Upload
others
View
5
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
International Energy Research Centre
EnergyStorageOptionsforIreland
ProfTonyDayIERCDirector
International Energy Research Centre
EnergyStorageBenefits
• Betternetworkmanagement• Extendstherangeandtypeofgenerationtechnologies
– Renewables,CHP,fuelcellsetc
• CO2 emissionsreduction• Reducedcapacityinvestmentcosts(generationandT&D)• Reducedimportdependency• Newbusinessopportunitiesandadditionalrevenues• Somebenefitsmaybe:
– Difficulttoquantify– Diffuseandthereforedifficulttofindinvestment– Qualitative(co-benefitsthatcannotbequantified)
International Energy Research Centre
EnergyStorageTechnologies
Chemical ElectricalAmmonia Drop-infuels Supercapacitors Superconducting
magnetic ES(EMS)
Hydrogen Methanol MechanicalSyntheticfuels Syntheticnatural
gasAdiabaticcompressed air
Diabatic compressedair
Electrochemical Liquidair Flywheels
Classic batteries Flowbatteries PumpedHydroLeadacid Li-ion Vanadium
RedoxZn-Br Thermal
Li-ploymer Li-Sl Zn-Fe Latentheat SensibleheatMetal Air Na-ion Hybrid
SupercapacitorsThermochemical
Na-NiCl2 Na-S
Ni-Cd Ni-MH Source:EASE/EERAOct2017
International Energy Research Centre
Storagetimeframes
Seasonal loadshiftingandresourceuse
Diurnal loadshiftingandresourceuse
Hoursandminutes loadbalancingandsystemefficiencyimprovement
Seconds systemstabilityandefficiency
International Energy Research Centre
Electricity
International Energy Research Centre
TheTraditionalElectricityNetwork
Distributedinvestment
Concentratedinvestment
Production
Transmission
Distribution
Energyservices:equipment,systems,delivery…
Endusers- consumers
International Energy Research Centre
TheSmartGrid– challengesthebusinessorthodoxy
Production
Transmission
Distribution
Energyservices:equipment,systems,delivery…
Prosumer osumer rosumer
International Energy Research Centre
Electricitystorageapplications
• Utilityscalegridstabilisation• PrimaryControlReservewithseveralMW-scalebatterystoragesystemsalreadyinoperation.
• Pricearbitrage• Balancingenergy(supply&demand)• Higherutilizationandgreaterintegrationofrenewableenergy• Ancillaryservicesincluding,regulation,spinningreserve&MVARgeneration(voltagemanagement)
• Stabilizingconventionalgeneration(improvingoperatingefficiency)
• Provisionofblack-startservices• Systemupgradedeferral
International Energy Research Centre
BatteryandFlywheelapplications
• Infrontofthemeter– systemservices,frequencyanddemandresponse
• Behindthemeter– customerbenefits,timeshifting• Hybrid– aggregatedcommunityenergyprogrammes• >200MWplannedbyUKNationalGrid• Drax planningfurther200MW• Flywheel+batteryinstallationinRhode,CoOffaly
Ireland- ~400kWtotal(Schwungrad Energies)
International Energy Research Centre
Develop and deploy an intelligent Virtual Power Plant (VPP)consisting of 20-node distributed energy storage (batteries)network across residential homes in Dingle community, Ireland.Demonstrate the value of an innovative business model where theproposition for consumers/prosumers, aggregators, utilitysuppliers and network operators are well maintained.Benefits:
StoreNet
Outcomes:Identification of barriers to rollout and operationof StoreNet business model.Identification of grid conditions and typologies ofbuildings that can mostly benefit from the model.Technology validation to provide both energyarbitrage and grid services.
TheStoreNet consortiumacknowledgesthesupportfromboththeDepartmentofBusiness,EnterpriseandInnovationandtheDepartmentofCommunications,ClimateActionandEnvironment,Ireland
International Energy Research Centre
Flowbatteries
• Energystoredinelectrolyte(asopposedtoelectrode)• Rapidchargeanddischargecapability• Energystorageandpowercapabilityde-coupledinmost
systems• Relativelycheaptoincreaseenergystoragecapacityfora
givenpoweroutput– i.e.addmoreelectrolyteandstoragetanks
Mastersource.org
International Energy Research Centre
Improvement of Redox Flow Energy Storage withRenewable Energy to Secure Sustainable ElectricitySystems.Investigate the methods to raise flow-battery electrolyteelectrical density to deliver deep-capacity battery units withrapid transient responses (<1 second) to support network(>11 kV) and grid-level (>100 kV) energy storage and fast-response solutions.
ImpRESS
Outcomes:Provide all-Ireland with a competitive edge forlarge-scale energy storage solutions using redox-flow systems.Improved electrolytes for vanadium-based redoxflow batteries that will ultimately lead to improvedenergy density and efficiency.Provide fast frequency response (DS3) services tothe all-Ireland smart grid.
Benefits:Provide a more sustainable solution to energystorage systems and applications such as gridservices.Opportunity for big energy users e.g., refineries,local micro-grid etc.Meeting energy needs using multiple renewableenergy sources.Reduce fossil fuel consumption.
TheImpRESS consortiumacknowledgesthesupportfromboththeDepartmentofBusiness,EnterpriseandInnovationandtheDepartmentofCommunications,ClimateActionandEnvironment,Ireland
International Energy Research Centre
CompressedAirEnergyStorage(CAES)
• Naturalandexcavatedundergroundsaltcavernsascompressedairreceivers
• Compressionnormallyrequiresheatrejection,withheatinputrequiredatre-expansion
• Adiabaticsystems(i.e.withheatstorageandrecovery)beingdevelopedwithgreaterround-tripefficiencies
• 330MWplantindevelopmentatLarne,NorthernIreland
phys.org
International Energy Research Centre
PumpedHeatElectricalStorage
• Electricityusedtodriveaheatpump• Temperaturedifferenceestablishedbetweentwothermalreservoirs• Examplebelowusesgravelstoresandlowflowrates• Electricityrecoveredbyreversingheatpumptobecomeaheatengine• Highroundtripefficiencies(~75%)• Lowimpactworkingfluids(exampleusesargon)
Source:greentechmedia.com
International Energy Research Centre
ConcentratedSolarPowerwithMoltenSaltStorage
• CSPwithmoltensaltstoragemoreeconomicthanbatteries
• 24houroperationhasbeenachieved• Scopeforstoragesystemcost
reductionsmaybelimited• HybridwithPValsobeingdeveloped• ProbablynotcomingtoIrelandsoon!
International Energy Research Centre
Heat
International Energy Research Centre
GroundSourceHeatPumps
• LondonSouthBankUniversity500kWreversecycleforheatingandcooling
• Groundsourceinthestructuralpiles• 22–25mdeeptoavoidgroundwater• 173pilestoproviderequiredthermalmass
International Energy Research Centre
GSHPgroundtemperatures
International Energy Research Centre
GSHPasstorage
• Deeppileswillbethermallydepletedwithoutseasonalreplenishment
• Thereforebestcoupledtoyear-roundheatingandcoolingsolutions
• Shallowgroundstoresreplenishedbysolaroverthesummer• Notsuitableforgridserviceswithoutadditionalshortterm
storageontheloadside
International Energy Research Centre
CHPandthermalstorage
• CHPrequireslargethermalstorageforefficientoperationandloadbalancing
• Addstoequipmentandspacecosts
• Canrequirelengthyplanningapplications
Bunhill Estate,Islington
International Energy Research Centre
ThermalEnergyStorageusingPhaseChangeMaterials
Modularstorage
PCMtemp.Selectedstorage
Controllabledevice
TechnologyOptimisation
device
• Uptox6.5volumereductionoverwaterstore
• Reducedenergylosses• Closetemperaturecontrolpossible• CHP,biomassorheatpump
applications• Potentialfordistributedstorage• Waxes• Eutecticsalts• Organicsugars
• Heatextractionratesanissue• Controlmorecomplexthansensible
heatstorage• Costreductionsnecessary• Materialsmayhavetoxicityandsafety
issuestoconsider
International Energy Research Centre
Thermochemicalstorage(TCS)
HEAT
HEAT
STORAGE
CHARGE
DISCHARGE
International Energy Research Centre
TCSmaterials
• Zeolite(aluminosilicates)• SilicaGel• CaCl2• MgCl2• H2SO4
• MetalHydridesandCarbonates(hightemperature)
International Energy Research Centre
TCScharacteristics
• Highstoragedensities– x8sensiblex2latent
• Nearzerostoragelosses• Highlydesirableforinter-seasonalstorageapplications• Greatercomplexityofoperationandcontrol• Heatandmasstransferefficienciesneedtobeimproved
International Energy Research Centre
Hydrogen
International Energy Research Centre
HydrogenasaVector
• Currentsuppliesmainlyfromhydrocarbons• Unlimitedpotentialforelectrolysisofwaterusingrenewable
electricity• Energyrequiredistypically50kWh/kgH2 (180MJ/kg)• Energytoputintostorageisextra• Canbeburnedinacombustioncycle• Orusedinafuelcelltoprovideheatandpower(~1:1)• Transportandstationaryapplications
International Energy Research Centre
HydrogenStorage
• Highc.v.bymass– 120MJ/kg• Lowc.v.byvolume– 8MJ/L• Compressedgas- 350– 700bar• Metalhydrides• Sorbents• Chemical(e.g.Alane,Amonia Borane)
International Energy Research Centre
PowertoGas
• H2 generatedfromexcessrenewableelectricity• Injecteddirectlyintothenaturalgasgrid• Usinggasgridasstorage• Thegridpipematerialsmayinfluenceallowableconcentrations• AnalternativeistocombineelectrolysisH2 andCO2 togeneratemethane
forgridinjection
PVMagazine
International Energy Research Centre
Integration
International Energy Research Centre
• Largescalevdistributed
• Energystoragevshorttermgridservices
• Usingheatstorageforelectricitysmartgridapplicationsandservices
• Hybridsolutions
• Improvedtotalsystemefficiencies
• Optimisationofsystems
• Needfordesigntoolsandtechno-economicmodels
Deploymentofstorage
30
International Energy Research Centre