy devices amount

1 Gasification stove 3

2 30 kg garbage stove 4

3 200Liter Carbonization stove 10

4 Barbecue stove 2

5 High efficiency noodle pot 3

Total 32

39


3rd Workshop

40


• The community getting stronger as a result of higher income.

No. List of equipmentEnergy savings

Kilo of oil /year Baht/year

I. Energy Conservation

1 Lighting equipment 261.14 8,949.00

2 Electrical equipment for cooking 0.00 0.00

3 General Electrical equipment 0.00 0.00

II. Renewable Energy

4 Biomass stove 9,993.12 71,792.00

5 LPG stove 2,380.13 44,550.00

6 Lanterns 0.00 0.00

7 200Liter Carbonization stove 1,384.01 5,691.00

Total 14,018.40 130,982.00

3.4 Outcomes

41


Energy policy

The original devices must be adapted to suite the community.

Strong community engagement must be observed by yearly.

Reduce an energy cost by promoting the utilization of biomass by the leader,committee, and energy community volunteers.

Use high energy efficiency devices.

Be a pilot village to use high efficiency device and biomass (Disseminate to the neighbor communities).

42


Advantages

1.The unity of the community

1.High income

2.Strong cooperation groups in the community.

3.Enough background in education to be able to transfer energy knowledge to the other.

Problems of energy community

1. The community don’t have knowledge in renewable energy

2. The community don’t know about high efficiency devices.

3. High energy cost for each household

3.5 Obstacles and means to overcome the Problems

43


Guideline to overcome problems

1. Knowledge transfer in energy conservation and management

- community’s leaders – to have a site visit in energy conservation and management

- households – training by local person who has expertise in energy conservation

2. Increase awareness and confidence to use high efficiency technologies

- Training in energy conservation and renewable energy by expertise

- Exhibition to display renewable energy technology

- Exhibition to display high efficiency devices

44


• To achieve the implementation of the RE project in the community:– Good and enough of all related data (GIGO) are needed

(effective techniques are required)– AHP is an effective tool to determine “NEEDS” of the community

– 2-way communication is very important to implement the RE project in a community (WORKSHOPS, Interviews, and Demonstrations)

– Contribution to understanding for all stakeholders (Knowledge management)

– Budgets must be enough to expedite the implementation of the RE project

• Strong teamwork and community policy

4. Conclusion and Future Research

4.1 Project summary and discussion

45


• Effective techniques to make understanding for all Stakeholders in various related issues (Workshops, interview, demonstration)

• Key Success Factors– Leader and energy committee

– Implementation and adaptation of RE technology to fit in the community culture and resources

– Increase in awareness in RE.– Strong community engagement– Demonstration and holding workshops– Effective tool to determine the “Energy Needs” of a community

• Critical Success Factors– Knowledge in both Energy conservation and RE– Management of the community leader and committee

• Assumptions or Conditions of the model(s) – Resources of renewable energy (Biomass & Biofuel)– Strong community engagement– Leadership of the committee

4.2 Develop the mechanism to promote the technology transfer to the GMS regions

46


Adm. staff

Func. staff

Communitiesvillager ownership

villager consumersVillager engagement

Overall systems: Business model

Biomass

Biofuels

HRM Raw materialmanagement

systems

Communitiesengagement

ManagementSystem

Expertise

community leader, committee,

energy community volunteers

Training by doingAdvisory

Workshop, demonstration

Bioenergy and RE Implementation model in a community

47


4.3: Future research

48

Energy Management and Conservation Office50

Thank you !!

Documents

Energy needs assessments for rural bioenergy projects - FAO