Englis Gramar

7/28/2019 Englis Gramar

1/55

Palabras que suenan igual pero se deletrean diferente

weather = tiempo (clima)

whether = conjuncin para presentar opciones: whether, orsea que o

To = preposicin que significa a o hacia

Too = tambinTwo = el nmero dos

Theyre = contraccin de they are, que significa ellos/ellas son/estn

Their = pronombre posesivo que significa su (de ellos/ellas)

There = all

Ate = tiempo pasado del verbo comer

Eight = el nmero ocho

Buy = el verbo comprar

By = preposicin que significa por en oraciones pasivas

Bye = una forma de adios

Cent = centavo

Scent = olor

Sent = pasado del verbo sender to send

For = preposicin que significa por o para

Four = el nmero cuatro

Fore = hacia la primera plana to the fore

Principal = principal, mayor

Principle = principio

Stationary = estacionario

Stationery = artculos de oficina, papeles

Cite = el verbo citar

Sight = vista

Site = sitio

Would = verbo modal para formar el tiempo condicional

Wood = madera


2/55


Whos = contraccin de who isquin es?

whose = pronombre que significa de quin (posesin)

Youre = contraccin de you are t eres/est (tambin usted/ustedes)

Your = pronombre posesivo que significa su (de t/usted/ustedes)

Its = contraccin de it is ello es/est

its = pronombre posesivo que significa su (de ello, objetos no animados)

Ceiling = ceilo raso

Sealing = selladura

Allowed = permitido

Aloud = en voz altaBall = pelota, bola

Bawl = el verbo berrear

Bear = oso, tambin el verbo soportar

Bare = desnudo, el verbo desnudar, tambin la frase dejar al descubierto

Base = base, fundamento

Bass = bajo (elctrico), tambin el pez rbalo, pero suena diferente

Break = un descando o pausa, tambin los verbos romper, quebrantar

Brake = freno, aplicar los frenos

Dew = roco

Do = el verbo hacer

Due = debido, merecido

Facts = hechos, datos

Fax = documento transmitido por telfono

Find = los verbos hallar, encontrar

Fined = el tiempo pasado de multar

Hay = heno

Hey = interjeccin que significa oye!

Hear = el verbo or


3/55


Here = aqu

Hole = hueco

Whole = entero, ntegro

Know = saber, conocer

No = no

Mail = correo

Male = varn

Meat = carne

Meet = conocer por primera vez

Morning = la maana

Mourning = luto, duelo

One = el nmero uno

Won = el tiempo pasado de ganar to win

Pear = pera

Pair = par, pareja

Pare = el verbo mondar

Pacience = paciencia

Patients = pacientes

Piece = pieza

Peace = paz

Plain = simple, comn y corriente

Plane = avin

Read = tiempo pasado del verbo leer

Red = rojo

Right = correcto, derecho (legal), (a la) derecha

Write = el verbo escribir

Rite = rito, ritual


4/55


Sail = vela del bote

Sale = venta, liquidacin

Scene = escena

Seen = participio pasado del verbo ver

Son = hijo

Sun = sol

Steal = el verbo hurtar

Steel = acero

Wait = el verbo esperar

Weight = peso, tambin pesaWeak = dbil

Week = semana

Verbos iregulares

INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE PARTICIPIO PASADO TRADUCCIN

Arise Arose Arisen Surgir, Levantarse

Awake Awoke Awoken DespertarseBe/ am, are, is Was / Were Been Ser / Estar

Bear Bore Borne / Born Soportar, dar a luz

Beat Beat Beaten Golpear

Become Became Become Llegar a Ser

Begin Began Begun Empezar

Bend Bent Bent Doblar

Bet Bet Bet Apostar

Bind

Bound

Bound

Atar, encuadernar

Bid Bid Bid Pujar

Bite Bit Bitten Morder

Bleed Bled Bled Sangrar

Blow Blew Blown Soplar

Break Broke Broken Romper


5/55

Breed Bred Bred Criar

Bring Brought Brought Traer Llevar

Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Radiar

Build Built Built Edificar

Burn Burnt /Burned Burnt / Burned Quemar

Burst Burst Burst Reventar

Buy Bought Bought Comprar

Cast Cast Cast Arrojar

Catch Caught Caught Coger

Come Came Come Venir

Cost Cost Cost Costar

Cut Cut Cut Cortar

Choose Chose Chosen Elegir

Cling Clung Clung Agarrarse

Creep Crept Crept Arrastrarse

Deal Dealt Dealt Tratar

Dig Dug Dug Cavar

Do (Does) Did Done Hacer

Draw Drew Drawn Dibujar

Dream Dreamt / Dreamed Dreamt / Dreamed Soar

Drink Drank Drunk BeberDrive Drove Driven Conducir

Eat Ate Eaten Comer

Fall Fell Fallen Caer

Feed Fed Fed Alimentar

Feel Felt Felt Sentir

Fight Fought Fought Luchar

Find Found Found Encontrar

Flee Fled Fled HuirFly Flew Flown Volar

Forbid Forbade Forbidden Prohibir

Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar

Forgive Forgave Forgiven Perdonar

Freeze Froze Frozen Helar


6/55

Get Got Got / Gotten Obtener

Give Gave Given Dar

Go (Goes) Went Gone Ir

Grow Grew Grown Crecer

Grind Ground Ground Moler

Hang Hung Hung Colgar

Have Had Had Haber o Tener

Hear Heard Heard Oir

Hide Hid Hidden Ocultar

Hit Hit Hit Golpear

Hold Held Held Agarrar Celebrar

Hurt Hurt Hurt Herir

Keep Kept Kept Conservar

Know Knew Known Saber Conocer

Kneel Knelt Knelt Arrodillarse

Knit Knit Knit Hacer punto

Lay Laid Laid Poner

Lead Led Led Conducir

Lean Leant Leant Apoyarse

Leap Leapt Leapt Brincar

Learn Learnt / Learned Learnt / Learned AprenderLeave Left Left Dejar

Lend Lent Lent Prestar

Let Let Let Permitir

Lie Lay Lain Echarse

Light Lit Lit Encender

Lose Lost Lost Perder

Make Made Made Hacer

Mean Meant Meant SignificarMeet Met Met Encontrar

Mistake Mistook Mistaken Equivocar

Overcome Overcame Overcome Vencer

Pay Paid Paid Pagar

Put Put Put Poner


7/55

Read Read Read Leer

Ride Rode Ridden Montar

Ring Rang Rung Llamar

Rise Rose Risen Levantarse

Run Ran Run Correr

Say Said Said Decir

See Saw Seen Ver

Seek Sought Sought Buscar

Sell Sold Sold Vender

Send Sent Sent Enviar

Set Set Set Poner(se)

Sew Sewed Sewed / Sewn Coser

Shake Shook Shaken Sacudir

Shear Shore Shorn Esquilar

Shine Shone Shone Brillar

Shoot Shot Shot Disparar

Show Showed Shown Mostrar

Shrink Shrank Shrunk Encogerse

Shut Shut Shut Cerrar

Sing Sang Sung Cantar

Sink Sank Sunk HundirSit Sat Sat Sentarse

Sleep Slept Slept Dormir

Slide Slid Slid Resbalar

Smell Smelt Smelt Oler

Sow Sowed Sowed / Sown Sembrar

Speak Spoke Spoken Hablar

Speed Sped Sped Acelerar

Spell Spelt Spelt DeletrearSpend Spent Spent Gastar

Spill Spilt / Spilled Spilt / Spilled Derramar

Spin Spun Spun Hilar

Spit Spat Spat Escupir

Split Split Split Hender / partir / rajar


8/55

Spoil Spoilt / Spoiled Spoilt / Spoiled Estropear

Spread Spread Spread Extender

Spring Sprang Sprung Saltar

Stand Stood Stood Estar en pie

Steal Stole Stolen Robar

Stick Stuck Stuck Pegar Engomar

Sting Stung Stung Picar

Stink Stank/Stunk Stunk Apestar

Stride Strode Stridden Dar zancadas

Strike Struck Struck Golpear

Swear Swore Sworn Jurar

Sweat Sweat Sweat Sudar

Sweep Swept Swept Barrer

Swell Swelled Swollen Hinchar

Swim Swam Swum Nadar

Swing Swung Swung Columpiarse

Take Took Taken Coger

Teach Taught Taught Ensear

Tear Tore Torn Rasgar

Tell Told Told Decir

Think Thought Thought PensarThrow Threw Thrown Arrojar Tirar

Thrust Thrust Thrust Introducir

Tread Trod Trodden Pisar, hollar

Understand Understood Understood Entender

Undergo Underwent Undergone Sufrir

Undertake Undertook Undertaken Emprender

Wake Woke Woken Despertarse

Wear Wore Worn Llevar puestoWeave Wove Woven Tejer

Weep Wept Wept Llorar

Wet Wet Wet Mojar

Win Won Won Ganar

Wind Wound Wound Enrollar


9/55

Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Retirarse

Wring Wrung Wrung Torcer

Write Wrote Written Escribir

Forman el pasado y participio pasado de manera irregular. Para el presente secomportan como los verbos regulares, aadiendo '-s' a la tercera persona singular(excepto 'to be' y 'to have').

Para escuchar la pronunciacin de las palabras haz 'click' sobre el icono del altavoz(speaker). Para practicar, tras or la expresin en espaol haz una pausa en tureproductor para que puedas pronunciar el correspondiente trmino en ingls antes deor la respuesta.

Verbos regulares

Abandon Abandonar Abolish Abolir

Absolve Absolver Absorb Absorber

Abuse Injuriar Accede Acceder

Accelerate Acelerar Accent Acentuar

Accept Aceptar Accuse Acusar

Accustom Acostumbrar Achieve Llevar a cabo

Acquire Adquirir Act Actuar

Add Sumar Address Dirigir

Admire Admirar Admit Admitir

Adore Adorar Adorn Adornar

Advance Avanzar Advertise Anunciar

Advise Aconsejar Affirm Afirmar

Agree Acceder Allow Permitir

Amount Ascender/cantidad Amuse Divertir

Announce Anunciar Annoy Molestar

Answer Contestar Apologize Excusarse

Appear Aparecer Appoint Nombrar

Approach Acercarse Approve Aprobar

Arrange Arreglar Arrive Llegar

Ask Preguntar Assure Asegurar

Astonish Asombrar Attack Atacar

Attempt Intentar Attend Asistir


10/55

Attract Atraer Avoid Evitar

Bathe Baarse Beg Rogar, pedir

Believe Creer Belong Pertenecer

Blame Culpar Book Reservar

Call Llamar Carry Llevar

Cash Cobrar Cease Cesar

Change Cambiar Check Comprobar

Claim Reclamar Clean Limpiar

Clear Aclarar, limpiar Climb Trepar

Close Cerrar Collect Recoger

Comb Peinar Combine Combinar

Command Mandar Commit Cometer

Compare Comparar Complain Quejarse

Compose Componer Conceal Ocultar

Consider Considerar Consist Consistir

Contain Contener Continue Continuar

Copy Copiar Correct Corregir

Cough Toser Count Contar

Cover Cubrir Cross Cruzar

Crown Coronar Cry Gritar, llorar

Damage Daar Dance BailarDawn Amanecer Deceive Engaar

Decide Decidir Declare Declarar

Defend Defender Deliver Entregar

Desire Desear Despise Despreciar

Destroy Destruir Detach Separar

Develop Desarrollar Devote Dedicar

Devour Devorar Discover Descubrir

Dislike Desaprobar Disturb PerturbarDivide Dividir Drag Arrastrar

Drop Dejar caer Dry Secar

Earn Ganar Elect Elegir

Employ Emplear Enclose Incluir

Encourage Animar End Terminar


11/55

Enjoy Disfrutar Enter Entrar

Establish Establecer Esteem Estimar

Evoke Evocar Exchange Cambiar

Expect Esperar Explain Explicar

Explode Estallar Expose Exponer

Express Expresar Extract Extraer

Fail Fallar Fear Temer

Fetch Ir por Fill Llenar

Finish Acabar Fish Pescar

Fit Ajustar Fix Fijar

Float Flotar Fold Doblar

Follow Seguir Found Fundar

Gain Ganar Gamble Jugar

Gather Recoger Govern Gobernar

Grant Conceder Greet Saludar

Guard Guardar Guess Adivinar

Handle Manejar Hang Ahorcar

Happen Suceder Hate Odiar

Heat Calentar Help Ayudar

Hire Alquilar Hope Esperar

Hunt Cazar Hurry ApresurarseImagine Imaginar Imply Implicar

Import Importar Impress Impresionar

Improve Mejorar Include Incluir

Increase Aumentar Inquire Averiguar

Intend Proponerse Invent Inventar

Invite Invitar Iron Planchar

Join Unir Joke Bromear

Jump Saltar Justify JustificarKick Cocear Kill Matar

Kiss Besar Knock Golpear

Land Aterrizar Last Durar

Laugh Rer Lie Mentir

Like Gustar Listen Escuchar


12/55

Live Vivir Look Mirar

Love Amar Lower Bajar

Maintain Mantener Marry Casarse

Measure Medir Mend Componer

Mention Mencionar Move Mover

Name Nombrar Note Notar

Notice Notar, darse cuenta Number Numerar

Obey Obedecer Oblige Obligar

Oblige Obligar Occupy Ocupar

Offer Ofrecer Open Abrir

Order Ordenar Organize Organizar

Pack Empaquetar Paint Pintar

Pass Pasar Permit Permitir

Place Colocar Play Jugar

Please Agradar Possess Poseer

Practise Practicar Prefer Preferir

Prepare Preparar Present Presentar

Produce Producir Promise Prometer

Propose Proponer Pull Tirar de

Punish Castigar Push Empujar

Rain Llover Reach AlcanzarReceive Recibir Refer Referir

Refuse Rehusar Relieve Aliviar

Remain Permanecer Remember Recordar

Remind Recordar Remove Quitar

Rent Arrendar Repair Reparar

Repeat Repetir Reply Replicar

Report Informar Request Suplicar, requerir

Require Requerir Rest DescansarReturn Volver Rush Precipitarse

Sail Navegar Save Ahorrar

Seem Parecer Sharpen Afilar

Shout Gritar Sign Firmar

Smile Sonrer Smoke Fumar


13/55

Sound Sonar Start Empezar

Stop Parar Study Estudiar

Suffer Sufrir Suggest Sugerir

Suppose Suponer Surprise Sorprender

Talk Hablar Tame Domesticar

Taste Probar Tire Cansar

Touch Tocar Test Probar

Thank Agradecer Tie Atar

Translate Traducir Travel Viajar

Trouble Molestar Trust Confiar

Try Probar Turn Girar

Unite Unir Use Usar

Vary Variar Visit Visitar

Wait Esperar Walk Andar

Want Querer Wash Lavar

Watch Vigilar Weigh Pesar

Wish Desear Work Trabajar

Worry Preocuparse Wound Herir

Son los que forman el pasado y el participio pasado aadiendo la terminacin '-ed'

I work / Yo trabajoI worked / Yo trabaj o trabajaba

Adjetivos

1. good: bueno

2. bad: malo

3. large: grande4. small: pequeo

5. long: largo

6. short: corto

7. thick: grueso

8. narrow: estrecho

9. deep: profundo/hondo

10.shallow: llano
http://www.mansioningles.com/pack_informa.htm


14/55

11.whole: entero

12. low: bajo

13.high: alto

14.near: cerca

15. far: lejos

16.quick: rpido

17.slow: lento

18.early: temprano

19. late: tarde

20.bright: vivo, brillante

21.dark: oscuro

22.cloudy: nublado

23.sunny: soleado

24.clear: despejado, claro

25.warm: caliente, templado

26.cool: fresco

27.hot: caliente

28.cold: fro29.dry: seco

30.wet: mojado

31.hard: duro

32.soft: suave

33.heavy: pesado

34. light: liviano

35.strong: fuerte

36.weak: dbil

37.clean: limpio

38.dirty: sucio

39.empty: vaco40. full: lleno

41. thirsty: sediento

42.hungry: hambriento

43. fat: gordo

44.skinny: flaco

45.old: viejo

46.young:joven

47.sweet: dulce

48.sour: agrio, cido

49.bitter: amargo

50.salty: salado

51.expensive: caro

52.cheap: barato

53. free: gratis

54.difficult: difcil


15/55

Aspecto fisico- Physical Appearence.

Tall (tol) - alto, altaThin (thin)- delgado, delgadaSlim (slim)- esbelto, esbelta

Fat (fat)- gordo, gordaPlump (plump)- gordito, gorditaStrong (estrong)- fuerteWeak (wik)- dbilBold (bold)- calvo, calvaHandsome (handsome) Good-looking (god lookin), attractive (atractive)- guapo,guapa, atractivo, atractivaLovely (lovly)-guapaUgly (ugly)- feo, fea

Personalidad - Personality

cheerful (chirful) -alegre, jovial;kind (kaind)-amableambitious (ambicious)- ambiciosofriendly (friendli)- amigable, simptico, agradablecantankerous (kantakerious)- cascarrabiascowardly (kowardlie)-cobardesympathetic (understanding)-comprensivoconservative (konservatife)-conservadorconventional (konventional)- convencional

talkative (tolkative)- conversador, habladorflirtatious (fliratious)- coquetapolite (polite)-corts, educadobig-headed (big headead)-credo, engredocruel (krul)- cruelopen-minded (open mindead): narrow-minded (narrouw mindead):de actitudabierta, sin prejuiciosde mentalidad cerrada, intolerante;moody (moodie)- de humor cambiantebitchy (bitchie)- de mala leche, venenoso;careless (kareleass)- descuidado, poco cuidadosocarefree (kare frie)- despreocupado

trustworthy (trust wortie)- digno de confianzaargumentative (argumentative), quarrelsome (kuarelsome)- discutidorselfish (selfish)- egostacharming (charming)- encantadorstrict (estrict)- estricto, severo, rigurosotwo-faced (too faced)- falsoreliable(reliabel) fiable(fiable), confiable:(konfiable) -es una persona en la que sepuede confiar


16/55

loyal (loyial)-fielgenerous (generous)- generosohonest (onest)- honestonaive (naife)- ingenuo, inocentncrazy (krazy), nuts (nuts) -loco, chiflado

bad-tempered (bad tempeared)- malhumoradonaughty (children) (naugty)- malo, travieso (nios)modest (modest)- modestoproud (proud)- orgullosolazy- (lazy)- perezoso, vagoannoying (anoying)- pesadoconceited (konceited), full of oneself (full of oneself)- presumidocautious (kaitious)- prudente, cauteloso, cauto;weird (wird)- raro, extraoself-confident (self confident): to be self-confidentseguro de s mismo: tener confianza en s mismosensible (sensival)- sensato, prudente;sensitive (sensitife)- sensibledull (dull), boring (boring)- soso, aburridomean (mean)- tacaostubborn (stuborn)- terco, testarudo, tozudohard-working (hard working) -trabajadorlaid-back (laid bak)- tranquilo, relajadoshy( shie) ,introverted (introvertead)- tmido, vergonzoso - introvertidobrave (braive)- valiente

Colores -Colors

black (blak)-negrogray (gri)-grisviolet (violit)-violetawhite (juit)-blancogreen (grin)-verdeorange (rendch)-naranjared (red)-rojobrown (brun)-marrn


17/55

sky blue (ski blu)-celesteblue (blu)- azulyellow (ilou)-amarillopink (pink)- rosapurple (prpl)- prpura

beige (bidch) - beigeturquoise (trkuis) - turquesa

Tamao/Medida- Size/Measure

big (big) - grandelarge (lardch) - grandehuge (jidch) - enormesmall (smol) - pequeotiny (tini) - diminutoheavy (jvi) - pesadolight (lit) - livianothick (zik) - gruesothin (zin) - delgadowide (uid) - anchohigh (ji) - elevado,altolow (lu) - bajotall (tol) - altoshort (short) - corto, bajolong (long) - largomedium (mdium) - medionarrow (nrrou) - angostodeep (dip) - profundoshallow (shlou) - superficial,poco profundobroad (brod) - ancho

Forma- Shape

square (skur) - cuadradoround (rund) - redondorectangular (rektnguiular) - rectangulartriangular (trainguiular) - triangularoval (uval) - oval

conical (knical) - cnicospherical (sfrical) - esfricocubical (kibical) - cbicocylindrical (cilndrical) - cilndricostraight (strit)- rectocurved (kervd) - curvocrooked (krkid) - torcidobroad (brod) - ancho


18/55

narrow (nrrou) -angostoflat (flat) - planosteep (stip) - empinadohollow (jlou) - huecosolid (slid) - slido

Edad/Tiempo - Age/Time

old (uld) - viejoyoung (ing) - jovennew (ni) - nuevomodern (mdern) - modernoancient (inshent) - antiguoold fashioned - anticuadoupdated (pditid) - actualizadooutdated (utditid) desactualizado

fast (fast) - rpidoquick (kuk) - rpidoslow (slu) - lentosenior (snior) - mayor

junior (dchnior) - muy joven,principiantecurrent (krrent) - actualpast (past) - pasadofuture (fiutur) - futuro

Tiempo (clima)- Weather

rainy (rini) - lluviosostormy (strmi) - tormentososunny (sni) - soleadowindy (undi) - ventososnowy (snui) - con nievedamp (damp) - hmedodry (dri) - secoicy (ici) - con hielofoggy (fgui) - con nieblaovercast (uvercst) - nubladocloudy (cludi) - nuboso

clear (clar) - despejadomild (mild) - templado

Temperatura- Temperature

freezing (frissing) - helado


19/55

chilly (chli) - frocold (culd) - frocool (kul) - frescolukewarm (lk-urm) - tibioboiling (biling) - hirviendo

muggy (mgui) - calurosohot (jot) - calurosowarm (urm) - clidopleasant (plsant) - agradable

Textura/Tacto- Texture/Touch

hard (jrd) - durosoft (soft) - blandorough (raf) - spero, rugososmooth (smud) - suavesolid (slid) - slidoliquid (lkuid) - lquidowet (wt) - mojadodry (dri) - secoslippery (slperi) - resbaladizosticky (stki) - pegagosoeven (ven) - llano, lisouneven (anven) - desigualsharp (sharp) - afiladoblunt (blant) - desafiladoclean (klin) - limpio

dirty (drti) - suciotight (tit) - apretadoloose (lus) - holgado

Materiales- Materials

iron (iron) - de hierrosteel (stil) - de acerorubber (rber) - de gomapaper (piper) - de papel

woolen (wulen) - de lanaplastic (plstic) - de plsticostone (stun) - de piedrawooden (wudn) - de maderaglass(gls) - de vidrioleather (lder) - de cuerosilver (slver) - de platagold (guld) - de oro


20/55

tin (tin) - de latacotton (kton) - de algodn

Religin- Religion

Catholic (czolic) - catlicoProtestant (prtestant) - protestanteAnglican (nglican) - anglicanoBaptist (bptist) - bautistaChristian (crstchan) - cristianoHindu (jndu) - hindBuddhist (bdist) - budistaMuslin (mslim) - musulmnJewish (dchish) - judoLutheran (lzeran) - luterano

absent 'bsnt b'sent

abstract 'bstrkt b'strkt

abstracts 'bstrkts b'strkts

accent 'ksnt k'sentaccents 'ksnts k'sents

addict 'dkt 'dkt

addicts 'dkts 'dkts

advert 'dvt d'vt

adverts 'dvts d'vts

affect 'fekt 'fekt

affects 'fekts 'fekts

affix 'fks 'fks

affixes fksz 'fksz

allies 'laz 'laz

alloy 'lo 'lo


21/55

alloys 'loz 'loz

ally 'la 'la

annex 'neks 'neks

annexes 'neksz 'neksz

attribute 'trbjut 'trbjut

attributes 'trbjuts 'trbjuts

collect 'klekt k'lekt

collects 'klekts k'lekts

combat 'kmbt km'bt

combats 'kmbts km'bts

combine 'kmban km'ban

combines 'kmbanz km'banz

commune 'kmjun k'mjun

communes 'kmjunz k'mjunz

compact 'kmpkt km'pkt

compacts 'kmpkts km'pkts

complex 'kmpleks km'plekscompound 'kmpand km'pand

compounds 'kmpandz km'pandz

compress 'kmpres km'pres

compresses 'kmpresz km'presz

concert 'knst kn'st

concerts 'knsts kn'sts

conduct 'kndkt kn'dkt

confines 'knfanz kn'fanz

conflict 'knflkt kn'flkt

conflicts 'knflkts kn'flkts

conscript 'knskrpt kn'skrpt


22/55

conscripts 'knskrpts kn'skrpts

console 'knsl kn'sl

consoles 'knslz kn'slz

consort 'knst kn'st

consorts 'knsts kn'sts

content 'kntent kn'tent

contents 'kntents kn'tents

contest 'kntest kn'test

contests 'kntests kn'tests

contract 'kntrkt kn'trkt

contracts 'kntrkts kn'trkts

contrast 'kntrst kn'trst

contrasts 'kntrsts kn'trsts

converse 'knvs kn'vs

convert 'knvt kn'vt

converts 'knvts kn'vts

convict 'knvkt kn'vktconvicts 'knvkts kn'vkts

counterbalance 'kantblns ,kant'blns

counterbalances 'kantblnsz ,kant'blnsz

decoy 'diko d'ko

decoys 'dikoz d'koz

decrease 'dikris d'kris

decreases 'dikrisz d'krisz

defect 'difekt d'fekt

defects 'difekts d'fekts

defile 'difal d'fal

defiles 'difalz d'falz


23/55

descant 'desknt d'sknt

descants 'desknts d'sknts

desert 'dezt d'zt

deserts 'dezts d'zts

dictate 'dktet dk'tet

dictates 'dktets dk'tets

digest 'daest d'est

digests 'daests d'ests

discard 'dskd d'skd

discards 'dskdz d'skdz

discharge 'ds d's

discharges 'dsz d'sz

discount 'dskant ds'kant

discounts 'dskants ds'kants

discourse 'dsks d'sks

discourses 'dsksz d'sksz

entrance 'entrns n'trnsentrances 'entrnsz n'trnsz

envelope 'nvlp n'velp

envelopes 'nvlps n'velps

escort 'eskt 'skt

escorts 'eskts 'skts

essay 'ese e'se

essays 'esez e'sez

excess 'ekses k'ses

excise 'eksaz k'saz

exploit 'eksplot k'splot

exploits 'eksplots k'splots


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export 'ekspt k'spt

exports 'ekspts k'spts

extract 'ekstrkt k'strkt

extracts 'ekstrkts k'strkts

ferment 'fment f'ment

ferments 'fments f'ments

filtrate 'fltret fl'tret

filtrates 'fltrets fl'trets

fragment 'frgmnt frg'ment

fragments 'frgmnts frg'ments

frequent 'frikwnt fr'kwent

impact 'mpkt m'pkt

impacts 'mpkts m'pkts

implant 'mplnt m'plnt

implants 'mplnts m'plnts

import 'mpt m'pt

imports 'mpts m'ptsimpress 'mpres m'pres

impresses 'mpresz m'presz

imprint 'mprnt m'prnt

imprints 'mprnts m'prnts

incense 'nsens n'sens

incline 'nklan n'klan

inclines 'nklanz n'klanz/td>

increase 'kris n'kris

increases 'krisz n'krisz

indent 'ndent n'dent

indents 'ndents n'dents


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inlay 'nle ,n'le

inlays 'nlez ,n'lez

insert 'nst n'st

inserts 'nsts n'sts

inset 'nset ,n'set

insets 'nsets ,n'sets

instinct 'nstkt ,n'stkt

insult 'nslt n'slt

insults 'nslts n'slts

interchange 'nten ,nt'en

interchanges 'ntenz ,nt'enz

interdict 'ntdkt ,nt'dkt

interdicts 'ntdkts ,nt'dkts

intern 'ntn n'tn

interns 'ntnz n'tnz

introvert 'ntrvt ,ntr'vt

introverts 'ntrvts ,ntr'vtsinverse 'nvs n'vs

invite 'nvat n'vat

invites 'nvats n'vats

mandate 'mndet ,mn'det

misconduct ,ms'kndkt ,mskn'dkt

misprint 'msprnt ,ms'prnt

misprints 'msprnts ,ms'prnts

object 'bkt b'ekt

objects 'bkts b'ekts

overbid 'vbd ,v'bd

overbids 'vbdz ,v'bdz


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overcharge 'v ,v'

overcharges 'vz ,v'z

overflow 'vfl ,v'fl

overflows 'vflz ,v'flz

overhang 'vh ,v'h

overhangs 'vhz ,v'hz

overhaul 'vhl ,v'hl

overhauls 'vhlz ,v'hlz

overlap 'vlp v'lp

overlaps 'vlps ,v'lps

overlay 'vle ,v'le

overlays 'vlez ,v'lez

overprint 'vprnt ,v'prnt/td>

overprints 'vprnts ,v'prnts

overstrain 'vstren ,v'stren

overthrow 'vr ,v'r

overthrows 'vrz ,v'rzoverwork 'vwk ,v'wk

perfect 'pfkt p'fekt

perfume 'pfjum p'fjum

perfumes 'pfjumz p'fjumz

permit 'pmt p'mt

permits 'pmts p'mts

pervert 'pvt p'vt

perverts 'pvts p'vts

prefix 'prifks ,pri'fks

prefixes 'prifksz ,pri'fksz

presage 'pres pr'se


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presages 'presz pr'sez

present 'preznt pr'zent

presents 'preznts pr'zents

proceeds 'prsidz pr'sidz

process 'prses pr'ses

processed 'prsest pr'sest

processes 'prsesz pr'sesz

processing 'prses pr'ses

produce 'prdjus pr'djus

progress 'prgres pr'gres

progresses 'prgresz pr'gresz

project 'prekt pr'ekt

projects 'prekts pr'ekts

prolapse 'prlps pr'lps

prolapses 'prlpsz pr'lpsz

prospect 'prspekt pr'spekt

prospects 'prspekts pr'spektsprostrate 'prstret pr'stret

protest 'prtest pr'test

protests 'prtests pr'tests

purport 'ppt p'pt

quadruple 'kwdrupl kw'drupl

quadruples 'kwdruplz kw'druplz

rampage 'rmpe ,rm'pe

rampages 'rmpez ,rm'pez

rebel 'rebl r'bel

rebels 'reblz r'belz

rebound 'riband ,ri'band


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rebounds 'ribandz r'bandz

recall 'rikl r'kl

recalls 'riklz r'klz

recap 'rikp ,ri'kp

recapped 'rikpt ,ri'kpt

recapping 'rikp ,ri'kp

recaps 'rikps ,ri'kps

record 'rekd r'kd

records 'rekdz r'kdz

re-count 'rikant ,ri'kant

re-counts 'rikants ,ri'kants

refill 'rifl ,ri'fl

refills 'riflz ,ri'flz

refit 'rift ,ri'ft

refits 'rifts ,ri'fts

refund 'rifnd r'fnd

refunds 'rifndz r'fndzrefuse 'refjus r'fjuz

rehash 'rih ,ri'h

rehashes 'rihz ,ri'hz

reject 'riekt r'ekt

rejects 'riekts r'ekts

relay 'rile ,ri'le

relaying ,ri'le r'le

relays 'rilez ,ri'lez

remake 'rimek ,ri'mek

remakes 'rimeks ,ri'meks

remount 'rimant ,ri'mant


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remounts 'rimants ,ri'mants

replay 'riple ,ri'ple

replays 'riplez ,ri'plez

reprint 'riprnt ,ri'prnt

reprints 'riprnts ,ri'prnts

rerun 'rirn ,ri'rn

reruns 'rirnz ,ri'rnz

retake 'ritek ,ri'tek

retakes 'riteks ,ri'teks

rethink 'rik ,ri'k

rethinks 'riks ,ri'ks

retread 'ritred ,ri'tred

retreads 'ritredz ,ri'tredz

rewrite 'rirat ,ri'rat

rewrites 'rirats ,ri'rats

second 'seknd s'knd

seconded 'sekndd s'knddseconding 'seknd s'knd

seconds 'sekndz s'kndz

segment 'segmnt seg'ment

segments 'segmnts seg'ments

subcontract ,sb'kntrkt ,sbkn'trkt

subcontracts ,sb'kntrkts ,sbkn'trkts

subject 'sbkt sb'ekt

subjects 'sbkts sb'ekts

surmise 'smaz s'maz

surmises 'smazz s'mazz

survey 'sve s've


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surveys 'svez s'vez

suspect 'sspekt s'spekt

suspects 'sspekts s'spekts

torment 'tment t'ment

torments 'tments t'ments

transfer 'trnsfR trns'fR

transfers 'trnsfz trns'fz

transplant 'trnsplnt trns'plnt

transplants 'trnsplnts trns'plnts

transport 'trnspt trn'spt

transports 'trnspts trn'spts

undercharge 'nd ,nd'

undercharges 'ndz ,nd'z

undercut 'ndkt ,nd'kt

underlay 'ndle ,nd'le

underline 'ndlan ,nd'lan

underlines 'ndlanz ,nd'lanzundertaking 'ndtek ,nd'tek

undertakings 'ndtekz ,nd'tekz

upgrade 'pgred ,p'gred

upgrades 'pgredz ,p'gredz

uplift 'plft ,p'lft

upset 'pset ,p'set

upsets 'psets ,p'sets

There were two interesting words which reversed the trend

of this set, words where the front-stressed form was the (3rd

person singular) verb and a form with stress later in the word

was the (plural) noun:


31/55

analyses 'nlazz 'nlsiz

diagnoses 'dagnzz ,dag'nsiz

Return to contents

-ATE words

Another large group was the set of words ending with -atewhere the noun/adjective sense uses a schwa while the verb

sense uses a full /e/ diphthong. There were 44 of these (or72 counting the inflectional variants). All of them retain the

same stress pattern whether noun/adjective or verb except for

alternateand consummatewhich, like analysesanddiagnosesand unlike the other stress homographs, puts thestress at the front for the verb and later for the

noun/adjective. I have omitted discriminate, which is verycommon as a verb but extremely rare as an adjective,

although the negative of the adjective, indiscriminate, iscommon. (See Higgins 1984 for a discussion of the

phenomenon.)

advocate 'dvkt 'dvket

advocates 'dvkts 'dvkets

agglomerate 'glmrt 'glmret

aggregate 'grgt 'grget

aggregates 'grgts 'grgets

alternate l'tnt 'ltnet

animate 'nmt 'nmet

appropriate 'prprt 'prpret

approximate 'prksmt 'prksmet

articulate 'tkjlt 'tkjlet
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aspirate 'sprt 'spret

aspirates 'sprts 'sprets

associate 'st 'set

associates 'sts 'sets

certificate s'tfkt s'tfket

certificates s'tfkts s'tfkets

confederate kn'fedrt kn'fedret

confederates kn'fedrts kn'fedrets

conglomerate kn'glmrt kn'glmret

conglomerates kn'glmrts kn'glmrets

consummate 'knsmet kn'smt

coordinate ,k'dnt ,k'dnet

coordinates ,k'dnts ,k'dnets

degenerate d'enrt d'enret

degenerates d'enrts d'enrets

delegate 'delgt 'delget

delegates 'delgts 'delgetsdeliberate d'lbrt d'lbret

desolate 'deslt 'deslet

duplicate 'djuplkt 'djuplket

duplicates 'djuplkts 'djuplkets

ejaculate 'kjult 'kjulet

ejaculates 'kjults 'kjulets

elaborate 'lbrt 'lbret

estimate 'estmt 'estmet

estimates 'estmts 'estmets

expatriate eks'ptrt eks'ptret

expatriates eks'ptrts eks'ptrets


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graduate 'grt 'gret

graduates 'grts 'grets

incarnate n'knt n'knet

incorporate n'kprt n'kpret

inebriate 'nibrt 'nibret

inebriates 'nibrts 'nibrets

initiate 'nt 'net

initiates 'nts 'nets

intimate 'ntmt 'ntmet

intimates 'ntmts 'ntmets

legitimate l'tmt l'tmts

moderate 'mdrt 'mdret

moderates 'mdrts 'mdrets

pontificate pn'tfkt pn'tfket

pontificates pn'tfkts pn'tfkets

precipitate pr'sptt pr'sptet

predicate 'predkt 'predketpredicates 'predkts 'predkets

quadruplicate kw'druplkt kw'druplket

quadruplicates kw'druplkts kw'druplkets

regenerate r'enrt r'enret

reincarnate ,rin'knt ,rin'knet

reticulate r'tkjlt r'tkjlet

separate 'seprt 'sepret

separates 'seprts 'seprets

subordinate s'bdnt s'bdnet

subordinates s'bdnts s'bdnets

syndicate 'sndkt 'sndket


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syndicates 'sndkts 'sndkets

triplicate 'trplkt 'trplket

triplicates 'trplkts 'trplkets

underestimate ,nd'restmt ,nd'restmet

underestimates ,nd'restmts ,nd'restmets

Return to contents

-MENT words

A similar but smaller group was the set of words ending with

-mentwhere the noun sense uses a schwa while the verbsense uses a full vowel. There were five of these (ten

including the inflectional variants).

compliment 'kmplmnt 'kmplment

compliments 'kmplmnts 'kmplments

document 'dkjmnt 'dkjment

documents 'dkjmnts 'dkjments

implement 'implmnt 'mplment

implements 'mplmnts 'mplments

ornament 'nmnt 'nment

ornaments 'nmnts 'nments

supplement 'splmnt 'splment

supplements 'splmnts 'splmentsReturn to contents

Voicing

A fifth set was that in which the noun/verb or adjective/verb

distinction was made by voicing a final consonant. There

were eighteen of these. One of them, the word close, exists
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as a verb with /z/, as an adjective with /s/, and as two

different nouns, with /z/ meaning 'conclusion' and with /s/

meaning 'street with no exit'. In the form closer it may be a

comparative adjective with /s/ or an agent noun with /z/. It isalso worth noting the way usedoccurs with /s/ in thecolligation 'used to' to make a past tense while the

pronunciation with /z/ has the meaning 'employed'.

abuse 'bjus 'bjuz

abuses 'bjusz 'bjuzz

baths bz bs

close kls klzcloses 'klsz 'klzz

closer 'kls 'klz

diffuse d'fjus d'fjuz

excuse k'skjus k'skjuz

excuses k'skjusz k'skjuzz

house has haz

misuse ,ms'jus ,ms'juz

misuses ,ms'jusz ,ms'juzz

mouth ma ma

mouths mas maz

unused n'just n'juzd

use jus juz

used just juzd

uses 'jusz 'juzzReturn to contents

Words beginning re-
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Apart from the words beginning with re- which occur asfront-stressed nouns or end-stressed verbs such as rebel,record, refill and reprint, listed understress homographs above,

there are a number of others which are not distinguished bymain stress but by the presence of secondary stress on the

prefix and a consequent change of pronunciation from /r/

to /ri/. The first pronunciation tends to be associated withthe meaning 'back' and the second with 'again'. The prefix re-with the second pronunciation often has the potential to enter

homographs as one returns to earlier meanings of the base

form. Thus we talk of reform /r'fm/ in the church or the

legal system, but a sculptor might reform /,ri'fm/ a clay

model; you can make a remark/r'mk/ in speech, while a

teacher may remark/,ri'mk/ a contested exam paper. You

may resent /r'zent/ unfair criticism, while a garbled

message may be resent/,ri'sent/. This distinction issometimes signalled by including a hyphen in the spelling

for the second meanings, re-form, re-mark and re-sent.Notice that the main stress does not move, and that where the

base begins with the pronuciation shifts between /z/

and /s/ as in resent, reserve, resign and resort. More ofthese forms may be added to the language, though those

listed below are the only ones I know of so far that are wellattested. There are two other special cases, the verb

representand the noun recreation in which the stress is onthe prefix and the distinction is between the pronunciations

/re/ and /ri/.
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recover r'kv ,ri'kv

recovers r'kvz ,ri'kvz

recovered r'kvd ,ri'kvd

recovering r'kv ,ri'kv

(get better after illness/put new covers on soft furniture)

recreation 'rekr,en 'rikr,en

(amusement/copying an effect or mood)

reform r'fm ,ri'fm

reforms r'fmz ,ri'fmz

reformed r'fmd ,ri'fmd

reforming r'fm ,ri'fm

(change a corrupt system/re-make a clay statue)

rejoin r'on ,ri'on

rejoined r'ond ,ri'ond

rejoining r'on ,ri'on

rejoins r'onz ,ri'onz

(answer/join again)remark r'mk ,ri'mk

remarks r'mks ,ri'mks

remarked r'mkt ,ri'mkt

remarking r'mk ,ri'mk

(comment/mark a contested exam paper again)

represent 'reprzent 'riprzent

represents 'reprzents 'riprzents

represented 'reprzentd 'riprzentd

representing 'reprzent 'riprzent

(stand for/present again)

reproof r'pruf ,ri'pruf


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reproofs r'prufs ,ri'prufs

(criticism/proofread again)

resent r'zent ,ri'sent

(feel bitter/transmitted again)

reserve r'z3v ,ri's3v

reserves r'z3vz ,ri's3vz

reserved r'z3vd ,ri's3vd

reserving r'z3v ,ri's3v

(make a booking/serve again)

resign r'zan ,ri'sn

resigns r'zanz ,ri'snz

resigned r'zand ,ri'snd

resigning r'zan ,ri'sn

(step down from a job/sign again)

resolve r'zlv ,ri'slv

resolves r'zlvz ,ri'slvz

resolved r'zlvd ,ri'slvdresolving r'zlv ,ri'slv

(determine/solve again)

resort r'zt ,ri'st

resorts r'zts ,ri'sts

resorted r'ztd ,ri'std

resorting r'zt ,ri'st

(make use of OR holiday town/sort again)Return to contents

Two more small groups could also be identified and

separated. The first was the nine -edadjectives withmatching verb past tenses:


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aged 'ed ed

blessed 'blesd blest

crabbed 'krbd krbd

crooked 'krkd krkt

cursed 'ksd kst

dogged 'dgd dgd

jagged 'gd gd

learned 'lnd lnd

ragged 'rgd rgd

Not in the dictionary with both pronunciations but behavingsimilarly is the word beloved, which has three syllables as anoun or attributive adjective, but only two as a passive

participle. ("I loved and was beloved again": Byron.) The

adjective supposedhas a rare archaic three-syllablepronunciation which is preserved in the derived adverb,

supposedly. Wingedwas listed only as a one-syllable verb,but is also heard often as a two-syllable adjective in the

phrase "Winged Victory". This dictionary listed wickedonlyas a two-syllable adjective, but the full OED also lists a one-

syllable pronunciation, meaning "having a wick". Similarly

this dictionary has ruggedonly as a two-syllable adjective,but the full OED has rugas a verb, which you might use in

"We don't need another rug; the room is well rugged

already."

The other group was the set of French loan words whose

Anglicised plural is not represented in the spelling. Only five

were recorded in the lists, but there are also many proper

names, especially those associated with products, books or

works of art, that behave in the same way, such as


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Beaujolais, Chablis, Charollais, Rabelais, Beaumarchais orMillais. There are also phrases such as faux pasand pince-nezwhich can be given a /z/ plural. A special case would be

Grand Prix. Several such races might be given a /z/ plural,but a careful editor would write Grands Prix for the plural,making this not a homograph.

bourgeois 'bw 'bwz

chamois 'mw 'mwz

corps k kz

patois 'ptw 'ptwz

rendezvous 'rndvu 'rndvuzReturn to contents

"True" homographs

That left the following set of 112 homographs (173 if all the

inflectional variants are counted) arising from a variety of

causes. This section of the list includes those words like

mopedand woundwhich are most typical of what we havein mind when we think of homographs. These include a

number which were not in the original dictionary list.

I have included several which contrast an ordinary word with

a place or personal name: the words nice, angers, lensandtoursall contrasting with French cities, liegewith a Belgiancity, trier with a German city, huewith a Vietnamese city,readingwith an English town, sconewith a Scottish villageand palace, wear with an English river, tangier with aMoroccan port, mobilewith a city in Alabama, natal with aSouth African province, rainier with a prince of Monaco,munch with a Norwegian artist, pearswith an English
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singer, dieter with a German first-name, ravel with a Frenchcomposer, andjobwith an Old-Testament prophet. Likeaugust/August, and polish/Polish they are distinguished by

capitalisation and would only be homographs in sentence-initial position or in all-upper-case writing. The word

romanceas a verb meaning to pay court to would mostlikely have the schwa in the first syllable, while romancemeaning a piece of fiction could have either schwa or a full

diphthong, and Romanceas a description of languagesderived from Latin would almost certainly have the full

diphthong. The surname Brazil is usually front-stressed (as

in Angela Brazil the author) while the name of the country isend-stressed. The girl's name Nancy is another homograph incontrast with a French city.

The word doveis a homograph for speakers of AmercianEnglish but not for the British for whom the past tense of

diveis dived. The verb sundry(dry in the sun) is not wellattested, though the participle sundried is common on foodlabels, sometimes with a hyphen, sun-dried. I am alsounsure how well the verb predate is attested in the meaning"devour prey", though it is common in its other meaning of

"come before". In six cases of recent loan words, expose,charge, pate, rose, resumeand attaches, the homograph isdisambiguated by retaining the French accents in the English

spelling. The contrast between the two-syllable and three-

syllable pronunciations ofeveningmay not be consistentlymade by all RP speakers, though all would recognise it, I

believe.


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Many of these words are particularly popular with crossword

setters since they allow for the creation of misleading cryptic

clues.(See below for examples.)

agape 'gp 'gep

(Christian love/open-mouthed)

angers/Angers 'gz 'e

(makes angry, city in France)

arithmetic 'rmtk ,r'metk

(noun, adjective as in 'arithmetic mean')

attachs/attaches 'taeez 'taetz(diplomats/fastens together; not a homograph if one retains

the accent)

august/August 'gst 'gst

(solemn/eighth month)

axes 'ksz 'ksiz

(plural of axe/plural of axis)

aye a e(Yes/ever)

baas bs bz

(South African boss/makes a sheep-like noise)

bases 'besz 'besiz

(plural of base/plural of basis)

bass bs bes

(kind of fish/low voice)

batman/Batman 'btmn 'bt,mn

(army officer's servant/comic book hero)

bow b ba

bowed bd bad
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bowing 'b 'ba

bows bz baz

(play violin/bend from the waist)

bower 'b 'ba

bowers 'bz 'baz

(violinist/tree-shaded place)

bowman 'bmn 'bamn

bowmen 'bmn 'bamn

(archer/rower at bow of boat)

Brazil 'brzl br'zl

(English surname/South American country)

buffet 'bfe 'bft

buffets 'bfez 'bfts

(help-yourself table/blow)

bustier 'bste 'bst

(a garment/with a larger bosom)

cave kev ke'vi(rock dwelling/schoolboys' warning of an approaching

master)

charge/charg 'e

charges/chargs 'z 'ez

(attack/short for charg d'affaires, temporary ambassador)

cleanly 'klenl 'klinl

(adjective/adverb)denier 'den d'na

(stocking measure, one who denies)

dieter/Dieter 'dat 'dit

(one who eats little to lose weight, German first name)


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do d du

(musical note/auxiliary verb)

does dz dz

(female deer/auxiliary verb)

dove dv dv

(past ofdive(US)/bird of peace)

drawer dr dr

drawers drz drz

(sliding container in a desk/one who draws a chequeas in

"refer to drawer")

entrance 'entrns n'trns

entrances 'entrnsz n'trnsz

(way in/give delight)

evening 'ivn 'ivn

(period after sunset/making smooth or equal, as in "evening

the score")

expose/expos ks'pz eks'pze

exposes/exposs ks'pzz eks'pzez

(remove a cover/scandalous revelation; not homographs if

one retains the accent)

finish 'fn 'fan

(complete/somewhat fine)

flower 'fla 'fl

flowers 'flaz 'flz(plant/something that flows)

forbear 'fbe f'be

forbears 'fbez f'bez

(ancestor/not do)
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forearm 'frm ,f'rm

forearms 'frmz ,f'rmz

(part of the arm/prepare for danger)

furrier 'fr 'fr

(more furry/fur dealer)

gallant 'glnt g'lnt

(adjective/person)

gill l gl

gills lz glz

(liquid measure/part of fish)

glower 'gla 'gl

glowers 'glaz 'glz

(frown/something that glows)

grave grv grev

graves grvz grevz

(French accent/burial place)

housewife 'haswaf 'hzfhousewives 'haswavz 'hzfs

(married woman who looks after the household/sewing kit

issued to soldiers)

hue/Hue hju hwe

(colour/city in Vietnam)

imagines 'mnz 'megniz

(forms a mental picture/plural of 'imago', adult stage of aninsect)

inter 'nt n't3

(between/bury a body)

invalid 'nvld n'vld


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(sick person/out of date)

job/Job b b

(work/character in the Old Testament)

layer 'le 'le

layers 'lez 'lez

(stratum/egg-producer)

lead led lid

leading 'led 'lid

leads ledz lidz

(metal/go first)

lens/Lens lenz ls

(shaped glass for focussing light/French city)

lied lad lit

(told lies/German song)

liege/Lige li li'e

(loyal subject of a king/city in Belgium)

live lv lav(verb/adjective)

lives lvz lavz

(verb/noun)

lower 'l 'la

lowered 'ld 'lad

lowering 'lr 'lar

lowers 'lz 'laz

(make more low/frown)

manes 'mnez menz

(customs/fur round animal's neck)

minute 'mnt ma'njut


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(unit of time/very small)

mobile/Mobile 'mbal m'bil

(easy to move/city in Alabama)

moped 'mped mpt

(motor-cycle/was gloomy)

mow m ma

mowed md mad

mowing 'm 'ma

mows mz maz

(cut grass/grimace)

multiply 'mltpla 'mltpl

(verb/adverb)

munch/Munch mn mn

(chew/Norwegian artist)

Nancy 'nns 'ns

(English girl's name/French city)

natal/Natal 'netl n'tl(concerning birth/province of South Africa)

nice/Nice nas nis

(pleasant/city in France)

number 'nmb 'nm

numbers 'nmbz 'nmz

(numerical value/thing which makes (more) numb)

pace pes 'p

(step or speed/with respect (I disagree) from Latin 'in

peace')

palled pld pld

palling 'pl 'pl


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(made friends/became boring)

pasty 'pst 'pest

(pie/pale)

pt/pate 'pte pet

(meat spread/bald head; not a homograph if one retains the

accents)

Pears/pears pz 'pez

(English singer/fruit)

peer p 'pi

peers pz 'piz

(look closely/one who pees)

pension 'pnsn 'penn

pensions 'pnsnz 'pennz

(boarding-house/salary in retirement)

periodic pr'dk 'p'radk

(occurring at intervals/in 'periodic acid' containing more

oxygen than iodic acid)

polish/Polish 'pl 'pl

(make shiny/from Poland)

poll pl pl

polls plz plz

(parrots/opinion surveys)

prayer 'pre 'pre

prayers 'prez 'prez(what is said to God/person who prays)

predate pri'det 'pre,dt

predates pri'dets 'pre,dts

predated pri'detd 'pre,dtd


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(come before/consume prey)

preposition 'prepzn 'pripzn

prepositions 'prepznz 'pripznz

(part of speech/put in place in advance)

pussy 'ps 'ps

(beloved cat/oozing pus)

put pt pt

puts pts pts

putting 'pt 'pt

(place/hit a golf ball on the green, often spelled PUTT)

rainier/Rainier 'reni 'renie

(wetter weather/Prince of Monaco)

ravel/Ravel 'rvl rvel/

(entangle/French composer)

read rid red

lip-read 'lp-rid 'lp-red

misread ,ms'rid ,ms'redproofread 'prufrid 'prufred

reread ri'rid ri'red

(present tense/past tense)

reading/Reading 'rid 'red

(looking at words/town in Berkshire or Massachusetts)

real/Real rl 'rel

(not imaginary/old Spanish silver coin or Madrid footballteam)

resume/rsum r'zjum 'rezj,me

(start again/CV; not a homograph if one retains the accent)

romance/Romance r'mns r'mns


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(pay court to or piece of fiction/language derived fromLatin)

rose/ros rz 'rze

(kind of flower/pink wine; not a homograph if one retainsthe accent)

routed 'ratd 'rutd

routing 'rat 'rut

(comprehensively beating in battle/sending on a particular

way, sometimes spelled ROUTEING)

row r ra

rowed rd rad

rowing 'r 'ra

rows rz raz

(propel a boat/argue)

sake sek 'sk

(behalf/Japanese drink)

scone/Scone skn skun

(small cake/village and palace near Perth in Scotland)

sewer 's 'sju

sewers 'sz 'sjuz

(person who sews/drain)

shower 'a '

showers 'az 'z

(short rainfall/one who shows)sin 'sn 'san

(wickedness/trigonometric funtion)

skier 'ski 'ska

skiers 'skiz 'skaz


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(one who skis/ball hit high into the air)

slaver 'slv 'slev

slavers 'slvz 'slevz

(foam at the mouth/ship carrying slaves)

slough slfsla (also in USA)

slu

sloughs slfs slaz

(discard skin/marsh)

sow s sa

sows sz saz

(spread seed/female pig)

sundry 'sndr 'sn,dra

sundries 'sndrz 'sn,draz

(various/dry in the sun)

supply 'spl s'pla

(in a supple way/provide)

swinging 'sw 'swn

(from swing/from swinge, often spelled SWINGEING)

tangier/Tangier 't tn'

(more strong-tasting/port in Morocco)

tarry 'tr 'tr

(wait/covered with tar)

tear t te

tears tz tez(liquid from the eyes/rip in cloth)

tier 'ta t

tiers 'taz tz

(one who ties/row of seats)


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tinged td tnd

tinging 't 'tn

(made a bell sound/added colour, more often spelled

TINGEING)tours/Tours tz t

(travels around/city in France)

tower 'ta 't

towers 'taz 'tz

(tall building/one who tows)

trier/Trier tra tri

(one who tries/German city)

unionised/unionized 'junnazd n'anazd

(with an organised work force/not ionised as in "unionised

ammonia")

valence 'vlns 'velns

valences 'vlnsz 'velnsz

(hanging border--also spelled 'valance'/chemical bond--

also spelled 'valency')

wear/Wear we w

(put on clothes/river in the north of England)

wind wnd wand

winding 'wnd 'wand

winds wndz wandz

(moving air/twist a knob)worsted 'wstd 'wstd

(defeated/cloth)

wound wand wund

(past of WIND/hurt in battle)Return to contents


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Quite: a tonemic homograph

One other word worth drawing attention to is quite. This hastwo distinct meanings, completely as in "You're quite right"

and to some extentas in "He's quite clever". Although bothsenses are pronounced the same at the segmental level, i.e.

the same sequence of vowels and consonants, they are

consistently differentiated by intonation, the first sense

occurring in phrases with a falling tone and the second in

phrases with a fall-rise. This makes it apparently the only

example of a toneme distinction in English, i.e. a case where

a distinction in the meaning of a word is indicated by a tonedifference. I would argue that this meets the definition of a

homograph, namely two meanings, two pronunciations, but

only one spelling.

Abbreviations

There is one homograph I know of (there may be more)

which arises from abbreviating two different words. Reg ispronounced /re/ when it is short forReginaldor

registration, as in "a T-reg car". It is pronounced /reg/when it is short forregulation as in "Queen's Regs" (theBritish Army's rule book). Luckily the second form is almost

always plural and the first almost always singular, so there is

little chance of confusion. There are at least four cases where

a homograph arises between a full word and an abbreviation.

One is the homograph ofpath, which is pronounced /p/by RP speakers in its ordinary meaning as a place to walk,

and /p/ when it is an abbreviation forpathology, as in"we are waiting for the path reports"; another is the


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abbreviation Staffs/stfs/ forStaffordshireagainst the

word staffs/stfs/, which would be homographs in upper-case writing; a third is the word coopmeaning enclosure as

opposed to Coop, sometimes written Co-oporCop, theabbreviation for the Coperative Stores, and a fourth is the

word coax pronounced /kks/ meaning 'persuade' versusthe abbreviation for coaxial cable coax pronounced

/k'ks/.

Place names

Another special case is place names. In England there are

three towns called Gillingham. The one in Kent is

pronounced /'lm/ while the ones in Dorset and

Norfolk are pronounced /'glm/. Unfortunately onlypeople who live locally to one of these towns (as I do) would

be likely to know this and maintain the distinction

consistently. There are four communities called Plaistow,

pronounced /'plest/ in Derby, /'plst/ in Kent or

Essex, and /'plst/ in Sussex. Alford is pronounced

/'fd if you are referring to the Scottish one or/'lfd ifyou mean the English one. Lagosin Nigeria is pronounced

/'legs/ while Lagosin Portugal is usually /'lgs/. A

similar case is Berkeley in California, pronounced /'bkl/

(by RP speakers) or/'brkl/, contrasted with Berkeley in

the west of England, pronounced /'bkl/. There is also the

case of the Kentucky Derby, pronounced /'drb/, and the


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British horse race, the Derbyat Epsom, pronounced

/'db/. I suspect that one could find more cases of pairs ofplaces in different countries with the same spelling and

different pronunciations.

Aint origen.

"ain't" es una contraccion de "isn't", "aren't","am not", "haven't" y "hasn't" por lo que se

puede usar para sustituir cualquiera de estos verbos...es una palabra slang usada por

personas con poca educacion o por quienes hablan ciertos dialectos por lo que no es

aceptable en un contexto formal...se cree que fue usada por primera vez en el siglo XVIII

mas o menos cuando las demas contracciones del ingles estaban apareciendo (don't,

won't, etc)...por alguna razon las demas contracciones fueron aceptadas como uso formal

del idioma pero con ain't no fue asi y se le dio caracter de "vulgarismo" o sea una palabra

usada por las clases bajas y hasta el dia de hoy el usarlo se considera un signo de

ignorancia

Nuvermind

Never Mind se usa cuando te das porvencido y ya no quieres saver nada de eso. O cuando quieres

que se "OLVIDEN" de eso.

Traducida quiere decir "Ninguna Mente"... o "Nunca Mente"... pero el significado es "Olvidalo".

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