Energy (TKK-2129)

Energy(TKK-2129)

13/14 Spring Semester

Instructor: Rama OktavianEmail: [email protected] Hr.: M.13-15, Tu. 13-15, W. 13-15, Th. 13-15, F. 09-11

Outlines

1. Biomass gasification recent update

2. Biomass pyrolysis recent update

3. Biodiesel production recent update

4. Second generation biofuel

Biomass to energy technologyBiomass conversion into energy

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

Biomass to energy technologyBiomass gasification recent update

Hydrogen production from steam gasification of biomass

Biomass to energy technologyHydrogen production from steam gasification of biomass

Introduction

1. Hydrogen is considered as clean energy and the most promising energy source that can be used in internal combustion engines as well as fuel cells with less pollution on the environment, especially without CO2 emission

2. To meet the renewable and sustainable hydrogen production, biomass is considered as the ideal primary energy source

3. Thermo-chemical routes is economically viable to produce hydrogen energy from biomass


Introduction

4. Gasification is favorable process to convert biomass into hydrogen

5. Steam gasification is recommended to be the most favorable option for enhancing both hydrogen concentration and yield in the syngas produced

6. Steam gasification still has problem with undesirable CO2 and tar formed during the process.

7. CaO is gaining interest in H2-rich gas production as catalyst and sorbent for capturing CO2 and tar.


Routes


Reaction


Comparison result of gasifying agent

Biomass to energy technologyBiomass gasification recent update

Comparison result of gasifying agent


Comparison of hydrogen production cost


Problems, challenges, and prospects

Undesirable CO2 generation due to water-gas shift reaction

The formation of unwanted tar – condensable organic compounds could be produced during gasification and become entrained in the syngas - Use of the syngas contaminated with tars can cause fouling and blocking of downstream pipelines and equipments


Problems, challenges, and prospects

The use of CaO has emerged- CO2 and tar produced during steam gasification of biomass can be simultaneously captured and cracked

The presence of CaO in steam gasification process can provide a good option in sustainable H2-rich gas production


The use of CaO study


CaO chemical looping gasifcation

Biomass to energy technologyBiomass pyrolysis

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pyrolysis.html

Biomass to energy technologyBiomass pyrolysis recent update

Biomass fast pyrolysis process using microwave

Biomass to energy technologyBiomass fast pyrolysis process using microwave

Pyrolysis is a well-recognized thermochemical platform for production of bio-oil, combustible gases and char from organics in biomass

Currently, fluidized bed and fixed bed (downdraft or updraft) are the dominant reactor types for biomass pyrolysis, in which the heating is provided by heated surfaces

Microwave irradiation is an alternative heating method


Advantages of microwave heating in pyrolysis:

uniform internal heating - no need for agitation of fluidization and hence fewer particles (ashes) in the bio-oil

easy-to-implement technology

studies suggest that this is a highly scalable technology suitable for distributed conversion of bulky biomasses



Recently, a novel concept of pyrolysis utilizing microwave absorbents is

being developed, in which the use of these absorbents could

significantly improve the heating rate – the temperature of reactor will

become steady

Some studies suggest this new heating mechanism can achieve higher

product yield




Biomass to energy technologyBiomass conversion into energy

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

Biomass to energy technologyBiodiesel production recent update

Lipid extraction method:

1. Solvent extraction method2. Soxhelt extraction method3. Bligh and Dyer's method4. Ionic Liquids5. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction


Biodiesel sources:

Food industry involving fish


Biodiesel sources:

Sludge from municipal waste


Biodiesel sources:

Microalgae

Challenges:

Finding new non-edible plant which contains much oil – will not give food competition issue


Biodiesel production basic technology

http://www.cogeneration.net/chart_biodiesel.gif


Different between esterification and trans-esterification

Eserification

Trans-Eserification


Production routes for biodiesel

Transesterification of vegetable oil using homogeneous catalysts:

1. Acid catalyzed esterification process - sulphuric, hydrochloric, sulfonic and phosphoric acids.

2. Alkali-catalyzed transesterification process - alkaline metal hydroxides and alkoxides, sodium or potassium carbonates

3. Two-step transesterification process - feedstocks containing high free fatty acids (FFAs) - the first step is an acid catalyzed process followed by a second step, alkalicatalyzed transesterification



Supercritical fluid method :

Enzyme-catalyzed transesterification process

Ultrasound assisted transesterification



Membrane technology of biodiesel production

Reactive distillation technology of biodiesel production

Biomass to energy technologyBiomass fermentation

Process scheme

http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/centralgrasslandsrec/biofuels-research-1/janets_ethanol.jpg

Recent update2nd generation biofuel

Why??

First-generation biofuels are extracted from agricultural products: beetroot, rape seed, etc. They compete with foodstuffs.Concerns and constraints:1. Compete with food crops2. Expensive total production cost3. Accelerating deforestation4. The biomass feedstock may not be produced sustainably 5. Potentially has a negative impact on biodiversity

R. Sims, M. Taylor, J. Saddler, W. Mabee. 2008. From 1st to 2nd generation biofuel technologies, IEA


Second-generation biofuels are produced using the inedible part of plants

(straw, wood, plant waste). Unlike first-generation biofuels, they do not

compete with the use of raw materials as food. They can be used directly by

traditional vehicles and considerably reduce CO2 emissions.

Second-generation biofuels produced from ‘plant biomass’ refers largely to

lignocellulosic materials, as this makes up the majority of the cheap and

abundant nonfood materials available from plants

The examples of 2nd generation biofuels are cellulosic ethanol and Fischer–

Tropsch fuelshttp://www.airliquide.com/en/second-generation-biofuels-1.html


Air Liquide is developing Bioliq®, a process that produces second-

generation biofuels using straw in three successive stages:

1. The first step in the process consists of high-temperature pyrolysis of the

straw to convert it into synthetic crude: bioliqSynCrude®.

2. The second step consists of gasification, i.e. the transformation of the

synthetic crude into synthesis gas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon

monoxide.

3. Through several chemical reactions, the Bioliq® process then converts

the synthesis gas into methanol or directly into biofuels.

The Bioliq® process can produce 1 liter of diesel from 7 kg of straw.

http://www.airliquide.com/en/second-generation-biofuels-1.html


Second-generation biofuels present an energy and environmental

advantage: they have a much better carbon footprint than other fuels: up to

90% reduction in CO2 emissions compared to mineral fuels and about 50%

compared to first-generation biofuels.

could significantly reduce CO2 production, do not compete with food crops

and some types can offer better engine performance

http://www.airliquide.com/en/second-generation-biofuels-1.html

Recent update2nd generation biofuel comparison

Recent update2nd generation biofuel comparison

Documents

Energy (TKK-2129)