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Introduction
EU Energy Policy
Energy Sources
Oil
Natural Gas
Solid Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Supply Security
Reduction of DependenceSaving energy
Alternative Sources
Energy Supply in the EUA presentation by Daniel Erni and Stefan Horlacher
Helsinki, October 5, 2005
Introduction
• 1951: European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
• Belgium, West Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands
• First step of European integration
• 1957: European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)
• ECSC-countries
• Article 1 of the treaty: «It shall be the task of the Community
to contribute to the raising of the standard of living in the
Member States and to the development of relations with the
other countries by creating the conditions necessary for the
speedy establishment and growth of nuclear industries.»
Introduction
EU Energy Policy
Energy Sources
Oil
Natural Gas
Solid Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Supply Security
Reduction of DependenceSaving energy
Alternative Sources
Energy Supply in the EUA presentation by Daniel Erni and Stefan Horlacher
Helsinki, October 5, 2005
EU Energy Policy
• No common European responsibility except from ECSC and Euratom
• Impacts of other policies on energy sector
• Obstacles for a common energy policy:
• Different availability of energy sources
• The use of nuclear energy
• The degree of federal control over energy supply
• Crucial importance Green Paper
Introduction
EU Energy Policy
Energy Sources
Oil
Natural Gas
Solid Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Supply Security
Reduction of DependenceSaving energy
Alternative Sources
Energy Supply in the EUA presentation by Daniel Erni and Stefan Horlacher
Helsinki, October 5, 2005
Energy sources
EU primary energy balance (1998)
Source: European Commission, 2002.
Introduction
EU Energy Policy
Energy Sources
Oil
Natural Gas
Solid Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Supply Security
Reduction of DependenceSaving energy
Alternative Sources
Energy Supply in the EUA presentation by Daniel Erni and Stefan Horlacher
Helsinki, October 5, 2005
Energy Sources: Oil
• Reserves
• Europe (incl. Norway): < 2% of the world‘s oil reserves
• Production
• Demand can‘t be covered by production in the Northern Sea
• Cost-intensive production
• Demand
• Rise in the last decades
• Transportation sector: ~100% dependence on oil
• Trend to replacement by alternative fuels
• Imports
• 80% of oil demand imported; share is expected to grow
• Weak position, high dependence
• Main suppliers: OPEC countries, Russia, Norway
Introduction
EU Energy Policy
Energy Sources
Oil
Natural Gas
Solid Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Supply Security
Reduction of DependenceSaving energy
Alternative Sources
Energy Supply in the EUA presentation by Daniel Erni and Stefan Horlacher
Helsinki, October 5, 2005
Energy Sources: Oil
Source: European Commission, 2005.
Origin of oil imports in the EU
Introduction
EU Energy Policy
Energy Sources
Oil
Natural Gas
Solid Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Supply Security
Reduction of DependenceSaving energy
Alternative Sources
Energy Supply in the EUA presentation by Daniel Erni and Stefan Horlacher
Helsinki, October 5, 2005
Energy Sources: Natural Gas
• Compared to coal/oil: High effectiveness, environment-friendly
• Reserves
• EU or close to it: 80% of the world‘s oil reserves
• Production
• Rising world wide, declining in the EU dependence rises
• Prices are expected to increase (transportation costs)
• Demand
• Imports
• Main suppliers: Russia, Norway, Algeria
• Further suppliers have to be found Higher prices
Own diagram – Data source: European Commission (undated).
Introduction
EU Energy Policy
Energy Sources
Oil
Natural Gas
Solid Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Supply Security
Reduction of DependenceSaving energy
Alternative Sources
Energy Supply in the EUA presentation by Daniel Erni and Stefan Horlacher
Helsinki, October 5, 2005
Energy Sources: Solid Fuels
• Reserves
• Huge reserves important for supply security
Source: Euracoal, 2005.
Introduction
EU Energy Policy
Energy Sources
Oil
Natural Gas
Solid Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Supply Security
Reduction of DependenceSaving energy
Alternative Sources
Energy Supply in the EUA presentation by Daniel Erni and Stefan Horlacher
Helsinki, October 5, 2005
Energy Sources: Solid Fuels
• Production
• Rising world wide, declining in the EU
• Low productivity in Europe (mining in big depths)
• Price level above world market price
• Regain of attractivenews by new environment-friendly technologies
• Demand
• Demand decreasing
• Replacement by other energy sources in households
• Steel industry dropped its demand
• Medium term: Increase in demand possible after 2010
• Imports
• Imported coal is cheaper
• Main exporters to the EU: Australia, Canada, USA
Introduction
EU Energy Policy
Energy Sources
Oil
Natural Gas
Solid Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Supply Security
Reduction of DependenceSaving energy
Alternative Sources
Energy Supply in the EUA presentation by Daniel Erni and Stefan Horlacher
Helsinki, October 5, 2005
Energy Sources: Nuclear Energy
• Production
• 1/3 of electricity consumption produced by nuclear energy
• France: 75% of electricity produced by nuclear energy
• Important for many new Member States
• Finland is planning to build a new nuclear power station
Source: Microsoft Corporation, 2005.
Introduction
EU Energy Policy
Energy Sources
Oil
Natural Gas
Solid Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Supply Security
Reduction of DependenceSaving energy
Alternative Sources
Energy Supply in the EUA presentation by Daniel Erni and Stefan Horlacher
Helsinki, October 5, 2005
Energy Sources: Nuclear Energy
• Reserves
• Uranium reserves spread all over the world
• Long term production assured (extensive amounts of secondary sources)
• Demand
• EU demand is stable at 20.000 tons p.a.
• Future demand depends on development of renewable energy sources
• Imports
• In the short run: limited quantities in the EU
• In the long run: more imports required
• Largest suppliers: Russia, Niger, Australia, Canada
• Some Member States have taken the political decision to replace
nuclear energy by alternative energy sources
• Reasons: storing of nuclear waste & possible accidents (cf. Chernobyl)
• But: alternative fuels are not easily available & cause higher pollution emissions
Introduction
EU Energy Policy
Energy Sources
Oil
Natural Gas
Solid Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Supply Security
Reduction of DependenceSaving energy
Alternative Sources
Energy Supply in the EUA presentation by Daniel Erni and Stefan Horlacher
Helsinki, October 5, 2005
Energy Sources: Renewable Energy Sources (RES)
• Major sectors: wind, solar thermal, hydro and biomass
• Advantages:
• Naturally available or quickly replacable
• No imports needed
• Less damaging to the environment
• Unequal and insufficent use in the EU
• EU Commission: 12% (instead of 6%) of energy demand covered by RES in 2010
• Early stadium of development Incentives/Support required
Introduction
EU Energy Policy
Energy Sources
Oil
Natural Gas
Solid Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Supply Security
Reduction of DependenceSaving energy
Alternative Sources
Energy Supply in the EUA presentation by Daniel Erni and Stefan Horlacher
Helsinki, October 5, 2005
Energy Sources: Renewable Energy Sources (RES)
• Hydropower
• 90% of total production out of RES
• 14% of electricity demand covered by hydropower
• Potential almost tapped
• Wind
• Fast growing technology
• Potential: covering 30% of electricity demand
• Problems: stable production, efficient saving, „visual landscape pollution“
• Solar Thermal
• Often used in heating building and water
• Problems: high investment costs and seasonal fluctuations
• Biomass
• Agriculture as the main source
• Potential: covering 20% of current energy demand
Introduction
EU Energy Policy
Energy Sources
Oil
Natural Gas
Solid Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Supply Security
Reduction of DependenceSaving energy
Alternative Sources
Energy Supply in the EUA presentation by Daniel Erni and Stefan Horlacher
Helsinki, October 5, 2005
Supply Security
• Several risks: political crises, technical incidents supply interruptions
• Impacts on economy, society and living standard (cf. oil crises in 1970ies)
• Means to lower the risk of an energy shortage:
• Economically: mechanisms of pricing and tax law decrease demand
• Technically: use of other energy sources to close the supply gap
• Politically: campaigns for energy saving or use of existing reserves
• Reserves
• Reserves for > 1 year recommended in the nuclear sector (Euratom)
• Harder competition and common market leads to a reduction of reserves
• Risk Reduction
• Dependence on a single sector has decreased (oil: 60% to 40%)
• Growing transport sector: high dependence on oil, intensive
research on
new technologies
• New networks and decentralised production
• Diversify energy sources and suppliers
Introduction
EU Energy Policy
Energy Sources
Oil
Natural Gas
Solid Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Supply Security
Reduction of Dependence
Saving energy
Alternative Sources
Energy Supply in the EUA presentation by Daniel Erni and Stefan Horlacher
Helsinki, October 5, 2005
Reduction of Dependence
Energy balance of the EU-30
Source: European Commission, 2005.
Introduction
EU Energy Policy
Energy Sources
Oil
Natural Gas
Solid Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Supply Security
Reduction of DependenceSaving energy
Alternative Sources
Energy Supply in the EUA presentation by Daniel Erni and Stefan Horlacher
Helsinki, October 5, 2005
Reduction of Dependence: Saving energy
• Lower consumption smaller dependence on imports
• Global energy efficiency: just 25%
• European Commission: improve energy efficiency by 1% p.a. till 2010
• > 40% of energy consumption is used in buildings
reduction by 22% till 2010 possible
• Lighting: 30 – 50% could be saved by energy saving bulbs
• Better balance of means of transport shift from road to rail
Introduction
EU Energy Policy
Energy Sources
Oil
Natural Gas
Solid Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Supply Security
Reduction of DependenceSaving energy
Alternative Sources
Energy Supply in the EUA presentation by Daniel Erni and Stefan Horlacher
Helsinki, October 5, 2005
Reduction of Dependence: Saving energy
Source: European Commission, 2005.
Introduction
EU Energy Policy
Energy Sources
Oil
Natural Gas
Solid Fuels
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Supply Security
Reduction of DependenceSaving energy
Alternative Sources
Energy Supply in the EUA presentation by Daniel Erni and Stefan Horlacher
Helsinki, October 5, 2005
Reduction of Dependence: Alternative Sources
• RES are safe, clean, affordable, not threatened by interruptions or depletion
• Aim of EU Commission: double the share of RES from 6% to 12% till 2010
• Problems: technical and practical obstacles, high costs
• Subventions or taxes on externalities of conventional energy sources required
• With suitable investments (R&D, marketing), RES can contribute to
solve
many economical and ecological problems!