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8/13/2019 energy system1
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MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE
BUILDING SCIENCE
SESSIONAL
STUDY OF HERITAGE BUILDING
WITH RESPECT TO COMFORT
Submitted to:- Submitted by:-
Prof. R.K. Pandit Shalini Gupta
B.Arch, v sem
AR11031
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CONTENTS
Introduction
The heritage building as a passive and active
climate moderator
Case study
1. GOHAR MAHAL (BHOPAL)
2. GUJARI MAHAL (GWALIOR)
3. The James Pitot House (early nineteenth century)
4. The Gibson House (1859)
Opportunities to Reinstate the Heritage
Building as a Passive and Active Climate
Moderator
Synthesis
Conclusion
References
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INTRODUCTION
The knowledge of architectural designs to create the comfort
conditions in the building may be understand well by analyzing the
concepts used in the old monuments or heritage buildings. These
existing buildings were designed, developed and constructed to use
the natural energy sources or sinks for the particular climatic zone.
India lies in its Buildings as these buildings are the mirror of History of
India. These buildings have been maintained and some restored tokeep the glory India intact as in the past and also provide many lessons
in designing for specific climates. The concept of energy conservation
in buildings is not new but can be seen in our historical monuments.
The knowledge of architectural designs to create the comfort
conditions in the building may be understand well by analyzing the
concepts used in the old monuments or heritage buildings. These
existing buildings were designed, developed and constructed to use
the natural energy sources or sinks for the particular climatic zone.
India lies in its Buildings as these buildings are the mirror of History of
India. These buildings have been maintained and some restored to
keep the glory India intact as in the past and also provide many lessons
in designing for specific climates. The concept of energy conservation
in buildings is not new but can be seen inour historical monuments.
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The Heritage Building as a Passive and
Active Climate Moderator
Heritage buildings that predate the development of four-
season climate management systems typically had some
inherent capability to moderate external influences on
interior conditions. In these older structures, the building
itself was the system for ventilation and human comfort. Thehygrothermal performance of these buildings relied on
building materials, thermal mass,moisture buffering,
landscape, siting, overall form, horizontal and vertical
communication among interior spaces, and exterior wall
openings.
A key component of the interior conditioning of older
buildings was occupant operation of building featuressuch
as doors and windows and their associated devices such as
shutters and shadeswhich moderated the influence of the
exterior on the interior while capitalizing on favorable
external aspects, such as breezes, for ventilation and comfort.
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CASE STUDY
1. GOHAR MAHAL (BHOPAL)
a. Climate of Site-
Bhopal is a city in central India, a hilly but hot area, located on the Malwa plateau.
23.27 N, 77.4 E .Altitude is 499m above sea level. The summers are hot and dry
and the temperatures soar as high as 40o-48oC. Winters are moderately cold withtemperature not going below 8oC. It rains moderately during the rainy season.
b. Building description-
The Gohar Mahal was built in 1818, is a three-story building with an uninsulated
full basement. A two-storey wing at the rear was added later. Major renovations
were carried out in 1922. The total floor area is about 650 m2 (not including the
basement). The first- and second-story exterior walls are loadbearing solid brick
walls (1000-330 mm thick), the third story is enclosed by a wood-frame mansardroof with the sides covered with slate tiles. The roof is insulated to approximately
RSI-4.4 (R-25). All walls are finished with lath and plaster on the interior. Windows
are either single-glazed, double-hung wood-frame windows with single-glazed
wood-frame storm windows on the exterior; or leaded, single-glazed metal-
casement windows with single-glazed wood-frame storm windows on the interior.
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Location of Gohar Mahal is at the lakeside, the main entrance is south-east facing.
The two courtyards divide the building in three parts in longitudinal direction and
two parts in transverse. The building is constructed on the slope of a hill,hence
there is a road level entry at each floor also one of its part is attached with hill.
Therefore the built up area is less at ground floor than first and second floor. The
main entry is towards the lake side in the eastern corner at ground level.
C.Passive Solar Design of Buildings:
The energy efficiency in the buildings can be achieved by studying the macro and
micro climate of the site, applying solar passive and bio climatic design features
and take advantage of natural resources on site. A few common architecture solar
passive design elements are listed below:
Landscaping
Water bodies
Orientation Site And Site Conditions
Open spaces and built form
Assessment of many of our vernacular buildings like Gohar Mahal shows an
understanding of PSD and demonstrates how simple it is to incorporate in modern
building design.
Landscaping:
Landscaping by vegetation is one of the most effective ways of altering micro
climate for better conditions. Trees provide buffer to sun, heat, noise, air pollution.
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As Gohar mahal is built towards lake side ,there is a dense vegetation around it.
These trees ,plants and water body near by help the building to keep cool in
summer by evaporation cooling. The building consists of multi-level planning, as
the building is built on a small hill with the different levels gradually increasing in
height towards the north -east direction. Hence Ground cooling by earth berming
keep the inside temperature much down in summer and moderate in winter .the
principle behind this is the earths temperature is practically constant after a
depth of 2.5m and remains close to the average annual temperature, thus offering
a vital sink for buildings to dissipate their heat hence the Gohar Mahal part, which
is in contact with earth benefits from huge thermal mass of adjacent ground and is
thus not affected by hot and cold climate, shown below the rear view of Gohar
Mahal. the maximum openings are towards the lake side i.e. .in south westdirection, to get the cool air in and let the hot air out. This makes building much
cool in summer.
Orientation:
In solar passive buildings, orientation is a major design consideration, mainly with
regard to solar radiation, daylight and wind. Gohar Mahal in respect to its
orientation is perfect. Main entrance of Gohar Mahal is east facing.The long wall is
at south side and maximum openings are given at wall that is lake side to capture
the prevailing wind in summer. All the main rooms are towards north side with
small openings but attached with large verandahs and courtyards.
location and site conditions:
Gohar mahal is located besides Bhopal upper lake. Water has a moderating effect
on the air temperature of the micro climate. It possesses very high thermal storage
capacity much higher than the building materials like Brick, concrete, stone. A
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large body of water in the form of lake, river, and fountain has the ability to
moderate the air temperatures in the micro climate.
Water evaporation has a cooling effect in the surroundings. It takes up heat
from the air through evaporation and causes significant cooling especially in hot &
dry climate zone. This is observed in at the site also.
Openings, Semi Openings and Built Form:
Openings play main part in solar passive buildings. Main openings are in the form
of courtyards and terraces whereas semi openings are in the form of verandahs in
Gohar Mahal. There are four courtyards; two of them divide the building
longitudinally in three parts and transversely in two parts. The central courtyard of
a typical traditional house was a very common passive solar device and was often
considered the lung of the house. The success of the cooling principle ofcourtyards depends on a combination of climate, building shape and wall
materials and varied across the region depending on location, size and affluence.
One of the openings is a garden called as secret garden which is at back side of the
second floor. They are performing following functions:
The division of buildings into thermal zones with buffer areas such as verandas,
courtyards avoids providing barriers to cross flow ventilation where this is
required; hence using courtyard as a space is to act as a thermal buffer. The
courtyard was the main source of air exchange from inside the built space to theouter free space.
In Gohar Mahal more space is around the building, this provide prevalent and
effected crossventilation through a series of openings from the rear/entrance door,
through the central courtyards and out of an opening at the entrance/rear. This
was the 'air funnel' of the house. The entrance lobby acted as a wind funnel
focusing the incident wind into the courtyard that lay on this air funnel, which in
turn ventilated the living areas grouped around it.
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To facilitate the moment of cool air into the house, parapets are built at very low
height and also slopes are towards the courtyard. A water sprinkler was placed in
the courtyards to cool and humidify the incoming air.
The principle of using central courtyards in Gohar Mahal as a means for keeping
adjacent rooms cool was based on the pressure difference between cool air and
warm air. Cool night time air from high above the courtyard, heavier than warm
air, sank into the courtyard and replaced the slightly warmer air that had
accumulated there during the day and which was unable to escape because the
ambient daytime air temperature above the courtyard was warmer.
The main function of verandahs found in Gohar Mahal was to prevent the direct
heat and glare of the sun from entering the house. They are all the four sides of
courtyards. This is analysing that all these verandahs are comparatively cool in
summer while hotter in winters.
Ventilation and other openings:
Ventilation is the exchange of air between the inside of a building and the outside.In Gohar Mahal traditional ways of ventilation to achieve passive cooling was
adopted, briefly described below:
_ For natural ventilation, the flow of air is caused by the pressure of the wind (cross
ventilation) or by the buoyancy effect of temperature differences between inside
and outside (Stack effect).
_ Almost all the ventilators are inclined i.e. highly elevated at outside and low at
inside.
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_ The arch shaped ventilators are highly tapered these are for spot light i.e.
lightning the whole room naturally .
_ Highly elevated small openings keep the room cool.
_ Numbers of jharokhas are also given for free flow of wind.
Sun Shades and chajjas :
Shades play important role for protecting the building from direct sunlight. In
Gohar Mahal shades of flag stone are provided all the four sides of the building.
Generally they are slightly inclined and 900mm wide. They are supported on stone
cornice. They are perfect to gain direct solar radiation in winter and shades in
summer.
d. BUILDING MATERIAL:
Choice of building material for the envelope is important to reduce the energy
content of the building, this means selection of building materials which use low
energy in their manufacturing. The choice of building material is also important
to achieve indoor comfort. In Gohar Mahal the building materials used are;
Bricks
Stone
Timber Lime
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Sand stone
Jute fabric
2. GUJARI MAHAL (GWALIOR)
a. Climate of Site-
Gwalior is located at26.22N 78.18E in northern Madhya Pradesh 300 km
(186 miles) from Delhi. It has an average elevation of 197 metres.The hill fort, conicalin shape, is built on a solitary hillock. The rock formations in the fort hill and in the
Gwalior hill ranges consist ofochreoussandstone.The fort hill (342 feet (104 m) at the
highest point) has a length of about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) and an average width of about300 yards (270 m).A small river Swarnrekha flows close to the palace.
b. Building description-
Gujari Mahal Archaeological Museum is a place where you can find the rare and
atypical antiquities. The most striking and prominent feature of Gujari Mahal is the
precious stones and jewels in the crown. This world familiar Gujari Mahal is
situated in Gwalior and this far-famed archaeological museum being visited by
most tourists. Furthermore, the place has wide collection of unique varietysculptures fitting in the 1st Century AD. Gujari Mahal was built by Raja Mansingh
Tomar and he dedicated this Mahal to his Gujar Queen Mrignayani. The major
striking spotlight of this museum is the sculpture of Gyraspur Shalabhanjika is
sheltered in the Gujari Mahal.
.C.Passive Solar Design of Buildings:
The energy efficiency in the buildings can be achieved by studying the macro and
micro climate of the site, applying solar passive and bio climatic design features
http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Gwalior¶ms=26.22_N_78.18_E_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochrehttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Gwalior¶ms=26.22_N_78.18_E_8/13/2019 energy system1
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and take advantage of natural resources on site. A few common architecture solar
passive design elements are listed below:
Landscaping
Water bodies
Orientation
Site And Site Conditions
Open spaces and built form
Landscaping:
Landscaping by vegetation is one of the most effective ways of altering micro
climate for better conditions. Trees provide buffer to sun, heat, noise, air pollution.
As Gohar mahal is built towards lake side ,there is a dense vegetation around it.
These trees ,plants and water body near by help the building to keep cool insummer by evaporation cooling.
Orientation:
In solar passive buildings, orientation is a major design consideration, mainly with
regard to solar radiation, daylight and wind. Gujari Mahal in respect to its
orientation is perfect. Main entrance of Gujari Mahal is north east facing and
second entrance is from south west. The long wall is at south side and openings are
given at centre.
location and site conditions:
Gujari Mahal is located in Gwalior. The fort has two important parts namely, the
main fort and the Palaces (Gujari Mahal and the Man Mandir palace). The Palaces
were built by Raja Man Singh Tomar. Water has a moderating effect on the air
temperature of the micro climate. It possesses very high thermal storage capacity
much higher than the building materials like Brick, concrete, stone. A large body of
water in the form of lake, river, and fountain has the ability to moderate the airtemperatures in the micro climate.
Openings, Semi Openings and Built Form:
Openings play main part in solar passive buildings. Main openings are in the form
of courtyards and terraces. There is one courtyard in centre sounded by rooms.
The central courtyard of a typical traditional house was a very common passive
solar device and was often considered the lung of the house. The success of the
cooling principle of courtyards depends on a combination of climate, building
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shape and wall materials and varied across the region depending on location, size
and affluence.
Effected crossventilation through a series of openings from the rear/entrancedoor, through the central courtyards and out of an opening at the
entrance/rear. This was the 'air funnel' of the house.
The principle of using central courtyards in Gohar Mahal as a means for keeping
adjacent rooms cool was based on the pressure difference between cool air and
warm air and cool night.
Ventilation and other openings:
Ventilation is the exchange of air between the inside of a building and the outside.
In Gujari Mahal traditional ways of ventilation to achieve passive cooling was
adopted, briefly described below:
_ For natural ventilation, the flow of air is caused by the pressure of the wind (cross
ventilation) or by the buoyancy effect of temperature differences between inside
and outside (Stack effect).
_ Almost all the ventilators are inclined i.e. highly elevated at outside and low at
inside._ The arch shaped ventilators are highly tapered these are for spot light i.e.
lightning the whole room naturally .
_ Highly elevated small openings keep the room cool.
_ Numbers of jharokhas are also given for free flow of wind.
3. The James Pitot House (early nineteenth century)
The James Pitot House in New Orleanslisted on the National Historic Registeris
currently the subject of a Getty-funded Conservation Planning Grant. It is a
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Historic American Building Survey drawing of the ventilation of the Pitot House
4. The Gibson House (1859)
The Gibson House in Boston, a National Historic Landmark, is interpreted as a
furnished historic house museum. It has not been fitted with central air-conditioning and retains its original three-story-high ventilation and light shaft.
These architectural features for interior climate management are typical of a
multistory building in an urban context. Since the building has long windowless
sidewalls, buoyancydriven ventilation was essential to augment the limited
window area provided by the narrow front and rear facades. In such cases, light
and ventilation shafts, stair halls, and areaways are critical to movement of air,
thermal energy, and natural light to interior spaces. At the Gibson House, the shaft
is a functionally sophisticated and architecturally refined feature. It distributed
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heated air to upper floors in winter and exhausted hot air from all floors in
summer, while distributing much-needed natural light to windowless interior
spaces and the interior stair hall. Building occupants operated the interior window
sash on the ventilation shaft according to need, as indicated by the thermometer
placed by one such window. The shaft now terminates in a vented skylight, which
appears to be a replacement for an earlier, presumably operable version.
The impacts of centralized systems are compounded in older buildings considered
historic by virtue of their architectural, historical, or cultural significance. In historic
buildings, the interior environmental management must also address the
preservation issues posed by the building itself. The dual mandate to preserve
historic building fabric and prevent deterioration or damage to the collections sets
the stage for potentially competing or conflicting objectives.
The Gibson House ventilation and lightshaft viewed from the shaft interiorThe Gibson House ventilation and light shaft
with thermometer, seen from the bathroom.
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Opportunities to Reinstate the Heritage Building
as a Passive and Active Climate Moderator
If interior temperatures are unacceptably high, the heat gains might be
reduced by
managing insolation at window openings or heat gain by the wall
surfaces, rather than by
introduction of mechanical cooling. Depending on the specifics of the
building, this strategy might be implemented through passive andactive measures such as:
shading the building through placement of landscape plantings;
selecting exterior wall and roof colors to reduce radiant heat gain;
operating window shutters or shades to reduce insolation;
increasing natural ventilation.
If interior moisture vapor loads are high, the environmental
management strategy
might be source reduction of moisture vapor and liquid, rather than
mechanical
dehumidification. Depending on the specifics of the building, this
strategy might be implemented through passive and active measuressuch as:
intercepting and diverting roof and surface water runoff before they
are absorbed by wall surfaces and building materials;
operating windows and doors to ventilate the building when
exterior atmospheric moisture vapor is lower than interior
atmospheric moisture vapor.
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Conclusion
From above observations and analysis this is prove that these both buildings are
solar passive and does not require any conventional method for cooling. That is
use of natural energy (sun, wind, etc.) to conserve conventional energy for
achieving thermal comfort refers to comfortable indoor conditions (temperature,
humidity, air movement) is observed and analyzed in these buildings. The result
from above analysis shows that the Gohar Mahal and Gujari Mahal are an
example for making solar passive modern building for climate of Bhopal and
Gwalior.
In the twentieth century, air-conditioning made the prospect of four-season
environmental
control a reality, influencing not only building design but perceptions and
technical definitions
of occupant comfort. We can reduce the potentially adverse impact of our
environmental management strategies if we:
adjust our performance criteria for conservation environments by taking into
account the robust qualities and vulnerabilities of the collections against the
exterior environmental threats specific to the location;
reduce carbon emissions (and operating costs) without necessarily reinvesting
in airconditioning systems by implementing broader criteria for interior
environmental control;
account for, and fully credit, the passive and operable features of the buildingthat can moderate the environment and afford protection for the contents and
collections, and rely on these features rather than on mechanical systems to the
extent practical;
improve or enhance the inherent environmental performance qualities of the
building envelope;
evaluate new or alternative environmental management strategies in lieu of
fourseason mechanical systems for environmental control.
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REFERENCES
1. Givoni B., Performance applicability of passive and low-energy cooling systems.
Energy Build., 17, 177 199(1991).
2. Martin Godfrey Cook, Energy Efficiency in Old Houses,publisher Crowood ,pg no.
16(2009).
3. Fodil Fadli Ma , Magda Sibley Sustainability Lessons From Traditional Buildings
In North Africa The Public Bathhouses: Hammms ,proceeding of 3rd
International Conference On Smart And Sustainable Built Environments (2009).
4. Saviana Badarneh ,Hussain Al Zoubi ,Dr. Hikmat H. Ali:Energy efficient Design for
thermally comforted dwelling units in hot arid zones: Case of vernacular buildings
in Jordan ARISER 4. (1) 37-39 (2008).
5. Bhopal Weather - Bhopal Climate & Weather, Bhopal Weather Information.htm
10. Bhopal City in Madhya Pradesh India, Bhopal Travel Tour Guide.htm
11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior_Fort
12.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior
13. http://www.mapsofindia.com/gwalior/travel-guide/gujari-mahal.html14.http://www.mustseeindia.com/Gwalior-Gujari-Mahal-Archaeological-
Museum/attraction/12206
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior_Forthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaliorhttp://www.mapsofindia.com/gwalior/travel-guide/gujari-mahal.htmlhttp://www.mustseeindia.com/Gwalior-Gujari-Mahal-Archaeological-Museum/attraction/12206http://www.mustseeindia.com/Gwalior-Gujari-Mahal-Archaeological-Museum/attraction/12206http://www.mustseeindia.com/Gwalior-Gujari-Mahal-Archaeological-Museum/attraction/12206http://www.mustseeindia.com/Gwalior-Gujari-Mahal-Archaeological-Museum/attraction/12206http://www.mapsofindia.com/gwalior/travel-guide/gujari-mahal.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaliorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior_Fort