Simple Present Tense-f;F Verb Formation

I V 1(Active Voice) Eg. [Take]

am + v(Passive voice)Eg. [am taken]

You, We, They, plural Subject V 2(Active Voice) Eg. [Take]

are+ v(Passive voice)Eg. [are taken]

He,she, It,Singular,Subject V 2/Ves (Active Voice) Eg. [Takes]

is + V 3(Passive Coice)Eg. [is taken]

Present Continuous Tense: (bjhlh; epfH;fhyk;)Verb Formations:I am+V ing(Active Voice) Eg. [Taking]

am + being+V 3(Passive voice)Eg. [am being taken]

He,she, It,Singular,Subject is+V ing(Active Voice) Eg. [is Taking]

is+ being+V 3(Passive voice)Eg. [is being taken]

You, We, They, plural Subject are + V ing (Active Voice) Eg. [areTakeing]

are+being + V 3(Passive Coice)Eg. [are being taken]

gad;gLk; neuk;~(a) ehk; ngRk;nghJ epfGk; epfH;t[fSf;F~

Eg: Arul is singing now(o) vjph;fhyj;jpy; cWjpahf elf;f ,Ug;gij Tw~

Eg: Mani Vellaiappan is going to cinema tomorrowBala Srinidhi is eating out tonight

c) see, hear, smell, notice, recognize, appear, look , seem, want, wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope,refuse, prefer, think, suppose, believe, agree, consider, trust, remember, forget, know, understand, imagine,mean, mind, own, possess, belong to, contain, consist of be nghd;w(Verbs of perception appearing,emotion, thinking, possession) czh;r;rpia czh;j;Jk; tpidfs;. njhw;wk; bfhLf;fpd;wtpidfs;. czh;r;rpiaf; bfhLf;Fk; tpidfs;. rpe;jidia czh;j;Jk; tpidfs;.clikfis rhh;e;J ,Uj;jiy czh;j;jk; tpidfSf;F Continuous (Ving)gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy/

Eg. Incorrect Sentence:Santhi is appearing beautifulCorrect Sentence:Santhi appears beautiful

Exceptional Cases:Mdhy; bghUis khw;w. braiy mGj;jpf;Tw rpy neu';fspy; ,itfspy;

vjhtJ xd;wpw;F V+ing gad;gLk;Eg: We are thinking of sending a call to him(rhp)

Mrs.Vigneswari, Mrs.Sathya and Mrs.Sumathi are having lunch(rhp)

(3) Present Prefect Tense(g[{uz epfH;fhyk;)I, You, We, They, plural Subject A.V=have V 3

P.V=have been V3

He,she, It,Singular,Subject A.V=have V 3

P.V=have been V3

[V3=third form of the verb/root form of the verb/past participle form of the verbEg: bring- brought- brought

v1 v2 v3

gad;gLk; tpjk;~ rk;gj;jpy; KGikbgw;w epfH;r;rpia Fwpf;f gad;gLk;/

Eg.Saravanan has completed it.

Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;ij cah;j;jhky; ,we;j fhyj;jpy; ele;jij Fwpg;gjw;F ,J

gad;fLfpwJ/

Eg. Have you completed writing the novels?fle;j fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fp jw;nghJ tiu xU epfH;r;rp ele;J Koe;jpUe;jhy;

mjw;F ,e;j Tense gad;gLk;Eg. Ravichandran has lived here for the past six years.

,e;j Tense-y; Today, this week, this month, this year nghd;w Keywords-fSk tUk;Eg: Murugan has gone to USA this week

4) Present Prefect Continuous Tense(bjhlh; g[{uz epfH;fhyk;) xU epfH;r;rp fle;j fhyj;jpy; Muk;gpj;J jw;nghJ bjhlh;e;J ele;J

bfhz;oUg;gjw;F ,e;j Tense gad;gLfpwJ

I, You, We, They, plural Subject A.V=have been V ing

P.V=have been Ving

He,she, It,Singular,Subject A.V=has been V ing

P.V=has been V3

(rpy neu';fspy; jw;nghJ xU bray; Koe;jpUf;Fk;. ,Ue;jnghjpYk; mjd; bjhlh;r;rpiaczh;j;j ,e;j Tense gad;gLfpwJ)Eg: Why are you so tried?

I have been ploughing the field.(just now, he has left the field but he is to continue it again. Here continuity of the activity isemphasized)jw;nghJ ,e;j Tense-f;F Passive Voice gad;ghl;oy; ,y;iy)

Past Tense(,we;j fhyk;)

(1)Simple Past Tense:,e;j tense-d; gad;ghL

Verb formation :I, You, We, They, he,she,it,singular/plural Subject---Past form of the verb (or)

Vpast(went, brought, took…)

2

3

I,he,she, it,singular subject ---- P.V.WAS+V3[Eg.was brought]We,you,they,plural subject---- P.V.Were +V3[Eg.were brought]Eg: Everyone received the gift a week ago.

(last night, a week ago, last month, yesterday nghd;w Adverb Phrases ,';nf Keywords-fshfte;Js;sJ)

Eg:My sister, Devi and her son Darshan didn't sleep well.

Adverb Phrases or Keywords ,y;yhkYk; ,Jnghy; Simple Past tnese tUk;

fle;j fhyj;jpy; bjhlh;e;J xUtUf;F ,Ue;j gHf;fj;ij Fwpg;gpl;l ,e;j Tense gadgLfpwJ/ mg;nghJ Usually, everyday, always, daily nghd;w Keywords gad;gLfpwJ/Eg: Usually Selvi, Raji and her sister Selvi.Vidhya walked five kilometers ad ay.

Everyday Roselin Mary got up at 4.30 a.m

Past Continuous Tense(bjhlh; ,we;jfhyk;)

Verb FormationI,he,she, it,singular subject A.V.WAS+V ING[Eg.was bringing]We,you,they,plural subject A.V.Were+V ING[Eg.were bringing]I,he,she, it,singular subject P.V.WAS+being+V ING[Eg.was bringing]We,you,they,plural subject P.V.Were+being+V ING[Eg.were bringing]

fle;j fhyj;jpy; xU bray; epfH Muk;gpj;J bjhlh;e;J elw;J bfhz;oUe;jij Fwpg;gjw;F ,e;j Tense gad;gLfpwJ)

Eg.Vinith, Koddeesh and Gowtham were listening to the news in the radio.

,uz;L fle;j fhy epfH;r;rpfspy; xd;W rhjuzkhft[k;. kw;bwhd;W bjhlh;e;J epfH;e;J bfhz;oUe;jija[k; Fwpf;f (Past Continous),ij gad;gLj;jyhk;/Eg: when Mr.Kamraj entered his house, his son was operating his laptop

rhjhuz fle;jfhy bray; Past continous

Kd;g[ bjhlh;e;J ,Ue;j gHf;fj;ij Fwpg;gpl ,ij always, contiuallu, usually, nghd;w Adverb phrases or key words cld; gad;gLj;jyhk;/

Eg:Gnaneswaran was always giggling a lot.

Past Perfect Tense: (g{uz ,we;jfhyk;)

Verb Formation:I, we, you, he, she, it, they, singular / plural subject = A.V-----had+V3[had brought]I, we, you, he, she, it, they, singular / plural subject=P.V-----had been+V3[had been brought]tpsf;fk;~ fle;j fhyj;jpy;, xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F Kd;g[ Kot[ bgw;w braiy Fwpf;f ,e;j Tense gad;gLfpwJ/Eg: Mr.Jegatheesh had been his friend last five years before.

,uz;L epfH;t[fs; fle;j fhyj;jpy; ele;jpUf;Fk;/ xd;iwaLj;J kw;bwhd;W

ele;jpUf;Fk;/ mjpy; Kjy; epfH;t[f;F Past Perfect (,e;j Tense)iaa[k;. ,uz;lhtJ

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epfH;t[f;F Simple Past-f;fhd Verb form-iaa[k; gad;gLj;jt[k;/

Eg: Before Mrs.Ramalakshmi arrived at her house, her husband Mr.Subash Chandra Bose had entered.

(,e;j Tense midj;J tifahd (Error, Tense, Voice, conditional clause…etc) Compatetive

Exams / TET nfs;tpfspy; mof;fo nfl;fg;gLk; Tense MFk;)

Eg: If Kaliammal and Kavitha ________________there, would have got it.

(a) have gone (b) had gone (c) were gone (d) noneAns: b (had gone)

Past Perfect Continuous Tense: (bjhlh; g{uz ,we;jfhyk;)Verb Formation:I, we, you, they, he, she, it, singular sub.

plural subject-fSf;F A.V=had been+V ing[had been bringing]

I (to) plural subject-fSf;F P.V=had been+being+V 3

[had been being brought]

tpsf;fk;~ ,we;j fhyj;jpy; xU epfH;r;rp xU Fwpg;gpl;l neuj;jpy; Muk;gpj;J bjhlh;e;J

ele;J bfhz;oUe;jij Fwpf;f ,e;j Tense gad;gLfpwJ/

Eg: Krishnan had been undergoing treatment for a long time.

(jw;nghJ ,e;j Tense-f;F Passive Voice gad;ghl;oy; ,y;iy)

Future Tense: (vjph; fhyk;)

Verb Formation

I, we, you, they, he, she, it, singular sub.

plural subject-fSf;F A.V=will/shall+V 1[will/shall take]I (to) plural subject -fSf;F P.V=will/shall+be+V 1[will/shall be taken]

vjph;fhyj;ij Simple Future, going to, simple present Mfpa |d;W tifapy; VjhtJ xU mikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplyhk;/

Eg: I will go to USA next week. I am going to USA next week. I go to USA next week.

vjph;fhy epfH;r;rpia Fwpg;gjw;F.Eg: Mr.Jeyaraj will be a Head Clerk in future.

vjph;fhyj;jpy; ehk; epidf;fpd;w. ek;g[fpd;w epfH;r;rpia gw;wp ngRtjw;F Future Tense gad;gLk;/

Eg: Mr.Bala Venkatesh thinks India will win the match.

ehk; ngrpf;bfhz;oUf;Fk;nghJ ehk; xU braiy bra;antz;Lbkd;why; mjw;F

Kjy; epfH;t[

,uz;lhtJ epfH;t[

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Simple Future Tense gad;gLj;jyhk;/Eg: Now, It’s raining. Selvan Pandiarajan and Krishnamoorthy will take an umbrella.

xU braiy bra;tjw;F jPh;khdpj;jhy;. Simple Future Tense-f;F gjpyhf Simple Present Tense gad;gLj;jyhk;/

Eg: Mr.Anandh goes to join the duty.

Simple Future Tense gad;gLj;Jk; ,lj;jpy;. xU epfH;t[ elf;f ,Ug;gijf; Fwpf;f about to cld; Simple Present Tense gad;gLj;jyhk;/ mjhtJ clnd elg;gjw;F vjph;fhyj;jpy; Be about to + Verb base form (or) V1 or MV1 gad;gLj;jyhk;/

Eg: The bus to Kanappadi and Pudhupatty is about to leave around 5 p.m.

xU epfH;r;rp fhy ml;ltizg;go rhpahf. fz;og;ghf. cWjpahf. mjpfhug;g{h;tkhd Kiwapy; eilbgWtjhf ,Ue;jhy; Simple Future Tense gad;gLk; ,lj;jpy; Simple Present Tense gad;gLj;jyhk;/

Eg: When does the Vaigai Express leave for Madurai? (will) (leave) The School reopens on 17th of next month. (will reopen)

Future Continuous Tense: (bjhlh; vjph ; fhyk;) vjph; fhyj;jpy; eilbgw;Wf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; epfH;r;rpia Fwpg;gjw;F ,e;j Tense

gad;gLfpwJ/Eg: By this tomorrow, it will be raining.

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PREPOSTIONS - Kd;dpilr;brhy;tpsf;fk;~

Noun (or) Pronoun-I (bgah;r;brhy; my;yJ gpujpg; bgah;r;brhy;iy) ntW xU brhy;Yld; ,izf;Fk;nghJ ,uz;ow;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s cwit czh;j;Jtjw;fhf tUk; thh;j;ijna Preposition MFk;/

Eg: There is a child in the classroom. noun preposition noun(xU noun-I kw;bwhU Noun cld; ,izf;fpwJ)

Eg: Mr.chinnadurai is fond of coffee. adj pre noun

(xU adjective-I xU Noun cld; ,izf;fpwJ)Eg: Mr.Balakrishnan went out of his house. adv pre noun

(adverb-I Noun cld; ,izg;gJ 'of')Eg: The dog jumped out of the chair. verb pre noun

(xU verb-I Noun cld; ,izf;fpwJ)

Prepositions - |d;W tifahf tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ/(1) Simple Prepositions:

at, in, by, of, off, for, from, on, out, through, till, to, up, with(2) Compound Prepositions:

xU preposition MdJ xU Noun cld; or adjective cld; or adverb cld; nrh;e;J tUkhdhy; mjw;F compound preposition vd;W bgah;/about, above, across, along, amidst, among, amongst, around, before, behind, beyond, inside, outside, underneath, within, without. (,';nf a=no vd;W bghUs;. be=by vd;W bghUs;)Eg: Selvi Gunasundari and Selvi Shanmugapriya of XI came across a stranger in the NH45.

(3) Phrase Prepositions: (Kd;dpiy brhw;bwhlh;)Prepositions-fis typikapy; gad;gLj;Jk; brhw;fspd; Tl;lj;jpw;F phrase preposition vd;W bgah;/Eg: in-frontof

in-spite ofin case ofaccording toMfnt 'prepositions' means that which is placed before. It is used to show the

relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence.Prepositions-fspd; gad;ghL~

(1) About (xd;iwg; gw;wp Fwpg;gJ) Eg: This issue is about Gnaneswaran.(2) Above (nkny)

xU mst[f;F nky;. vilf;F nky;. xU bghUSf;F nky;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l mst[s;s btg;gj;jpw;F nky;…..etc

Eg: Raja Melchoir weighs above 60 Kilograms.(3) Over (nkny)

xU bghUSf;F nky;. ,lj;jpw;F nky; bjhlhky; ,Ug;gJ. fhyj;ij tpthpf;f/

1

Eg: That Bridge is over the river.(4) Up (nkny)

fPnH ,Ue;J nkyhf bry;tij Fwpg;gjw;F. nky; nehf;fp vd;w bghUis Fwpg;gpl/

Eg: Selvan Kirubhakaran went up the hill.(5) On (nkny)

xd;wpd; kPJ bjhl;Lf;bfhz;L ,Ug;gij Fwpg;gpl xU ,lj;jpw;F

,Ufpy; ,Ug;gij Fwpg;gpl. ,lj;jpy; ,Ug;gij Fwpg;gpl

Eg:The cat is on the table

It is on the main road

('on' is used before days,dates)

Selvan Mithran and Kalyani went out on last Monday.

(6) Down-cah;epiyapypUe;J fPH; nehf;fp tUTij Fwpg;gJ(T0 a lower

level from a higher point)

Eg: Mrs.Aruna went down the steps

(7) Below - xU Fwpg;gpl;l rank-fpw;F fPnH (or) xU bghUSf;F moapy;

Eg: Mr.Subash Chandra bose is below the rank of a Major

(8)After-gpwF(Fwpg;gpl;l neuj;jpw;Fg; gpwF)

Eg: Mr.Ganeshwathy came after a week.

(9)Along (beLf) xd;wpd; |ykhf my;yJ tHpahf/

Eg: Go along the main road, Kathikaiselvi.(10)Around-Rw;wpEg: The earth goes around the sun.(11)As-MfEg: Mr.Manivellaiyappan works as a Siddha Doctor(12)At(,y;) xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;ij/neuj;ij Fwpg;gpLtjw;F/(To note the point of time/place)Eg: Mrs.Rajathy landed at Indira Gandhi International Airport.(neuj;ij Fwpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ)

Eg: Come at 7 p.m

(13) In(for specific period of time, the end of a period of time, ,y; cs;ns

,Ug;gij Fwpf;f)

Eg: Mr.Ramasamy, Mr.Ram and Ravi are in good relationship .

(14) Inside(cs;ns) cs;ns ,Uf;fpw xd;idg; ghh;g;fjw;F ,ij

gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;(Looking into Something)

Eg: Mr.Ramasamy is inside the room

(15) Into(cs;ns) xUth; (or) xU bghUs; efUk; fhl;rpia (or) xd;iw cw;W

nehf;FjYf;F ,ijg; gadgLj;jntz;Lk;/

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(16) Before(Kd;g[) Earlier than,After, Later than

xU epfH;r;rp. bghUs;. egUf;F Kd;g[ vd;W bghUs;gl tUtJ/

Eg: Leg before wicket(lbw)

Selvi karthika,Neela,Nithya went out before brunch

(17) Behind(gpd;dhy;. gpd;g[wk;. vjph;g[wk;.Mjut[. rhjfk; vd;gij Fwpg;gjw;F ,e;j

thh;j;ij gad;gLk;)

Eg: The whole country stands behind me.

(18) Beside(mz;ikapy;. gf;fj;jpy;)

Next(mLj;j). egh;fis bghUl;fis xg;gpl. mz;ikapy; vd;gijf; Fwpf;f

,t;thuj;ij gad;gLfpwJ/

(19)But (xd;iwh; jtpu) apart from, except

Eg: None but Mr.Manimaran is present.

(20)By(My; ,jdhy;. mtdhy;. ,tdhy;. gf;fj;jpy;. mUfpy;) not, later than,

Eg: come by tomorrow

He was met by my brother

(21) for (Mf)nehf;fj;jij Fwpf;f rhjfkhf ,Ug;gij Fwpf;f(time, during, which

an action, state continues)

Eg: It is for you, Pappa.

(22) From-,Ue;J (,lj;jpypUe;J xU Fwpg;gpl;l neuj;jpypUe;J fhyj;jpypUe;J )

beginning of a period

Eg: Mrs.Devi is form Chinnalapatty.

(23) of (rhh;guf xU eghpDila. bghUspDila cila)

Eg: Mr.Murugan is a Teacher of Tamil

(24) Off-xU bghUs; (or)xUth; js;sp ,Ug;gij Fwpg;gpLtjw;F(an object or a

person being for away from a place)

Eg: please switch off the light, Ram.

(25) Out (btspna vd;W bghUs;gl tUtJ)

Eg: All the students of XII C came out the class room.

(26)To-f;F Fwpg;gpl;l jpiria nehf;fp

Eg: Mohana,Udayakuamr,Naran and sudar went to the Cinema hall.

(27)Under (fPnH or moapy; vd;gijf; Fwpf;f)

Eg: The watch was under the table.

(28) with(cld;. xd;Wld; nrh;e;J)

Eg: Mr.Ram came along with Ganesh to centre

(29)Without(vJt[k; ,y;yhky;)

Without his help , I cannot reach the top.

(30) Cum(xd;Wld; vd;w bghUspy; ,uz;L thh;j;ijfis ,uz;Ltpjkhd

gz;g[fspy; Hyphen ,l;L Fwpf;f 'cum' vd;w thh;j;ij Preposition Mf

gad;gLfpwJ/

Eg: Advisor -cum-Manager

Bar-cum-Restaurant

(31)Underneath(moapy;)

Eg: The road is laid underneath the River Seine in France

(32)During(While that period of time or event is in progress)

xU Fwpg;gpl; neuj;jpd;nghJ or xU bray; eilbgWk; neuj;jpd;nghJ …etc.

Eg:During the examination, you are not allowed to go out.

(33)Through(Clhf)

Throughout (beginning to the end of a period)

Eg: The game went on through the night

(34)Until or Till (tiu) [It marks the end of a period]

Eg: we waited till 12'O clock.

(35) within-xU Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;Fs;. ,lj;jpw;Fs;

Eg: Be back within five minutes.

(36) Between (,ilapy;) ,uz;L bghUs;fSf;F (or) egh;fSf;F.

,l';fSf;F ,ilapy; vd;W bghUs;/

Eg: Ram is sitting in between kumar and Hari

(37) Among(kj;jpapy;),uz;ow;F nkw;gl;l bghUl;fSf;F. ,l';fSf;F. egh;fSf;F

kj;jpapy; vd;W bghUs;

Eg: The Leader is among three persons.

(38). Towards (xU ,yf;if nehf;fp. ,lj;ij nehf;fp. xUtiu nehf;fp)

Eg: The Train goes towards Delhi.

(39) Against(vjpuhf) xU bghUs;. fUj;J xUtUf;F vjpuhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W

bghUs;/

Eg: It is against my view.

(40) Near (mUfpy;)

Eg: you are near my house.

(41) Since (,Ue;J)xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpypUe;J

4

Eg: My neighnour is absconding since last week.

HOW TO IDENTIFY THE FUNCTION OF PREPOSITIONS?

(1) place-f;F tUk; PREPOSITIONS:About, across, against, among, at, on, before, behind, below, beside, between, by, from, in, into, near, over, round, through, to , towards, under, up, upon, within.(2) Time-f;F tUk; PREPOSITIONS

About, at, before, behind, by, during, for, from, in, into, under, pending, on, since, through,throughout, till, to, towards, until, till, with, within.(3) gpujpepjp/fUtp thapyhf vd;gjw;F gad;gLk; PREPOSITIONS

(Agency / Instrumentals)

At, by, through, with

Eg: With a knife

Sell good at auction

Through my neighbour

(4) elj;ijf;fhd (manner) PREPOSITIONS

By, with

Eg: With Bravery

With Cunningness

(5) fhuzjj;jpw;fhd (Cause) PREPOSITIONS

For, of from, through, withEg: My friends lost their suitecase through negligence.

(6) chpik. brhe;jk;. RthjPdk;.(Possession)Mfpatw;wpf;F gad;gLk; PREPOSITIONS :On, of, withEg: Mr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam is a man of wit and wisdom.

(7) mst[. juk;. kjpg;g[. tpiy nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; thh;jijfSf;F Kd; gad;gLk; PREPOSITIONS (Measure, standard, rate,value ,tw;ie Fwpf;f)AtEg: Canara bank gives interest at nine percent.(8) rYif. vjphpil bray;fSf;F gad;gLk; PREPOSITIONSafter, for, withEg: with all her faults, her father admired her.[with=inspite of=,Ue;jhYk; Tl vd;w bghUspy; te;Js;sJ](9) mDkhdkhf TWjy;. cj;njrpj;Jf; TWjy; v';fpUe;J tUfpwJ(Mjp)vd;W TWk;nghJ gad;gLk; PREPOSITIONS 'from'[interference, motive, source, origin]Eg: "child is the father of man". This is a quotation from William Wordsworth.PREPOSITIONS-gw;wpa rpy Fwpg;g [fs; ~

1. efu';fs; (cities)gl;lz';fs; (towns). fpuhk';fs; (Villages)Mfpatw;iw

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Fwpf;Fk;bghGJ in/at gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;/ Eg: How long have you been living in this village.2. Fwpg;gpLk; ,uz;L ,l';fspy; xd;W bghpajhft[k; kw;bwhd;W rpwpajhft[k;

,Uf;Fk;nghJ in bghpa ,lj;jpw;Fk; at rpwpa ,lj;jpw;Fk; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;/Eg: Ram,Kumar, Sri,Varshi,Balaji and shiva are all living at Alli Nagaram in Theni3. gyh; nrh;e;J ntiy bra;a[k; bray;fis Fwpg;gpl at gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;

(Shops/Work places)Eg: I saw her at bakery stall.4.tPjpf;F in, tPl;L vz;Zf;FatEg:He is at the door no.45 in Mosque street.5. nkw;gug;g[f;F - onEg:on the table fhyj;jpw;F till, since

,lj;jpw;F - to fUtpfSld; - with ahuhy; vd;gjw;F - by fhyj;jpw;F Kd; In vd;why;. Koa[k; jUthapy; vd;W bghUs;

Eg : Be back in two days within vd;why; #Koa[k; Kd;g[# vd;W bghUs;/

Beside - by the side of, gf;fkhf. XukhfHe sites besides meBesides - ,izg;ghf vd;w bghUspy; tUk;Besides having tea, he also takes coffee.

Bicycle, car, Train nghd;w thfd';fis Fwpf;Fk; nghJ 'by' gad;gLj;jf;TlhJ/Eg : All the Teachers under the leadership of Mr.Kamaraj traveled to Ayyalur in Mr.Kannan's car. ('by'tuf;TlhJ)

Fwpg;gpl;l bicycle, bus, train, ship or plane Mfpatw;wpw;F Kd;dhy; on vd;w preposition-iaa[k;. car, van, taxi, lorry, ambulance Mfpatw;wpw;F 'in' vd;w preposition-iaa[k; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;

6. Verb-I mLj;J preposition tuntz;oapUe;jhy; mg;nghJ Infinite tuhJ/ mjw;F gjpyhf Gerund tUk;/ (Verbal noun or Verb + ing)Eg : He is fond of reading books (rhp)

He is fond to read books (jtW)

rpy neu';fspy; nkny Fwpg;gpl;l ,uz;Lk; rhpahf ,Uf;Fk;Eg : He has the opportunity of meeting her. (rhp)

He has the opportunity to meet her (rhp)

Preposition cld; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; noun or pronoun-fSf;F Prepositional Object vd;Wbgah;/Eg : This road runs over - (Pre) hill - (Nonu)

,jpy; hill vd;gJ ,';nf Prepositional Object Mf ,Uf;fpwJ/7/ Object MdJ preposition-f;F Kd; gpd; vt;thW gad;gLfpwJ vd;W ghh;g;nghk;/

Eg: That is the gril - (Obj) I am speaking of - (pre) (that girl)What (obj) is he thinking of (pre)?(,e;j thf;fpaj;jpy; What vd;gJ Object Mft[k; of vd;w Preposition ,WjpapYk;

gad;gLfpwJ/)

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PARTICIPLE PREPOSITION

Present Particle - y; (verb+ing) ,Uf;Fk; tpidr; brhw;fs; noun or pronoun cld; nrqe;J gad;gLj;jf;TlhJ/ rpy neu';fspy; mitfs; Preposition Mf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; mjw;F Participle preposition vd;W bgah;/

Barring, Concerning , considering, curing, not with standing, pending, regarding, respecting, touching….. etc nghd;w thh;j;ijfs; ,e;j mog;gilapy; bray;gLgit/Eg : Concerning 21.12.2012 there were many rumors in the world.

(Concerning = about)Respecting the plan he metnioned, I shall write to him next week. (of about)

Words followed by prepositionsPrepositions - fis Kd; bjhlUk; rpy brhw;fs;

Famous for, fond fo, teeming with, endowed with, match for, congratulations on, consists of,associated with, honest in, interested in, abstain form, contrary to, infested with, worthy of,addicted to, aptitude for, sensitive to, indifferent to, ambition for, capacity for, compensationfor, foundness for, need for, pity for, passion for, acquaintance with, comparison with,intimacy with, relations with, assurance of, charge of, doubt of, experience of, failure of, proofof, want of, access to, alternative to, assent to, attachment to, attention to, encouragement to,indifference to, invitation to, key to, obedience to, objection to, opposition to, preface to,reference to, resemblance to, abstinence form, digression from, exemption form, applicable to,common to, condemned to, congenial to, disastrous to, equal to, essential to, exposed to,faithful to, fatal to, absorbed in, accurate in, backward in, correct in, deficient in, experiencedin, honest in, busy with, complaint with, contented with, delighted with, gifted with, infectedwith, intimate with, overcome with, popular with, satisfied with, touched with, afraid of,assured of, cautious to, composed of, confident of, consciour of, envious of, guilty of, ignorantof, informed of, innocent of, proud of, void of, worthy…. etc.

Fwpg;g [ ~nkny cs;s brhw;fspd; bjhFg;g[fis nghy ,Ug;gitfis ghh;j;J

itj;Jf; bfhz;lhy;. ve;j thh;j;ijf;Fg; gpwF vd;d Prespostion mjpf mstpy; gad;gLfpwJ vd;W bjhpe;J bfhs;syhk;/ rpy ,;l';fspy; ntW rpy Prepositons fSk; bghUis khw;wp czh;j;jyhk;/Eg : He has met ______ an accident.

(a) along (b) with (c) in (d) anAns: (b) with

CONJUNCTION

(,izg;g[r ;brhw;fs;)

Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;L thh;j;ijfisnah ( Words) my;yJ ,uz;L thf;fpa';fisnah

(Clauses),izf;f cjt[k; brhw;fis ehk; ,izg;g[r; brhw;fs; vd;fpnwhk;/

,izg;g[ brhw;fs; ePz;l thf;fpa';fisa[k; rpwpa thf;fpa';fshf khw;W cjt[fpwJ

Eg: Nallathambi is agood boy and Karthik is agood boy.

,izf;Fk;nghJ Nallathambi and Karthik are good boys.

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thh;j;ijfis ,izf;fEg: Two and Two make four thf;fpa';fis ,izf;f

Eg:Kamala went to the hall. She met the receptionist.,izf;Fk;nghJ Kamala went to the hall and She met the receptionist.

(or) Kamala went and met the receptionist in the hall.ntWghL (Relative Pronoun, conjunction)

Relative Pronoun, Relative adverb kw;Wk; Conjucntions -fSf;Fs; cs;s ntWghl;il

bjhpe;J bfhs;Sk;nghJ bjspthf bjhpe;Jbfhs;s ntz;Lk;/

Relative Pronoun

Eg: This is the child whose box is stolen Antecedent Relative Pronoun

tpsf;fk;Whose vd;w thh;j;ij Child vd;w noun-I Fwpg;gpl;tUfpwJ/Antecedent vd;gJ Relative Pronoun -f;F Kd;dhy; te;Js;s noun/pronoun.(,';nf Child vd;gJ Antecedent MFk;)Eg: This is the place where kumar was born(,';nf where vd;gJ Place vd;w Kd; cs;s bgah;r; brhy;iy Fwpg;gpl;L tUfpwJ) Conjunction

Eg: Do or die

,';nf 'or' vd;gJ gf;fj;jpy; my;yJ Kd; cs;s ve;j thh;jijiaa[k; Fwpg;gpl;Ltutpy;iy/ Mifahy; Conjuntion vd;gJ ,uz;L bray;fis or ,uz;L thf;fpa';fis,izf;Fk; thh;j;ij/

Correlative Conjunction:

rpy Conjuntion -fs; n$hoahf (Pairs) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;/

,itfisna Correlative Conjunction or correlatives vd;W miHf;fpd;nwhk;/

Eg: either-or

neither-nor

both-and

though-yet (rpy neu';fspy; kl;Lk;) Eg: Though he suffers much pain, yet he does not complain]

Whether-ornot only-but also

Eg: Both Dhanam and Priya are asked to keep quiet.

Compound Conjunction :

rpy neu';fspy; bjhlh; thh;j;ijfs; thf;fpa';fs; Conjunction -fshf

gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; mjw;F Compound Conjunction vd;W bgah;

Eg: as if, in order that, even if, as soon as, as much as, so that, on condition that, as though,

provided, provided that, as well as

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As soon as Mrs.Banu sivagami entered the house, she talked to her child.

Kinds of Conjunctions /clauses of conjunction

Subordinating conjunctions : ,t;tif Conjunctions jd;Dila KGg;bghUis

czh;j;Jtjw;F kw;bwhU thf;fpaj;ij rhh;e;J tUk;

Eg: I went out because he had come inside

Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating gFjpapy; cs;s 'because' vd;gJ Subordinating conjunctions MFk;/

nkYk; rpy Subordinating conjunctions : Used in complex sentences

After \, because, if, unless, that, though, although, even though, till, before, as, since, when, while,

where, ere(before), except(outdated), unless, lest, until whence, how, whither, why, better than,

than, as soon as, however, wherever, whenever, what, which, who, without(outdated) unless….etc.

Eg: Eventhough he tells truth, he cannot escape

Co-ordinating conjunction: (used in compound sentences)

Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;L jdpj;jdp thf;fpa';fis ,izf;FK; thh;jijf;F

Co-ordinating conjunction vdg; bgah;(Minimum two main clauses joined together)

(and,and so, and then, and immediately, and hence, and at once, and instantly, but, for, or, nor, also,

either-or, neither-nor, still,only, else, yet, so, otherwise, not, only-but also, very -and so)

Eg: He held me by hand lest I should fall.2