Engine Oil[1]

Engine OilEngine Oil

Jim HaldermanJim Halderman

Introductions: Jim HaldermanIntroductions: Jim Halderman

Former flat-rate technician, instructor and a business owner. Author of many automotive books and lives in Dayton, Ohio.http://jameshalderman.com

[email protected]

Topics to be DiscussedTopics to be Discussed

• Types of oilsTypes of oils• API gradesAPI grades• SAE gradesSAE grades• ACEA specificationsACEA specifications• OE specifications OE specifications

(GM, Ford, BMW (GM, Ford, BMW etc.)etc.)

Ever hear this?Ever hear this?• ““Do we have to know all of this?”Do we have to know all of this?”

• Therefore I started labeling content:Therefore I started labeling content:– A. A. Need to knowNeed to know– B. B. Nice to knowNice to know– C. C. Miscellaneous useless informationMiscellaneous useless information

Determine Four ThingsDetermine Four Things1. The recommended 1. The recommended

oil change intervaloil change interval2. The recommended 2. The recommended

viscosity (SAE viscosity (SAE rating)rating)

3. The recommended 3. The recommended API ratingAPI rating

4. The vehicle specific 4. The vehicle specific specificationspecification

Need to know-right?Need to know-right?

Looks like a good oil … Is it?Looks like a good oil … Is it?

Does Does NotNot Meet GM and Others Meet GM and Others

Meets GM, Ford, ChryslerMeets GM, Ford, Chrysler and Honda and Honda

Meets Ford and ChryslerMeets Ford and Chryslerbut not GMbut not GM

API Groups of OilAPI Groups of OilAPI=American Petroleum InstituteAPI=American Petroleum Institute

• Group 1-Group 1- Solvent refinedSolvent refined• Group 2- Group 2- Hydro-refined Hydro-refined

(most oils)(most oils)• Group 3-Group 3- Hydro-Hydro-

refined;Castrol Syntec; refined;Castrol Syntec; • Group 4-Group 4- Poly-Alpha-Poly-Alpha-

Olefins (PAO); synthetic; Olefins (PAO); synthetic; Mobil 1Mobil 1

• Group 5Group 5-- Other Base Other Base Oils Oils ––usually esters; usually esters; RedlineRedline

• Nice to know stuffNice to know stuff

API RatingsAPI RatingsGasoline Engine RatingsGasoline Engine Ratings• SA-SJ=older and now SA-SJ=older and now

obsolete ratingsobsolete ratings• SL-2001-2003SL-2001-2003• SM-2004+SM-2004+Diesel Engine RatingsDiesel Engine Ratings• CA-CC=obsoleteCA-CC=obsolete• Current ratings = CF-4 Current ratings = CF-4

(four cycle); CG-4 and (four cycle); CG-4 and CJ-4 (low ash) (2007+ CJ-4 (low ash) (2007+ Engines using ULSD)Engines using ULSD)

• Need to know stuffNeed to know stuff

ILSAC RatingsILSAC RatingsILSAC=International Lubricant Standardization and Approval CommitteeILSAC=International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee

• GF-1GF-1-First used in 1993-First used in 1993• GF-2GF-2-updated in 1997-updated in 1997• GF-3GF-3-Updated in 2000-Updated in 2000• GF-4GF-4-Updated in 2004-Updated in 2004• GF-5GF-5-Scheduled for -Scheduled for

summer 2010 for use in summer 2010 for use in 2011+ engines2011+ engines

• ““Star Burst”Star Burst” is always on is always on the frontthe front

• GFGF means means ggasoline asoline ffueled ueled enginesengines

• Need to know stuffNeed to know stuff

What’s Falling?What’s Falling?• The viscosity is The viscosity is

fallingfalling

• The sky is The sky is NOTNOT fallingfalling

ViscosityViscosity

© epc graphics

• Viscosity is a lubricant’s Viscosity is a lubricant’s resistanceresistanceto flowto flow

• The viscosity of an industrial The viscosity of an industrial lubricant is normally given in:lubricant is normally given in:– cStcSt (centistokes) (centistokes) or or

mm²/secondmm²/second– measure of measure of kinematic viscositykinematic viscosity

Viscosity is the main feature Viscosity is the main feature which influences the efficiency of which influences the efficiency of lubricationlubrication

Calibrated orifice

40°C or 100 °C Measured by timing oil flow Measured by timing oil flow

through a calibrated through a calibrated orifice @ 40°C (104 F) orifice @ 40°C (104 F) and/or 100°C (212 F) and/or 100°C (212 F)

Viscosity Measurement Viscosity Measurement

Effect of Temperature on ViscosityEffect of Temperature on Viscosity

• ViscosityViscosity is a is a measure of a measure of a fluid’s fluid’s resistance to resistance to flow (“how thick flow (“how thick it is”)it is”)

• Viscosity of a Viscosity of a fluid is a fluid is a function of function of temperaturetemperature

0 50 1000

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

TEMPERATURE (C)

KIN

EM

ATIC

VIS

CO

SIT

Y c

St

VI Improvers -Polymers (very large VI Improvers -Polymers (very large molecules) which inhibit the oil from molecules) which inhibit the oil from thinning out at high temperaturesthinning out at high temperatures

In the ColdIn the Cold

With HeatWith Heat

Uncoiling Counteracts the Normal Thinning Uncoiling Counteracts the Normal Thinning of Oilof Oil

Viscosity Index ImproversViscosity Index Improvers

VI ImproverVI Improver

Viscosity(log. scale)

SAE 40

SAE 10W

SAE 10W40

Temperature (°C)-18 100

Multigrade OilsMultigrade Oils

Viscosity ChartViscosity Chart

SAE GradesSAE Grades• SAESAE = Society of = Society of

Automotive EngineersAutomotive Engineers

• 5W = The 5W = The “W”“W” means means winterwinter and the oil is and the oil is tested at -30 C (-22F)tested at -30 C (-22F)

• SAE 5W-30 = The “30” SAE 5W-30 = The “30” is the viscosity is the viscosity measured at 100 C (212 measured at 100 C (212 F)F)

Need to know stuffNeed to know stuff

Flow Rates and TemperaturesFlow Rates and Temperatures

Do customers know?Do customers know?Do service technicians know?Do service technicians know?

• SAE=?SAE=? (Society of Automotive (Society of Automotive Engineers)Engineers)

• API=?API=? (American Petroleum (American Petroleum Institute)Institute)

• ILSAC=?ILSAC=? (International (International Lubricant Standardization and Lubricant Standardization and Approval CommitteeApproval Committee))

• ACEA=?ACEA=? (Association des (Association des Contructeurs European Contructeurs European d’Automobiles)d’Automobiles)

• Need to know or nice to know?Need to know or nice to know?

Scary StoryScary Story• New car; FREE first oil changeNew car; FREE first oil change• Dealer used SAE 10W-30 and not the Dealer used SAE 10W-30 and not the

specified SAE 0W-20 (Owner’s manual)specified SAE 0W-20 (Owner’s manual)• When talking to service manager he said When talking to service manager he said

that it was OK to use and that “DSM can that it was OK to use and that “DSM can change any specifications at any time”change any specifications at any time”

• Service manager said that he was not Service manager said that he was not reimbursed for the more expensive oilreimbursed for the more expensive oil

ACEA Gasoline RatingsACEA Gasoline RatingsAssociation des Contructeurs European d’AutomobilesAssociation des Contructeurs European d’Automobiles

• A1A1-Low friction; low -Low friction; low viscosityviscosity

• A2A2-General use with -General use with regular oil changesregular oil changes

• A3A3-High performance -High performance and/or extended oil and/or extended oil change intervalschange intervals

• A4A4-For gasoline direct--For gasoline direct-injected enginesinjected engines

• A5A5-Low friction; low -Low friction; low viscosity; extended oil viscosity; extended oil change intervalschange intervals


ACEA Diesel RatingsACEA Diesel Ratings• B1B1-Low viscosity passenger -Low viscosity passenger

vehicle indirect-injected vehicle indirect-injected diesel enginesdiesel engines

• B2B2- Passenger vehicle - Passenger vehicle indirect-injected diesel indirect-injected diesel engine. Low viscosity.engine. Low viscosity.

• B3B3-High performance -High performance indirect-injected diesel indirect-injected diesel engines; extended oil engines; extended oil change intervalchange interval

• B4B4-Direct-injected diesel -Direct-injected diesel enginesengines

• B5B5-Low viscosity and -Low viscosity and extended oil change intervalextended oil change interval


ACEA Combined RatingsACEA Combined Ratings• A1/B1A1/B1-Low HTHS, semi--Low HTHS, semi-

syntheticsynthetic• A3/B3A3/B3-High HTHS; Mineral or -High HTHS; Mineral or

semi-syntheticsemi-synthetic• A4/B4A4/B4-High HTHS; synthetic-High HTHS; synthetic• A5/B5A5/B5-Low HTHS, High fuel -Low HTHS, High fuel

economy additives; economy additives; extended oil change extended oil change intervals; syntheticintervals; syntheticHTHSHTHS =High temperature/ =High temperature/ high shear rate viscosity high shear rate viscosity (ASTM D-4683)(ASTM D-4683)

Miscellaneous useless informationMiscellaneous useless information

ACEA “C” ratingsACEA “C” ratings

• C1C1- Basically an A5/B5 oil with low - Basically an A5/B5 oil with low SAPS, Low HTHS.SAPS, Low HTHS.

• C2C2- A5/B5 with low HTHS and mid level - A5/B5 with low HTHS and mid level SAPSSAPS

• C3C3- A5/B5 (meets 229.3) with high - A5/B5 (meets 229.3) with high HTHS and mid level SAPSHTHS and mid level SAPS

• C4C4-Low SAPS; High HTHS-Low SAPS; High HTHSSAPSSAPS means Sulfated Ash, Phosphorous and Sulfurmeans Sulfated Ash, Phosphorous and Sulfur

CC rating are catalytic converter compatible oils rating are catalytic converter compatible oils

Vehicle OE SpecificationsVehicle OE Specifications

• BMWBMW-Long Life (LL-98; LL-01; LL-04)-Long Life (LL-98; LL-01; LL-04)

• General Motors-General Motors-GM 6094M (many GM vehicles);GM 6094M (many GM vehicles);need to know stuffneed to know stuff

GM 4718 (synthetic- Corvette); GM 4718 (synthetic- Corvette); LL-A-25(gasoline engines); LL-B-25 for LL-A-25(gasoline engines); LL-B-25 for diesels and for vehicles equipped with diesels and for vehicles equipped with European engines (i.e. Cadillac Catera)European engines (i.e. Cadillac Catera)

OE Specifications-OE Specifications-continuedcontinued

FordFord--WSS-M2C153-HWSS-M2C153-H;(SAE ;(SAE

5W-20 GF-3)5W-20 GF-3)WSS-M2C929-AWSS-M2C929-A (SAE (SAE

5W-30; 4.0 Liter; 2.0 5W-30; 4.0 Liter; 2.0 Liter)Liter)

WSS-M2C930-AWSS-M2C930-A (SAE (SAE 5W-20; GF-45W-20; GF-4

Need to knowNeed to know


• ChryslerChrysler-MS-6395 -MS-6395 (2005+ vehicles);(2005+ vehicles);MS-10725 (older MS-10725 (older than 2005)than 2005)

Need to know stuffNeed to know stuff

• HondaHonda-HTO-06 -HTO-06 (Mobil 1 for Acura (Mobil 1 for Acura RDX turbo only)RDX turbo only)


MercedesMercedes--229.1229.1 -Super high -Super high

performance diesel-performance diesel-(SHPD)(SHPD)

229.3229.3-SHPD extended drain -SHPD extended drain 229.3229.3-gas and diesel; -gas and diesel;

extended drainextended drain229.31229.31- gas and diesel low - gas and diesel low

ash (LA)ash (LA)229.5229.5-long life (LL)-long life (LL)229.51229.51-low ash and LL-low ash and LL

Fleece Oil FiltersFleece Oil Filters• 229.5 engine oils must be 229.5 engine oils must be

used with used with fleece oil filterfleece oil filter when used with the when used with the Mercedes Maintenance Mercedes Maintenance System (MY2005+) System (MY2005+)

• The filter has a polyester fleece filter element designed to work for 30,000 km (18,641 mile) drain interval

• Uses a special support structure that helps the filter last

• Miscellaneous useless informationMiscellaneous useless information


VW and Audi-VW and Audi-

Gasoline engines:Gasoline engines:502.00; 502.00; 505.00;505.01; 503; 505.00;505.01; 503; 503.01; 505;503.01; 505;

Diesel enginesDiesel engines: : 506 ;506.1;507 506 ;506.1;507

What is different withWhat is different with European ratings? European ratings?

• Usually very Usually very high viscosity index (VI)high viscosity index (VI) meaning that the SAE grade is broad; meaning that the SAE grade is broad; often requiring SAE 10W-50 or 5W-40often requiring SAE 10W-50 or 5W-40

• Extended oil change intervals requiring Extended oil change intervals requiring a a robust additive packagerobust additive package

• Low Low SAPSSAPS (Sulfated Ash, Phosphorous (Sulfated Ash, Phosphorous and Sulfur)and Sulfur)

• Higher Higher HTHSHTHS (High temperature/ high (High temperature/ high shear rate viscosity)shear rate viscosity)

ACEA and Specific Oil RatingsACEA and Specific Oil Ratings

• Most of the tests are not performed in API Most of the tests are not performed in API teststests

• A VW 502 5W-30 must have aA VW 502 5W-30 must have a HTHS of 3.5 HTHS of 3.5 while an API-SM/ILSAC GF-4 only requires a while an API-SM/ILSAC GF-4 only requires a HTHS of 2.9.HTHS of 2.9.– For example:For example: a VW 502 approved 5W-30 oil has a VW 502 approved 5W-30 oil has

about the same HTHS as an API approved 15W-40. about the same HTHS as an API approved 15W-40. The other tests within these approvals can not be The other tests within these approvals can not be compared directly. compared directly.

Case StudyCase Study• 2003 VW Passat with a 2003 VW Passat with a

1.8 liter turbocharged 1.8 liter turbocharged four cylinder that had four cylinder that had been using API been using API approved oil instead of approved oil instead of VW 502 oil developed VW 502 oil developed serious oil gelling serious oil gelling problemsproblems

• Some similar vehicle Some similar vehicle engines have seizedengines have seized

Motorcycle OilMotorcycle Oil• Be sure to use oil designed for use in Be sure to use oil designed for use in

motorcycles which usually has the motorcycles which usually has the following characteristicsfollowing characteristics1. Higher level of ZDDP1. Higher level of ZDDP2. Broader viscosity range (usually2. Broader viscosity range (usually SAE 10W-40 or SAE 20W-50)SAE 10W-40 or SAE 20W-50)3. Often designed to work with a wet 3. Often designed to work with a wet clutchclutch

Need to know?Need to know?

Fluid Fluid MoleculesMolecules

Why is Friction Reduced?Why is Friction Reduced?

There is less “friction” between fluid There is less “friction” between fluid molecules moving over each other than molecules moving over each other than

between the two surfaces moving across between the two surfaces moving across each other.each other.

The formation of an oil wedge in a plain bearing

Metal-to-metal contact Oil wedge supports load

Connecting Rod ExampleConnecting Rod Example

STRIBECK CURVESTRIBECK CURVE

Wear Region Wear Region

Increasing Film Thickness

Safe Region

Fric

tion

Z=f(Speed*Viscosity)/(Load*Finish)0

CHART 1

boundarymetaltometalcontact

“theoretical optimum range”

friction increase due to fluid shear

Full Fluid

SYNTHETIC OILSSYNTHETIC OILS MINERAL OILSMINERAL OILS

Large Molecules thicken at low temp

Small molecules

vaporize at high temp

All molecules same size

H-C-C-C-C-C-HH H H H S

H HO N HImpurities oxidize

C10H20

C10H20

C10H20

C10H20

Additives Improve the Base OilAdditives Improve the Base Oil• Viscosity Index (VI) improverViscosity Index (VI) improver

– modifies the viscosity of the base fluid modifies the viscosity of the base fluid so that it changes less as the so that it changes less as the temperature rises allows the lubricant to temperature rises allows the lubricant to operate over a wider temperature rangeoperate over a wider temperature range

• Pour point depressantPour point depressant– keeps the lubricant flowing at low keeps the lubricant flowing at low

temperaturestemperatures• AntifoamAntifoam

– foam reduces the effectiveness of a foam reduces the effectiveness of a lubricantlubricant

– antifoams reduce/stop foaming when antifoams reduce/stop foaming when the lubricant is agitated or aeratedthe lubricant is agitated or aerated

Additives Protect the Base OilAdditives Protect the Base Oil

• AntioxidantsAntioxidants– slow down the breakdown of the slow down the breakdown of the

base fluid caused by oxygen (air) base fluid caused by oxygen (air) and heatand heat

– oxidation is the main cause of oxidation is the main cause of lubricant degradation in servicelubricant degradation in service

• Oxidation of the base fluid Oxidation of the base fluid causes:causes:– acid formation (acid formation (corrosion)corrosion)– sludges, varnishes (sludges, varnishes (blockages)blockages)

• Life of a lubricant in laboratory Life of a lubricant in laboratory oxidation tests is often used to oxidation tests is often used to give an indication of service lifegive an indication of service life

Oxidation

Additives Protect the EngineAdditives Protect the Engine• Rust inhibitorRust inhibitor

– inhibits the action of water on inhibits the action of water on ferrous metals (e.g. mild steel)ferrous metals (e.g. mild steel)

• Corrosion inhibitorCorrosion inhibitor– protects non-ferrous metals protects non-ferrous metals

(e.g. copper)(e.g. copper)• Anti-wear additiveAnti-wear additive

– forms a protective layer on metal forms a protective layer on metal surfaces to reduce friction and surfaces to reduce friction and prevent wear when no lubricant prevent wear when no lubricant film is present such as film is present such as ZDDPZDDP..

• Extreme pressure additiveExtreme pressure additive– as for anti-wear additive but as for anti-wear additive but

functioning only when heavy loads functioning only when heavy loads and temperatures are encounteredand temperatures are encountered

Roller bearing

wearGear tooth

wear

ZDDPZDDP• The phosphorous content of The phosphorous content of ZDDP=ZDDP=

Zinc Dialkyl DithiophosphatesZinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphates (commonly called zinc and/or (commonly called zinc and/or phosphorous or ZDP)phosphorous or ZDP)

• Ford says that the number one reason for catalytic converter failure in Ford says that the number one reason for catalytic converter failure in gasoline engines is phosphorous poisoning.gasoline engines is phosphorous poisoning.

The phosphorous content of current motor oils is being limited by API.The phosphorous content of current motor oils is being limited by API.

CJ-4 is a great example. Phosphorous does not burn and collects in CJ-4 is a great example. Phosphorous does not burn and collects in particulate filters in the form of ashparticulate filters in the form of ash

• Lots of research is being done to find an effective anti-wear additive Lots of research is being done to find an effective anti-wear additive that does not use phosphorous.that does not use phosphorous.

• Need to know?Need to know?

Total Base Number (TBN)Total Base Number (TBN)• Typical TBN levels are between 60 and 100 Typical TBN levels are between 60 and 100

which is dependent on the fuel sulfur level-which is dependent on the fuel sulfur level-the higher the sulfur percentage in the fuel the higher the sulfur percentage in the fuel and higher the TBN required. and higher the TBN required.

• Sulfated ash has been used to help Sulfated ash has been used to help neutralize acids in the oil, but its use is now neutralize acids in the oil, but its use is now being limited by the APIbeing limited by the API

• Reserve alkalinity (higher TBN) determines Reserve alkalinity (higher TBN) determines oil change intervalsoil change intervals

• Nice to knowNice to know

High-Mileage OilHigh-Mileage Oil• Usually higher viscosity Usually higher viscosity

and therefore can not and therefore can not meet ILSAC GF-4 ratingmeet ILSAC GF-4 rating

• Has esters to swell Has esters to swell sealsseals

• To be used in engines To be used in engines with higher than 75,000 with higher than 75,000 milesmiles

• Does not have the Does not have the energy rating of energy rating of conventional oilsconventional oils

• Need to know?Need to know?

G-OilG-Oil• Made from cow partsMade from cow parts• ““Ultimate Ultimate

Biodegradable is the Biodegradable is the highest highest biodegradability biodegradability ranking determined by ranking determined by ASTM Standards (2.1 ASTM Standards (2.1 ASTM D-5864)”ASTM D-5864)”

• API rated=?API rated=?• ILSAC rated= no ILSAC rated= no • www.getg.comwww.getg.com• Miscellaneous useless informationMiscellaneous useless information

What About Older Engines?What About Older Engines?• If flat-bottom If flat-bottom

(non-roller) (non-roller) lifters are used lifters are used then a ZDDP then a ZDDP additive may be additive may be needed:needed:

– During break-inDuring break-in– During serviceDuring service– Need to know?Need to know?

How much zinc is needed?How much zinc is needed?• Shell Rotella T 15W-40 ( API CJ-4) has about 1200 Shell Rotella T 15W-40 ( API CJ-4) has about 1200

ppm zinc. This is 50% more zinc than current engine ppm zinc. This is 50% more zinc than current engine oils (API SM, GF-4) which typically contain about 800 oils (API SM, GF-4) which typically contain about 800 ppm zincppm zinc

• Engine oil had about 1200 ppm zinc prior to 2001 Engine oil had about 1200 ppm zinc prior to 2001

• In 2001 the zinc was reduced to 1000 ppm and in In 2001 the zinc was reduced to 1000 ppm and in 2005 reduced again to the current 800 ppm2005 reduced again to the current 800 ppm

• These are typical zinc levels; API ratings do not These are typical zinc levels; API ratings do not specify the zinc content, just oil performancespecify the zinc content, just oil performance

Shell Rotella TShell Rotella T–Use Use Shell Rotella TShell Rotella T diesel oil diesel oil which does still have enough which does still have enough ZDDP to protect the engineZDDP to protect the engine

Other Additives?Other Additives?• Don’t Don’t • Most if not all oil Most if not all oil

experts warn about experts warn about adding anything to the adding anything to the oil.oil.

• Vehicle manufactures Vehicle manufactures warn not to add any warn not to add any additivesadditives

• Most are friction Most are friction reducers such as posi reducers such as posi additiveadditive

LetterLetter• Sir:Sir:

Although they are in the field of art, not engineering, our Although they are in the field of art, not engineering, our son has multiple college degrees and is a very smart son has multiple college degrees and is a very smart fellow. However, he has recently shared a rather bizarre fellow. However, he has recently shared a rather bizarre opinion with us.opinion with us.He says that changing one's motor oil is a gigantic He says that changing one's motor oil is a gigantic conspiracy foisted upon consumers by the petroleum conspiracy foisted upon consumers by the petroleum industry in collusion with the automotive industry. He industry in collusion with the automotive industry. He cites a number of persons he knows who claim not to cites a number of persons he knows who claim not to have changed their vehicles' oil and yet received have changed their vehicles' oil and yet received hundreds of thousands of miles of service from their hundreds of thousands of miles of service from their engines. They only add oil as the level goes down.engines. They only add oil as the level goes down.Please provide evidence to refute this idea.Please provide evidence to refute this idea.

• What would you say?What would you say?

I Heard That Oil DoesI Heard That Oil Does NOT “Wear out” NOT “Wear out”

• The viscosity increases due to wear The viscosity increases due to wear metals (iron, tin, copper etc.)metals (iron, tin, copper etc.)

• Light ends evaporateLight ends evaporate• The additives are consumedThe additives are consumed• The VI improver long chain polymer is The VI improver long chain polymer is

broken into short segments and no broken into short segments and no longer able to stabilize the viscositylonger able to stabilize the viscosity

The “3,000 Mile Myth”The “3,000 Mile Myth”• California’s 3,000 mile myth program was California’s 3,000 mile myth program was

started because research showed that started because research showed that 73% of California drivers change their oil 73% of California drivers change their oil more frequently than recommended by more frequently than recommended by the vehicle manufacturerthe vehicle manufacturer

• General Motors has joined the campaign.General Motors has joined the campaign.

Oil Life MonitorOil Life Monitor• algorithmalgorithm – –Computer programs contain contain

algorithms that specify the specific algorithms that specify the specific instructions a computer should instructions a computer should perform (in a specific order) to carry perform (in a specific order) to carry out a specified task out a specified task

• MileageMileage (3,750-7,500 miles) (usually (3,750-7,500 miles) (usually every 5,000 miles)every 5,000 miles)

• Capacitance sensorCapacitance sensor

GM Oil Life MonitorGM Oil Life MonitorGMOLS (GM Oil Life System)

Case StudyCase Study• 2007 Dodge Durango 5.7 liter 2007 Dodge Durango 5.7 liter

Hemi with MDS (multiple Hemi with MDS (multiple displacement system)displacement system)

• Oil change using SAE 10W-Oil change using SAE 10W-3030

• Check engine light came on Check engine light came on and stored and stored P0521P0521 DTC DTC storedstored

• Description=Oil pressure not Description=Oil pressure not reaching specified at 1250 reaching specified at 1250 RPMRPM

• Changed to specified SAE Changed to specified SAE 5W-20; cleared DTC ; now no 5W-20; cleared DTC ; now no MILMIL

• Need to knowNeed to know

Testing OilTesting Oil

• oil sample to lab oil sample to lab for analysisfor analysis

• For example:For example:• Blackstone Blackstone

Laboratories-Laboratories-$22.50 $22.50 www.blackstone-www.blackstone-labs.comlabs.com

Nice to knowNice to know

Oil Test ResultsOil Test Results• Spectral ExamSpectral Exam: Establishes the levels of wear metals, : Establishes the levels of wear metals,

silicon, and additives present in the oil. Also checks for silicon, and additives present in the oil. Also checks for coolant.coolant.

Note: Silicon = dirt; not sealerNote: Silicon = dirt; not sealer

• ViscosityViscosity: Determines the grade of oil.: Determines the grade of oil.

• InsolublesInsolubles: Quantifies the percentage of solids present : Quantifies the percentage of solids present in the oil.in the oil.

• Flash PointFlash Point: Determines the flash point of the oil to : Determines the flash point of the oil to determine whether any contamination is present in the determine whether any contamination is present in the oiloil

Understanding the Lab ReportUnderstanding the Lab Report• AluminumAluminum: Pistons, bearings, cases (heads & blocks) : Pistons, bearings, cases (heads & blocks) • ChromiumChromium: Rings, a trace element in steel : Rings, a trace element in steel • IronIron: Cylinders, rotating shafts, the valve train, and any steel part: Cylinders, rotating shafts, the valve train, and any steel part• CopperCopper: Brass or bronze parts, copper bushings, bearings, oil coolers : Brass or bronze parts, copper bushings, bearings, oil coolers • LeadLead: Bearings : Bearings • TinTin: Bearings, bronze parts, piston coatings: Bearings, bronze parts, piston coatings• MolybdenumMolybdenum: Anti-wear additive, some types of rings : Anti-wear additive, some types of rings • PotassiumPotassium: Antifreeze inhibitor, additive in some oil types: Antifreeze inhibitor, additive in some oil types• BoronBoron: Detergent/dispersant additive, antifreeze inhibitors: Detergent/dispersant additive, antifreeze inhibitors• SiliconSilicon: Airborne dirt, antifreeze inhibitors: Airborne dirt, antifreeze inhibitors• SodiumSodium: Antifreeze inhibitors, additive in some gasoline engine oils. : Antifreeze inhibitors, additive in some gasoline engine oils. • CalciumCalcium: Detergent/dispersant additive: Detergent/dispersant additive• MagnesiumMagnesium: Detergent/dispersant additive : Detergent/dispersant additive

• Nice to knowNice to know

Oil Related FaultsOil Related Faults• Gelling and Gelling and

sludge:sludge:– Usually caused by Usually caused by

extended oil extended oil change intervalschange intervals

– Can be caused by Can be caused by coolant in the oilcoolant in the oil

– Engine design or Engine design or cooling system fault cooling system fault that causes a lot of that causes a lot of heat to be in the heat to be in the cylinder which bakes cylinder which bakes the oilthe oil

– Need to know?Need to know?

Oil Related FaultsOil Related Faults• 2007 Toyota lawsuit2007 Toyota lawsuit• Several others Several others

facing similar facing similar actionsactions– AudiAudi– BMWBMW– ChryslerChrysler– SaabSaab– VWVW

• No recallsNo recalls• No admission of No admission of

faultfault

Toyota Class-Action Lawsuit Affected Models

ModelYears

AffectedAvalon 6 cyl 1997 - 2002 Camry 4 cyl 1997 - 2001Camry 6 cyl 1998 - 2002Celica 4 cyl 1997 - 1999Highlander 6 cyl 2001 - 2002Lexus ES300 1997 - 2002Lexus RX300 1999 - 2002Sienna 6 cyl 1998 - 2002Solara 4 cyl 1999 - 2001Solara 6 cyl 1999 - 2002

Watch Out for…Watch Out for…• Recommended for use where.....Recommended for use where.....• May be used where the following May be used where the following

specifications apply.....specifications apply.....• Recommended/Approved by…….??Recommended/Approved by…….??• Racing/Track formula - What does this Racing/Track formula - What does this

mean?mean?• ““Synthetic blend" - How much Synthetic blend" - How much

synthetic?synthetic?• Need to know?Need to know?

Sample- not API approvedSample- not API approved

Please do the following:Please do the following:• Check Check the oil level the oil level BEFOREBEFORE

changing the oil and document changing the oil and document the work orderthe work order

• Check Check and use the oil specified and use the oil specified by the vehicle manufacturerby the vehicle manufacturer

• RecommendRecommend that the oil be that the oil be changed according to the changed according to the specified distance/time intervalspecified distance/time interval

• ResetReset the oil monitor light. the oil monitor light.

Always wear PPEAlways wear PPE

Keeping updatedKeeping updated• Go to:Go to:• www.gf-5.comwww.gf-5.com

• Information on the new ILSAC GF-5 Information on the new ILSAC GF-5 rating due out in 2010 plus other good rating due out in 2010 plus other good oil informationoil information

SummarySummary• Go toGo toHTTP://jameshalderman.com HTTP://jameshalderman.com for the chart that shows how for the chart that shows how

to reset the light for all to reset the light for all vehicles. vehicles. FREEFREE

Click on “Charts and Click on “Charts and Specifications” then look Specifications” then look under Engine Repair (A1)under Engine Repair (A1)

Genie lightGenie light>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Information Information • http://www.mobiloil.com/USA-http://www.mobiloil.com/USA-

English/MotorOil/Files/English/MotorOil/Files/Mobil_1_Product_Guide.pdfMobil_1_Product_Guide.pdf

• Go to Mobil 1 web site and search for Go to Mobil 1 web site and search for “chart”“chart”

Contact InformationContact Information

• Jim Halderman:Jim Halderman:[email protected]@jameshalderman.com

http://storage.jameshalderman.comhttp://storage.jameshalderman.com

Documents

Engine Oil[1]