Engineering Strategies and Practice

University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering

APS112 & APS113 Final Design Specification (FDS)

Project # 9 Date 26­01­2015

Project Title Cold Cellar in Mongu District, Western Province, Zambia

Client Name Ms. Joanne Hutchinson

Client Contact joanne@sendseedstoafrica.org; 416­481­8009

Tutorial Section 0102

Teaching Assistant Owais Khan

Project Manager Prof. Sullivan

Communication Instructor

Jessica Taylor

Prepared By (Names and Student #s of Team Members)

Callum Bartlett ­ 1001594642 Chenyinxia Zuo ­ 1001312037 Jawad Mehmood ­ 1001423998 Qin Zhang ­ 1001367665 Jeff Dryden ­ 1001824635 Tso Yu Chao ­ 1001105038

This Final Design Specification (the "Report") has been prepared by first­year engineering students at the University of Toronto (the "Students") and does not present a Professional Engineering design. A Professional Engineer has not reviewed the Report for technical accuracy or adequacy. The recommendations of the Report, and any other oral or written communications from the Students, may not be implemented in any way unless reviewed and approved by a licensed Professional Engineer where such review and approval is required by professional or legal standards; it being understood that it is the responsibility of the recipient of the Report to assess whether such a requirement exists. The Report may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, without this Disclaimer.

Please check off which components you are submitting for your assignment: X FDS (In one Google Docs file with “Final” in the title; keep identifying parts of the title)

X Cover Page X Detailed Design X Reference List

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Engineering Strategies and Practice

X Executive summary X Project Requirements

X Updated Project Plan X Conclusion

X Appendices X Gantt Chart

X Turnitin Submission: Submit all sections above in one file. The Gantt Chart may be excluded from Turnitin. If any of the above components are missing or the file is not renamed to “Final,” your assignment is considered incomplete. It will accrue standard late penalties until completed. Attribution table must be submitted in hard copy in tutorial of the assignment deadline. An incomplete or missing attribution table will result in zero on the assignment.

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Executive Summary Our client, Joanne Hutchinson of Socio Economic and Environmental Development Solutions (‘SEEDS’), has requested an engineering design team at the University of Toronto, to build a cold cellar in Mongu, Zambia. This team has created this Final Design Specifications document to outline the specifications of the recommended design entitled “Underground Bunker,” and to list other design considerations for the client. SEEDS is in need of a solution to store canned vegetables, and dried fruits in an adequate temperature of 10 to 21. This design team has recognized the ‘need’ as maintaining energy. In consideration for a solution, stakeholders were considered and include the government of Zambia, environmental organizations, construction companies, and human’s right groups. Additionally the service environment for a solution has a physical environment with temperatures that typically ranges from 16 to 32, an environment that can be dry or humid, and a soil composition is primarily sand. The solution must also account for the different dialects of the people who live in the area, high crime rates, the likelihood of insect infestation, and the lack of access to some utility services. A solution’s primary function is to maintain goods within a desirable temperature range and to keep those goods fresh. Several objectives have been identified, which our recommended design meets or exceeds. The most important objective is the budget. Other considered objectives include environmental, accessibility, and security concerns. The constraints on this project include a focus on maintaining the aforementioned temperature range in the solution, the solution’s sanitation, and other factors. The final solution recommendation uses deep construction, in addition to a circulation fan to meet the primary function of maintaining the temperature range. A storage room would be constructed 5m below ground level with access via a ladder and a dumbwaiter system. Its use of concrete with steel rebar reinforcement as the primary construction material helps ensure the best conformity with cost objective, and the design scores well for other objectives. The design’s implementation of the dumbwaiter pulley system reduces the distance a user would need to carry goods into the cellar, increasing the cellar’s accessibility. The solution is designed for safety as it also includes safety barriers to prevent users from falling down the five meter shaft. The shelving used in the design also helps meet the client’s need of storing goods because it is practically located on the perimeter of the storage room to allow for easy access by the user. Finally, the design protects the stored goods in its waterproof design that accounts for rain and hydrostatic pressure from soil. This document is a culmination of the work that has been performed by the design team. No further documents will be submitted to the client, however the client is invited to attend the final presentation in April 2015.

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1.0 Project Requirements Socio­Economic And Environmental Development Solutions (SEEDS) was founded in 2011, with its charitable efforts targeting Zambia, Africa [1]. Our team was contacted by SEEDS to design a cold cellar in Mongu, Zambia.

1.1. Problem Statement According to the United Nations, over one­third of global food production is wasted and made unfit for human consumption [2]. Due to this and other reasons, starvation is still widely prevalent, with 805 million undernourished people in the world [3]. In Zambia, as of 2012, 43% of the population is considered undernourished, a rate only slightly down from 46% in 2010 [4]. A lack of infrastructure and political instability in Zambia has kept this number from dropping even further [5]. On an individual basis, one major issue with food is storing and preserving it for future use. In rural Zambia, a large refrigeration system would be impossible, so alternative methods for maintaining the integrity of food are necessary. Primary users of this solution, rural Zambian farmers, require the solution to keep their food sufficiently cold in order to preserve it for future use. The client needs a way to improve food preservation using a cold cellar. By accomplishing this less food will be wasted and nutrition rates in Zambia can be improved. The functional basis is to maintain energy. The team’s final solution must keep food in an adequate condition for 10 months, as the harvest season lasts 2 months. In addition the solution should not exceed a budget of $250 USD. It must secure the food from potential theft, and be able to be repaired and maintained easily and inexpensively.

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1.2. Identification of Stakeholders This Stakeholders section outlines the people and/or organizations whose interests are affected by our design.

Stakeholders Examples Interests Impacts on Project Requirement

Environmental Organizations

Zambia Institute of Environmental Management (ZIEM) [6].

Wildlife and Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia (WECSZ) [7].

Improve the local environment (related to air pollution, soil erosion, deforestation, etc.).

Concern about public health issues.

Protect wild animals.

Objective: Be environmentally friendly, causing no harm to the environment and the living beings.

Objective: Design should be secure to prevent intentional or unintentional damage from persons or animals.

Zambian Government

Not Applicable Enforce policies and regulations on the environmental issues [8].

Concern about public well being.

Objective: Safe to both the environment and local residents.

Construction industries

Kay Two Zambia Ltd [9]. Manzi Drilling and Construction [10].

Jizan Construction Company Ltd [11].

Profits. Large production.

Objective: Keep construction cost as low as possible.

Organizations related to children’s rights

Humanium [12].

Children’s health and access to food.

Successful implementation of our design will improve the means to store food, which provides locals with a wider access to fresh food.

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1.3. Functions In this section, the design team adopted several techniques (e.g. Black Box Method [Appendix A]) to develop the list of functions required of a solution. 1.3.1 Functional Basis The functional basis of this design is to [13]: Maintain Energy

1.3.2 Primary Functions The design must: Maintain goods within a desirable temperature range, therefore maintaining the thermal energy

in a relatively closed system. 1.3.3 Secondary Function The design must: Store canned / bottled vegetables or dried fruits.

1.3.4 Unintended Function The design may: Provide opportunities for the storage of illicit goods [14]. Provide respite to persons from high or low external temperatures. Allow for the storage of other temperature regulated goods.

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1.4. Objectives These objectives are ranked in decreasing order of importance by the use of a pairwise comparison table which can be found in Appendix B.

1.4.1 Construction Cost

The solution should cost below 250 USD [14] as to allow SEEDS to invest more money

elsewhere. 1.4.2 Accessibility The total distance required for a user to carry goods into and out of the facility should be equal

to the distance required to move the goods into the same facility on flat ground (less than 3m from doorway to shelving [15]) to prevent injury to the facility users [16].

1.4.3 Operating Cost

The solution should cost 0 USD to maintain to minimize costs on the charity.

1.4.4 Cold Cellar Size The final design should be 2.7m long, by 2m wide, by 2m high to fit in the allocated space for

the project [15]. 1.4.5 Environmental Impact The final design should not use materials that are included on the International Living Future

Institute’s red list of building materials as these are harmful to people and to the environment [17].

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1.5 Constraints The design must meet the following criteria: 1.5.1 Theft Prevention The design must have measures to deter theft [15]. No ‘unauthorized’ person should be able to

enter the cold cellar without exerting at least a ‘low effort,’ as defined by the infosec institute physical security guide [18].

1.5.2 Cold Cellar Sanitation The interior shall meet the sanitation standards for pits, floor drains, ventilation, and other

factors as outlined by University of Georgia [19]. 1.5.3 Temperature The design must store the canned vegetables at a temperature between 10°C and 21°C [20].

1.5.4 Temperature Control The design must contain a temperature measurement system to allow the user to monitor the

temperature in the facility.

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1.6. Service Environment The design will be implemented in Mongu, Zambia; thus, the analysis of the service environment will focus on that location. 1.6.1 ­ Physical Environment

Category Notes

Climate Zambia is part of the tropical savanna climate zone [21]. Depending on season, temperature ranges from 16 ~ 32

°C [22]. Average rainfall per year is 508 ~ 1270 mm [22]. Mongu District is beside the Zambezi River and the

Kalahari Desert [23]. Area is prone to droughts and flooding [23].

Soil Composition Soil is primarily sandy (see Appendix C) [24].

Environmental Concerns Soil erosion affects 20% of land in Zambia, including the Western Province [25].

Carbon dioxide emissions for 2011 was about 2.434 million Mt [26].

Contaminated water sources. Bacteria such as Giardia can be found in drinking

water [27].

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1.6.2 ­ Living Things

Category Notes

People Western Province is primarily inhabited by the Lozi people [28].

Official language is English. Over 70 dialects spoken [22].

Residents include Pygmy groups. For the Batwa Pygmy group, men are 152.9 cm tall

and women are 145.7 cm tall, on average [29] High crime rates (involves use of automatic weapons)

[30]. I.e. residential theft, home invasion [30].

Other Organisms The following species could harm the construction due to their invasive and destructive nature. Termites cause damage to buildings, can gnaw through

wooden material [31]. Many pests (ie. rats, cockroaches, earwigs, and silverfish)

[32]. Silverfish require warm and moist environment to

survive in [32].

1.6.3 ­ Virtual Environment

Category Notes

Cellular Network and Internet 10.525 million mobile devices in use (ranked 76th in the world) [26].

Very limited internet [26]. 16,571 internet hosts; 816,200 internet users [26].

Sewerage and Electricity Access to electricity onsite [15]. No access to sewerage [15].

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1.7. Client Ethics and Values The design team maintains the ethics required of engineers practicing in Ontario. They are also conscious of the values held by the client. These values are outlined here, and are compiled from the SEEDS website and the client’s own testimony: The client is primarily concerned for the well­being of those in need in Africa [1]. The client is concerned for the elephants within Zambia [1]. The client values the conservation of the environment in Africa [1], The client wished to provide a supply of seeds for farmers to enable them to make a profit

[1]. The client carries a sense of responsibility due to her charitable status [1].

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2.0 ­ Underground Bunker The Underground Bunker (henceforth “the cellar”) design is the final design recommendation to SEEDS for the Cold Cellar Project in Zambia. The design was chosen for its simplicity and elegance in meeting the client’s need, as well as its high conformity with the project objectives. The following section will address: How the design meets the client’s need. A detailed design brief. How the design meets functions, objectives, and constraints (henceforth “FOC” or “FOCs”).

2.0.1 ­ Client’s Need SEEDS has come to this design team with a need of improving food preservation in Mongu, Zambia through use of a cold cellar. The client has detailed how a solution will be used to store dried fruits and canned goods produced by farmers in the local area. Figure 2.0.1 shows the environment and produce from the local area.

Figure 2.0.1 ­ Produce on Farm in Mongu [33]

This design recommendation accomplishes the client’s need. It provides food preservation through its

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deep construction that enables temperature stability around 21°C (calculations shown in Appendix D), which is capable of storing canned and dried goods for a long time [34]. Furthermore it allows for the easy storage of goods through its dumbwaiter and storage shelving. 2.0.2 ­ Detailed Design Description

Physical Construction The cellar uses deep construction to provide temperature stability. Constructed with its flooring 5.5 meters below the ground, it is rated to be able to maintain a temperature of 21°C (Appendix D) during the 10­month dry season. The walls, flooring, and roof of the cellar will be constructed from concrete, with reinforcing steel rebar in the walls and roofing. These walls are all 0.4m thick in order to withstand hydrostatic pressure of soil at a depth of 5.5m. Detailed construction methods are included in Appendix E. Exact dimensions of the storage roomwill be (LxWxH) 2.7m­x­2.5m­x­2m, with 2m­x­2.5m­x­5.5m allocated in adjacent space for entry from ground level. Above this entry space, a room of size 2m­x­2.5m­x­2m (measured from ground level) will be constructed to house a door. Entry to the cellar is provided through a ground level room, measuring (LxWxH) 2m­x­2.5m­x­2m. Figure 2.0.2 depicts the different elements of the construction. The ground level room will use identical construction methods to the underground construction. A tumbler lock is used to ensure the construction prevents ‘low effort’ forced entry attempts (Infosec Institute [18]). To prevent water from entering and pooling in the storage room, lips exist on all doors, and drainage will be place in the ground level room. The entire construction will be water proof, and concrete walls will be able to withstand the increased hydrostatic pressure found below ground level in soil water [35].

Figure 2.0.2 ­ Building Sections and Section Measurements

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Internal Design The method of entry into the cellar is a permanently fixed, slanted ladder which will be located beside a dumbwaiter system. The user would place any cans or dried good in the storage room on the dumbwaiter and lower it to the cellar. The user would proceed down the ladder to collect the goods from the dumbwaiter to place on the shelving. The dumbwaiter uses three movable pulleys to decrease the work input by a factor of six. The weight capacity of the wooden dumbwaiter system will be 80kg, or half capacity of a large wheelbarrow [36]. Safety bars will be placed on the ladder and in front of the dumbwaiter (Section 2.0.4 for justification).

Figure 2.0.3 ­ Cellar Shelving Figure 2.0.4 ­ Ground Level Room

The cellar will primarily be ventilated through the use of two ventilation tubes (labeled in Figure 2.0.3). These tubes maintain a stable humidity level in the cellar by opening and closing the ventilation pipes [37]. Furthermore a fan in the ventilation tubes can regulate the temperature, by turning the fan on and night and off during the day.

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Figure 2.0.5 ­ Underground Bunker Overview

2.0.3 ­ FOCs Conformity The following section shows how each FOC was addressed.

Table 2.0.6: Objective Conformity

Objective How is it met?

Accessibility A ladder is used to provide entry to the cellar in conjunction with a dumbwaiter system. The dumbwaiter reduces the distance goods must be carried.

Size The size of the cellar, 2.7m­x­2.5m­x­2m, is the size requested by the client. Additional space is required to enter and exit the cellar.

Environmental Impact No harmful building materials are used.

Operational Cost Electricity is used for lighting and a fan, which exceeds the operational cost objective by approximately 10 USD a year. This is negligible.

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Construction Cost The design is $431.4 which exceeds the cost objective. Full pricing in Section 2.7.

Table 2.0.7: Function Conformity

Function How is it met?

Maintain a Desirable Temperature

The cellar is 5.5m below ground in order to maintain a steady temperature of 21°C (Appendix D)

Store Canned and Dried Goods

2.7m­x­2.5m­x­2m is allocated to storing goods. Three wooden shelves are placed along the perimeter of the room.

Table 2.0.8: Constraint Conformity

Constraint How is it met?

Theft Prevention A pin­tumbler lock is used to prevent unauthorized entrance to the cellar. This lock can only be opened using the corresponding key. [38]

Sanitation The entire facility is waterproofed, contains ventilation piping and a drainage system. The cleanliness of the cellar is maintained through regular cleaning of surfaces.

Temperature The cellar maintains a temperature of 21°C, falling within the allowed range of 10°C and 21°C [22].

Temperature Control A thermometer is used to display the internal temperature of the cellar to allow the user to monitor temperatures and use the fan to increase or decrease the temperature in the cellar.

Other factors such as design for manufacturability, safety, and reliability were considered in the design. All work that shows our designing for “X” can be found in Appendix F.

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2.1 Regulations, Standards, and Intellectual Property This section addresses the regulations, standards, and intellectual property that the client will need to address before the implementation of this design. 2.2.1 ­ Regulations and Standards In construction projects the primary concern is building regulations imposed by government agencies. In the chart below, several regulators are mentioned, and their requirements are listed [39].

Regulator Requirements

Ministry of Lands A certified copy of property title must be obtained from the Ministry of Lands [39].

Mongu Municipal Authority (City Development Department)

Submit four copies of technical drawings which include floor plan, foundations plan, other design features [39]. The drawings are reviewed by relevant city departments. Regulations unique to the Mongu Municipal Council may exist that are only available in person as the council does not maintain a website.

Environmental Council 12 copies of the project brief must be submitted to the Environmental Council. The brief must outline details specified by the Environmental and Pollution Act CAP 204 [39].

Engineering Department of Mongu Municipal Authority

Concrete and foundation inspection must be performed by council engineers. Additionally permits must be acquired through the department [39].

Public Health Department Obtain completion certificate and occupancy permit [39].

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2.2.2 ­ Intellectual Property This design primarily uses very common building techniques, as such, this design team has only identified one patent which this design may use: Patent US 8429876 B2 from inventor Eugenio Santiago Aburto which deals with the concrete

ribbed building method [40].

2.2 Testing The following table outlines three tests for the three top objectives and the procedures that can be taken to determine the degree to which the objectives are met.

Objective Type of Test Procedures Metrics

Accessible Distance Test

Pull Test

Measure the distance from the ground level door to the the dumbwaiter, and from the dumbwaiter to the shelving.

Place a 98.1N (60 kg) load

on the dumbwaiter at the bottom floor, and use a force gauge to measure the amount of force (in Newtons) needed to vertically raise the load.

The distance should be less than three meters.

If the recorded force is

greater than 98.1N than the dumbwaiter has failed the test as too much force would be required for a person to lower a much larger 80kg load, the maximum specified load.

Operating Cost

Test for Operating Cost

Run the lighting and fan for 2 hours (approximately average daily operating time ), measure the amount of electricity consumed, then multiply by 365 days and price of electricity, [41] calculating yearly operating cost.

Since operating cost only include electricity in this case, it should be a negligible sum of money, below 10 USD [41].

Size Size Test Measure the internal space using a measurer with a degree of precision of 0.1m.

A size of 2.7m x 2.5m x 2m is proposed, but any variation within 0.1m will be acceptable [33].

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2.3 Implementation Requirements Using the proposed solution requires various infrastructure and resources in order to build and implement. These implementation requirements are suggested below, including things such as workers, safety protocol, and construction equipment.

Task Detailed Description Who’s Involved

Materials Equipment

Excavate Soil for Cellar Construction

A square area 4.96m­x­2.76m­x­5.5m must be dug out in the ground. A length of 0.26m is added to the length and width to accommodate the thickness of the walls.

Equipment Operator

N/A Tracked Excavator, [42]

Cellar Body Construction

Walls of the cellar must be constructed to provide areas for the food to be placed.

Equipment Operator, Construction Workers

Cement, Gravel, Sand, Reinforcement steel bars

Cement mixer [43], Shovels, Concrete Trowel

Ladder, Shelves

The ladder and shelving have to be constructed from wood.

Carpenter Wood, Sandpaper, Screws

Hand Saws, Drills, Screwdrivers

Drainage and Ventilation Systems

Install drainage and ventilation around the outer surface of the cellar, allowing for air circulation and drainage in case of flooding.

Construction Workers

Drain Cover Plates, PVC Piping, Drain pipes

N/A

Testing The cellar should be inspected by personnel for safety and structural integrity.

The Engineering Department of the Mongu Municipal Council

N/A N/A

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2.4 Life Cycle and Environmental Impact As shown in table 2.4.1 below, the emissions mainly comprise of dangerous gases. In the construction of cement, raw materials such as calcite and iron are heated up to very high temperatures and very powerful furnaces are used [44]. These machines emit carbon dioxide and monoxide into the atmosphere. In the construction of steel, metals such as brass and iron are heated, again, at high temperatures to contribute further to the carbon­based emissions [45]. For the recycling of steel, it is heated by furnaces in steel mills which also release the same carbon­based emissions [46]. The design carries no impacts during operation and the wood has little to no environmental impact throughout its life. To lessen environmental impacts, materials should be sourced from environmentally conscientious suppliers. The facility will increase the worthwhileness of farming in the local area as crops will last longer. The site will indirectly offset design carbon emissions through the planting of crops. Table 2.4.1 ­ Analysis of Pollutants in Different Stages of Design Life

Upstream Operating Downstream

Concrete CO2 and SO2 N/A CO (from emissions from transportation)

Wood N/A N/A N/A

Steel CO and SO2 N/A CO2

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Figure 2.4.2 ­ Steel and Concrete Analysis Visual Representation

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2.5 Human Factors This section describes how the design fits human’s needs.

Human Factors Issues Addressed

Physical Height of the thermometer The average height of Zambian women and men is 1.60m and

1.72m respectively [28][29]. The thermometer is placed at 1.45m above the ground, which is slightly below the average height for women, so people of different heights can reach.

Users’ safety when climbing the ladder Ladder should be able to support 115kg to account for people of

different build [47]. Since the size of the side rails cannot be changed drastically, they

should provide enough friction, so that people with any hand size can grab on to it firmly.

The size of each step is 30cm x 35cm, to accommodate different foot sizes.

Uncontrolled dumbwaiter movement The dumbwaiter should contain friction brake devices that lock off

the rope to catch the falling produce when it moves uncontrollably. The user can also adjust the brake to control the pace the produce descends.

Psychological The user accidentally releasing the rope during usage: The user should be wearing gloves, and a cushion is placed on the

bottom. Fiber rope causes friction, which can hurt the delicate skin

on the palm when the user tries to grab on to the rope Cushion can reduce the harm caused by the collision

Heat transfer from an open door There is a self­closing hinge installed on both doors, in case users

forget to close the door.

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2.6 Social Impact The design’s key social impact is to enable locals in Mongo to have wider access to consumable food year round. The design also balances the interests of various stakeholders as seen in the table below.

Affected Stakeholders Social Impacts

Environmental Organizations

Positively Concrete has less carbon dioxide emission than other

materials [48] so it is less harmful to the environment and after production, produces no toxic gases [49] causing no environmental harm.

Zambian Government Positively Design conforms to Zambian regulations. Design improves people’s health by access to food.

Construction Industries Positively Provides business to companies, with a design that can be

implemented in many more locations later.

Organizations Related to Children’s Rights

Positively More consumable food over time to improve children’s

nutrition level.

In terms of negative impacts of the design, it may be used to store illicit goods, like drugs. However, security may prevent this illegal activity.

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2.7 Economics This table outlines the anticipated Capital, Operating, and Variable costs of the design. These costs are already included in the total cost presented to the client.

Phase Capital Costs Fixed Operating Costs Variable Operating Costs

Manufacture Concrete ­ $110/ton [49]

Wood ­ $394/cubic meter [50]

Steel ­ $3.55 per meter of Steel Rebar [52][53]

Circulation Fan ­ $46 [54]

Door: $27 [55] Door handle: $11.48

[56] Pipe: $2.35/10ft [57] Fan + Lights: $26.97

[58]

Labor ­ building with concrete, estimated at $0.70/day. [59]

Labor ­ building with wood, estimated at $0.70/day. [59]

Labor ­ building with steel, estimated at $0.70/day. [59]

N/A

During Use N/A N/A Electricity ­ Using 2 100W light bulbs for 2 hours a day for 30 days. Using a cost of $0.02 per kWh, a cost of $0.24/month. [41]

Disposal N/A Labor for disposal of concrete, estimated at $0.70/day. [58]

Labor for disposal of wood, estimated at $0.70/day. [58]

Labor for disposal of steel, estimated at $0.70/day. [58]

Final disposal of concrete ­ No cost for the disposal of concrete [48].

Final disposal of wood ­ No cost for the disposal of wood [48].

Final disposal of steel ­ No cost for the disposal of steel [48].

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3.0 Project Management Plan This Final Design Specifications document marks the completion of the solution generation phase for this project. The team met several times, and discussed with the client via email in preparation for this document. From here the client can, with review from a practicing engineer, implement the plan. The project requires permits and regulatory approval from proper authority in Zambia. From here the design team has completed all documents that will be submitted to the client. The client is invited to attend the final design presentation that will be held on April 15th at the university. A project Gantt Chart is included in Appendix F.

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4.0 Conclusion The team has recommended the Underground Bunker as the final design for the cold cellar in Mongu, Zambia. It fulfills all the functions and constraints listed in the project requirements, and the Bunker is waterproof, well­ventilated, and secure. Because of its simplicity, it should also eliminate unforeseen problems in the future. Upon implementation, the design should meet government regulations and standards as listed. The client should consider environmental impacts, social impacts, and human factors described in previous sections, and the preliminary tests as well as the implementation requirements should be performed. At this point, the team has now submitted this final report to the client and will present a final presentation to in the end of April.

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5.0 Reference List [1] Socio­Economic And Environmental Development Solutions. (n.d.). What Exactly Do We Do at SEEDS? [Online]. Available: http://sendseedstoafrica.org/about­us/ [2] United Nations Regional Information Centre. (2015). One Third Of All Food Wasted! [Online]. Available: http://www.unric.org/en/food­waste/27133­one­third­of­all­food­wasted [3] World Food Programme. (2014.). Hunger Map 2014 [Online]. Available: http://www.wfp.org/content/hunger­map­2014 [4] The World Bank Group. (2015). Prevalence Of Undernourishment (% Of Population) [Online]. Available: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS [5] M. Wilson, R. Highfield. (2002). Starving Zambia Rejects America's GM Maize [Online]. Available: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zambia/1411713/Starving­Zambia­rejects­Americas­GM­maize.html [6] The Partnership for Clean Indoor Air. (n.d.). Zambia Institute of Environmental Management (ZIEM) [Online]. Available: http://www.pciaonline.org/zambia­institute­environmental­management [7] World Land Trust. (n.d.). Wildlife and Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia (WECSZ) [Online]. Available: http://www.worldlandtrust.org/about/partners/wecsz [8] B. Z. Osei­Hwedie. (1996). Environmental Protection and Economic Development in Zambia [Online]. Available: http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/social%20development/vol11no2/jsda011002007.pdf [9] The Best of Zambia. (n.d.). Kay Two Zambia Ltd [Online]. Available: http://thebestofzambia.com/industry/construction/building­contractors/kay­two­zambia/ [10] The Best of Zambia. (n.d.). Manzi Drilling and Construction [Online]. Available: http://thebestofzambia.com/industry/construction/building­contractors/manzi­drilling/ [11] The Best of Zambia. (n.d.). Jizan Construction Company Ltd [Online]. Available: http://thebestofzambia.com/industry/construction/building­contractors/jizan­construction/ [12] Humanium. (n.d.). Children of Zambia [Online]. Available: http://www.humanium.org/en/zambie/

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[13] Designing Engineers: An Introductory Textbook (S. McCahan, P. Anderson, M. Kortschot, P. Weiss, and K Woodhouse). E­ISBN:9781118843956 [14] C. Allen. (2007, February 24). Review of African Political Economy [Online]. Available: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03056249908704357 [15] J. Hutchinson, private communication, Jan 2015. [16] Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. (n.d.). Back Injury Prevention [Online]. Available: http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/inj_prev.html [17] International Living Building Institute. (n.d.). Living Building Challenge 2.0 [Online]. Available:https://ilbi.org/lbc/LBC%20Documents/LBC2­0.pdf [18] INFOSEC Institute. (n.d.). Physical Security: Managing the Intruder [Online]. Available: http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/physical­security­managing­intruder/ [19] University of Georgia.(n.d.). Cleaning, Sanitizing and Pest Control in Food Processing, Storage and Service Areas [Online]. Available: http://seafood.oregonstate.edu/.pdf%20Links/Cleaning,%20Sanitizing,%20and%20Pest%20Control%20in%20Food%20Processing,%20Storage,%20and%20Service%20Areas.pdf [20] Clemson University. (n.d.). Safe Handling of Canned Goods [Online]. Available: http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/food/food_safety/handling/hgic3505.html [21] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (n.d). NSTA Interactive: Climate Zones [Online]. Available: http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/pd/oceans_weather_climate/media/climate_zones.swf [22] Southern African Development Community. (2012). Zambia [Online]. Available: http://www.sadc.int/member­states/zambia/ [23] Sr. C. Campion. (n.d.). Mongu [Online]. Available: http://alankerinsprojects.org/team/where­we­work/mongu/ [24] A. Pinheiro, J. Privette. (2005). SAFARI 2000 Soil Properties, Moisture, and Temp., Skukuza and Mongu, 1999­2001 [Online]. Available FTP: daac.ornl.gov Directory: data/safari2k/field_campaign/mongu_skukuza_soil_prop/comp/ File: mongu_skukuza_soil_prop_readme.pdf [25] Government of the Republic of Zambia. (2002, February 28). Zambia National Action Programme [Online]. Available: http://www.unccd.int/ActionProgrammes/zambia­eng2000.pdf

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[26] Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). The World Factbook [Online]. Available: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the­world­factbook/geos/za.html [27] Dr. S. Berger, “Giardiasis,” in Infectious Diseases of Zambia, 2014 edition. Los Angeles: Gideon Informatics Inc., 2014, pp. 123­124 [28] Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. (2015). Lozi [Online]. Available: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/350141/Lozi [29] C. Arnold. (2014, August 14). Strongest Evidence Yet that Pygmies’ Short Stature is Genetic [Online]. Available: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140818­pygmy­phenotype­africa­short­dna­genetics­science/ [30] Overseas Security Advisory Council. (2014, May 2). Zambia 2014 Crime and Safety Report [Online]. Available: https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=15588 [31] A. Ghaly, S. Edwards. (2011). Termite Damage to Buildings: Nature of Attacks and Preventive Construction Methods [Online]. Available: http://thescipub.com/PDF/ajeassp.2011.187.200.pdf [32] Rentokil Zambia. (n.d.). Other Creepy Crawlies [Online]. Available: http://www.rentokil.co.zm/residential­customers/crawling­insects/other­creepy­crawlies/index.html [33] SEEDS. (2015, February 9). The U of T Meetings so far. [Email]. Available email: joanne@sendseedstoafrica.org [34] Utah State University. (2006). Canned Goods [Online]. Available: http://extension.usu.edu/foodstorage/htm/canned­goods [35] P. Sullivan, private conversation, March 2015. [36] Amazon. (n.d.). 160Kg Wheelbarrow [Online]. Available: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Selections­GF7748­160Kg­Wheelbarrow/dp/B004QLTGUY [37] Tourism Elliston Inc. (n.d.). Art & Science of Root Cellaring [Online]. Available: http://www.rootcellars.ca/about­us/art­science­of­root­cellaring/ [38] Assa Abloy Group. (2013, January 22). The Yale Pin­tumbler Invention [Online]. Available: http://www.yalelock.com/en/yale/com/About­Yale/History­of­Yale/Brand­1/ [39] The World Bank Group. (2015). Dealing with Construction Permits in Zambia [Online]. Available:

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http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/zambia/dealing­with­construction­permits/ [40] E. S. Aburto, “Concrete rib construction method”, U.S. Patent 8429876, April, 30, 2013. [41] Japanese International Cooperation Agency. (2011, June). Cost of Doing Business in Zambia (1st Edition) [Online]. Available: http://www.jica.go.jp/project/zambia/0901055/materials/pdf/cost_of_doing_business.pdf [42] (2014). Excavation & Trenching [Online]. Available: http://www.heavyequipment.com/heavy­equipment/excavation­trenching

[43] The Constructor. (n.d.). Construction Equipments for Different Purposes [Online]. Available: http://theconstructor.org/constrution/equipment/construction­equipments­for­different­purposes/901/ [44] Portland Cement Association. (n.d.). Concrete Construction [Online]. Available: http://www.cement.org/for­concrete­books­learning/concrete­technology/concrete­construction [45] M. Brain, R. Lamb. (n.d.). How Iron and Steel Work [Online]. Available: http://science.howstuffworks.com/iron4.htm [46] Environmental Protection Agency. (2003, August). Direct Emissions from Iron & Steel Production [Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/documents/resources/ironsteel.pdf [47] Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2003). Stairways and Ladders [Online]. Available:https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3124.pdf [48] Mongu Municipal Council. (2013). Mongu District State of Environment Outlook Report [Online]. Available:http://www.necz.org.zm/index.php/eia­reports/doc_download/138­mongu­state­of­the­environment­outlook­report [49] Cement Association of Canada. (2012). Concrete is Green [Online]. Available:http://www.cement.ca/en/Concrete­and­the­Environment.html [50] Panapress. (2001, December 18). Cheap Cement from Zimbabwe Threatens Zambia's Cement Industry [Online]. Available: http://www.panapress.com/Cheap­cement­from­Zimbabwe­threatens­Zambia­s­cement­industry­­13­451370­17­lang1­index.html [51] H.T. Dinh. (n.d.). Light Manufacturing in Zambia [Online]. Available: https://books.google.ca/books?id=ZUMSAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65&lpg=PA65&dq=cost+for+wood+

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zambia&source=bl&ots=Bf8IMbwglo&sig=je42wXgpA4qdp0qe6U­J_QrmQQE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3pQYVeyhL8mLyAS4_IHYCQ&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=cost%20for%20wood%20zambia&f=false [52] Index Mundi. (n.d.). Rebar Monthly Price ­ US Dollars per Metric Ton [Online]. Available: http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=rebar&months=120 [53] Russian Metal Products. (n.d.). Weight per Running Meter for Round Steel Bars [Online]. Available: http://www.rosmetalloprokat.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=56 [54] Amazon. (n.d.). Suncourt TW108 ThruWall Transfer Fan, 7­5/8­Inch [Online]. Available: http://www.amazon.com/Suncourt­TW108­ThruWall­Transfer­8­Inch/dp/B004I5H22C [55] The Home Depot. (n.d.) Smooth Flush Hardwood Hollow Core Unfinished Composite Interior Door Slab [Online]. Available: http://www.homedepot.com/p/Masonite­Smooth­Flush­Hardwood­Hollow­Core­Unfinished­Composite­Interior­Door­Slab­27694/100034380?N=5yc1vZc5ioZ12kz [56] The Home Depot. (2015). Olympic Stainless Steel Privacy Lever [Online]. Available: http://www.homedepot.com/p/Defiant­Olympic­Stainless­Steel­Privacy­Lever­LG601/100352217 [57] The Home Depot. (2015). ¾ in. x 10 ft. PVC Schedule 40 Plain­End Pipe [Online]. Available: http://www.homedepot.com/p/JM­eagle­3­4­in­x­10­ft­PVC­Schedule­40­Plain­End­Pipe­57471/202280935?N=5yc1vZbuf5 [58] The Home Depot. (n.d.). Air Conditioners & Portable Fans [Online]. Available: http://www.homedepot.ca/catalog/air­conditioners­portable­fans/178027 [59] WageInductor Foundation. (n.d.). Minimum Wages in Zambia with Effect from 01­07­2012 [Online]. Available: http://www.mywage.org/zambia/main/salary/minimum­wage [60] T. Carter. (n.d.). Thickness of Poured Concrete Foundation Walls [Online]. Available:http://www.askthebuilder.com/thickness­of­poured­concrete­foundation­walls/

Appendix

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Appendix A ­ Black Box Method This section illustrates how the functions were generated.

Input Output

Mass Canned/bottled vegetables. Other goods that need to be stored in a

specific temperature range. Useful water runoff

Consumable goods. Clean water.

Energy Mechanical. Electrical. Solar (maybe). Geothermal (maybe).

Thermal

Information

When to store. When to pick up. Types of vegetable. Who can unlock.

Indication that food is consumable.

Appendix B ­ Objectives Pairwise Comparison Table This pairwise comparison table was used to rank the objectives based upon their importance.

Size Environ. C. Cost O.Cost Access Total

Size 1 0 0 1 2

Environ. 0 1 0 0 1

C. Cost 1 1 1 1 4

O. Cost 1 1 0 0 2

Access 0 1 1 0 3

Appendix C ­ Soil Characteristics in Mongu Zambia

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Engineering Strategies and Practice

This table describes the soil conditions in Mongu, Zambia based on three depths: 0 ­ 45 cm, 45 ­ 75 cm, and 75 ­ 125 cm [24].

Appendix D ­ The Underground Bunker Temperature Calculations The calculations regarding the ability of the bunker to stay within the temperature range are shown below.

Appendix E ­ Construction Details The details for the construction of the project are as follows.

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Engineering Strategies and Practice

In order to use a minimal amount of concrete, a concrete rib method of construction for the walls will be used as developed by Eugenio Santiago Aburto [40]. The concrete will use a 1:2:3 ratio of concrete mix to gravel to aggregate. Metal rebar will be used primarily in all roofing, along the deepest walls. The 0.4m thick walls will be large enough to withstand the hydrostatic pressure of the soil [60].

Appendix F ­ Designing for X In the design of the Underground Bunker it became apparent that other factors, such as Safety, Logistical Practicality, and Reliability, needed to be considered in the solution. Table 2.0.8: Designed for Safety, Reliability, Manufacture

Designed for: Reason for Consideration Design

Safety The cellar features large drops that could be harmful to the user.

The design includes safety rails that are used to protect the user from falling on the ladder while using the dumbwaiter. Additionally a hatch is used to cover that ladder when not in use.

Reliability As skilled labor in Zambia is scarce, a design that requires regular maintenance is impractical.

The only items that have a risk of failure, outside of physical damage to the structure through earthquakes etc., are the lights and fan. Both of these can be easily replaced.

Manufacture The client is primarily concerned with minimizing the construction cost to execute the design.

The design features only basic building materials, just as concrete and wood. Furthermore, the design does not require highly specialized labor for construction.

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Appendix G ­ Project Gantt Chart This following table and Gantt chart displays the projected timeframe in which parts of the project

will be worked on and finished by early april.

35