Energy Storage – Technologies & Applications

Andreas Hauer

Latin America Public-Private Partnerships Workshop on Energy Storage for Sustainable Development April 16-17, 2015 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Content

• Energy Storage – Technologies• Energy Storage – Applications• Technology Comparison (?)• Conclusions

Energy Storage – Technologies

Energy Storage Technologies

Electrical Energy Storage

Thermal Energy Storage

Chemical Energy Storage

• Storage as Electro-chemical Energy

• Storage as Mechanical Energy

• Storage as Electrical Energy

Electrical Energy Storages

• Super-conducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

• Super-Capacitor

• Lithium-Ion Battery• Sodium-Sulfate

Battery (NaS-Cells)• Lead-Acid Battery• Redox-Flow Battery

• Pumped Hydro Storage• Compressed Air Energy

Storage (CAES)• Flywheel

Storage Period and Discharging Power

© C. Dötsch

Energy Management

BridgingPower

PowerQuality

Electrical Energy Storages

Thermal Energy Storages

• Thermal Energy can be stored as sensible heat

• Thermal Energy can be stored as latent heat

• Thermal Energy can be stored thermo-chemically

• Hot Water Tank• Underground Thermal

Energy Storage (UTES)

• Macro- / Micro-encapsulated Phase Change Materials (PCM)

• Adsorption (Zeolite) and Absorption (LiCl) Storage

• ThermoChemical Materials (TCM)

Storage Capacity vs. Temperature

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

100

200

300

400

500

600

Sto

rage C

ap

aci

ty /

(kW

h/m

³)

Temperature / °C

0 Water

PCMSalt Hydrates

Nitrates

Paraffines

Sugar Alcohols

TCM

NiCl2NH3

CaCl2*NH3

MgSO4* 6H2O

Zeolith*H2OSilicagel*H2O

MgCl2* 6H2O

Chemical Energy Storage

Energy Storage by Hydrogen Production and Storage

• Hydrogen is the most powerful fuel with regard to its mass• Loss-free long-term storage possible• Electricity production by fuel cells / H2 turbines

• Methane from Hydrogen (and CO2)

• Efficiency >80 % (Sabatier-Process)

• Existing Infrastructure (natural gas)

© ZSW

Energy Storage by Methane Production and Storage

© M. Sterner

Chemical Energy Storage

Storage

technology

Storage Mechanism

Power CapacityStorage Period

Density Efficiency Lifetime Cost

MW MWh time kWh/ton kWh/m3 % # cycles $/kW $/kWh¢/kWh-

delivered

Lithium Ion

(Li Ion)

Electro-chemical

< 1,7 < 22 day - month 84 - 160 190 - 375 0,89 - 0,982960 -5440

1230 - 3770

620 - 2760

17 - 102

Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery

Electro-chemical

1 - 60 7 - 450 day 99 - 150 156 - 255 0,75 - 0,861620 - 4500

260 - 2560

210 - 920 9 - 55

Lead Acid

battery

Electro-chemical

0.1 - 30 < 30 day - month 22 - 34 25 - 65 0,65 - 0,85160 - 1060

350 - 850130 - 1100

21 - 102

Redox/Flow battery

Electro-chemical

< 7 < 10 day - month 18 - 28 21 - 34 0,72 - 0,851510 - 2780

650 - 2730

120 - 1600

5 - 88

Compressed air energy storage (CAES)

Mechanical 2 - 300 14 - 2050 day -2 - 7 at

20 - 80 bar0,4 - 0,75

8620 - 17100

15 - 2050 30 - 100 2 - 35

Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES)

Mechanical450 - 2500

8000 - 190000

day - month0,27 at 100m

0,27 at 100m

0,63 - 0,8512800 - 33000

540 - 2790

40 - 160 0,1 - 18

Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite 340002,7 - 160 at 1 - 700 bar

0,22 - 0,50 1384 - 1408

- 25 - 64

Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite 16000 10 at 1 bar 0,24 - 0,42 1 - - 16 - 44

Sensible

storage - WaterThermal < 10 < 100 hour - year 10 - 50 < 60 0,5 -0,9 ~5000 - 0,1- 13 0,01

Phase change materials (PCM)

Thermal < 10 < 10 hour - week 50 - 150 < 120 0,75 - 0,9 ~5000 - 13 - 65 1,3 - 6

Thermochemical storage (TCS)

Thermal < 1 < 10 hour - week 120 -250 120 - 250 0,8 - 1 ~3500 - 10 - 130 1 - 5

Table of Energy Storage Technologies

Energy Storage – Applications

• Energy storage system are already today an important component for electricity and heat supply within the energy system.

• With the increasing share of variable electricity production by renewable energies, a secure and uninterrupted power supply is becoming more and more significant.

• The German „Energiewende“ implies a growing linkage of the electricity, the heat & cold and the mobility sector. Approaches like Power-to-Heat or Power-to-Gas are able to combine the electricity and the heat sector in a sustainable way.

Energy Storage – Applications

Integration of Renewable Electricity• Grid Stability

- Frequency regulation- Voltage support - T&D congestion relief - Black start

• Grid balancing - Fast power reserve- Peak shaving- Self-consumption, Off-grid

• Demand Side Integration - Dispatchable Load- Power-to-Gas- Power-to-Heat

Integration of Renewable Thermal Energy 

• Concentrated Solar Power • Solar-thermal Process Heat• Solar-thermal Heating & Cooling

Industrial Processes• Waste Heat Utlization• Recuperation of Mech. Energy

Buildings• Heating & Cooling

- Day/Night-Balancing- Summer/Winter-Balancing

Electricity Production• Fossil Thermal Power Plants• Heat Utilization of CHP• …

Mobility• Propulsion• Heating / Air Conditioning

Renewable Energies Energy Efficiency

Integration of Renewable Electricity• Grid Stability

- Frequency regulation- Voltage support - T&D congestion relief - Black start

• Grid balancing - Fast power reserve- Peak shaving- Self-consumption, Off-grid

• Demand Side Integration - Dispatchable Load- Power-to-Gas- Power-to-Heat

Integration of Renewable Thermal Energy 

• Concentrated Solar Power • Solar-thermal Process Heat• Solar-thermal Heating & Cooling

Industrial Processes• Waste Heat Utlization• Recuperation of Mech. Energy

Buildings• Heating & Cooling

- Day/Night-Balancing- Summer/Winter-Balancing

Electricity Production• Fossil Thermal Power Plants• Heat Utilization of CHP• …

Mobility• Propulsion• Heating / Air Conditioning

EES – TES – EES/TES/CES

Renewable Energies Energy Efficiency

RenewableEnergies

ConsumerDistribution

PV

Wind

Bio/CHP

Solarthermal

Grid

DistrictHeating &

Cooling

Electricity

Heat/Cold

Central Energy Storage

DistributedEnergyStorage

EESTESCES

EESTESCES

Central – Distributed Storage

RenewableEnergies

Consumer

PV

Wind

Bio/CHP

Solarthermal

Electricity

Heat/Cold

DistributedEnergyStorage

EESTESCES

Central – Distributed Storage

„Islands“

Energy infra-structure in local units (reasonable size!)

…but where in the Grid?

Central Storages• Pumped Hydro• Hydrogen Generation• Compressed Air Energy Storage

Distributed (large) Storages• Lead Acid Batteries• NaS Batteries• Redox-Flow Batteries

Distributed (electric) Storages• Lithium-Ion Batteries• Lead Acid Batteries• NiMh-, NiCd Batteries

Distributed (thermal) Storages• Heat Pumps + Thermal Storage• CHP, μCHP + Thermal Storage

• As long as we do not have a „perfect“ grid, distributed energy storage systems are able to provide voltage support and frequency regulation and by this avoid local congestions by the following system services- Power reserve - Peak shaving- Self-consumption enhancement - Transformation from electricity to heat/cold

Central – Distributed Storage

Technology Comparison (?)

Storage

technology

Storage Mechanis

m

Power CapacityStorage Period

Density EfficiencyLifetim

eCost

MW MWh time kWh/ton kWh/m3 %#

cycles$/kW $/kWh

¢/kWh-deliver

ed

Lithium Ion

(Li Ion)

Electro-chemical

< 1,7 < 22day -

month84 - 160 190 - 375 0,89 - 0,98

2960 -5440

1230 - 3770

620 - 2760

17 - 102

Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery

Electro-chemical

1 - 60 7 - 450 day 99 - 150 156 - 255 0,75 - 0,861620 - 4500

260 - 2560

210 - 920

9 - 55

Lead Acid

battery

Electro-chemical

0.1 - 30

< 30day -

month22 - 34 25 - 65 0,65 - 0,85

160 - 1060

350 - 850

130 - 1100

21 - 102

Redox/Flow battery

Electro-chemical

< 7 < 10day -

month18 - 28 21 - 34 0,72 - 0,85

1510 - 2780

650 - 2730

120 - 1600

5 - 88

Compressed air energy storage (CAES)

Mechanical

2 - 300

14 - 2050 day -

2 - 7 at

20 - 80 bar

0,4 - 0,758620 - 17100

15 - 2050

30 - 100

2 - 35

Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES)

Mechanical

450 - 2500

8000 - 190000

day - month

0,27 at 100m

0,27 at 100m

0,63 - 0,8512800 - 33000

540 - 2790

40 - 160

0,1 - 18

Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite 340002,7 - 160 at 1 - 700

bar0,22 - 0,50 1

384 - 1408

- 25 - 64

Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite 1600010 at 1

bar0,24 - 0,42 1 - - 16 - 44

Sensible

storage - Water

Thermal < 10 < 100hour - year

10 - 50 < 60 0,5 -0,9 ~5000 - 0,1- 13 0,01

Phase change materials (PCM)

Thermal < 10 < 10hour - week

50 - 150 < 120 0,75 - 0,9 ~5000 - 13 - 65 1,3 - 6

Thermochemical storage (TCS)

Thermal < 1 < 10hour - week

120 -250 120 - 250 0,8 - 1 ~3500 -10 - 130

1 - 5

Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies

Comparison of storage technologies is difficult.There is a strong influence of the actual application on

the storage properties!

Storage

technology

Storage Mechanis

m

Power CapacityStorage Period

Density EfficiencyLifetim

eCost

MW MWh time kWh/ton kWh/m3 %#

cycles$/kW $/kWh

¢/kWh-deliver

ed

Lithium Ion

(Li Ion)

Electro-chemical

< 1,7 < 22day -

month84 - 160 190 - 375 0,89 - 0,98

2960 -5440

1230 - 3770

620 - 2760

17 - 102

Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery

Electro-chemical

1 - 60 7 - 450 day 99 - 150 156 - 255 0,75 - 0,861620 - 4500

260 - 2560

210 - 920

9 - 55

Lead Acid

battery

Electro-chemical

0.1 - 30

< 30day -

month22 - 34 25 - 65 0,65 - 0,85

160 - 1060

350 - 850

130 - 1100

21 - 102

Redox/Flow battery

Electro-chemical

< 7 < 10day -

month18 - 28 21 - 34 0,72 - 0,85

1510 - 2780

650 - 2730

120 - 1600

5 - 88

Compressed air energy storage (CAES)

Mechanical

2 - 300

14 - 2050 day -

2 - 7 at

20 - 80 bar

0,4 - 0,758620 - 17100

15 - 2050

30 - 100

2 - 35

Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES)

Mechanical

450 - 2500

8000 - 190000

day - month

0,27 at 100m

0,27 at 100m

0,63 - 0,8512800 - 33000

540 - 2790

40 - 160

0,1 - 18

Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite 340002,7 - 160 at 1 - 700

bar0,22 - 0,50 1

384 - 1408

- 25 - 64

Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite 1600010 at 1

bar0,24 - 0,42 1 - - 16 - 44

Sensible

storage - Water

Thermal < 10 < 100hour - year

10 - 50 < 60 0,5 -0,9 ~5000 - 0,1- 13 0,01

Phase change materials (PCM)

Thermal < 10 < 10hour - week

50 - 150 < 120 0,75 - 0,9 ~5000 - 13 - 65 1,3 - 6

Thermochemical storage (TCS)

Thermal < 1 < 10hour - week

120 -250 120 - 250 0,8 - 1 ~3500 -10 - 130

1 - 5

Application: Long Term Storage

Transport

~ 90 %

~ 62%

Total:

Storage

~ 90 %© U. Stimming, TUM

Efficiency:

Hydrogen:

Electrolysis

~ 85 %

Compression

~ 90 %

Fuel: Overall Efficiency 60 %Electricity: Overall Efficiency 30 %Heating: Overall Efficiency 60 %

Application: Long Term Storage

Heat Pump

~ 300 %

Efficiency:

~ 225 %

Total

Hot Water:

Storage

~ 75 %

© ZAE Bayern

Fuel: not possible!Electricity: not possible!Heating: Overall Efficiency 225 %

Application: Long Term Storage

Important: • Look at the whole efficiency chain!• Take the „value“ of the stored energy („exergy“!) into account!

• Take the final energy demand into account!

• Also Power-to-Heat / Power-to-Cold is an option!

• Try to identify the most suitable technology for the application!

Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies

Conclusions

A large number of different energy storage technologies is available or subject to R&D at the moment

A large number of different applications of energy storage will come up in our future energy systems

Energy storage technologies can only be evaluated and compared - technically and economically - within an actual application

Conclusions

The final energy demand and the overall efficiency of the energy storage system has to be taken into account, when assigning storage technologies to storage applications

Thank you very much for your attention!