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Voice
• Voice has two meanings. First, voice is how you, as the
reader, hear the author speaking. It is the combination of
qualities that conveys the author's unique attitude, personality,
and character.
• In the second meaning, voice is the characteristic speech and • In the second meaning, voice is the characteristic speech and
thought patterns of narrator that may be a creation, or persona,
of the writer.
• Because voice has so much to do with the reader's experience
of a work of literature, it is one of the most important elements
of a piece of writing.
Dramatic Irony
• When readers know more about the situation than the characters do
• Example: In a murder mystery • Example: In a murder mystery novel, we see the murder’s movements but the detective doesn’t.
Situational Irony
• Contrast between what is
expected to happen and what
actually does happenactually does happen
Example: A police station is
burglarized.
Diction
• Choice of words in a piece of work; the
kind of vocabulary that is used
Diction affects tone!Diction affects tone!
For example:
To a friend "a screw-up"
To a child "a mistake"
To the police "an accident"
To an employer "an oversight"
Symbolism
• A person thing or action that represents
more than itself; typically something
concrete that represents abstract concepts
like faith or courage. like faith or courage.
Example:
• Conch shell in The Lord of the Flies
HyperboleAn exaggeration for effect.
I am so hungry I could eat a horse!
You’re killing me with all that talking!
When they started making excuses for why
they couldn’t do it, she knocked them out
with all the reasons why they could.
Foil (Character)
• A minor character whose qualities and actions tend to contrast with those of a major character so that the audience can better appreciate the major can better appreciate the major character.
• In Macbeth, Banquo’s qualities, and his death, show us just how horrible Macbeth is by in contrast.
Stage Directions
• Written notes within plays which explain the
movements, appearance and inner feelings of
actors at specific points in a play.
MERCY: Oh, Jesus! (Falls back on bed. Enter
Mary Warren, breathless. She is seventeen, a
subservient, naïve girl.)
MARY: I just come from the farm, the whole
country’s talking witchcraft!
Irony• Contrast between what is generally
expected and what actually happens;
contrast between appearance and actuality
• It is said that when Mary, Queen of Scots, was to • It is said that when Mary, Queen of Scots, was to
be beheaded, a special French executioner was
hired for the job. When she greeted him, she
pressed a coin into his hand saying, “Do it
quickly, as I have but a thin neck.” But the man
was so distraught at her polite resignation that he
botched the job. It took three chops to sever her
head from her body.
Metaphor
• Comparison of two UNLIKE things —not
using like or as
• Usually linked by is/are or was/were
Examples:
She is a cow!
He’s a criminal behind the wheel.
He was a madman on the football field
UnderstatementA statement which lessens the importance of
what is meant.
Example: It’s 125 degrees in the desert and
you say, "It's a little warm today."
Your friend is in the Intensive Care Unit and
you say “He’s a little under the weather.”
Paradox
• A statement that expresses something
absurd (crazy) that is actually true.
• Example:
• The money for a music video can feed
people and provide lots of resources for
others.
Pun
•The use of a word in a
way that plays on its way that plays on its
different meanings.Ex. “The hungry gorilla went ape.”
“Shift happens”
Simile
• Comparison using like or as
• Examples:
As graceful as a three-legged elephant. As graceful as a three-legged elephant.
Dance like nobody’s looking.
As busy as a one-legged man in a butt-
kicking contest.
Personification
• You give something human traits.
Example:
The clouds were crying. The clouds were crying.
The brakes screamed as she slammed the
pedal to the floor.
Hell is gaping and waiting for sinners.
Cliché
• Keep ahead of the
pack.
• Never give up.
• Give 110 percent.
•All's fair in love and
war
•bats in the belfry
•It goes without saying
An overused phrase.
• Give 110 percent.
• She’s so phat!
• It’s a rat race.
• __________like
there’s no tomorrow.
•It goes without saying
•moment of glory
•stubborn as a mule
•what comes around,
goes around
Theme
• The central or overarching idea in a piece
of literature. Some big themes are:
• Our relationship with nature (Man vs. Nature)
• Our relationship with society (Man vs. Society)
• alienation and isolation
• disillusionment
• rebellion and protest
• loss of innocence
• coming of age
• the American Dream
Dialogue
The exact words exchanged among characters. Jesus, you startled me. I wasn’t expecting you here.
It’s been a real day for expectations. Where were you? I’ve been waiting here for
an hour. You didn’t leave a note or—
I wasn’t planning on going anywhere—
I can see that. Where’s your coat? I can see that. Where’s your coat?
I left the house in a hurry. I… um… my mother…
The hospital reached you? God, I’m sorry. That’s why—
The hospital?
They called me when they couldn’t get you.
I don’t understand.
Your mother. You said —
I ran out to buy some flowers for her. She’s been so down.
For three hours you’ve been buying flowers? http://hollylisle.com/dialogue-examples/
Imagery
Words which appeal to the senses and
so invoke sensory impressions in the
mind of the reader.mind of the reader.
MY heart aches, and a drowsy
numbness pains
My sense, as though of hemlock I had
drunk…
ToneTone is the author’s attitude toward the
writing (his characters, the situation) and the
readers. A work of writing can have more than
one tone. An example of tone could be both one tone. An example of tone could be both
serious and humorous. Tone is set by the
setting, choice of vocabulary and other details.
(Mood, on the other hand, is the general
atmosphere created by the author’s words and the
feeling the reader gets from reading those words.)
Archetypes
• Pre-existent personality patterns that lie
behind all the major characters, whether in
fiction or in real life.
There are many examples. Some are: queen, There are many examples. Some are: queen,
heroine, faithful companion, trickster,
warrior, rebel, rugged individualist, hero,
mentor, victim.
Allusion
• A passing reference in a work
of literature to something
outside itself. outside itself.
Example: “Speak to my gossip
VENUS one fair word.”
Satire
• Literature which represents
something in a comical sense,
making it appear ridiculousmaking it appear ridiculous
Soliloquy
• A character speaks directly to the audience (thinking to the audience (thinking aloud about motives, feelings, and decisions)
Example:
Monologue
• A single person speaking, with or speaking, with or without an audience
Example: Saturday Night Live episode
Sarcasm
• An ironical statement intended to
hurt or insult
(ex. “Brilliant,” stated to a student (ex. “Brilliant,” stated to a student
who is clearly wrong.)
Figurative & Literal Language
•Figurative Language-
an exaggerationan exaggeration
•Literal Language-
literally true
Alliteration
A sequence of repeated
consonantal sounds in a
stretch of languagestretch of language
Example: Some late visitor entreating
entrance at my chamber door.” (from
“The Raven” by Edgar Allen Poe)
Slant Rhyme
Words that sounds similar with a hint
of a rhyme (inexact rhyme)of a rhyme (inexact rhyme)
Example:
Blank Verse
•A poem written in
blank verse consists of blank verse consists of
unrhymed lines of
iambic pentameter.
Repetition
• Repeating of words or sounds in
poetry
• Example: “May the warp be…/May the
weft be…/May the border be…” (from the
“Song of the Sky Loom,” a Navajo song)
Aside
• A character speaks in such a way that some of the characters on stage do the characters on stage do not hear what is said (while others do)
Caricature
• A grotesque or foolish image of a character, achieved through the achieved through the exaggeration of personality traits
Apostrophe
• A rhetorical (not requiring a
response) term for a speech
addresses to someone or addresses to someone or
something in the beginning of a
poem or essayClue: When your parents ask, “Who do you
think you are?” You are not supposed to respond.
Metonymy
• The substitution of the name of
a thing by the name of an
attribute of it, attribute of it, (Ex.the “crown” =monarchy)
Synecdoche
• A part is used to describe the
whole.
• Ex: all hands on deck=sailors
• All aboard=boarding a train
Dialect
• The style and manner of
speaking from one particular
areaarea
(Ex.New Yorkers are from
“New Yark”)
Parallelism
• The building up of sentence
or statement using repeated
syntactic units (repeated syntactic units (repeated
words and sounds)
Colloquialism/Vernacular
• The use of the kinds of
expression and grammar
associated with ordinary, associated with ordinary,
everyday speech rather than
formal languageEx. Cool, Phat!
Connotation/Denotation
• Connotation-emotional response evoked by
a word
Ex. Kitten=soft, warm, cuddly
• Denotation-literal meaning
Ex. Kitten=young cat
Stream of Consciousness
• Present the flow of a
character’s seemingly
unconnected thoughts, unconnected thoughts,
responses, and sensations.
Aphorism
• A generally accepted principle or truth expressed in a short, witty expressed in a short, witty manner
Ex. “A rolling stone gathers no moss.”
Epigram
• Originally an inscription on a
monument…now used to
describe a witty saying or poem describe a witty saying or poem
with a sharp, satiric, or amusing
ending
Ex: “In God We Trust”
Masculine Rhyme
•The accent is on a
specific part of the specific part of the
word, and stressed in a
deep voice.
Scansion
• The process of determining meter; when you scan a line of poetry, you mark its of poetry, you mark its stressed and unstressed syllables to identify the rhythm
Assonance• The correspondence, or near-
correspondence, in two words of the
stressed vowel, and sometimes those
which follow, but not of the consonants which follow, but not of the consonants
(unlike rhyme).
Example: Can and fat food and droop
Child and silence nation and traitor
Ballad
A poem or song which
tells a story in simple, tells a story in simple,
colloquial language.Example: “O What is That Sound” by W. H.
Auden