Electricity Storage in the GridElectricity Storage in the GridPutting Battery Technology to WorkPutting Battery Technology to Work

Brad RobertsS&C Electric Company

Electricity Storage Association

Congressional BriefingJune 16, 2009

Washington, DC

Distributed Energy Storage in the Distributed Energy Storage in the GridGrid

• What does it mean• Expanding battery technologies

High temperatureNickel-cadmiumLithium-ionCarbon lead acid

• Where are we today• What’s needed in the future

What is Distributed Energy StorageWhat is Distributed Energy Storage

• Smaller storage devices up to 50 MWs• Storage systems connected throughout

the gridUtility substationsWind and solar farmsCommunity energy storageResidential

• Eventually will involve PHEVs & EVs

High Temperature BatteriesHigh Temperature Batteries

WorldWorld’’s Largest Batterys Largest Battery(34 MW, 6 hours)(34 MW, 6 hours)

NickelNickel--Cadmium NiCadmium Ni--CdCdLargest battery in the US grid (26 MW)

Flow Battery - ZnBrPowercell’s100 kW, 1h battery3 phase, 480 V

23

Zinc Flow BatteryZinc Flow Battery

Lithium - Ion Battery

- High Power & Energy Density- Long Cycle Life- Efficient- Mature (since 1992)

- High Manufacturing Cost- Special Charging Circuit (safety)- Difficult to scale up

Started in early 90’s50% of Small Portable Market

Scaling Up Issues1- Cost2- Construction3- Safety Concerns

33

LithiumLithium--Ion Battery Storage SystemIon Battery Storage System

PbO2 Pb

+ – Separator

Lead–acid cell

+ –

Carbonelectrode

PbO2

Asymmetric supercapacitor+ –

UltraBattery

Pb

Carbon electrode

ii

i1i2

Carbon LeadCarbon LeadCarbon lead is a hybrid energy-storage device, which combines an asymmetric supercapacitor and a lead-acid battery in one unit cell, without extra electronic control.

Where are we TodayWhere are we Today

• Global battery activities• Awareness of storage need growing• DOE Electricity Advisory Committee

Activities• Significant battery investment in the

current stimulus bill

Global Battery ActivitiesGlobal Battery Activities• Lead Acid

Large production still present in the US• High Temperature Sodium

NaS production in Japan increasing to over 100 MWs per yearGE building $100M sodium metal halide plant in upstate New YorkSodium nickel chloride production in Europe

• Lithium-IonChina and South Korea dominate consumer product productionJapan heavily funding PHEV developmentFastest growth sector for US to support PHEV and utility application

Infrastructure Modernization Options in an Uncertain Economy

2009 National Electricity Delivery Forum

2009 National Electricity Delivery Forum

What Will be theMost Transformative Technology

for the Electricity Industry?

1. Renewables and low-carbon generation tech. 2. Transmission superhighways3. Energy storage technologies, inc. PHEVs4. An integrated Smart Grid5. Demand resources that reduce newbuilds

Infrastructure Modernization Options in an Uncertain Economy

2009 National Electricity Delivery Forum

2009 National Electricity Delivery Forum

What Will be theMost Transformative Technology

for the Electricity Industry?

3%

26%

38%

19%

15% 1. Renewables and low-carbon generation tech. 2. Transmission superhighways3. Energy storage technologies, inc. PHEVs4. An integrated Smart Grid5. Demand resources that reduce newbuilds

Key Recommendations Key Recommendations of EAC Storage Reportof EAC Storage Report

• Fulfill mandates of Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007– Research & Development Efforts– Applied Research and Demonstration Activities– Near, Mid and Long-term Goals

• Create Financial Incentives for installing Storage• Use Storage for Ancillary Services• Add Storage as a component of integrated T & D and

renewable portfolio standards• Guide policy makers and regulators to include storage in

rate bases• Communicate improved awareness of storage benefits

to the grid

ARRA Energy Storage Funding ARRA Energy Storage Funding AmountsAmounts

• Approximately $210 for energy storage• 12 – 19 Estimated number of Energy Storage

Awards1-2 Battery Storage Utility Load Shifting/Windfarms -$40M to $50M total1-2 Frequency Regulation Ancillary Services - $40M to $50M total4-5 Distributed Energy Storage for Grid Support -$25M total1-4 Compressed Air Energy Storage - $50M to $60M total5-6 Demonstration of Promising Energy Storage Technologies - $25M total

Key Issues for Storage in the FutureKey Issues for Storage in the Future

• Cost of storage – Need volume & competition– Incentives to industry

• Being able to capture multiple values in a given utility application

• How to handle cost recovery of multiple benefits across distribution, transmission and generation?

• How to handle energy in and out in a deregulated environment?

Economic

Regulatory