ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY RISK MANAGEMENT€¦ · WEEK 2 th 19 SEPT 2013 RISK MANAGEMENT Risk Risk - a combination of the probability that a particular outcome will occur and the severity

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EUT440

ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY

• Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

WEEK 2 19th SEPT 2013

RISK MANAGEMENT

Risk

Risk - a combination of the probability that a particular

outcome will occur and the severity of the harm involved.

(Risiko - Kombinasi kemungkinan berlakunya kejadian

berbahaya/kemalangan dan kesan akibatnya)

- Chance or probability of danger, loss or injury occuring

- A measure of economic loss or human injury in terms of both

the accident likelihood and magnitude (consequence) of loss or

injury

- It is a combination of incident, probability and consequences.

Danger – expresses the relative exposure to hazard. A hazard

may presence, but there may be little danger because of the

precaution taken.

Risk management involves the:

identification,

assessment, and prioritization of risks followed

by coordinated and economical application of resources to

minimize, monitor, and control the probability

and/or impact of unfortunate events or to

maximize the realization of opportunities.

Checking and Reviewing the risk control

Controlling the risk • Eliminating the hazard, if possible

• Minimizing, if possible

• Controlling the hazard

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Identifying types of HAZARDS and

Various Route of Entry

Issues in Managing of Health at Workplace

• Difficult to develop strategy due to

- Long latency period

- Individual susceptibility factor

• The difficulties are experienced by

- Designers - difficult in taking account of health risks in their specifications

- Managers - determining the level of health protection that personnel require

- Operatives - being aware of health risks and the systems, whether control or prevention, that are put in place to protect them.

Types of HAZARDS - categories

i. Physical Hazards

ii. Chemical Hazards

iii. Biological Hazards

iv. Electrical Hazards

v. Radiation Hazards

vi. Psychological Hazards

PHYSICAL

HAZARDS

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i. Physical Hazards eg height, force, noise,

vibration, lighting, etc

- route -> tissue damage, hearing loss, lifting,

manual handling, ergonomic, traffic hazards,

collapse, falling objects

Manual Handling

• The lifting and carrying of loads is a big problem in every industry

• Manual handling injuries contributed about 25% of all work-related injuries

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

How to reduce the effects?

• Bagged materials must be less than 25 kg.

• Apart of the weight factor, other factors also affect

this manual handling related accident

- The individual

• Age

• Gender

• Training

• Experience

• Previous Injury

- The overall operation

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Work Related Upper Limb Disorder

• WRULD is caused by repetitive movements

Diseases associated

- Neck disorder

- Shoulder disorder

- Elbow disorder

- Writs and Hand Lesions (localized area of

diseased or injured tissue)

- Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

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Work Related Upper Limb Disorder

• Factors associated with the development of WRULD

- Resisting Excessive Force

- Frequency and Duration of Movement

• Jobs are dictated by machine rather than personnel

- Posture - ERGONOMIC - Work Organization

• Length of work period without rest breaks, lack of training and inadequate supervision

- Psychosomatic Factors (illness due to the interaction of the mind and the body)

• Poor awareness by managers and employees

• Lack of management to detect problems

• Poor ergonomic job design • Lack of training to control WRULD

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Noise

• It can cause hearing loss

• Factors influencing hearing loss

- Intensity of the noise

- Frequency

- Length of exposure

- Individual Tolerance. This factor is also affected by other factors such as

• Age

• Effect of Drugs

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Sound Level in dB (A) Sources

Harmfull 140 Jet Engine

130 Riveting Hammer

Critical 120 Propeller Aircraft

110 Rock Drill

100 Typical outdoor construction, plate fabrication noise

90 Heavy Vehicle

Safe 80 Pile drivers, power lawn mower, very busy traffic

70 Private car

60 Air compressor and concrete mixers

50 Conversation (at 1 m)

40 Average business office

30 Quite Whisper

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

How to control noise hazard?

• Review the design and change if possible

• Change with other processes or equipment •

PPE (Personel Protective Equipment): Earmuff

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

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Vibration

• Result in tissue damage

• Two kinds of vibration

- Whole body vibration: vehicles

-Segmental vibration: pneumatic handheld tools (white knuckles)

• How to control this hazard? - Use of vibration isolator

- Select equipment that produces less vibration

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Electronics assembly worker –

Eye problems from doing close

work, especially in poor light

Long periods with inadequate

seating, can suffer from back and

other musculoskeletal problems.

Solder fumes or solder “flecks”

in the eye when the excess solder is

cut off with pliers.

PHYSICAL HAZARDS - examples

Source: International Labor Organization (ILO)

CHEMICAL

HAZARDS


eg. Gas, Liquid, Vapor, Fumes, Mist, Dust,

Asbestos, Lead

-route -> Inhalation, skin contact with

chemical, ingestion of chemical,


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Routes of Entry of Toxic Agents

• Respiratory

• Skin and eye contact

• Mouth (Ingestion)

• Injection

CHEMICAL HAZARDS CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Types of Effect

• Acute

- A lot of exposure

- The reaction happen in short period of time

• Chronic

- Repeated small exposure

- Long period of time

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Common Types of Toxic Effect

• Irritations

- Lung

• By inhaling some chemicals, e.g. ozone, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide

- Skin: chemical, physical, mechanical and biological

• Central Nervous System (CNS) Depression

- Headache, Drowsiness, Unconsciousness

- Organ affected: brain

- Many solvents (toluene, xylene, ether, acetone) produce this effect if the vapor concentration is high

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

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• Asphyxia

- Interfere with the transfer of oxygen

- Suffocated because the bloodstream cannot supply enough oxygen

- When the oxygen level of 21% drop to 16%

- Sources

• Gas from sewerage

• Argon, propane, methane

• Carbon monoxide

• Hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen cyanide

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Common Types of Toxic Effect …cont

• Cancer

- The effect is about 20-30 years

- Sources

• Benzene Leukemia

• Chromium, Beryllium and Arsenic Trioxide Lung Cancer •

Asbestos Larynx, Lung and Abdomen cancer

• Vynil Chloride Liver Cancer

• Coal Tar Pitch Skin Cancer •

Benzidine Bladder Cancer

CHEMICAL HAZARDS


• Pneumoconiosis -Dusts retained in the lung

- Reduce the elasticity of the lung

- Sources • Silica, beryllium, asbestos, iron oxide, tin

• Reproductive Effect - Cause the ability to reproduce and fetal development

• Mercury Low birth weight

• PCBs Brown patches

• Lead Miscarriage • X-Rays and Some Pesticides (e.g., DBPC) Decreased sperm

cell and sterility

CHEMICAL HAZARDS


• Systemic Poisons (effect whole body or at least a multiple of organs

- Affect to more than one organ

- Sources

• Cadmium: - causes lung irritation, - impairs kidney normal function and

- may cause sterility

• Mercury:

- Accumulation in the brain causes tremors and mood changes -

Decreased kidney efficiency - Gum inflammation and excess saliva

CHEMICAL HAZARDS


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Factors Affecting Toxic Effect

• Factors related to the agent

- Chemical Composition - Physical properties

- Solubility in body fluids

• Factors related to the Exposure Situation - Dose: how much and how long?

- Co-factors: Presence of other materials

• Factors related to the individuals - Individual differences: genetic status and allergic status

- Age

- Presence of predisposing disease:

• Angina (Heart Disease) cannot tolerate carbon monoxide •

Emphysema (lung ailment) CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Construction Materials Causing

Occupational Diseases DISEASE

Skin Respiratory Tract Lungs Eyes Nervous System

Construction Material

Form Oils Irritation Irritation

Cement (Chromium) Lesions, Eczema,

Burns

Insulation

Mineral wool Irritation

Glass wool Irritation

Isocyanate Damage Damage Asthma

Asphalt Irritation, Burns Bronchitis,

Increased risk of

cancer

Caulking and Sealants

Polyacrylate Irritation Irritation

Methyl ethyl ketone Irritation Irritation

Methyl isobutyl ketone Irritation Irritation

Isocyanate Eczema Asthma

Adhesive

Acrylic monomers Irritation Irritation

Toluene Irritation Irritation Damage

Xylene Irritation Irritation Damage

Isocyanate Discomfort

Epoxy Resin Irritation

Polyamine Irritation

Plasters, Drywall, Putties Irritation Irritation

Asbestos • It can cause lung cancer

• The disease develops 20-40 years after exposure

• Problems with asbestos in construction

- Many construction contracts are being awarded

without the contractors being informed of the

presence of asbestos materials

Construction Materials Causing Occupational Diseases

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

CHEMICAL Hazard …..cont

- Identification

Hazards related materials - Workplace Hazardous Material

Information System (WHMIS) (Canada’s National Workplace Hazard Communication Std)

The key elements of the system are cautionary

labelling of containers of WHMIS "controlled

products", the provision of Material Safety

Data Sheets (MSDSs) and worker education

and training programs

http://www.safetyemporium.com/?08807

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Hazard Identification chemical …..cont

Hazards related materials • Hazardous material usually has WHMIS symbols link • Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)

link

Class B: Flammable Class A: Compressed Gas & Combustible

WHMIS Symbol

Class C: Oxidizing Material Class D: Poisonous and Infectious Material

http://www.safetyemporium.com/?08807

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Material Safety Data Sheets - MSDS

A form with data regarding the detailed properties of a particular hazardous material An important component of product stewardship and workplace safety, it is intended to provide workers and emergency personnel with procedures for handling or working with that substance in a safe manner

What is an MSDS?

• A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) provides detailed information about a specific hazardous material. An MSDS contains the following information:

- Identity (name of substance)

- Physical Hazards (target organ)

- Health Hazards

- Routes of Body Entry

- Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)

- Carcinogenic Factors (cancer causing)

- Safe-Handling Procedures

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What is an MSDS?

- Data of Sheet Preparation

- Control Measures (personal protective equipment)

- Emergency First Aid Procedures (emergency telephone

number)

- Contact Information (for the preparer of the sheet)

- Special Instructions

Sample MSDS Page - Nitric Acid, 70%

• This is a sample page from the MSDS for

Nitric Acid, 70 percent. The product is

made by the ABC Rubber Company,

Science Products Division, P.O. Box M,

Altonia, Illinois 40361. Effective date is 8-

21-85.

Sample MSDS Page - Nitric Acid, 70%

Product identification, synonyms, other names for nitric acid are:

aqua fortis, azotic acid, nitric acid 70 percent. Formula CAS

Number 7697-37-2. Molecular weight 63.00. Hazardous

ingredients, not applicable. Chemical formula, HNO3.

Precautionary measures, danger, strong oxidizer, contact with other

materials may cause fire. Causes sever burns, may be fatal if

swallowed. Harmful if inhaled. Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on

clothing. Avoid breathing mist, use only with adequate ventilation.

Wash thoroughly after handling. Do not store near combustible

materials. Store in a tightly closed container. Remove and wash

contaminated clothing properly.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Material_safety_data_sheet.JPG

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When Do You Use an MSDS?

• You should use an MSDS

whenever you need additional information about a hazardous material that is not included on the product label.

• For example, you have spilled nitric acid on the floor, and you need to know how to clean it up safely. You need only refer to the "Safe-Handling Procedures" section of the nitric acid MSDS.

Safe-Handling Procedures Section - Nitric Acid, 70%

Isolate or enclose the area of the leak or spill. Clean-up personnel should wear protective clothing and respiratory equipment suitable for toxic or corrosive fluids or vapors. For small spills:

Flush with water, and neutralize with alkaline material (soda ash, lime, et cetera). Sewer with excess water.

For larger spills and lot sizes:

Neutralize with alkaline, pick up with absorbent material (sand, earth,

vermiculite) and dispose in a RCRA approved waste facility or sewer

the neutralized slurry with excess water if local ordinances allow.

Provide forced ventilation to dissipate fumes.

Reportable Quantity (RQ) (CWA/CERCLA): 1000 pounds

Insure compliance with local, state and federal regulations.

When Do You Use an MSDS?

• Some chemicals, such as sodium hydroxide,

are very dangerous. If you have an accident,

you may not have time to look up the

information you need in an MSDS.

• You should read the MSDSs for the

hazardous materials present in your work area

before you work with them.

i. Physical Hazards


iii. Biological Hazards – living organism or

once-living organism eg. Fungi, Bacteria,

Viruses





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a. Microorganism -Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses

route –in contact with bacteria thro’ improper treated

cooling towers

b. Arthropods – mosquitoes, spiders

route – bitten by infected mosquitoes

c. Animals – crocodiles, snakes

d. Plant allergens and toxins – pollen

e. Protein allergens – food, urine, feces, hair

route – rodent dropping/urine

- route -> infection, needle stick injury, handling of waste


i. Physical Hazards



iv. Electrical Hazards eg current, voltage,

sparks

- route -> direct electrocution, contact with

overhead or underground cables




i. Physical Hazards




v. Radiation Hazards eg. UV light, lasers etc

- route -> skin contact, eye contact


Types of HAZARDS - categories Ultraviolet • UV can damage eyes and skin

- Skin cancer

- Skin burn

- Eye discomfort

• Where is the exposure of this hazard?

- Outdoor job

- Welding

- Work using high intensity lamp

• How to reduce the hazard?

- Sun block

- UV Protection Sunglasses

- Blue color costume

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i. Physical Hazards





vi. Psychological Hazards eg. workplace,

space, organizational culture, stress

Types of HAZARDS - categories Occupational Stress

• Three types of occupational stress

- Physical

- Mental

- Emotional

PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS

Causes of Occupational Stress

• Uncertainty and lack of control (low job discretion)

• Lack of support from others, including co-workers

• Conflicts

• High demands of working environment, e.g. long hours, high responsibility, commitment • Very low demands: boredom, lack of meaning in work

• Work station: noise, poor lighting, lack of space,

extreme temperatures, poor ergonomics

• Chemical hazards, fumes, passive smoking


• Organizational culture

• Repetitive Tasks

• Low pay leading to overtime and piecework

• Change


Causes of Occupational Stress …cont

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How do humans react? 3 stages

• Alarm Stage

-Immediate reaction

- Fight or Flight?

- Human body coordinates the readiness of

action, influencing mood, causing heart

palpitation, shallow fast breathing, muscle

tension, dryness of throat, dizziness and light-

headedness, numbness of the limbs, nausea,

anxiety and sweating


• Resistance Stage Alarm stage cannot be maintained indefinitely At one point, resistance stage occurs in which humans develop survival strategies and a way of fighting the stress

Typically, short-term relief is preferable

• Exhaustion Stage

-Stress response is healthy and a motivator - When expectations are not realistic, humans become suffer


How do humans react?

can be burnt from the

sparks

the danger of the work

process starting a fire.

the intense light can

cause permanent eye

damage

Heat

HAZARDS – can you identify them?

Source: International Labor Organization (ILO)

PHYSICAL

fumes given off by the

process which can damage

the lungs CHEMICAL

Welder Electronics assembly worker – Eye problems from doing close work, especially in poor light

Long periods with inadequate seating, can suffer from back and other musculoskeletal problems.

Solder fumes or solder “flecks” in the eye when the excess solder is cut off with pliers.

PHYSICAL HAZARDS - examples

Source: International Labor Organization (ILO) Control ????

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TO BE CONTINUED

- RISK ASSESSMENT

Documents

ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY RISK MANAGEMENT€¦ · WEEK 2 th 19 SEPT 2013 RISK MANAGEMENT Risk Risk - a combination of the probability that a particular outcome will occur and the severity