English Civil WarEnglish Civil War• England fought a Civil War between

1642 and 1649. King Charles I was executed, and England briefly became a Republic (1649 to 1660)

• In 1659, following the death of Oliver Cromwell, the Republic collapsed and the monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles II

• How might the war have affected the colonies and colonization (hint: England’s attention was on itself and the war)

The Great Aristocratic Land The Great Aristocratic Land GrabGrab

• After Charles II became king in 1660, the English quickly established a string of new colonies

• 1663 – CII gives 8 noblemen land in Carolina an area long-claimed by Spain and populated by thousands of Indians

• 1664 – CII gives an equally large land grant to his brother James, Duke of York– Like Maryland, these colonies

were proprietary colonies

The Great Aristocratic Land GrabThe Great Aristocratic Land Grab• The Aristocrats who owned the

Carolinas hoped to rule the area like traditional European society ruled over by the gentry and Church of England

• North Carolina didn’t meet this ideal. Settlers in North Carolina were poor families and runaway servants from Virginia and some Quakers. Settlers refused to work on large plantations and rebelled several times after Bacon’s Rebellion

The Great Aristocratic Land GrabThe Great Aristocratic Land Grab• South Carolina also did not evolve into

that kind of society. Most white migrants there came from the overcrowded sugar-producing island of Barbados

• They used slaves – both Africans and Native Americans – to raise cattle and food crops for export to the West Indies. Carolina merchants also opened a lucrative trade with neighboring Indian peoples by exchanging English manufactures for deerskins.

• The Carolinians reliance on slave labor encouraged Indian trading partners to take captives from other Native groups

The Great Aristocratic Land GrabThe Great Aristocratic Land Grab• By 1708 white Carolinians were working

their coastal plantations with 1400 Indian and 2900 African slaves. Brutal Indian warfare occurred in the west.

• South Carolina remained a violent frontier settlement until the 1720s.

William Penn and the QuakersWilliam Penn and the Quakers• In contrast to the Carolinians, settlers in

PA pursued a peaceful policy toward Native Americans and the colony quickly prospered

• William Penn, the colony’s proprietor, was a Quaker. Like Puritans, Quakers wanted a return to simpler Christianity, but they rejected Puritans’ pessimistic predestination, instead believing that God had imbued all men and women with an “inner light” of grace and inner light.

Pennsylvania’s GovernmentPennsylvania’s Government• Penn’s Frame of Government (1781) applied the

Quakers’ radical beliefs to government:– It prohibited a state sponsored church and ensured

freedom of religion– It promoted political equality by allowing ALL property

holding men to vote and hold office

• These policies attracted thousands of Quakers to migrate to PA. PA was a widely advertised colony…it attracted migrants from Germany and the Netherlands

• Ethnic diversity, pacifism and freedom of religion made PA the most open and democratic of the restoration colonies

The Restoration ColoniesThe Restoration Colonies

From Mercantilism to Imperial From Mercantilism to Imperial DominionDominion• As CII gave land away, his ministers

were passing acts designed to keep colonial trade in English hands

• The English backed this up with arms, fighting three wars with the Dutch from 1652 to 1674. The English merchant fleet expanded and seized control of commerce in the North Atlantic

Navigation Acts

From Mercantilism to Imperial From Mercantilism to Imperial DominionDominion• Many colonists refused

to comply with these laws. The Massachusetts Assembly boldly announced the laws didn’t apply to them

• The Lords of Trade denied the claim of MA to NHampshire…it also annulled the charter of MA on the grounds that it had violated the Nav Acts and outlawed the Church of England

The Absolutism of James IIThe Absolutism of James II• James II (1685-88) was an aggressive and

inflexible ruler. He believed in tight royal control at home and abroad

• In 1686 the Lords of Trade revoked the corporate charters of Rhode Island and Connecticut and merged them with Massachusetts and Plymouth under the jurisdiction of a royal governor. This was called the Dominion of New England

• JII appointed Edmund Andros to run the Dominion and added NJ and NY to it in 1688

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Andros Promotes the First Andros Promotes the First American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

• Sir Edmund Andros was the autocratic ruler of the Dominion. Colonists hated him:– 1) He was loyal to the Church of England– 2) British soldiers offended Puritans– 3) He scaled back town meetings– 4) He placed restrictions on the press– 5) He revoked all land titles– 6) He tried to enforce the Navigation laws and

suppress smuggling– 7) He abolished all existing legislative

assemblies by order of JII

• In 1688-89 Englishmen overthrew James II in the Glorious Revolution

• Andros’s Dominion fell swiftly

The Glorious Revolution in England The Glorious Revolution in England and Americaand America

• Tories = Supporters of James II

• Whigs = led a bloodless coup that exiled James and placed William and Mary on the throne

• By forcing William and Mary to accept a Bill of Rights, the Whigs established a constitutional monarchy that enhanced the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the crown

John Locke Justifies the CoupJohn Locke Justifies the Coup• John Locke wrote Two Treatises on

Government (1690) to justify what had happened

• Locke rejected the “divine right of kings” theory advocated by James; instead he argued:

– The legitimacy of government rests on the consent of the governed

– Individuals have inalienable rights of life, liberty and property

Uprisings in MA & MDUprisings in MA & MD• George Andros was overthrown in Boston.

W & M overturned the Dominion of New England, BUT they refused to reinstate the old Puritan government of MA. They created a new royal colony (which included Maine and Plymouth). The King appointed the governor and customs officials. It also gave the vote to all male property owners, NOT just church members

Uprisings in MA & MDUprisings in MA & MD• In Maryland, poor Protestant farmers

rebelled against wealthy Catholic officials, removing the Catholic governor. The Lords of Trade suspended Lord Baltimore’s proprietorship, and Maryland became a royal colony. The Church of England became the colony’s only legal religion.

• This arrangement lasted until 1715 when Benedict Calvert (4th Lord of Baltimore) converted to the Church of England, and the king restored the Calverts as proprietors.

Leisler’s RebellionLeisler’s Rebellion• In New York, German immigrant Jacob

Leisler led the rebellion against the Dominion of New England

• Initially all classes and ethnic groups in NY rallied behind Leisler, but when he imprisoned forty of his political opponents, raised taxes and championed the artisans’ of NY causes, he lost the support of the Dutch merchants who controlled the colony

• His enemies joined with the new English governor and had him hanged

SO WHAT????SO WHAT????• The Glorious Revolution had big

implications for North America:

• 1) The Dominion of New England was abolished and self-government restored in MA & NY (W & M wanted support for their war against France)

• 2) Parliament created a Board of Trade to supervise the American trade, but it had limited success

• We enter a period of lax administration by the English where they were more concerned with foreign wars with France and domestic affairs

Seeds of Colonial Unity and Seeds of Colonial Unity and IndependenceIndependence

• In 1643 England was gripped by Civil War. Four colonies (Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Haven and the Connecticut river valley colonies)

• This was called the New England Confederation, and its primary purpose was defense against foes such as the Indians, French and Dutch. It also settled inter-colonial problems such as runaway servants and fugitives

• Each member colony had two votes, regardless of size. This was a Puritan thing…Rhode Island was excluded as was maine

Seeds of Colonial Unity and Seeds of Colonial Unity and IndependenceIndependence

• Weak though it was, it was the first step toward colonial unity

• Because of the disruptions from the 1630s on, which resulted in Civil war, the English authorities took little notice of the American colonies

• In 1660, the monarchy was restored. Charles II was prepared to take aggressive measures against the colonies. His plan ran into a colonial independent streak

Seeds of Colonial Unity and Seeds of Colonial Unity and IndependenceIndependence

• The most defiant colony was Massachusetts

• Charles II soon acted to punish the colony:– 1662 Connecticut granted a charter– 1663 Rhode Island received a new charter

• In 1684, London authorities revoked the Massachusetts charter

Andros Promotes the First Andros Promotes the First American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

• More humiliation came in 1686 when radical new king James II (a Catholic) created the Dominion of New England

• In 1688 it was expanded to include East and West Jersey (see map on page 54)

• Two goals:– 1) Improve colonial defense

– 2) promote urgently needed efficiency in enforcing the Navigation Laws

Andros Promotes the First Andros Promotes the First American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

• Sir Edmund Andros was the autocratic ruler of the Dominion. Colonists hated him:– 1) He was loyal to the Church of England– 2) British soldiers offended Puritans– 3) He scaled back town meetings– 4) He placed restrictions on the press– 5) He revoked all land titles– 6) He tried to enforce the Navigation laws and

suppress smuggling

• In 1688-89 Englishmen overthrew James II in the Glorious Revolution

• Andros’s Dominion fell swiftly

Effects of the Glorious RevolutionEffects of the Glorious Revolution• Massachusetts was made a royal charter and

given a new governor (much to the despair of the Puritans). Voting privileges were now extended to all qualified male property holders

• Maryland and New York experienced unrest until new colonial governors were appointed

• Most importantly, the new English monarchs – William and Mary – relaxed the royal grip on colonial trade, ushering in a period of salutary neglect. Yet many more English officials were now located in the colonies. Colonists viewed them with growing resentment in the 1700s.

Old Netherlanders at New Old Netherlanders at New NetherlandNetherland

• In the late 1500s the Netherlands overthrew Spanish rule

• In the 1600s, the Netherlands fought the English three times, building itself up as an imperial power (especially in the East Indies through the powerful Dutch East India Company)

• Seeking greater riches, the company hired Henry Hudson, who tried to find a “Northwest Passage”, but he “merely” discovered the Hudson River, which the Dutch would claim

Old Netherlanders at New Old Netherlanders at New NetherlandNetherland

• New Netherlands was founded by the Dutch West India Company in 1623-4. It’s goal was a quick profit from the fur trade.

• The company’s most brilliant stroke was to buy Manhattan Island from the Indians

• New Amsterdam was a company town run by and for the Dutch company. It had no time for religious toleration, free speech etc. The colony took on an aristocratic tinge as vast feudal estates grew up. Vast estates (patroonships) were granted to promoters who agreed to settle 50 people on them. The city attracted a cosmopolitan population

Friction with English and Swedish Friction with English and Swedish NeighborsNeighbors• The colony struggled. It’s shareholders

demanded returns at the expense of the colony. Indians attacked the colony. As a defense measure the Dutch built a defensive wall (where Wall Street gets its name)

• Three of the four The New England Confederation colonies wanted to wipe out the colony, but MA vetoed the act

• Sweden trespassed on Dutch lands from 1638 to 1655, by planting the anemic colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River. Peter Stuyvesant led a successful Dutch attack on it in 1655

Dutch Residues in New YorkDutch Residues in New York• In 1664, an English naval squadron captured

New Amsterdam

• Charles had awarded the land to his brother, James the Duke of York. Now the English flag flew from Maine to the Carolinas. But New York retained several features from the Dutch days:– 1) an autocratic and aristocratic spirit survived– 2) wealthy families wielded considerable power

(this retarded NY’s growth for decades because it made the colony unattractive to immigrants!)

– 3) Dutch place names (Harlem, Brooklyn)– 4) architecture– 5) Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles,

sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating and golf

Penn’s Holy ExperimentPenn’s Holy Experiment• A group of religious dissenters known as

“Quakers” arose during the mid 1600s

• English authorities did not like Quakers because of some of their beliefs– They believed everyone was equal in the eyes of

God– The refused to take off their hats to their

“betters”– They refused to swear oaths– They abhorred violence, including military service

• William Penn horrified his father by being attracted to the Quaker religion, and he suffered much persecution

Penn’s Holy ExperimentPenn’s Holy Experiment• William Penn horrified his father by being

attracted to the Quaker religion, and he suffered much persecution

• Quakers had already fled to RI, NC and NJ

• Charles II granted Penn a charter for Pennsylvania (Penn’s Woods) in 1681. Pennsylvania was the best advertised of the English colonies. The colony welcomed forward-looking spirits and substantial citizens, and its liberal land policies attracted many immigrants.

Quaker Pennsylvania and its Quaker Pennsylvania and its NeighborsNeighbors

• Philadelphia was a carefully planned city with wide streets

• William Penn bought land from native Americans and treated them fairly…so much so, that some Southern Native American tribes migrated North to PA

• But as more and more non-Quakers emigrated to PA, they undermined the Quakers’ benevolent policies…particularly the feisty Scots-Irish

Penn’s Holy ExperimentPenn’s Holy Experiment• Penn’s new propriety regime was unusually liberal

– Representative assembly elected by landowners– No tax-supported state church– Freedom of worship (except for Jews and Catholics

because of pressure from London)– Death penalty ONLY for treason and murder

• Because of Quaker beliefs on non-violence, no provision was made for the military defense of the colony

• There were no restrictions on immigration (naturalization was made easy)

• Slavery made little headway in PA because of Quaker attitudes

Penn’s Holy ExperimentPenn’s Holy Experiment• Pennsylvania attracted a rich mix of ethnic

groups

• PA grew quickly, profitably exporting grain and foodstuffs

• By 1700, PA was the third largest colony, behind only VA and MA.

• Penn was never truly appreciated by PA’s citizens. Several governors quarreled with its citizens. Penn died a miserable man (see Penn article)

The Middle Colonies – Defining The Middle Colonies – Defining CharacteristicsCharacteristics

• 1) Fertile, plentiful land…middle colonies known as the “breadbasket

• 2) Wide, deep rivers with few waterfalls (great for commerce and trade, but provided little spur to manufacturing)

• 3) There was, however, a surprising amount of industry in the middle colonies– Forests provided timber for lumbering and

shipbuilding– Deep rivers and landlocked harbors promoted

the growth of seaports and commerce

The Middle Colonies – Defining The Middle Colonies – Defining CharacteristicsCharacteristics

• 4) The middle colonies were midway between the NE & S colonies– Land holdings size in between the South (big) and

NE (small)– Local government somewhere in between NE town

meetings and Southern county government– Fewer industries than NE, but more than the S

• 5) In some ways the middle colonies were the MOST American– They were the most ethnically mixed– They had the most religious toleration and

democratic control– They had more desirable land that was more easily

acquired

The Middle Colonies – Defining The Middle Colonies – Defining CharacteristicsCharacteristics

• 5) Benjamin Franklin – America’s 18th century renaissance man can be seen as representative of the colonies as a whole

• By the early 1720s:– Population was growing– Transportation and communications were

improving– British hands-off “salutary neglect” were

allowing the colonies to grow on their own

– THE COLONIES WERE THRIVING