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ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES : BENEFITS, APPLICATIONS AND EXPERIENCES
TERI-UNEP Workshop on Innovative and Sustainable Energy Technologies for Developing Countries: Opportunities and
Challenges
(28th May – 30th May)
Sandhya Sundararagavan, Research [email protected]
May 29th, 2014
Concerns / Issues
Supply
Demand
Supply-Demand Mismatch
Variability of RE Generation
Seasonal Variation in demand pattern Source: MGVCL, SLDC, TERI (Analysis)
Energy Situation in South Asia
• Energy security issues due to dependence on one fuel
• Energy Access challenge to remote locations
• Growing demands of energy
• Increasing energy deficit
• High T&D losses
• Untapped renewable energy potential
Source: ADB South Asia Working Paper, Series 11; SAARC Regional Energy Trade Study, March 2010
Why is there a need for storage?
Balance supply-demand mismatch Utilize storage for peak periods Frequency and voltage support Reliable power supply Defer/reduce the need for new generation
capacity and transmission upgrades Distributed generation and Electric
Vehicles Emergency support
Types of Storage Technologies
Large scale Energy Storage
Pumped Hydro (PHS)
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
Thermal Energy Storage
Applications-Technologies Matrix
Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA
Large Scale Energy Storage Systems
Pumped Hydro (PHS) Employs off-peak electricity to pump
water from a reservoir up to another reservoir at a higher elevation
Can be sized up to 1 GW; Discharge duration 8-10 hours
Efficiency: 80-85%; Life: 50-60 years
Siting/Permitting/Env. Impact issue
Compressed Air Energy Storage Use off-peak electricity to
compress air and store it in a reservoir
Above ground : 3-50 MW; Underground: up to 400 MW
Discharge Duration: 8-26 hours Efficiency: 70%; life: 30 years Geological/siting issue
Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA
Batteries – Mature and Commercial
Lead-Acid• Capacity range: 1 kW – 10 MW,
Discharge duration: minutes to few hours
• Most prevalent and cost effective storage system
• Suitable for short duration application.
• Life: 6-12 yrs ; Efficiency: 75%
• Disposal issue - toxic
Lithium-ion• Capacity range: 1 kW – 1 MW;
Discharge duration: minutes to 4 hrs
• Fast growing, commercial and mature
• Leading technology platform for EV and PHEV
• Short and medium duration applications
• Life: 15 years; Efficiency: 90-95%
Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA
Batteries - Development
Sodium-Sulphur
• Capacity range: 2- 10 MW; Discharge duration: seconds to 6 hours
• Multiple, parallel standard units are used to create multi-megawatt systems
• Suitable for grid support application
• Life: 15 years; Efficiency: 75%
• Requires operating temperature 300-350 degree Celsius, which makes it hazardous and combustible
Flow Batteries
• Capacity range: 50 kW – 1 MW; Discharge duration: 5-6 hours
• Electrolytes stored in separate tanks which prevents deposition
• Suitable for utility scale applications
• Life: 20 years; Efficiency: 75-80%
• Complexity of the design due to pumps and power control systems
Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA
Other technologies
Flywheels• Capacity range: 0.5 – 10 kWh
• Suitable for shorter duration (milliseconds)
• Life: 20 years, Efficiency: 70-80%
• Safety issue with flywheel design and operating conditions
Thermal Energy Storage (TES)• Capacity Range: 10 – 50 kWh
• Suitable for cooling in buildings and industrial processes
• Life: >20 years, Efficiency: 75-90%
• Thermal insulation, unique design configuration, and material properties
Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA,
Source: IEC White Paper, October 2012
Pumped Hydro System in Taiwan
• The Taiwan Power System contains ten PHS units: four 250 MW units located at the Ming-Hu hydro plant and six 267 MW units located at the Ming-Tan hydro plant
• PHS units used for both time-shifting and operating reserve functions
Success Stories
• 32MW/8MWh Li-ion battery storage solution
• Supports 98 MW AES Laurel Mountain Wind Farm
• Operational since 2011
Li-ion Battery Energy Storage System in West Virginia, USA
Source: Energy Storage Association (ESA)
Source: IEC White Paper, October 2012
• 51 MW wind farm (1500 kW X 34 units)
• Supported by 34 MW Sodium-sulphur (NaS) system
• Being operated by Japan Wind Development Corporation since three years
NaS Battery System (Japan Wind Development Project)
Deployment Status
Source: Large-scale Electrical Energy Storage in Japan, Presentation by Akio Nakamura
Designing a storage system
Key parameters
Identify application for which storage is required Peak Shaving Load Shifting Power Quality
Size of the storage system (based on capacity and discharge duration)
Cost of the system (energy cost, power cost and balance of plant cost)
Response time Lifetime Operability conditions Modularity and flexibility Maturation and commerciality Environmental concern
Strategic Approach Scope: Identify
applications relevant for the entities (Grid
operator/Utilities/Renewable
project developer/Consu
mer)
Siting: Select location
considering nearness to the grid/wind farm
Design: Analyze required size and
type of the storage system
for the required application
Development: Select cost-
effective and most viable
option
Pilot scale deployment
Testing: Monitoring,
Evaluation, and Measurement
Commercialization: Large scale
implementation
Barriers
Roadmap
Installing storage for balancing the grid is a long term solution
Countries who are yet to explore renewable potential should explore potential of storage in parallel
Policy and regulatory framework should be developed to set goals and vision roadmap
Identify key stakeholders and beneficiaries Explore public-private partnerships or other
funding models Establish centres for carrying out research and
testing
THANK YOU
Questions?