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ISEE Africa: 30 January – 1 February, 2019 rev13.02.2019
Engineering Design: An Approach Towards Sustainable Site-Specific Solutions with Global
Considerations
Daman K. Panesar Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CANADA
Infrastructure Report Cards
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Canada 2014
UK 2014 USA 2017 Zambia 2012
Ghana 2016 South Africa 2017
Purpose: Infrastructure Report Cards • ‘Informing the future’ • ‘…correlates to quality of a nations economy, society,
environmental well being’ • ‘Advise governments, investors and owners about:
– Priorities – Use needs – Policy and regulatory reforms to improve efficient utilization’
• ‘Awareness of aging structures’ • ‘Awareness of readily available data (qualitative or
quantitative) and availability of specialists to compile the condition assessment data’
• Case for investment (ie. Average grade D, $2.2 trillion needed)
• Trend analysis 3
Approach: Canada
• information collected by a voluntary survey • municipal governments own ~60% of public
infrastructure (provincial ~38%, federal 2%)
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• Data represents 120 municipalities (corresponding to ~56% of Canadian population)
Infrastructure Categories
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Canada 2014
Ghana 2016
South Africa 2017
UK 2014
USA 2017
Zambia 2012
Ground Transportation
Road Bridges Public transit
Roads Bridges
Roads Rail
Local Transport Strategic Transport
Roads Bridges Transit Rail
Roads Bridges Rail
Water Infrastructure
Commercial ports
Ports Levees Dams
Dams
Aviation system Airport Aviation Airport
Water system
Stormwater Wastewater Drinking Water
Drinking water
Water resources Water supply
Water Flood Management
Drinking water Inland waterways Wastewater
Drinking water Wastewater
Waste system Waste Solid waste
Hazardous Waste Solid waste Hazardous Waste
Public infrastructures
Sports & Recreation Facilities Buildings
Sanitation Education Health care
Schools Parks & Recreation
Health Education Agriculture Communication & IT
Energy Electric Power Electricity Energy Energy Electricity
Fuel
Variations Among Evaluation
Factors : • Capacity • Condition • Funding • Future need • Operation and
maintenance • Public safety • Resilience • innovation
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1. Number and types of asset categories
2. Monetary discussion
3. Level of policy recommendations
4. Factors Assessed
Grading Scheme: Canada 2014
Grading Schemes: Ghana 2016
Grading Scheme: South Africa 2017
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Grading Schemes: UK 2014
Grading Schemes: USA 2017
Grading Scheme: Zambia 2012
Report Card Results: 2014
~33% of infrastructure is in fair, poor or very poor condition
Report Card Results: 2016
Report Card Results: 2017
Report Card Results: 2017
Report Card Results: 2014
(Anonymous) Summary of Report Cards
Country ID Road Bridge Rail Water
~33% fair to very poor
~33% fair to very poor
~20% fair to very poor
D3 D3 D3 B to E A to D- C+ to D-
D- B C+ D C+ B D
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My reflections
• Worldwide, the scores ‘low’ on all report cards.
• Worldwide, there are deficiencies. – Need for local, durable and sustainable
solutions
– Need for education, and research aligned with the challenges and deficiency
• An experience to better align Engineering Education to
Engineering Practice
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Capstone Engineering Design
“Engineering design is the systematic, intelligent generation and evaluation of specifications for artifacts who’s form and function achieve stated objectives and satisfy specified constraints” Dim and Little (2004)
“Is the organized, thoughtful development and testing of
characteristics of new objects that have a particular configuration or perform some desired function that meets our aims without violating any specified limitations.” Lumsdaine, et al.(1999)
Graduate Attributes
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Problem Statement: Design a 6-Storey Reinforced Concrete Building
Tasks • A: Loading analysis • B: Design of a One-
Way Floor Slab • C: Frame Analysis
and Design
Specified Design Details • Location = Vancouver (Cambie St and 64th Ave.) • Direction of Primary Beams = East-West • Secondary Beam Spacing 3 m or 2 m • Ground Floor Height = 4.85 m • First Floor Height = 3.65m
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Loading Analysis
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Academic implications of engineering decisions yields:
A C
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In practice implications of engineering decisions can yield:
www.visitingdc.com/san-francisco/golden-
gate-bridge-picture.asp
www.dsaunders.org/blog/Lists/
PhotosKunshanBridgeFailure.JPGStructure-- failed
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Problem Statements
VERY SPECIFIC • Scope and requirements
are defined (Task A,B,C) • Needs to answer the
question following indicated tasks (only)
• No need for: • Judgement • Decision making • To think broadly
• Only one correct answer
OPEN-ENDED • Student must:
– Define scope – Identify & respect constraints – Ask questions at every step – Identify and weigh options – Make and justify decisions
• Technically • Economically • Environmentally • Ethically • Aesthetically
- Many possible solutions
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(VERY SPECIFIC) Problem Statement: Design a 6-Storey Reinforced Concrete
Building
Tasks • A: Loading analysis • B: Design of a One-
Way Floor Slab • C: Frame Analysis
and Design
Specified Design Details • Site: Vancouver (Cambie St and 64th Ave.) • Material: Reinforced Concrete • Geometry:
• Direction of Primary Beams = East-West • Secondary Beam Spacing 3 m or 2 m • Ground Floor Height = 4.85 m • First Floor Height = 3.65 m
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(OPEN-ENDED) Problem Statement: Propose a design for a 6048 m2 of office space
in Vancouver. Given some design criteria and constraints. Site Selection:
- ? Materials:
- ? Geometry:
- ?
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(OPEN-ENDED) Problem Statement: Propose a design for a 6048 m2 of office space
in Vancouver. Site Selection:
- New build or retrofit of existing structure? - Close to public transportation?
Materials: - New build- wood, steel concrete, composite system? - Repair strategy options? - Considerations for durability, sustainability, cost
Geometry: - Low rise, high rise, rectangular, curvature? - What fits into the community setting? - Functional, aesthetic, constructability, materials considerations
Each question you ask, will lead to another question to
eventually develop a solution.
Motivation of the Capstone Course • Fulfill part of the accreditation criteria
• Student design experience: – an open-ended, – multi-faceted, – interdisciplinary design problem
pertaining to civil engineering systems, processes, and/or infrastructure.
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• Exercise Skills: – project management – team work – communication (oral, written and visual) – creativity and innovation in order to develop a strong, unique
design solution
Scope • ‘open-ended’ nature of the design problem allows for
students flexibility to extrapolate the scope of the design solution to include many facets:
• technical components • environmental • social and cultural norms • economic • aesthetic • safety/security • ethics
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Course Format
• Design Teams – design team is 3 to 5 students – each design module is 15-20 students – For a 100 student in a 4th year class will have 5 modules (5 different design
projects such as transportation, structures, environmental, water etc.)
• Design Studio Format (3- hour studio session per week) – no lectures on new topics – discussion / meetings between design teams and the instructor – guest lectures – student presentations – group working session – site visit – debates – presentations – brainstorming activities etc.
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Capstone course = a culminating academic and intellectual experience for students in the last term of the senior year
Design Approach
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Unique Aspects of the Course Development of engineering solutions requires that the design teams work in the specified design criteria, and work around the identified design constraints. • Thinking outside the textbook
– critical thinking, – creativity, – innovation and – even to push the envelope – students need to feel confident and comfortable dealing with ‘open-endedness’
• Innovative and ‘pushing the envelope’ solutions – responsible and justify every design decision- ethics – professional engineering ethics and the obligations of holding an engineering license.
• Communication – (written, oral and visual) and teamwork are critical attributes that the students
exercise in this course.
• Final Project Report and Presentation – convincing, and well-justified design solution that address aspects of sustainability
regarding the environmental impacts, economic viability and maintenance and longevity.
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Engineering Code of Ethics and Misconduct
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Assessment • Many Possible Solutions
– Due to the ‘open-ended’ nature of the course, there is no single correct solution
• Grading may be Subjective – Grading can be subjective since the answer is not black or white. There will however be
stronger or weaker design solutions
• Strength of a Solution – Depends on the rigor, scope, depth, and breadth that the design team presents
• Rubric for Evaluation – Defines expectations – Helpful to give students before the assignment is due – Criteria is aligned with the graduate attributes being evaluated
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Sample Rubric
GRADUATE ATTRIBUTE
Fails Below Expectation
Meets Expectation Exceeds Expectation Grade
DESIGN
Develop diverse set of material options
Only 1 alternatives identified (0)
Two alternatives identified (0.5)
Three alternatives identified. (0.75)
Three diverse alternatives identified. (i.e. not three types of SCMs) (1)
Assess, synthesize reference designs of candidate material options
Inappropriate or irrelevant references cited. (0)
Relevant references, research, case studies cited. Minimal relevant discussion. (0.5)
Mostly reference to reputable sources. Good critical discussion. Reflects sound knowledge of limitations. (1)
Almost all references are from reputable, high quality sources. Strong depth to discussion of materials options. Identified feasibility to repair applications. (2)
COMMUNICATION
Formulate credible and persuasive support for claim.
Most claims are not credible or persuasive. (0)
Claims have credibility but are not persuasive. (0.2)
Claims are credible and somewhat persuasive. (0.4)
All claims and statements are credible, persuasive, correct and/or well referenced. (0.5)
Organize material so that the relationship to the main point is clear.
Poorly organized report. Unclear structure. (0)
Partly organized report. (0.1)
Well organized report. Generally good clarity and consistency between relationships from section to section. (0.4)
Very well organized with excellent relationship between various elements of the report. (0.5)
Create logical and cohesive flow of ideas (throughout report)
Flow of ideas is poor and no logical. (0)
Flow of ideas is fair in some parts of the report. (0.5)
Flow of ideas is mostly good. The report reads relatively cohesively. (0.75)
Excellent flow of ideas throughout the report. (1)
/538
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Green House Gas Emissions
Sustainable Approaches With
Global Collaboration
Waste Management Aging
Infrastructure
Air Pollution
Summary
1. Status of Infrastructure
2. Education – Capstone Design Project Course
3. Examples of International Research Collaborations
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Sustainable Approaches- Infrastructure Concluding Remarks
• EDUCATE, INTEGRATE, APPLY LIFE CYCLE DESIGN THINKING
Image Source: http://www.newfound.ca/#services
Image Source: https://www.fmd.uga.edu/departments/operations-maintenance
DESIGN • MATERIAL • STRUCTURAL • CONSTRUCTION
• END OF LIFE? • SERVICE LIFE • END OF LIFE • ASSET
MANAGEMENT • LIFE
EXTENSION
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE • REPAIR • EVALUATION • NON-
DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
• SHM
INCREASING COMPLEXITY
Sustainable Approaches- Infrastructure Concluding Remarks
• GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
References [1] ASCE's 2017 Infrastructure Report Card, USA, 2017. [2] Canadian Infrastructure Report Card, Canada, 2014. [3] Ghana Infrastructure Report Card 2016, Ghana, 2016. [4] The State of the Nation - Infrastructure 2014, UK, 2014. [5] SAICE 2017 Infrastructure Report Card for South Africa, South Africa, 2017. [6] Infrastructure Report Card (IRC) Framework, Zambia, 2012.
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Thank you.
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