Energy Resources and Potentials - IIASA · Aggregate World-supply Cost Curve for Conventional And Unconventional Natural Gas . ... Energy Resources and Potentials ... Land for forestry/fibre

© GEA 2012 www.globalenergyassessment.org Chapter 7, #1

Principles of Resource Classification

Energy Resources and Potentials

Increasing degree of geological assurance

Incr

easi

ng d

egre

eof

econ

omic

fea

sibi

lity

Subeconomic

Economic

Not economic

Reserves

Resources

Unconventional and low-gradeoccurrences

InferredMeasured Indicated

Demonstrated

Identified Reserves

Hypothetical Speculative

Probability range (or)

Undiscovered Resources

Increasing degree of geological assurance

Incr

easi

ng d

egre

eof

econ

omic

fea

sibi

lity

Subeconomic

Economic

Not economic

Reserves

Resources



Demonstrated

Identified Reserves




Subeconomic

Economic

Not economic

Reserves

Resources



Demonstrated

Identified Reserves





Oil Discoveries and Oil Production


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Gt

Discovery

Production


Oil Production, Oil Reserve Discoveries, and Oil Reserve Additions


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1981 1991 2001

Gt Discovery

Additions

Production


Undulating Plateau Versus Peak Oil



World Oil Resource (Reserves and Resources) Estimates


0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

EJ


Regional Distribution of Conventional Oil Reserves and Resources





Long-term Oil Supply Curve



Liquid Fuel Supply Potentials and Production Costs


20

60

40

80

100

- 8 000 - 4 000 0 4 000 8 000 12 000 16 000 20 000 24 000 28 000 32 000 36 000

Prod

uctio

n co

st (2

005

$ pe

r bb

l)

Reserves and Resources (EJ)

Conventional Oil

EOR

Tar sands and heavy oil

Oil shale Yet to be produced Already produced


World Gas Resource (Reserves plus Resources) Estimates


0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

25 000

30 000

35 000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

EJ


Development of Global Natural Gas Reserves and Production


0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Prod

uctio

n [b

cm]

Prov

ed re

serv

es [T

cm]


Gas Hydrate Stability Zone



Factors Affecting the Thickness of the Hydrate Stability Zone



Global Gas Hydrate Locations



Magnitude of Gas Hydrate Potential by Type of Deposit



Aggregate World-supply Cost Curve for Conventional And Unconventional Natural Gas



Calorific Value and Moisture Content of Various Coal Ranks



Global Coal Supply Cost Curves for 2007 and 2050



Global Annual Uranium Production and Reactor Requirements


10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

70 000

80 000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

tU

Uranium production

Reactor requirements


Development of Identified Uranium Resources at less than 130 $/KgU Production Costs


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7Id

entif

ied

reso

urce

s, M

illio

n to

nnes

U

< $130/kgU production cost

< $260/kgU production cost


Distribution of Uranium Reserves and Resources by Production Method


0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500

Unspecified mining method

Co-product / by-product

In-place leaching

Heap leaching

In situ leaching

Open-pit mining

Underground mining

1000 t U

< $ 40/kgU

$ 40 to $ 80/kgU

$80 to $ 130/kgU

< $ 260/kgU


Long-term Uranium Supply Cost Curve


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

MtU

$ pe

r kgU

ZJ


Competition and Synergy between Different Biomass Feedstocks


Other land / sea for

energy crops

Land for forestry/fibre production

Energy crop harvest

Food/feed harvest

Forest harvest

Energy conversion

Food processing

Technical energy

use

Food consumption

Material production

Material consumption

Land - use / primary prod.

Harvest Processing End - use

Primary residues Tertiary residues Secondary residues

Animal production

Land for food/fodder

Abandoned agricultural

land for energy crops

Other land / sea

Grassland for fodder


Bioenergy Crops Supply Cost Curve


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

$/GJ

EJ/yr


Aggregate Supply Cost Curve for MSW, Animal Wastes, and Crop Residues



Map of the Median Wind Power Density Available in the Winds Near the Surface and near the Jet Streams



Maps of Annual Average 80 m Wind Speed Derived from Observations in Europe and North America



Global Map of DNI



Calculated Geothermal Heat Supply Curve Suitable for Electricity Generation



Calculated Geothermal Direct Heat Utilization Supply Curve



Ocean Temperature Differences between Surface and 1000 M Depth


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Energy Resources and Potentials - IIASA · Aggregate World-supply Cost Curve for Conventional And Unconventional Natural Gas . ... Energy Resources and Potentials ... Land for forestry/fibre