Last Updated: Fri Mar 29 10:48:39 UTC 2013

Engagement and Fire Control Radars

(S-band, X-Band, Ku/K/Ka-band)

Technical Report APA-TR-2009-0102

by Dr Carlo Kopp, AFAIAA, SMIEEE, PEng

January 2009 Updated April, June, 2009

Updated February, August 2010

Updated May, August 2011

Text, Line Art © 2008 - 2012 Carlo Kopp

References Engagement and Fire Control Radars

o SNR-75 Fan Song A-E / S-75 Dvina/Desna/Volkhov / SA-2 Guideline

o Gin Sling / HQ-1/HQ-2 Guideline (PLA) o SNR-125 Low Blow / S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa

o 1S32 Pat Hand / 2K11 Krug / SA-4 Ganef o 5N62 Square Pair / S-200A/V/D Angara/Vega/Dubna / SA-5 Gammon

o 1S91 Straight Flush / 2K12 Kub/Kvadrat / SA-6 Gainful o Land Roll / 9K33/9K33M2/M3 Osa AK/AKM / Osa T / SA-8 Gecko

o 5N63/5N63S/30N6 Flap Lid A/B/C / SA-10 Grumble o 30N6/30N6E/30N6E1/30N6E2 Tomb Stone / SA-20 Gargoyle

o 92N6E Grave Stone / SA-21

o NIIP 9S35/9S35M Fire Dome / SA-11 Gadfly o NIIP 9S36 / SA-17 Grizzly

o 9S32 Grill Pan / S-300V / SA-12 Gladiator / Giant o 9S32M Grill Screen / S-300VM / SA-23 Gladiator / Giant

o Scrum Half / PESA / 9K331M/M1 Tor M/M1/M2E / SA-15 Gauntlet o 1RL144 Hot Shot / SA-19 Grison

o Phazotron 1L36E/1RS2 / VNIIRT 1RS2-1 / 96K6 Pantsir S1 / SA-22

Agat Active Radar Seekers for SAM Upgrades

System S/X X X/Ku K Ka SA-2 Guideline SNR-75 Fan Song SA-3 Goa SNR-125 Low Blow SA-4 Ganef 1S32 Pat Hand SA-5 Gammon 5N62 Square Pair SA-6 Gainful 1S91 Straight Flush 1S91 Straight Flush SA-8A/B Gecko Land Roll Land Roll SA-10A Grumble 5N63 Flap Lid SA-10B Grumble 5N63S Flap Lid SA-10C Grumble 30N6 Flap Lid SA-11 Gadfly 9S35 Fire Dome SA-12 Gladiator/Giant 9S32 Grill Pan SA-15 Gauntlet Scrum Half / PESA Scrum Half SA-17 Grizzly 9S35M Fire Dome SA-19 Grison Hot Shot SA-20 Gargoyle 30N6E1 Tomb Stone

SA-20 Gargoyle 30N6E2 Tomb Stone SA-21 92N6E Grave Stone SA-22 Phazotron PESA SA-23 Gladiator/Giant 9S32M Grill Pan

References

1. Viktor Litovkin, Unique Surface-To-Air Missile Baffles Foreign Military Diplomats In Egypt, Moscow (RIA Novosti), URL: http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Unique_Surface_To_Air_Missile_Baffles_Foreign_Military_Diplomats_In_Egypt_999.html

2. Upgrade of the S-125 "Pechora" ADMS to level of the S-125-2T "Pechora-2T" ADMS, URL: http://www.tetraedr.com/eng/production_pechora.php Upgrade of the S-125 "Pechora" ADMS to level of the S-125-2TM "Pechora-2TM" ADMS, URL: http://www.tetraedr.com/eng/production_pechora2tm.php

3. S-200 / SA-5 Gammon, URL: http://www.s-200.de/ 4. 5N62V Target Illumination and Guidance Radar, Peter's ADA, URL: http://www.peters-ada.de/s_200_1.htm 5. Upgrade of the S-200 VE "Vega" ADMS, URL: http://www.tetraedr.com/eng/production_vega.php

Upgrade of the "OSA-AK(M)" ADMS to level of the "OSA-1T" ADMS, URL: http://www.tetraedr.com/eng/production_osa.php

6. Yevgeny Pigin, Gennady Kaufman, BUK-M1-2 AIR DEFENSE MISSILE SYSTEM HAS NO EQUALS IN TERMS OF COMBAT EMPLOYMENT, Military Parade JSC, 1998, URL: http://milparade.udm.ru/29/066.htm

7. «Оса», (9К33, SA-8, SA-8A, Gecko) зенитный ракетный комплекс 8. The OSA anti-aircraft missile system, JSC "Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant "Kupol". 9. The TOR-M1 anti-aircraft missile system, JSC "Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant "Kupol". 10. The TOR-M2E anti-aircraft missile system, JSC "Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant "Kupol". 11. Miroslav Gyürösi, Russian companies team to develop wheeled Tor-M2E , Jane's Missiles & Rockets, October 01, 2007. 12. Pantsir-S1 Air Defense Missile/Gun System, KBP Instrument Design Bureau,59 Shcheglovskaya Zaseka St., 300001

Tula, Russia. 13. Tunguska-M1 Air Defense Missile/Gun System, KBP Instrument Design Bureau,59 Shcheglovskaya Zaseka St., 300001

Tula, Russia. 14. 30 mm 2A38M Automatic Anti-Aircraft Gun, KBP Instrument Design Bureau,59 Shcheglovskaya Zaseka St., 300001 Tula,

Russia. 15. Phazotron Shlem air defence radar system, Phazotron NIIR. 16. Martin Rosenkranz, MAKS 2007 Spezial: Pantsir-S1 (SA-22), Russlands neuestes Flugabwehrsystem. 17. Michal Fiszer, Name of the Roses, Microwave Journal Online, Military Microwaves Supplement 2006, Page 30, Horizon

House Publications, URL: http://www.mwjournal.com/article.asp?HH_ID=AR_867 18. Said Aminov, Многоканальная станция наведения ракет 9С32, ЗЕНИТНАЯ РАКЕТНАЯ СИСТЕМА 9К81 С-300В (SA-

12 Giant/Gladiator), Vestnik PVO, URL: http://pvo.guns.ru/s300v/s300v_4.htm

19. Iosif Akopyan, Director General and General Designer of the Moscow Agat Research Institute JSC, Academician of the Russian Academy of Rocket, and Artillery Sciences, Dr. Sc. (Technology), Professor, AGAT: NEW GENERATION OF ACTIVE RADAR HOMING HEADS, Military Parade, July-August, 2003, Rosoboronexport. URL: http://www.missiles.ru/_foto/Slanec_1348/1.pdf

Engagement and Fire Control Radars

SNR-75 Fan Song A-E / S-75 Dvina/Desna/Volkhov / SA-2 Guideline

Gin Sling / HQ-1/HQ-2 Guideline (PLA)

Romanian SNR-75M3 Fan Song E (Image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

The Fan Song is the engagement radar for the S-75/SA-2 family of SAMs. First deployed in

strength during the Vietnam conflict, and later used extensively in the Middle East and Africa,

the SA-2 was the first Soviet SAM to be used in anger and accounted for large numbers of Western aircraft until electronic countermeasures were developed. The system was cloned by

PLA and still remains widely in use, even though Russia has replaced it with the SA-10/20 system.

The are at least six known variants, one of which is a PLA clone. Details of PLA modifications

to the design are not public knowledge. There are sufficient differences in the PLA designs to regard these as unique derivatives. The antenna configuration of the PLA variants generally

follow the Fan Song A arrangement.

The SNR-75 family of radars employ, by modern standards, a complex antenna arrangement which is employed to effect range and angle tracking of the intended target, and of the

transponder beacon in the tail of the missile round. The proximity fused missile round is “dumb” in the sense that it is a pure command link design, which is flown to a collision with

the target using a command uplink embedded in the SNR-75 radar.

SNR-75M / Fan Song E antenna arrangement (Image © Miroslav Gyűrösi; legend by author as per http://peters-

ada.de/sa2_antenne.htm).

A characteristic feature of the Fan Songs is the use of fixed trough antennas, which in “narrow beam” configuration each produce a flapping fan shaped beam, one in the horizontal plane

and one in the vertical plane, used for angle tracking. While usually described as “Lewis Scanners”, as like the Lewis Scanner they employ a rotating feed to effect beam steering, the

internal design is uniquely Russian and termed a “Metal Air Lens”. It employs a folded internal path, with the 7.5° x 1.1° degree fan shaped mainlobe steered through a 16° arc; earlier

variants of the Fan Song producing a 10.0° x 1.1° degree mainlobe steered through a 20° arc. The angular velocity of the rotating feed produces a 54 millisecond sweep cycle duration.

In the late model Fan Song E, the radar used a pair of roof mounted narrow beam parabolic

antennas to transmit, and the trough antennas to transmit and receive, the latter intended

Scan On Receive Only (SORO) regime developed as an Electronic Counter-Counter Measure against angle jamming techniques. As the trough antennas are fixed in polarisation, separate

transmit antennas were employed, with mutually orthogonal polarisations, one used for the elevation or ε-channel, and one for the azimuth or β-channel.

The complete antenna head can be steered in azimuth by rotating the cabin on the rotary

mount, while the antenna head can be tilted in elevation using mountings on the roof of the cabin.

The antennas were employed in specific regimes of operation, depending on the operating

mode of the Fan Song.

Search Mode is employed to acquire targets for engagements, and the Fan Song crew is cued to the target by an acquisition radar such as a P-12 Spoon Rest, usually supported by a

nodding heightfinder. In search mode, the P-11 and P-12 trough antennas are locked into a “wide beam” configuration with a 7.5° x 16° mainlobe section, the intent being to maximise

detection volume while accepting poor angular accuracy. Transmissions are at a low PRF of

828-1,440 Hz, and the pulse duration is extended to maximise pulse energy.

Once the target has been acquired, the Fan Song will switch into one of several tracking modes. In these modes the radar emits through the paired P-13 and P-14 parabolic antennas,

each of which transmits a linearly polarised but mutually orthogonal signal. Transmissions are in a high PRF regime, typically at 1,656-2,880 Hz, with a shorter pulse duration.

In RS (Ручное Сопровождение) or Manual Track mode the operator uses either the radar

scope or the external TV telescope (analogue vidicon tube) to manually track the target. This is the fallback operating mode under severe countermeasures conditions when the automatic

mode cannot maintain lock.

In AS (Автоматическое Сопровождение) or Automatic Track mode the P-11 and P-12 trough antennas are configured in narrow beam mode and employed to produce the well known

flapping scan beams to generate target angle track outputs in azimuth and elevation,

respectively. This is a SORO mode as the jammer cannot know the scan cycle produced by the internal rotating antenna feed.

A third automatic mode, termed ASAP mode, is also employed and uses automatic track and

antenna steering.

Once the command link guided missile has been launched, its position must be tracked, and steering commands must be sent to the missile. The circular polarised P-15 antenna is used to

transmit the pulse modulation K1, K2, K3 and K4 uplink signals to the missile. The missile transponder beacon is tracked in range and angle using the P-11 and P-12 trough antennas.

HQ-2A/B / CSA-1 / S-75 / SA-2 Guideline SAM System Upgrades

SNR-75M3 Fan Song E Engagement Radar Detailed Imagery

SNR-75 Fan Song C/E Principal Specifications [A, C]

Operating Band [GHz] 5.010-5.090 / 4.910-4.990

Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI) [msec] -

Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) [Hz] Search 828-1,440 / Track 1,656-2,880

Pulse Duration [usec] 0.4-1.2

Peak Power [MegaWatt] 1.0 - 1.5 (0.6 A/B/F)

Ave Power [kiloWatt] -

Displayed Range [km] 75.0-150.0

Range Resolution [m] -

Mainlobe Width [°] 1.5 x 7.5 (2.0 x 10.0 A/B/F variants)

Scan Rate [Hz] 15.5 - 17.0

Track/Engage Capability [targets] 1/1

Missile Uplink Channels [-] 2

Deploy/Stow Time [min] ~60

(Image via Peter's ADA)

Fan Song Variants

Russian Designation NATO Designation IOC

RSNA-75 / SA-75 Dvina Fan Song A / SA-2A Guideline Mod. 0 1956

RSNA-75M / SA-75M Dvina Fan Song B / SA-2B Guideline Mod. 1 1960

RSN-75 / S-75 Desna Fan Song C / SA-2C Guideline Mod. 2 1959

RSN-75M / S-75M Desna Fan Song C / SA-2D Guideline Mod. 3 1964

RSN-75VM / S-75MV Fan Song D / SA-2D Guideline Mod. 3 1964

RSN-75MV / S-75VM Desna Fan Song E / SA-2D Guideline Mod. 3 1960

RSN-75V / S-75V Desna Fan Song E / SA-2D Guideline Mod. 3 1973

RSN-75V1 / S-75M1 Volkhov Fan Song E / SA-2D Guideline Mod. 3 1963

RSN-75V2 / S-75D Volkhov Fan Song E / SA-2F Guideline Mod. 5 1971

SNR-75M3 / S-75M3 Volkhov Fan Song E / SA-2D Guideline Mod. 3 1975

SNR-75M4 / S-75M4 Volkhov Fan Song E / SA-2D Guideline Mod. 3 1978

RSNA-75M / S-75M2 Volkhov Fan Song F / SA-2D Guideline Mod. 3

Source: http://www.rzeszow.mm.pl/~jowitek/S-75.html / Vestnik PVO

RSNA-75M / Fan Song F used with the S-75M2 Volkhov / SA-2D Guideline Mod. 3.

SNR-75M3 / Fan Song E deployed (Vestnik PVO, US DoD).

SNR-75M3 / Fan Song E deployed (Vestnik PVO).

The late 1970s SNR-75M4 was developed for S-75M4 Volkhov and employed some digital technology. While

usually listed as a Fan Song E, the system deserves a unique designation. Note the relocated P-15 uplink antenna

on the right, and entirely new narrow beam antenna with what appears to be a scanning feed (Russian internet

image).

SNR-125 Low Blow / S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa

SNR-125M Low Blow B deployed, with UNV and UNK vans, and generator van (via Vestnik PVO).

The SNR-125 Low Blow is the engagement radar for the S-125/SA-3 Goa family of command link guided SAM

systems. The system was widely deployed by Warsaw Pact nations and some Soviet proxies in the Middle East, as well

as India. While the system is regarded to be now obsolete, like the SA-2, a number of manufacturers in former Soviet

republics are offering deep technology upgrades to the Low Blow design to improve maintainability, performance and

jam resistance.

Like the SNR-75, the SNR-125 uses a pair of fixed scanned trough antennas to generate flapping fan shaped beams, but

the design is inherently SORO with a separate transmit antenna mounted between the characteristic chevron

arrangement of trough antennas. Optical adjunct tracking using the 9Sh33A Karat 2 television telescope has been

installed on later variants, initially the SNR-125M1. The antenna at the top of the turret is used for the low power

missile FMCW uplink channels.

The antenna suite on the Low Blow radar head is more sophisticated and complex than the earlier Fan Song design.

The antenna functions are, respectively:

UV-10: Transmit for target and missile tracking, Transmit/Receive for rangefinding, Transmit/Receive for initial target

acquisition, Receive for clutter cancelling channel. The boom mounts a cluster of feed horns, including a rotating

scanning feed, each producing unique mainlobes. The scanned acquisition beam mainlobe is 1° wide and swept through

a 15° arc in elevation at 25 Hz, the mainlobe for target tracking transmit and rangefinding receive is 10° wide.

UV11 F1 and F2: Receive antennas for target and missile transponder beacon tracking. These produce 1° x 15° fan

shaped mainlobes which sweep through a 15° arc.

UV-12: Missile uplink antenna for the FMCW 12 Watt command link.

The Low Blow is designed to acquire targets using only bearing and range inputs from an external 2D acquisition radar,

such as a P-12/18 Spoon Rest or P-15M Squat Eye. When acquiring a target, the Low Blow radar head is rotated to the

target bearing and the UV-10 antenna scanning feed engaged to produce a 1° wide pencil beam swept in elevation.

Once the target is acquired the Low Blow is switched into tracking mode, using the UV-10 antenna to transmit, the

UV-10 to receive for ranging, and the scanning UV-11 chevron receive antennas for angle tracking. The radar head is

mechanically steered in azimuth and elevation to maintain track.

Like the Fan Song, the Low Blow provides manual tracking, automatic tracking and television angle tracking modes.

The system provides five missile guidance control laws, TT (CLOS), PS, MV (LoAlt), K (surface target attack) and

DKM (ballistic). Three missile uplink signals are employed, K1 and K2 for pitch/yaw steering, and K3 for fuse control.

Russian doctrine in the presence of heavy jamming was often to cease emitting and use the scanning receiver to effect

angle tracking of the jammer, acquire the target with the TV telescope, and perform a range unknown missile shot

against the jammer in CLOS mode.

Due to the addition of a clutter canceller and analogue MTI circuits, the Low Blow has significantly better clutter

rejection performance compared to the earlier Fan Song. Cited low altitude capability is against targets as low as 20 m

(~60 ft AGL).

A number of upgrades have seen the towed Low Blow rehosted on to a vehicle to provide a self propelled "shoot and

scoot" capability for batteries, with the launchers also mounted on vehicles to produce proper TELs. Several upgrades

are available in which most or all of the analogue electronics are replaced with digital COTS technology.

S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa SAM System Analysis

S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa SAM System Upgrades

SNR-125 Low Blow Principal Specifications [B, D]

Operating Band [GHz] ~9.0

Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI) [msec] -

Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) [Hz] Search 1750-3500 / Track 3560-3585

Pulse Duration [usec] 0.2 - 5.0

Peak Power [MegaWatt] 0.270

Ave Power [kiloWatt] -

Displayed Range [km] 110.0

Range Resolution [m] -

Mainlobe Width [°] 12.0 x 1.5

Scan Rate [Hz] Search 16 / Track 25

Track/Engage Capability [targets] 1/1

Missile Uplink Channels [-] 2

Missile Uplink Power [W] ~12 CW

Deploy/Stow Time [min] ~60

Serbian Air Force SNR-125M1T Low Blow UNV radar head and UNK operator van. This system was part of the battery which killed an F-

117A and F-16CG during OAF in 1999 (images © 2009, Miroslav Gyűrösi).

1S32 Pat Hand / 2K11 Krug / SA-4 Ganef

The Krug / SA-4 Ganef was the first fully mobile battlefield area defence SAM system deployed by the Soviet PVO-

SV. It was intended for division level area defence. The principal acquisition radar was the P-40/1S12 Long Track.

Missile guidance and target tracking was performed by the 1S32 Pat Hand radar. Batteries could also be integrated with

the 9S44 Krab K-1 combat support system which was intended to fuse data from multiple acquisition radars to facilitate

target tracking and battery control, these could be the P-10 Knife Rest, P-12/18 Spoon Rest, P-15/19 Flat Face, P-15M

Squat Eye and P-40/1S12 Long Track. IOC was achieved in 1965, with the last variant deploying in 1974.

The Pat Hand combined a cluster of four antennas, the largest of which was a monopulse narrow beam target track

antenna, to the left of which was the monopulse wide angle missile track antenna. Missile capture and command uplink

antennas are mounted above the pair. An 9Sh33 optical tracker, identical to the 2K12 / SA-6 Gainful design, was later

added. The 1S62 command datalink was used to control the 2P24 TELs, and employed a telescoping mast antenna. The

3M8 / SA-4 Ganef missile used command link guidance not unlike the S-75 / SA-2 Guideline and S-125 / SA-3 Goa,

with similar control laws. Russian sources claim that the missile also used a pulsed semi-active homing seeker for

terminal guidance, however documentary materials published in Germany indicate this is not correct.

Russian sources put the peak power rating at 750 kiloWatts, sensitivity at 10-13

Watts, angle track error at 0.06° and

range error at 15.0 metres.

1S32 Pat Hand engagement radar (Russian MoD).

5N62 Square Pair / S-200A/V/D Angara/Vega/Dubna / SA-5 Gammon

Semi-mobile configuration of the improved K-1M cabin with 5N62 Square Pair FMCW radar on display at Kecel in Hungary. Note the Square

Pair at maximum elevation angle in the background (Image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

The 5N62 Square Pair “Guidance and Illumination Radar” is the engagement radar for the 140 - 160 NMI range S-200 /

SA-5 Gammon SAM system, the longest ranging of the Cold War era SAMs, and in 2009, still the longest ranging

SAM in operational use.

Each 5N62 radar comprises two primary components, the K-1 and K-2 “cabins”, both towed to location. The K-1/K-

1V/M Transmitter/Receiver cabin is the radio-frequency component of the 5N62 radar. The K-2/K-2V/M Fire Control

Centre cabin, built into an OdAZ-828 semi-trailer van, houses the operator consoles, a digital computer and supporting

electronics. It also is an integral part of the 5N62 radar system. Stow and deploy times for the whole radar system are

~8 hours, as the knocked down antenna head has to be assembled from components or vice versa.

The 36 tonne gross weight K-1/K-1V/M Transmitter/Receiver cabin houses the 100.0 kiloWatt CW transmitter final

stages, the 10-17

Watts sensitivity receiver, and mounts the two component 6.0 GHz band Continuous Wave antenna

head. The larger parabolic section antenna is for the transmit path, the smaller parabolic section antenna for the receive

path, with the dividing blade, termed a “knife”, employed to avoid spillover. The transmit and receive horns are

mounted on the blade. The transmit beam mainlobe width cited by Russian sources is 0.7°.

An inflatable shelter is available for static installations of the complete K-1 antenna package.

Antenna steering in azimuth is effected by rotating the whole cabin and antenna head on the turntable coupling.

Maximum slew rate is 20°/sec. Antenna steering in elevation is effected by tilting the complete antenna head about a

rotational joint in the support frame.

The boom mounted circular polarised helical antenna on the side of the cluster is for the 5V21/5V28 missile

uplink/downlink channel. The missile downlink is used to monitor missile status and health, the missile uplink is used

to arm the proximity fuse, arm the warhead, and initiate the missile self destruct function. The modulations and

signalling format have not been disclosed.

The FMCW design can measure target azimuth, elevation, range and radial velocity, with operator displays showing

angles, range, altitude and linear velocity. Two basic waveforms are employed:

1. ФКМ фазокодовая манипуляция / phase-code manipulation - used for combined angle tracking and

rangefinding, with FM “pseudo-pulses” modulated on to the CW carrier. These were emitted at a very low

“pseudo-PRF”, with a reliable range measurement taking up to 30 seconds due to manual resolution of range

ambiguity.

2. МХИ монохроматическая излучения / mono-chromatic emission - used to illuminate the target for the

inbound missile seekers. In this mode the radar provides angle tracking and radial velocity measurement, and is

credited with an effective range of 220 NMI.

The Square Pair has several operating modes for acquiring a target for tracking:

1. Sector Search Mode: the antenna automatically sweeps in azimuth, incrementally increasing the elevation angle

with each sweep.

2. Conical Search Mode: the antenna automatically sweeps a circle, increasing the off-boresight angle with every

sweep.

3. Manual Mode: the operator uses an elevation and azimuth wheel to steer the boresight.

Once a target track is established, CW illumination of the target is initiated, the 5V21/5V28 missile rounds are tuned,

acquire and lock on the target, and are then launched, typically a pair at a time. The missile flies a contant lead angle

control law in the initial phase of flight, and then switches to a modified P-nav control law for terminal homing.

Operator training guide manuals translated from Russian and distributed to Warsaw Pact allies state that two primary

flight regimes are employed, one for “close” and the other for “distant” targets, the transition being at slant ranges of 70

~ 80 km (38 - 43 NMI).

If a target is designated to be “close”, and with either tflight<60 [sec] and H ≤ 20,000 [m] (shallow trajectory) or tflight<70

[sec] and H > 20,000 [m] (steep trajectory), then a conventional P-nav control law is employed for the whole duration

of the flight.

If a target is designated to be “distant”, and with either tflight≥ 60 [sec] and H ≤ 20,000 [m] (shallow trajectory) or tflight≥

70 [sec] and H > 20,000 [m] (steep trajectory), then the missile flies with two discrete control laws applied, one for

midcourse flight, the other for terminal homing. The midcourse flight regime control law is a constant lead angle

(ε=35º; β=0º or 15º) rule, with the missile switching over to the P-nav control law for terminal homing.

This strategy was adopted to maximise range against distant targets, as the P-nav algorithm can be wasteful of kinetic

and potential energy.

Many later configurations permitted a two-channel capability, with two 5N62 radars supporting a single battery, both

under the control of a single K-9 Battery Command Post.

In operation the 5N62 was embedded in the S-200 battery. The S-200 K-3 Launch Control Centre cabin (OdAZ-828) is

used to control and sequence the individual 5P72 launchers with the 5V21/5V28 missile rounds. The K-9 Battery

Command Post (i.e. Battle Management Post ) cabin (OdAZ-828) is used to integrate track data provided by the

acquisition radars, such as the P-14 Tall King or P-35/37 Bar Lock, and supporting heightfinders such as the PRV-17

Side Net / Odd Pair, and an IFF interrogator such as the 1L22 Parol.

S-200VE Vega/SA-5 Gammon SAM System Upgrades

S-200VE Vega/SA-5 Gammon SAM System Technical Analysis

K-1V Antenna Head System - Front View

1 KA-141M transmit antenna

2 KA-152 receive antenna feed

3 KA-151M receive antenna

4 Support frame

5 KA-17M missile uplink/downlink antenna

6 Amplifier

7 Rotational drive component

8 Rotational drive component

9 KA-10V cabin

10 Antenna emulator

11 Support frame

12 KA-142MT transmit antenna feed

13 Spillover screen

K-1V Antenna Head System - Profile View

1 KA-141M transmit antenna

2 KA-152 receive antenna feed

3 KA-151M receive antenna

4 Support frame

5 KA-17M missile uplink/downlink antenna

6 Spillover screen

7 Transmittter / receiver housing

8 Antenna drive motors

Above, below: detail views of the 5N62 Square Pair KA-151M receive antenna and KA-17M helical missile uplink/downlink antenna. Note the

hemispherical radome on the KA-152 receive feed horn and rotational drive employed to tilt the antenna head up to an elevation of +90°, the

latter for BMD applications. Transmitter and receiver hardware is housed in the voluminous aft box structure, which is also employed to

balance the weight of the antenna on the rotational shaft. The complex latticework frame structure is employed to provide high rigidity in the

reflector surfaces and thus preclude beam distortions which would present major difficulties given the operating ranges of this system (via s-

200-wega.de).

5N62 Square Pair 'Illumination and Guidance Radar'. This FMCW long range target illuminator uses separate paraboloid sections each for

the transmit and receive paths, with the central blade used to prevent spillover. The radiating elements from the antenna feeds are mounted on

the central blade.

1S91 Straight Flush / 2K12 Kub/Kvadrat / SA-6 Gainful

Hungarian Army 1S91M1-P1 Straight Flush. An optical tracker has been retrofitted on the RHS of the illuminator antenna (Image © Miroslav

Gyűrösi).

The Straight Flush radar gained instant prominence in 1973 when Arab operated 2K12 Kvadrat / SA-6 Gainful batteries

inflicted a heavy toll on Israeli aircraft flying close air support and interdiction sorties.

The 1S91 fully mobile engagement radar system comprises two independently steerable radar systems. The lower 1S11

with a paraboloid section antenna and stacked feeds is used to acquire and track multiple targets in azimuth and

elevation. The upper 1S31 is used for precision target tracking and illumination of targets for semi-active missile

homing guidance. A 60 kW gas turbine generator is used to power the mission systems.

The 1S11 is coherent pulsed radar capable of performing 360° azimuth sweeps at 15 RPM in early variants and 20

RPM in later variants. It operates in the lower X-band and has two independent MTI channels, each capable of

transmitting at 600 kiloWatt peak power on a discrete operating frequency. Cited PRF is 2.0 kHz, with a 0.5 μsec pulse

width. The receiver sensitivity is 10-13

Watts. The ~1.0° mainlobe can be elevated through 20°.

Later variants use a 9Sh33 telescopic TV camera for visual angle tracking of targets. A 1S51 IFF system is integrated.

A 1S61 digital datalink terminal is carried, it communicates with 1S61 terminals on the 2P25 TELs and transfers target

location to cue the TELs and drive elevation and azimuth inputs for the TEL launchers.

The 1S31 is a specialised pulsed fire control radar employing monopulse angle tracking to maximise jam resistance.

ECCM measures include carrier retuning and automatic PRF sweeping, with a cited nominal PRF of 2.0 kHz, with a

0.45 μsec pulse width. Two 270 kiloWatt peak power channels are used to perform fine tracking and terminal CW

illumination for the 3M9/9M9 SAM seeker. The ~1.0° mainlobe can be steered independently of the 1S11. Cited max

antenna slew rate is 20°/sec and elevation rate 10°/sec.

The solid propellant rocket/ramjet 3M9/9M9 Gainful missile round uses a 1SB4 monopulse semi-active homing seeker

with the capability to estimate closure rate to the target by comparing the illumination carrier frequency with the carrier

in the backscatter from the target. A tunable narrowband fliter is used to track the return from the target and minimise

the clutter spectrum. The missile carries a beacon to enable tracking by the 1S91 during the midcourse phase. A Home-

On-Jam (HOJ) capability is cited by Russian sources.

Numerous upgrades exist for the 2K12 SAM system, which are detailed separately.

2K12 ZRK Kub/Kvadrat/SA-6 Gainful SAM System Analysis

2K12 ZRK Kub/Kvadrat/SA-6 Gainful SAM System Upgrades

1S91M2 Straight Flush of the Slovakian Army (Image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

Hungarian Army Straight Flush. Note the stacked feeds on the search radar (Image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

Land Roll / 9K33/9K33M2/M3 Osa AK/AKM / Osa T / SA-8 Gecko

Osa AKM - an upgraded SA-8B Gecko (JSC Kupol images).

The Land Roll engagement radar package in the SA-8 Gecko was designed to provide a completely autonomous

acquisition and engagement capability for this point defence missile system.

The acquisition component is equipped with a mechanically steered stabilised paraboloid section antenna with three

feeds, providing a 1° - 4° mainlobe in azimuth and 19° mainlobe in elevation, sweeping at 33 RPM. This radar

produces a peak power of 270 kiloWatts. the 1S51 IFF interrogator antenna is mounted above the primary reflector.

The tracking and missile guidance component is mounted on the front of the turret. It has a large protected truncated

paraboloid primary reflector with a ~1° mainlobe, used with a ~200 kiloWatt peak rated pulsed transmitter, and a 2*10-

13 Watt receiver. This radar is used to perform precision tracking of targets using a monopulse feed network for high

jam resistance, and it provides the transmit portion of the beacon channel.

To either side of the primary antenna are paired missile capture, tracking and uplink antennas, used to support the

Command to Line of Sight (CLOS) guidance on the missiles. The missiles receive pitch/yaw steering commands and a

fuse activation command, generated by the fire control system and its 9S456M3 computer system.

Adjunct angle optical tracking is provided by a 9Sh38/83-2 Karat optical tracker.

Land Roll engagement radar (Osa 1T updated variant) antenna suite (Image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

In operation, the acquisition radar develops tracks of potential targets, and once a target is selected, the turret with the

antenna head is slewed to point the tracking antenna at the target. The tracking antenna then searches, acquires and

initiates angle and range tracking of the target. Once the target is within the LAR, the missiles can be launched. Missile

power-up, gyro spinup and stabilisation on TELAR power takes ~13 sec. After the missile is launched it must be

captured. the wide beam aperture achives this between 60 - 150 m from the TELAR. The system then switches into the

medium beam mode, and then narrow beam mode, once the missile has been steered on to its intended trajectory.

Russian sources claim the trajectory used included a vertical bias component to fly the missile above the line of sight

converging with the target at impact. German sources claim a modified TT/CLOS algorithm is used.

The complete mission package is powered by a 9I210 gas turbine APU, driving a 220V /400 Hz and 27 VDC power

supply.

Numerous upgrades are on offer for the Gecko, including the Russian Osa AKM and ByeloRussian Osa 1T.

Acquisition Radar

Peak Power [kW] 270.0

Receiver Sensitivity [W] 10-13

Pulse Duration [usec] 0.45

Accuracy Angular 2° / 300 m

PRF [kHz] 2.8

IF Frequency [MHz] 30.0

Detection Range [km] 45.0

Azimuth Coverage 360°

Elevation 0-30°

Antenna Lobe 1 1.23° Azimuth / 4.0° Elevation

Antenna Lobe 2 1.23° Azimuth / 4.0° Elevation

Antenna Lobe 3 1.4° Azimuth / 18.0-22.0° Elevation

Scan Rate [RPM] 33.0

Engagement Radar

Peak Power [kW] 180.0

Sensitivity [W] 10-13

PRF [kHz] 2.8

IF Frequency [MHz] 30.0

Pulse Duration [usec] 0.225

Tracking Envelope

Target Range [km]: 0-28.0

Elevation: -12° to +78°

Azimuth: 330°

Slew Rates [°/sec] Elevation: 30.0

Azimuth: 15.0

Resolution Angular: 00-20

Range: 55m

Accuracy Range: +/-10m

Azimuth: 1.3°

Elevation: 0.9°

Missile Tracking Receivers

Search Sector Elevation: -12° to 78° Azimuth +/-15°

Capture Angle 22.8°

Maximum Error 10°

Antenna Lobes "wide beam" 14° "medium beam" 2.2° "narrow beam" 0.6

Missile Uplink Transmitters

Peak Power [kW] 100.0

Pulse Duration [usec] 0.72

Antenna Lobes "wide beam" 10-18°

"medium beam" 3°

Uplink Message K1 / K2 Pitch/Yaw

Uplink Message K3 Proximity Fuse Activate

Uplink Message K4 Reserved

9K33/9K33M2/M3 Osa/Romb / SA-8 Gecko SAM System Analysis

9K33/9K33M2/M3 Osa/Romb / SA-8 Gecko SAM System Upgrades

Tetraedr Osa 1T legacy TELAR (Tetraedr images).

5N63/5N63S/30N6 Flap Lid A/B/C / SA-10 Grumble

30N6/30N6E/30N6E1/30N6E2 Tomb Stone / SA-20 Gargoyle

92N6E Grave Stone / SA-21

Design of the S-300P and S-300V SAM Systems [Click for more ...]

Technical Analysis of S-400/SA-21 SAM Systems [Click for more ...]

NIIP 9S35/9S35M Fire Dome / SA-11 Gadfly

NIIP 9S36 / SA-17 Grizzly

9S35M1 Fire Dome on 9A38M1 TELAR in Buk M1 system (Wikipedia image).

Buk M2E / SA-17 Grizzly TELAR with new NIIP 9S36 Passive ESA Engagement Radar (image Said Aminov via Vestnik PVO).

The 9S35 Fire Dome tracking and illumination radar first emerged as part of the transitional 2K12M3/M4 Kub M4 /

SA-6 Gainful, carried by the semi-autonomous 2P25MZ TELAR. The intent behind the design was to permit a larger

number of concurrent engagements, by putting a track/illuminate radar on to every single TEL in the SA-6 battery to

support engagements using the 3M9M3/9M9M3 SAM round. With the advent of the new 9K37 Buk / SA-11 Gadfly,

the 9S35 was adapted for the new 9A38 TELAR and associated 9M38 SAM rounds. The 9S35 is mounted on the front

of the TELAR turret, the aft section containing the elevating launch rails for four SAM rounds.

The 9S35 Fire Dome provides a limited search and acquisition capability, a tracking capability and CW illumination for

terminal guidance of the semi-active homing SAM seekers. It incorporates an IFF interrogator, optical tracker, datalink,

and is powered by the TELAR's gas turbine generator. A shared antenna is employed for two X-band transmit/receive

channels. These respectively provide a pulsed mode for search and track functions, with linear chirp for compression,

and a CW mode for illumination. Monopulse angle tracking is employed for jam resistance. For target tracking the

antenna and feed system provide a mainlobe with 2.5° width in azimuth and 1.3° in elevation. For CW illumination the

antenna and feed system provide a mainlobe with 1.4° width in azimuth and 2.65° in elevation.

Operating autonomously, the 9S35 will take 4 seconds to sweep a 120° sector, with an elevation of 6° to 7°. When cued

to acquire and track, with will take 2 seconds to sweep a 10° x 7° az/elev solid angle. Average power output in pulsed

tracking modes varies between 0.5 and 1 kiloWatt, with CW illumination at 2 kiloWatts. The search and monopulse

angle tracking receivers are both rated at a Noise Figure of NF=10 dB. The range error is cited at 175 metres, the

angular error at less than 1°. The radar can switch from standby mode to combat operation in twenty seconds.

Notable exports include Finland (M1), Egypt (M1-2), Myanmar (M1-2), Serbia (M1-2), Syria, and Georgia (M1).

Upgrades on offer include the Russian Agat 9B-1103M-350 active radar seeker, based on the RVV-AE / AA-12

"AMRAAMski" seeker, for the 9M38 round. The Buk MB upgrade package is offered by NPO Agat in ByeloRussia,

better known for its Command Posts.

9K317 Buk M2 / SA-17 Grizzly introduced the new Tikhomirov NIIP 9S36 passive phased array engagement radar,

replacing the Fire Dome. The beamsteering parameters cited by Russian sources are consistent with a tilted fixed

passive phased array. ESA element count, sidelobe performance, peak power and other cardinal design parameters have

not been disclosed to date. The cited detection and tracking ranges for the 9S36 are not consistent with NIIP's airborne

PESA design range performance, power densities and aperture sizes, and should be therefore be treated with caution -

NIIP have achieved considerably better range performance in the N-011M BARS and N-035 Irbis E airborne radars,

with smaller apertures.

The most interesting component of this design is the standalone mast mounted 9S36 phased array, designed to provide

extended low altitude and surface coverage, in air defence but also maritime coastal defence applications. This design

uses a 21 metre telescoping and elevating mast which mounts a radar head with the 9S36.

NIIP 9S36 PESA Engagement Radar

Target Acquisition Coverage:

Azimuth ±45°

Elevation 0 - 50°

Target Tracking Coverage:

Azimuth ±60°

Elevation -5 - 85°

Range Performance (MiG-21 RCS Target):

Detect 100 km

Acquire/Track 95 km

Number of Tracked Targets 4

9S36 Passive ESA antenna (NIIP image).

9S35M1 Fire Dome on 9A38M1 TELAR in Finnish Buk M1 system (Wikipedia image by Olli-Jukka Paloneva).

Buk M1/M1-2 Specifications (Rosoboronexport)

Basic Characteristics Buk-M1 Buk-M1-2

1. Targets to be engaged Strategic and tactical aircraft

Helicopters, including hovering ones

Cruise missiles

Strategic and tactical aircraft

Helicopters, including hovering ones

Cruise missiles

Tactical ballistic missiles

Aircraft missiles

Precision-guided weapon components Waterborne targets

Ground targets 2. Engagement zone limits, km: 2.1. Approaching F-15 aircraft:

≈ range

≈ altitude 3 - 35

0.015 - 22 3 - 45

0.015 - 25 2.2. Lance tactical ballistic missile: ≈ range

≈ altitude is not ensured up tp 20

2 -16 2.3. HARM:

≈ range ≈ altitude

is not ensured

up to 20 0.1-15

2.4. ALCM: 20 - 25 30 - 35

≈ range 2.5. Destroyer-type waterborne targets: ≈ range is not ensured 3 - 25

2.6. Ground targets such as parked aircraft, launchers and large command posts is not ensured 10 - 15 3. One-missile

target kill probability:

≈ non-maneuvering

F-15 aircraft

≈ Lance tactical

ballistic missile ≈ HARM

≈ ALCM

0.7-0.85

- -

0.4

0.9-0.95

0.5-0.7 0.5-0.7

0.5-0.7 4. Time into action, min 5 5

9S32 Grill Pan / S-300V / SA-12 Gladiator / Giant

9S32M Grill Screen / S-300VM / SA-23 Gladiator / Giant

Technical Report of SA-12 / SA-23

9S32 Grill Pan (Image © 2009, Sergey Kuznetsov).

The engagement radar in the S-300V suite is the 9S32 Grill Pan, a PESA radar similar in concept and function to the

MPQ-53 and 30N6, but larger with the antenna turret capable of slewing through +/-340 degrees. It will automatically

acquire and track targets provided by the 9S457 command post, control the operation of TELAR mounted illuminators

and generate midcourse guidance commands for up to 12 missiles fired at 6 targets concurrently. The S-300V system

uses continuous wave illumination of targets and semi-active radar terminal homing, not unlike the US Navy RIM-

66/67 series SAMs - the CW illuminators are carried on the 9A82 and 9A83 TELARs. The illuminators also act as

midcourse update datalink channels.

Like the 9S19, the 9S32 is a high power-aperture, coherent, X-band phased array, but specialised for missile guidance

producing a mainlobe of ~1 degree in width. The TWT based transmitter is rated at 150 kW peak and 10 to 13 kW

average power, with receiver sensitivity cited at 10-17

Watts.

Cited detection ranges are about 80 nautical miles for fighter sized targets, 40 nautical miles for SRAM class missiles

and up to 80 nautical miles for larger IRBMs.

The pulse Doppler radar uses monopulse angle tracking techniques, frequency hopping in all modes to provide high

jam resistance, and linear FM chirped waveforms providing a high compression ratio. Three auxiliary receiver channels

are used for cancelling sidelobe jamming.

Two basic operating modes are used. In the first the 9S32 is controlled by the 9S457 command post and acquires

targets within a narrow 5º x 6º degree field of view, alternately it can autonomously search and acquire targets within a

60º field of view, from an elevation of 0 to 18º. A datalink antenna is mounted aft of the array.

Cited aerial target RMS errors for the 9S32 are 5-25 metres in range, 0.3 - 1.5 m/s in velocity, and 0.2 - 2 arcmin in

elevation and bearing.

The S-300VM and likely S-300V4 employ the heavily redesigned 9S32M Grill Screen. This 9S32 derivative employs

an space fed PESA which is clearly based on the design used in the 9S19 Imbir / High Screen series of ABM radars.

Cited range performance is ~108 nautical miles, but may be as high as 135 nautical miles given revised range figures

for the 9M82M missile.

D.K. Barton: 9S32 Grill Pan Fire Control Radar

9S32M/ME Engagement Radar. This design is hybrid of components from the 9S19 High Screen and 9S32 Grill Pan. It has improved range

performance, due to increased power, antenna aperture, and processing (Antey).

Scrum Half / PESA / 9K331M/M1 Tor M/M1/M2E / SA-15 Gauntlet

Technical Report SA-15 [Click for more ...]

Tor M1 / SA-15B Gauntlet system (Kupol JSC).

The 9K331 / SA-15 Gauntlet family of systems employs two generations of radar package, designated collectively the

Scrum Half. Earlier variants were developed to defend land manoevre forces against missile firing attack helicopters

and low flying close air support fighters. More recently the role of the system has been redefined to protection of high

value targets against precision guided munitions and cruise missiles. The current Tor M2E has new radar package and

is carried on a wheeled chassis, both optimisations for its new primary role.

First generation systems employed a mechanically steered paraboloid section antenna for the MTI acquisition radar

component, which can be elevated by 32° to sweep a high altitude or low altitude volume, at 60 RPM. The mainlobe

width in elevation is ~4.0°. Cite: "To increase the pulse energy, the length of the emitted pulse is increased, and the

pulse is internally modulated. The radar can also operate in an active jamming environment when the entire

transmitted power of the radar is accumulated in one critical portion instead of being distributed among three

portions." Cite: "The accuracy of target designation is 100 m in range, 20 min in azimuth and 2 deg in elevation."

The tracking radar component of the Scrum Half is a coherent pulse Doppler design which uses an large mechanically

elevated antenna on the front of the system's turret. This antenna design uses mechanical turret steering and antenna

elevation for coarse tracking, and low element count phased array for precision fine tracking. The electronically steered

antenna functions provides mainlobe deflection of 7° in elevation and 3° in azimuth, with time from initial detection to

automatic tracking cited at 400 to 600 msec. Pulse compression is employed as well as digital signal processing. An

adjunct optical tracker is included. Auxiliary antennas are provided for missile capture and beacon tracking.

The Russian Tor M2 or SA-15D Gauntlet is by far the most capable point defence SAM system deployed by Russia and its clientele. It is used to

defend against low flying aircraft as well as cruise missiles and guided weapons like smart bombs. It is available on a tracked chassis, and

more recently, a purpose designed semi-hardened MZKT-6922 6 x 6 all terrain vehicle. Depicted deployed configuration (Kupol JSC).

The Tor M2/M2E is a 'deep modernisation' of the baseline Tor M1 weapon system, available on the legacy tracked

chassis, or the entirely new low profile wheeled MZKT-6922 6 x 6 chassis as the 9A331MK, the latter specifically

developed by the ByeloRussian manufacturer for this application. The Tor M2E has an improved weapon system. The

new planar array surveillance radar can track up to 48 targets concurrently, retaining the range performance of the

legacy system. The revised phased array engagement radar uses new phase shifters, and is capable of tracking targets

within a claimed 30° solid angle around the antenna boresight, quadrupling the angular coverage of the original radar.

Paired command link antennas are mounted on both sides of the array, used to acquire the missiles post launch, while

they are out of the field of view of the engagement radar array. Missiles can be launched 2 seconds apart.

Tor M2E PESA engagement radar. The design is capable of tilting to engage high elevation targets The Electro-Optical targeting system is at

the left of the image. Note the hemispherical command uplink antennas for post launch missile acquisition (Kupol JSC).

Tor M2E search radar in deployed configuration. The low sidelobe planar array design replaces the cumbersome paraboloid section reflector

design used with the Tor M1 series (Kupol JSC).

Apertures for the Tor M2E Electro-Optical tracking system, used to supplement the engagement radar in heavily jammed environments (Kupol

JSC).

Tor M1 acquisition radar patterns.

1RL144 Hot Shot / SA-19 Grison

Early configuration 2S6 Tunguska system, note the Hot Shot radar system with the paraboloid section search antenna and gimballed

monopulse tracking antenna.

First introduced in 1982, the Tunguska series of hybrid SPAAG/SAM systems was deployed by the PVO-SV to

provide a replacement for the legacy ZSU-23-4P, which despite its success in Vietnam and the Middle East, was

recognised as vulnerable to the then new A-10 Thunderbolt, and to helicopters firing anti-armour missiles, such as the

Hellfire equipped AH-64A Apache. From the Soviet perspective, both of these threats would pop up briefly above the

radar/visual horizon, fire at Soviet tanks or SPAAGs, and then disappear below the horizon before the ZSU-23-4P or

Romb / SA-8 systems could respond with defensive weapon fire.

The Soviets needed a weapon system which could win in a 'high noon' shootout with the A-10 or a nap-of-ther-earth

pop-up rotary wing threat. This became one of the defining requirements for the Tunguska, and led to the development

of the high speed 9M311 SAM, intended to cross the distance between the Tunguska and the target before the latter

could hide below the horizon line. This capability would be supplemented by a 30 mm gun system.

The missile requirement led to the unusual two stage 9M311 design, in which the first stage boosted the round to 900

m/s at burnout, the sustainer in the terminal stage burning to impact and maintaining a 600 m/s velocity. The missile

employs command link guidance, with an automatic Command to Line Of Sight (CLOS) control loop for the terminal

phase to impact, with an 18G capability. The engagement radar component of the 1RL144M Hot Shot system is

claimed to operate in the millimetric band, using jam resistant monopulse angle tracking; a 1A29M optical sight is

boresighted with the radar. A 1RL138 IFF system is included. Conceptually the 2S6 missile package has its closest

Western equivalents in the Franco-German Roland system, and the UK Rapier Blindfire and Seawolf systems.

The most recent variants of the system displayed have included components of the radar suites developed for the 96K6

Pantsir S1 / SA-22, specifically the 2RL80 S-band phased array acquisition radar and 1RS2/1RS2-E Shlem or SSTsR

(Stantsiya Slezheniya Tsel'a i Rakety - Target and Missile Tracking Station) engagement radar.

The modernised 2S6M1 Tunguska M1 employs a planar array search radar, and a distinctive radome for the engagement radar component.

Phazotron 1L36E/1RS2 / VNIIRT 1RS2-1 / 96K6 Pantsir S1 / SA-22

The most recent Pantsir S1 variant has two passive phased array radars to provide a robust capability to acquire, track and concurrently

engage up to four targets, such as AGM-88 HARM/AARGM missiles, cruise missiles, JDAMs, SDBs or other PGMs. This image shows the S-

band VNIIRT 2RL80 acquisition radar deployed, and the 1RS2-1 Ku-band engagement radar elevated (KBP).

Early variants of the SA-19 Grison were developed to defend land manoevre forces against missile firing attack

helicopters and low flying close air support fighters. More recently, the re-engineered and modernised Pantsir S1 has

seen the role of the system redefined to protection of high value targets against precision guided munitions and cruise

missiles.

The development of the Pantsir S/S1 saw the introduction, initially, of a search radar with a doubly curved parabolic

surface and eliptical shape. This was supplanted in production variants with a VNIIRT developed phased array. The

latter design has since appeared on 2K22M1 Tunguska M1 demonstrators, as well as tracked and wheeled 96K6 Pantsir

S1 demonstrators and production systems.

The VNIIRT developed PESA technology acquisition radar on the Pantsir S1, the 2RL80/2RL80E, uses a mechanically

rotated 1776 x 940 mm sized 760 kg passive S-band phased array. The design provides elevation coverage between 0°

and 60°, range coverage between 1 and 50 km, and performs a circular scan in 2 or 4 seconds. The radar can initiate

tracking in 2 seconds. Cited detection range performance for a 1 m2 target is 47 km, for a 0.1 m

2 target is 26 km. Cited

clutter rejection is 55 dB. Accuracy figures cited are 50 metres in range, 15 - 18 min of arc in azimuth, and 25 - 30 min

of arc in elevation.

Elevation coverage is selectable in increments of 0° - 60°, 0° - 30°, 40° - 80° and 0 - 25°, and the radar can search a

360° circle at 15 or 30 RPM. Range coverage can be selected in several modes, at 1-30 km, 1-50 km, 1-25 km and 3-80

km.

Acquisition performance for various target types has also been cited, with notable inconsistencies:

36 km for a small fighter with a 2 m2 RCS;

20 km for a manoeuvring cruise missile with a 0.1 m2 RCS;

16 km for a glidebomb with a 0.2 m2 RCS;

12 km for an AGM-88 HARM anti-radiation missile with a 0.1 m2 RCS;

32 km for an AH-64 Apache attack helicopter.

The evolution of engagement radars in the Pantsir series has seen three distinct designs.

Early Pantsir S1 demonstrators initially used an MMW band monopulse tracking antenna, with a characteristic conical

radome, with the Russians claiming two discrete Phazotron designs in this configuration, the 1L36-01 Roman and later

1RS2-E Shlem.

This pulse Doppler radar is designated the 1RS2/1RS2-E Shlem or SSTsR (Stantsiya Slezheniya Tsel'a i Rakety -

Target and Missile Tracking Station), initially designated the 1RS1 and 1RS1-E for export. Cited tracking range

performance for a 2 m2 target is 30 km. Cited RMS angular errors for X-band operation are 0.3-0.8 milliradians, for

Ku-band operation 0.2-0.4 milliradians, with a 5 metre range error.

The X-band component of the SSTsR is used for target tracking, and uplink of missile steering commands., the Ku-

band component for target and missile beacon tracking. The system typically guides one or two missile rounds against

a single target.

This design has since appeared on the 2K22M1 Tunguska M1 demonstrators, various repackaged Pantsir variants on

smaller chassis, usually with the 2RL80E acquisition radar.

In 2004 the requirement for the PVO engagement radar changed, when it was expected that the program would be

cancelled. A new requirement was issued to increase the number of concurrent targets to be tracked and engaged, and

engagement range was increased. This likely reflects the success of the US GBU-31/32/35/38 JDAM and emergence of

analogues globally, where more than two weapons would be released from an aircraft concurrently. With the GBU-

39/B Small Diameter Bomb intended to be released eight at a time, the Roman and Shlem would be saturated in a

single aircraft attack.

This resulted in the development of an entirely new PESA based radar, curiously designated the

1RS2-1 / 1RS2-1E, but also labelled by a Russian source as the 1RL123-E. VNIIRT has been credited with the

development of this design. To date all imagery has excluded views of the PESA antenna without the protective

radome, so the following description is based on recent public disclosures and is yet to be validated [1][2]:

Operating centre wavelength claimed by KBP to be “8 mm in the K-band” - antenna geometry suggests 15 mm

(20 GHz) to 18 mm (16.7 GHz);

Beamsteering angles of up to ±45° of arc;

Mechanical PESA boresight steering in elevation between -5° and 82°;

Track while scan of nine separate targets;

90% probability of initial target acquisition within 1 second of coordinate transfer from the 2RL80 with errors

of ±2.5° in azimuth, ±2.5° in elevation, ±200 m in range and ±60 metres / sec in radial velocity;

Tracking errors of 0.2 milliradians in azimuth, 0.3 milliradians in elevation, 5 metres in range and 2 metres / sec

in velocity;

Ability to track airborne targets at velocities between 10 to 1,100 metres / sec;

Ability to capture 4 missiles after launch;

Ability to track 3 to 4 outbound missiles at velocities between 30 to 2,100 metres / sec;

Detection range of 24 km against a 2.0 m2 RCS airborne target; 21 km against a 1 m

2 RCS airborne target; 16

km against a 0.5 m2 RCS airborne target; 10 km against a 0.1 m

2 RCS airborne target; 7 km against a 0.03 m

2

RCS airborne target;

High countermeasures resistance is claimed for the 1RS2-1 and 2RL80, but not detailed beyond the standard

descriptions found in brochures.

The primary antenna is used for target and missile tracking, it is supplemented by a command link antenna which is

part of the APKNR (Apparatura Peredachi Komand i Naprovadzaniya Raket) subsystem for datalink control of the

missiles.

The 1L36-01 Roman was the first engagement radar used on the Pantsir S demonstrators. The characteristic conical radome shape conceals a

parabolic reflector antenna with a quad waveguide feed for dual plane monpulse angle tracking, with X-band and Ku-band channels. Note the

smaller upper missile command link antenna. The radar has been labelled as a 96L6-1, but more commonly as the 1L36-01 (© 2007, Yevgeniy

Yerokhin, Missiles.ru).

The 1RS2-E Shlem was the second engagement radar used on the Pantsir S demonstrators, it continues to be offered with Pantsir and

Tunguska variants on tracked chassis where its compact size and single target limitation do not present operational problems. The antenna has

not been displayed without the radome, but is likely to be very similar to the earlier 1L36 Roman series (© 2005, Said Aminov, Vestnik PVO).

Detail of new Pantsir S1 1RS2-1 / 1RS2-1E PESA engagement radar, which is claimed to operate in the Ku-band. The small upper antenna

belongs to the APKNR (Apparatura Peredachi Komand i Naprovadzaniya Raket) subsystem for datalink control of the missiles. The design has

been credited to VNIIRT (KBP).

Operator stations in an early configuration of the Pantsir S.

Crew stations in the recent Pantsir S1E hosted on the GM-352 chassis (image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

Imagery Sources: Russian Internet, Chinese Internet, Almaz-Antey, LEMZ, VNIIRT, Author

Line Artwork: © 2000, 2007, 2008, 2009 Carlo Kopp

Technical Report APA-TR-2009-0102

Artwork, graphic design, layout and text © 2004 - 2013 Carlo Kopp; Text © 2004 - 2013 Peter Goon; All rights

reserved. Recommended browsers. Contact webmaster. Site navigation hints. Current hot topics. Site Update Status: $Revision: 1.733 $ Site History: Notices and Updates / NLA Pandora Archive

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