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Engineering Education and the
Challenges of the 21st Century
Charles M. Vest
President, National Academy of Engineering
Samuel Ginn Lecture in Engineering
Auburn University
September 22, 2009
Engineering Education and Challenges
1. 21st century Engineering and Science
2. Globalization
3. Grand Challenges
4. Innovation
5. Engineering Education
21st CenturyEngineering and Science
New FrontiersInterdisciplinary
InterrelatedUse-Inspired
Frontiersof Technology
Frontiers of Technology
Macro SystemsEnergy
EnvironmentHealth Care
ManufacturingCommunications
Logistics
NanoBioInfo
Tiny Systems
Macro SystemsEnergy
EnvironmentHealth Care
ManufacturingCommunications
Logistics
NanoBioInfo
Social Science
Natural Science
Tiny Systems
Frontiers of Technology
The Payoff will come from Bridging the Frontiers
MACRO SYSTEMSEnergy
EnvironmentHealth Care
ManufacturingCommunications
Logistics …
TINY SYSTEMS
BioInfo
Nano
Bio-based materialsBiomemeticsPersonalized, Predictive MedicineSynthetic BiologyBiofuelsEtc.
Interdisciplinary
GenomicResearch
Biology
GenomicResearch
Clinical Insight
RoboticsAnd
Automation
Biology
Microfabrication
CombinatorialMathematics
GenomicResearch
Interdependent
SCIENCE
TECHNOLOGY
BrainResearch
CellBiology
ComplexSystems
Computation
MicroSensors
Imaging
BrainResearch
CellBiology
ComplexSystems
Computation
MicroSensors
Imaging
IncreasinglyUse-Inspired
No Yes
Yes
No
Pure BasicResearch
(Bohr)
Pure AppliedResearch(Edison)
Research is inspired by:Consideration of use?
Quest forFundamentalUnderstanding?
Adapted from Pasteur’s Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation, Donald E. Stokes 1997
R&D is increasingly performed in “Pasteur’s Quadrant”
No Yes
Yes
No
Pure BasicResearch
(Bohr)
Pure AppliedResearch(Edison)
Research is inspired by:Consideration of use?
Quest forFundamentalUnderstanding?
Adapted from Pasteur’s Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation, Donald E. Stokes 1997
R&D is increasingly performed in “Pasteur’s Quadrant”
Use-inspiredBasic Research
(Pasteur)
No Yes
Yes
No
Pure BasicResearch
(Bohr)
Pure AppliedResearch(Edison)
Research is inspired by:Consideration of use?
Quest forFundamentalUnderstanding?
Adapted from Pasteur’s Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation, Donald E. Stokes 1997
R&D is increasingly performed in “Pasteur’s Quadrant”
FormerUniversityPresidents
(Vest)
Use-inspiredBasic Research
(Pasteur)
Globalization
R&DHigher Education
Movement and Integration
Globalization of
R&D and Talent
New R&D Investments
Data for 2002
Source: Science and Engineering Indicators, NSF 2008
R&D Expenditures and Share of World Total
New PlayersWhere the Expertise is
Source: Competitiveness Index 2007, Council on Competitiveness, Washington, DC
Young Professional Workforce(college grads up to 7 yr.
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
China India U.S.
Engineers
Life Science
Finance/Acct.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
19831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
China
Japan
S. Korea
US
UK
Germany
Source: Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC
First Engineering Degrees(China Rises.)
China
US
Japan
thou
sand
s
Source: NSF Science and Engineering Indicators 2008
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Asia Europe United States
% UG Degrees in Science or Engineering
Natural Sciences
Engineering
How do we compare with the Rest of the World?
Source: NSF Science and Engineering Indicators 2008
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Asia Europe United States
% UG Degrees in Science or Engineering
Natural Sciences
Engineering
What About the Rest of the World?
A Problem
Globalizationof
Higher Education
Research University Globalization Phase I
GermanyHumboldt University
1800s
USAJohns Hopkins
1800s MIT, Caltech, RPI, …
1800s / 1900s
Berkeley, Stanford,Michigan, UC, …
1800s /1900s
IITs India1960’s
AccelerationAsia
2000’s
Bologna Europe2010
2000s!
Research University Globalization Phase II
• Physical Presence in Other Countries– Campuses– Laboratories
• Strategic Alliances Between Universities• Virtual Presence in Other Countries
– Distance Education• Synchronous• Asynchronous
– Open Content: The Emerging Meta-University• Teaching Materials• Scholarly Archives• Telepresent Laboratories
Research University Globalization Phase II
• Physical Presence in Other Countries– Campuses– Laboratories
• Strategic Alliances Between Universities• Virtual Presence in Other Countries
– Distance Education• Synchronous• Asynchronous
– Open Content: The Emerging Meta-University• Teaching Materials• Scholarly Archives• Telepresent Laboratories
MIT OpenCourseWare (OCW)
• Concept: Make the basic teaching materials for 1,900 MIT subjects available on the Web to teachers and learners everywhere free of charge.
• Publication -- Not Teaching per se.
• An adventure!
41.9%18.0%
4.4%
1.4%
19.6%
4.9% 8.4%
MIT OCW – Traffic by Region
% web hits since 10/1/03
The Meta University A Personal View
What we are observing is the early emergence of a Meta University -- a transcendent, accessible, empowering, dynamic, communally-constructed framework of open materials and platforms on which much of higher education worldwide can be constructed or enhanced.
Movement and Integration
BrainDrain
Then
BrainDrain
BrainCirculation
Then Now
BrainDrain
BrainIntegration
BrainCirculation
Then Now
Next
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are needed to see this picture.
source: Prof. David Baker, University of Washington
MIT Center for
Collective Intelligence
Core research question:
How can people and computer be connected so that collectively they act more intelligently
than any person, group, or computer has ever done before?
Grand Challenges
Grand Challenges for Engineering
• Proposed by a committee of amazingly accomplished and innovative people.
• Extremely challenging and important.
• Deemed to be doable in the next few decades.
Grand Challenges Committee
• Bill Perry, chair• Sir Alec Broers• Farouk El-Baz• Wes Harris• Bernadine Healy• Daniel Hillis• Calestous Juma• Dean Kamen• Ray Kurzweil
• Bob Langer• Jaime Lerner• Bindu Lohani• Jane Lubchenco• Mario Molina• Larry Page• Rob Socolow• Craig Venter• Jackie Ying
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Make Solar EnergyEconomical
Manage theNitrogen Cycle
Advance HealthcareInformatics
Prevent NuclearTerror
Advance PersonalizedLearning
Provide EnergyFrom Fusion
Provide Access to Clean Water
Engineer Better Medicines
Secure Cyberspace
Engineer the Tools of ScientificDiscovery
Develop CarbonSequestrationMethods
Restore andImprove UrbanInfrastructure
ReverseEngineer theBrain
EnhanceVirtualReality
Engineering Grand Challenges
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are needed to see this picture.
EnergyEnvironment
Global WarmingSustainability
Improve Medicine andHealthcare Delivery
Reducing Vulnerability toHuman and Natural Threats
Expand and EnhanceHuman Capability
And Joy
Engineering Grand Challengeswww.engineeringchallenges.org
Innovation
New SystemsDrivers
New Systems for Innovation?
Life Sciences and
Information Technology
21st centuryInnovation
Disruptive TechnologiesFor
Grand Challenges
21st centuryInnovation
Macro Systemsespecially Energy
21st centuryInnovation
A new Enabling Technology?
21st centuryInnovation
Future ofVenture Capital?
21st centuryInnovation
Globalization ofR&D
EducationWorkforce
21st centuryInnovation
Life Sciences and
Information Technology
A new Enabling Technology?
Macro Systemsespecially Energy
Future ofVenture Capital?
Disruptive TechnologiesFor
Grand Challenges
Globalization ofR&D
EducationWorkforce
21st centuryInnovation
Evolution ofcurrent
Innovation System
VirtualCommunities
Discovery InnovationInstitutes
New Universities
New EducationalOrganizations
InducementPrizes
21st centuryInnovation
Evolution ofcurrent
Innovation System
VirtualCommunities
Discovery InnovationInstitutes
New Universities
New EducationalOrganizations
InducementPrizes
21st centuryInnovation
Evolution ofcurrent
Innovation System
VirtualCommunities
Discovery InnovationInstitutes
New Universities
New EducationalOrganizations
InducementPrizes
21st centuryInnovation
Duderstadt / NAEBrookings / Energy
Evolution ofcurrent
Innovation System
VirtualCommunities
Discovery InnovationInstitutes
New Universities
New EducationalOrganizations
InducementPrizes
21st centuryInnovation
Aalto UniversityOlin CollegeSingapore
Evolution ofcurrent
Innovation System
VirtualCommunities
Discovery InnovationInstitutes
New Universities
New EducationalOrganizations
InducementPrizes
21st centuryInnovation
Singularity University
Evolution ofcurrent
Innovation System
VirtualCommunities
Discovery InnovationInstitutes
New Universities
New EducationalOrganizations
InducementPrizes
21st centuryInnovation
[email protected] Innovation JamSocial Networking
Evolution ofcurrent
Innovation System
VirtualCommunities
Discovery InnovationInstitutes
New Universities
New EducationalOrganizations
InducementPrizes
21st centuryInnovation
X Prizes
Evolution ofcurrent
Innovation System
VirtualCommunities
Discovery InnovationInstitutes
New Universities
New EducationalOrganizations
InducementPrizes
21st centuryInnovation
Drivers of Innovation
“We need to get back to making stuff
based on real engineering not just
financial engineering.”Thomas Friedman
New York Times
Sept. 28, 2008
“We need to get back to making stuff
based on real engineering not just
financial engineering.”Thomas Friedman
New York Times
Sept. 28, 2008
“We need to get back to making stuff
based on real engineering not just
financial engineering.”Thomas Friedman
New York Times
Sept. 28, 2008
“We need to get back to making stuff
based on real engineering not just
financial engineering.”Thomas Friedman
New York Times
Sept. 28, 2008
“… with more than 50,000 new jobs,
the renewable energy industry in Germany
is now second only to its auto industry.”Thomas Friedman
New York Times
Sept. 18, 2009
Relentless ChangeGrand Challenges
Distributed IntelligenceS&T Acceleration
GlobalizationInternet Democracy
Life Sciences and
Information Technology
A new Enabling Technology?
Macro Systemsespecially Energy
Future of
Venture Capital?
Disruptive TechnologiesFor
Grand Challenges
Globalization ofR&D
EducationWorkforce
21st centuryInnovation
Relentless ChangeGrand Challenges
Distributed IntelligenceS&T Acceleration
GlobalizationInternet Democracy
Life Sciences and
Information Technology
A new Enabling Technology?
Macro Systemsespecially Energy
Future of
Venture Capital?
Disruptive TechnologiesFor
Grand Challenges
Globalization ofR&D
EducationWorkforce
21st centuryInnovation
Evolution ofCurrent
Innovation System
VirtualCommunities
Discovery InnovationInstitutes
New Universities
New EducationalOrganizations
Inducement Prizes
21st centuryInnovation
Relentless ChangeGrand Challenges
Distributed IntelligenceS&T Acceleration
GlobalizationInternet Democracy
Life Sciences and
Information Technology
A new Enabling Technology?
Macro Systemsespecially Energy
Future of
Venture Capital?
Disruptive TechnologiesFor
Grand Challenges
Globalization ofR&D
EducationWorkforce
21st centuryInnovation
Evolution ofCurrent
Innovation System
VirtualCommunities
Discovery InnovationInstitutes
New Universities
New EducationalOrganizations
Inducement Prizes
21st centuryInnovation
Relentless ChangeGrand Challenges
Distributed IntelligenceS&T Acceleration
GlobalizationInternet Democracy
To Be Determined
by
A New Generation
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Engineering Education
Macro SystemsEnergy
EnvironmentHealth Care
ManufacturingCommunications
Logistics
NanoBioInfo
Social Science
Natural Science
Tiny Systems
Engineering Educationmust reflect this.
EnergyEnvironment
Global WarmingSustainability
Improve Medicine andHealthcare Delivery
Reducing Vulnerability toHuman and Natural Threats
Expand and EnhanceHuman Capability
And Joy
Engineering Education must beoriented to the grand challenges.
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Asia Europe United States
% UG Degrees in Science or Engineering
Natural Sciences
Engineering
Engineering Education must reverse this.
By Changing the ConversationA National Academy of Engineering Project
Engineers help shape the future.
Engineering is essential to our health,
happiness, and safety.
Engineers are creative problem solvers.
And by rediscoveringThe Amazing Disappearing
Word
ENGINEER
ENGINEERWe need to get it back into the vernacular.
What is important in Engineering Education
Making universities and engineering schools exciting, creative, adventurous, rigorous, demanding, and empowering environments is more important than specifying curricular details.
What is important in Engineering Education
Making universities and engineering schools exciting, creative, adventurous, rigorous, demanding, and empowering environments is more important than specifying curricular details.
That’s what I learned at MIT.
Thank you.