English Dexway - 3A - IOC - Institut Obert de Catalunyacontents.cae.net/courses/manuals/langnet/736a979a3127fb0...The use of this manual is solely restricted to students of this course

English Dexway - 3A - IOC - Institut Obert de Catalunya

VOCABULARY

Aisle The space between two rows of seats or similar where we walk.We walk in the aisle on an aeroplane or train.

Arrival Usually associated with planes, trains, etc.The time when the something reaches its destination.

Baggage The bags and cases we use when travelling.Bridge A construction that passes over water or a road to go from one

side to another.Castle A large, old building. Usually made of stone.

A place where kings and queens lived.Classical music A type of music usually played by an orchestra.

Classical composers include: Mozart, Chopin and Beethoven.Concert A live musical performance.Cool Common way to say that something is fashionable, good or

acceptable.Country An individual territory, e.g., Austria, Portugal, Senegal, etc.

An area of land with no buildings, outside a city.Departure Usually associated with planes, trains, etc.

The time when the transport leaves.East Direction or point of a compass.

Represented by an 'E' on the right hand side.Factory A place where products are made or produced.Field An area of land, sometimes dedicated to agriculture.Flight number The series of numbers and letters that identify individual trips

made by aeroplanes.Forest A large area of land covered with trees.Gate The area in an airport where passengers exit to get on a plane.Half an hour Thirty minutes.Hand luggage The bag we take onto a plane with our personal items, e.g.,

passport, money, etc.Hill A geographical feature.

Similar to a small mountain.Jazz band A group of musicians who play Jazz music.Lake A body of water surrounded by land.Luggage An uncountable noun to describe the bags and suitcases we take

on holiday.Mountain A geographical feature.

A large, usually high point.E.g.: Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

North Direction or point on a compass.Represented by an 'N' at the top of the compass.

Rock band / We're going to perform at Glastonbury / "Dark Night"

Copyright © CAE Computer Aided USA Corporation - Computer Aided Elearning, S.A.

Path A small, narrow place to walk through a forest or other area.River A moving body of water.

E.g.: The Nile is the longest river in the world.Rock festival An event where people go to see music groups in one place.

Famous rock bands include: The Rolling Stones, Queen, etc.Rock music Style of music with electric guitars and drums.Seat A place to sit on a bus, in the cinema, etc.Sick Ill or bad.

Vomit.So To express a consequence or invite a response.

E.g.: It was raining so we couldn't go for a walk.South A point on the compass.

Represented by an 'S' at the bottom point of a compass.To clean To remove dirt.To fix To repair something that is broken.To get on To have a good relationship. E.g.: I get on well with my sister.

To enter a bus or plane. E.g.: He got on the bus.To hear of To have been told about something.To kill To exterminate, to end the life of a living thing.To organise To be responsible for arranging an event.

To place items in a logical way.To own To possess.To perform To participate in a show or act in front of an audience.To practise To repeatedly do something in order to improve at it.

E.g.: I practise the violin 2 hours a week.To remember To recall something from the past.To sleep To close one's eyes and rest.

People usually sleep between five and eight hours a night.To smoke To inhale the smoke from a cigar or cigarette.To talk To use one's voice to communicate.To throw To move something by passing it through the air.

E.g.: You can't throw that big ball in the house.To wait To pass time before something happens or arrives.

E.g.: We can wait at the bus stop.To wave To move an open hand from side to side to greet or say goodbye

to someone.West A point on the compass.

Represented by a 'W' on the left point of a compass.



VOCABULARY SENTENCES

I like classical music.

There is a rock festival in the summer.

They are my favourite jazz band.

Is this your luggage?

This is a long aisle.

My parents live in the north of Italy.

There are some great beaches in the south of England.

I live in the east of England.

The library is in the west of the city.

I like visiting new countries.

I only have hand luggage because it's a short trip.

The departure time is on the ticket.

The arrival time at the next station is six o'clock.

There's a jazz concert tonight in town.

I think it is best to see rock music in a concert.

This factory produces soft drinks.

We don't know who killed this person.

They clean the house at the weekend.

I am organising the food for the picnic.

He's waiting for the bus. It's late.

I remember my black and white cat. It was lovely.

They practise yoga together every day.

The bridge allows the cars to go from one side of the river to the other.

Countries like Wales and Scotland are famous for their historic castles and buildings.

This green field is full of trees but has no animals in it.

The flight number informs passengers about the plane's destination.

Forests are large areas of land covered with trees. The biggest ones are in South America,for example, Brazil.

All passengers must exit through the flight gate before they get on the plane.



There are thirty minutes in half an hour.

None of these seats are being used by anybody.

This lake is full of fresh water and is surrounded by land.

A mountain is higher than a hill. The highest mountains in the world are in the Himalayas.

We walked along the forest path to get to our destination.

Boats travel along the river carrying passengers and things to buy and sell.

The castle is on a hill, like a small mountain, on the coast.

It was easy to fix the car. A contact was loose and he repaired it.

I have owned my dog since I bought it two years ago.

She tries to sleep a minimum of seven hours every night to get enough rest.

Did you know you're not allowed to smoke in the building?

They're talking informally about things they are interested in.

SENTENCES

I feel sick.

That is a cool motorcycle.

Wave goodbye.

Throw the ball.

He is performing in concert.

USEFUL PHRASES

Barry and Jonathan are friends.

They get on well.She doesn't get on with her sister.

He is hungry, so he is going to eat.

Have you ever heard of Tony Blair?

Yes I have. He was the Prime Minister of Britain.Have you ever eaten Mongu soup?

I can't say that I have.



GRAMMAR

Past continuous

Form: The past continuous is formed with the past simple of the verb “to be” followed by thepresent participle of the main verb (verb + ing).

Subject + was / were + verb + ing

Affirmative:

I was eating

You were eating

She was eating

He was eating

It was eating

We were eating

They were eating

Negative:

Subject + was / were + not + verb + ing

I was not eating

You were not eating

She was not eating

He was not eating

It was not eating

We were not eating

They were not eating

Negative short form:

I wasn’t eating

You weren’t eating

She wasn’t eating

He wasn’t eating



It wasn’t eating

We weren’t eating

They weren’t eating

Interrogative:

Was I eating?

Were you eating?

Was she eating?

Was he eating?

Was it eating?

Were we eating?

Were they eating?

The short form is usually used to reply. We use the relevant subject followed by the affirmativeor negative form of the verb “to be”.

E.g.: Were you playing?Yes, I was.No, I wasn’t.

Use: The past continuous is used to talk about actions that took place over a period of time inthe past. We do not use it to talk about things that happened in a moment, only for actions orevents that lasted for a certain time.

The verb “to eat”



How long does it take...?

“How long” is an interrogative particle formed by a combination of the interrogative pronoun“how” and the adverb “long”, which we use to ask for the duration or time of something. Wecould also say “how much time?”

“How long does it take ...?” is the way we ask about the duration or time necessary forsomething.

How long does it take to go to Manchester?

We use the verb “take” with “how long” because “time” and “take” stand together inEnglish, i.e. you take time to do something.

To reply we also use the verb “to take” followed by the amount of time needed. We shouldremember that this is an impersonal form and so we use the subject is “it”.

It takes five hours.

It takes one day.



VOCABULARY

Aggressively In a way that is hard or violent.Angrily To do or say something in an angry or irritated way.Badly To express something that has not been done in the correct

manner.Be careful! To warn someone that there is a possible danger.Bed & Breakfasthotel

A house where you can pay to sleep and have breakfast.

Bin An object we use for the things we don't want.We put rubbish in the bin.

Bleach A chemical cleaning product. Toxic.Boss The person responsible for a group of people.

In an office or job the person who tells people what to do.Campsite A designated place where people can erect their tents to sleep in.Carefully To do something with great care or caution.Clearly Without doubt or obstruction.

Evidently.Constant Unchanging, continuous.Constantly Never stopping.

E.g.: It has been raining constantly all day.Cooker The appliance where we can heat or cook food.Correct tense If you are using the past tense when you are talking about the

future you are not using the correct tense, the correct tense wouldbe the future tense.

Dangerously In a manner that is not safe.Easily To do something without problems or difficulty.Easy Adjective to describe something that is not difficult.Fire Very hot and dangerous.

We can cook on a fire.Fire can destroy a house.

Fluently Without hesitation or problems.E.g.: After living in France for twelve years, I could speak Frenchfluently.

Hammer A tool.It has a long handle and a hard top. We use it to hit nails.

Healthy To be in good physical condition.Motorway A road where cars can travel at high speeds over long distances.

Often linking two cities.Never mind Don't worry about it.Noise Sound at an unpleasant level.

Camping in the countryside / Cut that wire / Camping rules


Quickly With speed.Quiet Without noise.Road sign You see these when you are driving. They tell you what you can

or cannot do. For example, on the motorway we see road signssaying 120, telling us we can drive a maximum of 120km perhour.

Rubbish Objects which are no longer useful.Household waste.

Rules A list of things that we can or cannot do in certain situations orplaces.Schools often have rules.

Slowly To do something without speed.Smartly To be elegant or formally dressed.Suddenly To happen unexpectedly.Tense When we use verbs in sentences we change them according to

when the action took place. We use past, future, present tenses.For example: "I went to the shop" is written in the past tense.

Tent A temporary house made of fabric.The place where we can sleep when we are outside our house.We can carry a tent in a bag.

To camp To stay in a tent.To care about To feel protective or close to a person or subject.

E.g.: She cares about her animals, she won't leave them.To change To go from one state to another.To cover To hide or protect something.To give To pass or offer something to another person.

E.g.: I am going to give her a watch for her birthday.To keep To hold or save something.

E.g.: He keeps all his old love letters, he's very romantic.To look for To search for or try to find something.To make friends To meet new people who one likes.To pick up To collect someone in a car or vehicle.

E.g.: I can pick you up on the way to the cinema.To put up To erect or assemble.

E.g.: We can put up the tent here.To shut up To stop talking.To step on To put your foot on something.To turn off To cut power to an appliance.To type To use a typewriter or keyboard to produce a text.Type 1. (noun) a sort, a category.

2. (verb) to use the keys on the computer to introduce words anddocuments into the system. E.g.: to type a letter.



Wires Cables.Electricity travels through wires.


The child is playing inside the tent.These are the camping rules.

He's putting some wood on the fire.

Be careful of those wires!

Can you give me the hammer?

He is the boss.

She owns a Bed & Breakfast hotel.

The boy is putting the papers into the bin.

The bleach changed the colour of my t-shirt.

Try to exercise at a constant speed.

There is a road sign to warn us that there are children.

I prefer gas cookers like this one.

The maths quiz was very easy.

There weren't many cars on the motorway.

He's always quiet when he plays computer games.

There is a lot of rubbish around the tent because these campers have not picked it up.

This boy is camping in a tent, which is a big adventure for young children.

Sometimes my emotions change from feeling happy to sad for no reason.

I thanked him for the money when he gave it to me.

She's looking for something and she has looked everywhere she can think of.

He is picking up his son from school by car to go back home.

She's typing quite slowly because she is thinking about what to write.

After he turned off the television, he fell asleep too.



SENTENCES

We are putting up the tent.

Jimmy, shut up! I can't hear.

They are in a campsite.

He is making a lot of noise.

He keeps his money under the bed.

Don't step on the grass.

She is very healthy.

She dresses smartly.

Can you cover the child?

She speaks French fluently.

The secretary types very quickly.

SHOWROOM: THE PAST - PAST CONTINUOUS AND SIMPLEPAST I

I was watching television.

The phone rang.

I turned off the television.

I answered the telephone.

They were walking home.

It started to rain.

They stood under a tree.

Jack gave them a lift home.



SHOWROOM: THE PAST - PAST CONTINUOUS AND SIMPLEPAST II

My friend and I were sleeping.

We heard a noise.

We opened the tent.

We saw a bear.

She was driving home.

A dog walked into the road.

She stopped the car.

She avoided the dog.

USEFUL PHRASES

I want the toy.No. It's mine.I'm not going to play with you ever again!

Who cares!Do you want the sandwich, or the burger?

I don't care. I like sandwiches and burgers.Do you have a pen?

Never mind. I have one.

I have made a new friend. Her name is Jenny.



GRAMMAR

Past continuous vs. Past simple

The past continuous is used to describe actions which take place over a period of time. Theyare usually past actions or activities whose limits are not stated or are not important.

The past simple is used to talk about specific actions in the past that are finished.

If we say: At seven o’clock he was having breakfast.

We mean that he was half-way through his breakfast at seven o’clock, or that he started eatingbefore seven o’clock.

If we say: He had breakfast at seven o’clock.

We imply that he started his breakfast at seven o’clock.

In the following diagram we can see the difference between the two tenses:

As we can see, the past simple action (represented by an x) happens after the past continuousaction has started and finishes before the continuous action ends.



The one / The ones

These pronouns are used to replace a noun that has already been mentioned in order to avoidrepetition of the same noun.

If the noun that we want to avoid repeating is in the singular form, we use “one”.

Do you like the blue shirt or the brown shirt?

Do you like the blue shirt or the brown one?

I like the brown one.

We can also use it with the interrogative pronoun “which”.

Cut the wire.

Which one? (instead of “Which wire?”)

If the noun is in the plural form we use “ones”.

Do you want the red apples or the green ones? (the green apples)

I want the green ones.

Manner adverbs

Adverbs are used to modify a verb. Many adverbs are formed by using the adjective as the baseand then adding –ly.

slow + -ly slowlyquiet + -ly quietly

quick+ -ly quicklyclear + -ly clearly

The adverb is placed after the verb it is modifying.

He eats slowly.

He ran quickly to the supermarket.



Must / mustn’t

The verb “must” is a modal verb that we use to express obligation and prohibition. As withother modal verbs, it does not have an infinitive form with “to” and does not require anauxiliary verb in the negative form.

E.g.: I must I mustn’t

This modal verb is followed by the bare infinitive of another verb without “to”.

E.g.: You mustn’t step on the grass.



VOCABULARY

Ant A very small insect.Ants are very strong, usually black and live in large groups.

Astonished Surprised, shocked.Atmosphere The gases that surround the planet.Awake The opposite of asleep.

The state of being alert and fully conscious.Bite A small piece of food, taken by using the teeth.Bless you Traditional response when a person sneezes.Bonfire A large fire, usually found in a garden or park.CD player A machine that we use to play compact discs.Climbing Moving upwards.Cooking Preparing food to eat.Cow A large, farm animal which gives us milk.Crowded Full of people or objects.Desert A large area covered in sand.

Very hot and dry with few plants.Driver The person driving a vehicle.Driving To be in control of a vehicle.Historic Memorable, important.Marathon A running race of 42.195 km.Mosquito A small, flying insect that bites in order to suck blood.Pond A small area of water, often in a garden.Popular Generally liked by a lot of people.Protection Something to stop damage or injury.Relaxed Without pressure or stress.Routine The things a person does regularly.

Order.Swimming pool A large area filled with water for people to swim in.Temperature A measurement of how warm or cold something is.To chill To make cold.To yawn To open your mouth and expel air because you are tired or

bored.Tractor A farm machine.Traffic jam When a lot of cars are not moving, or moving very slowly.Volcano A natural feature which can erupt (explode) and create hot lava.

Life outside - Additional vocabulary



The girl was astonished when she found out who the murderer was. She couldn't believe it!

The world's largest active volcano is called Mauna Loa, which means ¨Long Mountain¨. Itis located in Hawaii.

You must set the ice to chill because all the ice cubes are attached, forming a block of ice.

The temperature outside is so much hotter than in here. What a difference!

Did you know that the world's atmosphere is mostly made of nitrogen, although it alsocontains oxygen?

Street markets are very popular in the big cities. You can find anything you can think of.

My parents made an artificial pond in their garden and they put tadpoles and frogs as well.

If you go to a desert, you must drink a lot of water in order not to be dehydrated.

The first thing that comes to mind when you think of summer is a swimming pool.You must be careful where you make a bonfire, in some places it is illegal and you couldend up getting fined by the police.

I hate mosquitos, the noise they make annoys me so much, and the mosquito bites are evenworse.

When I get stressed over work, in order to get relaxed I need to go to the beach and just sitthere all by myself.

The ending of the play of ¨Romeo and Juliet¨, by William Shakespeare was truly a historicmoment.

My daily routine is quite boring and monotonous. The only time I leave home is to go towork.

I think I'm going to give away my CD player, I never use it and the only time I listen tomusic is when I put the radio on.

I was eager to bite into my sandwich because I haven't had the chance to eat all day!

I hate staying awake while my wife is sleeping so peacefully.

Nearly every month there is a marathon in my town, I wonder why it's become so popular.

It's amazing how ant societies have division of labour and the ability to solve problemsthrough communication.

The driver was so nervous because he had been trying to pass his exam for more than ayear.

I must repair my tractor, it's not functioning well and I need it as soon as possible so I cankeep working in the farm.



I'm so lucky to have a husband that loves cooking!

There is always a traffic jam first hour in the morning and around 7 o'clock. You must tryto avoid driving during these hours.

The gestation period of a cow is of 9 months, the same as us humans.

You aren't allowed to do the activity without wearing any protection; it's for your safety.

He sneezed three times in a row and the three times I had to say ¨Bless you¨.

It was so crowded, that I couldn't manage to find a spot to watch the spectacle.

Driving a motorcycle is very different from driving a car, you must be careful!

Mountain climbing requires experience, athletic ability and technical knowledge tomaintain safety.

I kept yawning all day, I couldn't help it, I was so tired from not sleeping last night.



VOCABULARY

Above The opposite to below. For example: The sky is above us.Body All the physical parts of you are parts of your body. For example

your head, legs and arms are all parts of your body.Cheek The fleshy parts on the sides of the face.Chin The hard, pointed part of the face below the mouth.Coffee maker A machine that makes coffee.Definition An explanation of a word.

When you describe what something is, you give it a definition.Double room A room for two people.Eyebrows The lines of hair that grow over the eyes.Eyes The organs we use to see.Face The term used to refer to eyes, nose, mouth, etc.Food shopping When you buy food at the supermarket you are doing the food

shopping.Forehead The part of the face above the eyebrows, below the hair line.Form A piece of paper or a part of a web page.

You write your name and other details.Illness Disease. Health problem.Lips The fleshy, exterior parts of the mouth.List A series of items or inventory.

E.g.: I always make a shopping list so I don't forget anything.Mouth The opening in the front of the face we use to talk and eat.Nose The organ we use to smell.Reservation Arrangement.

E.g.: We made the reservation for the hotel room by telephone.Area of land protected by an authority.E.g.: This is a bird reservation.

Single room A room for one person.Stairs The graduated steps that go between floors in a building.Teeth Plural of tooth.Tired To feel fatigue or mild exhaustion.To be ill To be unwell or sick.To be sick To be unwell.To come in To enter.To come out of To exit or leave.To fill in To complete a form.

E.g.: I had to fill in a form to get a passport.To go back To return to a place we have been before.To go down To descend, go lower.

You are not invited to the party / Why don't you come in? / I liked your new song


To go on To continue.To look after To care for.To look up To try to find information in a reference book or on the internet.To pick up To take in the hand, to lift.

E.g.: This box is too heavy for me to pick up.To collect someone in a car or vehicle.E.g.: I can pick you up on the way to the cinema.

To place To put something somewhere. For example: I placed the milk inthe fridge.

To put on To wear, to place an item of clothing on one's body.E.g.: Put on your coat, it's cold outside.

To put out To stop a fire. E.g.: The fire fighters put out the fire.To take outside - a bin or rubbish. E.g.: Please can you put outthe bin? They collect the rubbish tomorrow.

To run into To meet by accident.E.g.: I ran into John at the shops.

To run out of To be without something.To throw away To discard something that is no longer useful.To turn down To decrease the volume or level.

To reject.E.g.: He rejected the job offer because the pay was too low.

To turn up To increase the volume or level.To appear.E.g.: He turned up at the party without an invitation.

Tongue The fleshy organ inside the mouth.Helps us to taste and talk.

Tooth The individual hard, white, enamel covered parts of the mouth. Used to bite and chew.

Toothbrush The thing we use to clean our teeth.We put toothpaste on it.

Typewriter A machine we use to write letters and documents.Not a computer.




To register, please take a form.

Do you like my toothbrush?

We bought a new coffee maker at the shop.

I like our new typewriter.

You must put out the fire before you leave the campsite.

Please, come in. We can have a coffee.

She came out of the job interview with a smile.

She's going back home for the holidays.

I usually go down the stairs because I don't like lifts.

I have a dictionary to look up new words.

Here's the money for the food shopping.

She's walking down the stairs to the next floor.

She has to pick which is her favourite toy.

She put on a jacket because it was cold outside.

I ran into an old friend on the path through the forest. That was a nice surprise.

We ran out of petrol for the car because we didn't stop before.

He's throwing away some old papers because he doesn't need them anymore.

Can you turn down the TV if you watch something? I want to concentrate on my work.

May I turn up the air conditioning? It's cold in here already.

Before you start work next week, could you fill in this form with your personal details?

She asked her friend to look after her bag because she wanted to make a phone calloutside.

This diagram shows a picture of a human body for medical students to study all the parts.

Every word has a definition which explains the meaning.

Where did you place the sheets? I want to put on clean ones.



SENTENCES

Write a shopping list.I was thirsty so I bought a drink.

We have made a seat reservation.

The dog is ill.She suffers from a lot of illnesses.

SHOWROOM: RELATIVE PRONOUNS - RELATIVE PRONOUNS I

A mechanic is a person who fixes cars.

A doctor is a person who looks after ill people.

A fireman is a person who puts out fires.

A typewriter is a machine which writes.

A toothbrush is a thing which cleans teeth.

A coffee maker is a machine which makes coffee.

SHOWROOM: RELATIVE PRONOUNS - RELATIVE PRONOUNSII

This is the hotel which Anne recommended to us.

A cook is a person who cooks food.

That's the pen which my mother bought me.

A pilot is a person who flies aeroplanes.



SHOWROOM: USE OF "SO" - USE OF "SO" I

It was very hot in the office, so I opened the window.

I opened the window because it was very hot in the office.

It was raining, so we didn't play tennis.

We didn't play tennis because it was raining.

She needed some medicine, so she went to the chemist's.

She went to the chemist's because she needed some medicine.

SHOWROOM: USE OF "SO" - USE OF "SO" II

He needed a rest, so he went on holiday.

He went on holiday because he needed a rest.

It was a lovely day, so we went to the park.

We went to the park because it was a lovely day.

PHRASES - USEFUL PHRASES

May I see your identification?Yes, here you are.

May I use your telephone?Yes, of course.Are you alright?

No. I'm going to be sick.

I am sick and tired of this party.I am going to call the police.

Go on! Don't stop.

Do you want a single or double room?

A single room, please.



GRAMMAR

Phrasal verbs

In English there are a number of verbs whose main feature is that they are accompanied bydifferent particles which change the meaning of the verb.

We refer to these verbs as “phrasal verbs” or “prepositional verbs”, depending on whether theverb is followed by a preposition or an adverb.

One verb may be followed by different particles and, in each case, have a different meaning. Itis a good idea to look at the different particles that are used and the meanings that they carry.

The basic meanings that the particles carry are:

Away the idea of moving away, leavingBack the idea of moving backwards, returning to do somethingDown the idea of moving downwardsIn the idea of going in, enteringOff the idea of removing, cut, closeOn the idea of continuingOut the idea de removing, going out, turning offOver the idea of finishing, crossingThrough the idea of passingUp the idea of upwards, higher

Let’s look at the example of “to go”:

To go up To go down To go back To go in

Like any other verb, these verbs are normally followed by a complement.

In the case of “phrasal verbs”, the complement can be placed after the particle or between theverb and particle.

E.g.: He picked the rubbish up.He picked up the rubbish.



In the case of having a pronoun as a compliment (me, you, him, her, us, them, it), thecompliment has to be placed between the verb and the preposition.

E.g.: He picked it up.not He picked up it.

Relative pronouns

Relative pronouns are used to refer to or describe something or someone that has beenmentioned before.

The woman who lives in that house is my friend.

In this case, “who lives in that house” describes “the woman” that the speaker is referring to.

In English the pronouns are: “who”, “which” y “that”.

Who: “who” is used to introduce a relative clause that refers to a person.

This is the girl who knows David.

Which: “which” is used to introduce a relative clause that is referring to a thing, place,animal,…

This is the river which passes through town.

That: “that” can be used for both things and people.

This is the river that passes through town.

This is the boy that came yesterday.



So / Because

“So” is used to talk about the consequences of an action or situation:

It was raining, so we went home. Cause Consequence

“Because” is used to talk about the causes of a consequence

We went home because it was raining. Consequence Cause



VOCABULARY

Bill The paper we get when we need to pay for a service or product.When we finish a meal in a restaurant, we ask for the bill.

Blender A kitchen machine to make solid food into liquid for soups anddrinks.

Cabbage A leafy green vegetable. Similar in appearance to a lettuce.Carrots Root vegetables. Orange, long and thin with green leaves at the

top.Often associated with rabbits.

Club A place to dance which stays open later than a pub or bar.Coin collection A large number of metal discs used as money in different

countries.Contract A legally binding document.Definitely Absolutely. Without doubt.Famous To be known by a lot of people.

A celebrity or actor whose face is familiar to the general public.Freezer A kitchen appliance which keeps food frozen.Grapes Small, round fruit which grow on vines. They can be white or red.

Used to make wine.In fact In reality, truly.Ingredient Eggs, flour, butter and sugar are the principle ingredients of a

cake.Ketchup A sauce made from tomatoes. Typically served cold with chips or

hamburgers.Lamb A young sheep.

The name for meat that comes from the animal.Late To arrive after the expected time.Lift A way to move between the different floors or levels of a building.

A metal box operated by a system of counterweights.Mustard A condiment or sauce. Usually a yellow colour. Popular to eat

with meat.Obligation A duty, a responsibility, a necessity. Something you must or must

not do. For example: A doctor has an obligation to treat hispatients.

Occupation A job, a profession. It's the work we do to make money.Oil Liquid. There are various types of oil.

E.g.: Olive oil for cooking or the oil we put in the motors ofvehicles for lubrication.

Peach A soft, round fruit. Orange and red in colour with a furry skinand a large stone in the middle.

Pear A soft fruit. Round at the base but with a narrower top.

Let me treat you to a drink / Shouldn't I? / I feel ill


Peas Small, green vegetables or legumes which grow in a long pod.Pepper Powder-like substance used to flavour food.

E.g.: Did you put salt and pepper on the table?Also refers to the red, yellow or green fruit from the capsicumplant. Often used in salads.

Perhaps Maybe. To express uncertainty.Pineapple Large tropical fruit with a hard yellow outer skin and green

pointed leaves at the top.Pork The meat that comes from a pig.Salmon A type of fresh water fish with a pink colour when cooked.Sausage Minced meat contained in a small cylindrical case of animal

skin. Usually eaten fried.Sheep Farm animals used for their meat and wool.Spinach A dark green leafy vegetable.Store American English for 'shop'.Strawberries Small, sweet red berries that grow near the ground. Often served

with cream.Surgery A medical intervention.

A specialised doctor opens the patient in order to treat an illness.Tissues Thin squares of soft paper to clean the nose or face.To annoy To irritate, cause someone to become angry or frustrated.To be wrong To make a mistake, to be incorrect.To count To get the total number of items and/or objects we have.

E.g.: We need to count our money before we buy a car.To purchase To buy. For example: I purchased the cinema tickets on the

internet, they were cheaper.To recommend To say something is good and that you think it is a good idea.

E.g.: I recommend you stay in that hotel - it's wonderful!To record To make a copy of something.

To note something down for later reference.Vinegar Liquid condiment made from wine or cider, etc.Vitamins The good things we get from food.

Usually classified by letters.We can also buy vitamins in capsules or pills.

Well Adjective to describe good health.




We went to a club in London.

He takes vitamins before breakfast.

This is the telephone bill.Can you count those boxes, please?

You can use a blender to make baby food.

I cut some cabbage for the dinner.

How do you want me to prepare the carrots?

What an unusual coin collection!

We need to go shopping. The freezer is empty.

These red grapes are delicious.

I make my own ketchup at home.

They've got a pet lamb in their garden.

I put some mustard in a small bowl.

I'll put some more oil in the bottle.

There's only one peach left.

There were lots of pears at the supermarket.

Have you got enough peas?

Pass the black pepper, please.

How many pineapples do we need?

Do you eat pork very often?

There are two pieces of salmon on the plate.

There are many different types of sausages and most contain minced meat.

Vinegar is a condiment that is put on food and is made from fermented wine or cider.

In Britain, sheep live on hill farms where their wool protects them from the cold.

Spinach is a leafy vegetable that is full of vitamins and iron. It can be eaten cold or hot.

Strawberries are a very tasty summer fruit that grow on small plants.

Please pass me a tissue. I want to clean my face.

Don't annoy me when I'm speaking on the phone. You know I am busy and that'sfrustrating.



When he recorded the song, he had no idea it would make him famous.

Are you feeling well today? We are in good health and feeling fine.

Eggs, butter and flour are the ingredients you use to prepare a cake.

It's the police officer's obligation to stop drivers and give them a ticket when they dosomething wrong.

She's a nurse. It's the occupation she has to make a living.

She purchased the make-up at the shop because she wanted to buy something for hermother.

SENTENCES

She has a work contract for five months.

She is in surgery.The doctor is operating.

Is that woman famous?I don't know.

I recommend the fish.

You can't smoke in here.

We have a lot of beans. Where do you want to put them? Put them in store.

Perhaps the bus will come soon.

USEFUL PHRASES

I'm definitely going to Germany.Have you decided it yet?Yes, I've booked my ticket.Did you buy Daniel a present?

No, I treated him to the cinema.

I'm not going to pass the exam, in fact, I haven't studied.

I was wrong about you, you are a very good tennis player.



GRAMMAR

Should / Shouldn’t

This modal verb is used to give advice and, in general, to say what we think is a good forsomeone to do or not, i.e. to give advice.

“Should” is a modal verb and as such does not have an infinitive form and does not need anauxiliary to form the negative or interrogative.

E.g.: You shouldn’t run.

Should I stay?

The same form is used for all persons, in singular and plural.

E.g.: She should come.

It is followed by a bare infinitive without “to”.

E.g.: We should read.

Below we can see an example of “should” followed by the verb “to eat” in affirmative:

I should eat

You should eat

He should eat

She should eat

It should eat

We should eat

They should eat

The negative in formed by adding the negative particle “not” to the verb “should”:

I should not eat

You should not eat

He should not eat

She should not eat

It should not eat

We should not eat

They should not eat



The short form of the negative is:

I shouldn’t eat

You shouldn’t eat

He shouldn’t eat

She shouldn’t eat

It shouldn’t eat

We shouldn’t eat

They shouldn’t eat

The interrogative is formed by inverting the order of subject + should to should + subject:

Should I eat?

Should you eat?

Should he eat?

Should she eat?

Should it eat?

Should we eat?

Should they eat?

Comment tags

“Comment tags” are short interrogative structures that are used to express interest or surprise.

These questions are formed with the subject that we are referring to followed by thecorresponding auxiliary in affirmative or negative depending on the case in question.

So, for example if we say: I like fish.

Although there is no auxiliary verb, we would use the auxiliary that we always use in thepresent as the sentence is in present; that it to say “do / does”. As the person speaking is “I”,we refer to his/her as “you”:

If the sentence were in the past, the auxiliary would be “did”, and so on.



Below we can see some examples:

1. I can ride a bicycle.Can you?

2. He has gone to the bank.Has he?

3. She should eat more.Should she?

4. We went to the cinema.Did you?

5. I eat meat.Do you?

6. They are eating.Are they?

If the initial sentence is negative, the question is also negative which, having the auxiliary,makes it easier to construct the comment question:

1. I can’t ride a bicycle.Can’t you?

2. He hasn’t gone to the bank.Hasn’t he?

3. She shouldn’t eat so much.Shouldn’t she?

4. We didn’t go to the cinema.Didn’t you?

5. I don’t eat meat.Don’t you?

6. They aren’t eating.Aren’t they?



WRITING ASSIGNMENT

You have been awarded an Erasmus grant to spend six months studying in the UK. Write an e-mail to a friend, who lives there, including the following information:

• how you felt when you knew about it.• your expectations and worries about your new life.• your plans for your new life.

Suggest meeting to spend a day together.

Use 125 Words.

To prepare this task, complete the Assignment I - Writing pathway before you send it your text toyour teacher.

Studying in the UK - Writing assignment

Copyright © Computer Aided Elearning, S.A.

VOCABULARY

A bit A small amount.Angry To describe a negative emotion.

The opposite to happy.At all In the least.Bath tub In a bathroom. The place where you have a bath.Bath Where we can wash.

In the bathroom there is often a shower and a bath.Bear A large wild animal with thick fur.Bill The printed or written record of the price for a service or

product.Bottle A container for liquids normally made of glass or plastic.Box A container, usually square.

Often made of cardboard or wood.Can A metal container for drinks or food.Carton A rectangular container for liquid, e.g., milk or fruit juice.Changing rooms The place where we can go to try on clothes in a shop.

In the swimming pool or gym, the place where we can changefrom day clothes to sports clothes.

Container A recipient used to put things in. Examples of containers areboxes, bottles, tuppaware etc.

Credit card A small rectangular piece of plastic which can be used to pay forthings.

Get well! An expression we use to wish someone the best when they are illor sick.

Glass Transparent material, fragile. Used to make windows.A recipient for liquids. E.g.: water, wine.

Hard The opposite to soft.E.g.: Wood and metal are hard.Difficult, not easy.E.g.: The test was hard. I only got 40%.

Infinitive This refers to a verb when it is in its original state, withoutpronoun or tense, sometimes following the word "to", e.g., to go,to eat, to come, to sleep are all in the infinitive.

Jam Usually made of fruit and sugar.People often put jam on toast for breakfast.

Jar A glass container usually for jams, marmalades, etc.Lipstick Colour for lips.

Make-up that women use.Lovely Nice, beautiful, pleasant.

I fancy going to the United States / What has happened here? / Your plans in life


Marvellous Wonderful, great.Orange juice Liquid extracted from oranges.Packet A small container or package. We can send packets through the

post.Also used to refer to the bags we buy food in.

Paper Thin sheets used for writing or printing on.Sail The large piece of material that is on a sailing boat.

It traps the wind so that the boat moves.Straight Not bent or curved.

E.g.: We use a ruler to draw a straight line.Sweets Made of sugar.

Children like to eat them.Tin A type of metal.

A container for food, e.g., tomatoes.To accept To say 'yes' to something.To become To change or transform into.To believe To think that something is true or correct.To breathe To inhale and exhale air through the lungs.To cross To go from one side to the other.

Does it take long to cross the ocean from England to France?To decide To choose between two or more options.

E.g.: I can't decide if I want the jacket or the dress.To enjoy To have a positive experience.To fall To have an accident.

To drop from a higher level to the ground.To fancy To like.

To feel like doing something, e.g. I fancy going to the cinematonight.

To fit To be the correct size.E.g.: These trousers don't fit, they are too big.

To hope To desire something to happen.To mend To repair or return something broken or damaged to a better

state.To mind To be negatively affected by.

E.g.: I don't mind if you are late.To watch or look after.E.g.: Can you mind the children while I go to the shops?

To plan To try and organise a future event.To promise To make a commitment. To say you will do something.



To reach To be able to touch.E.g.: I can't reach the top shelf, it's too high.To arrive at a destination.E.g.: We should reach London at four o'clock.

To sail To plan and direct the journey of a vehicle, usually a boat.To swim To move through the water using arms and legs to propel

oneself.To try on To put on clothes in a shop to see if they are the correct size.To zip up To join or close with a zip.Tuna Large fish usually found in warm water.

Popular food, often sold in tins.Ugly Not at all attractive.

The opposite of beautiful.Wonderful Amazing, great.


I can't decide...

She got very angry.

My daughter eats too many sweets.

Do you want jam on your bread?

I like the colour of this lipstick.

The men's changing rooms are in the corner.Where is Suzy?She is in the bath.

The dog is crossing the street.

The sail is white.

It looks like a bottle of water.

I put her present in a big, brown box.

You can see all the nutritional information on the can.

There are plenty of cartons of fruit juice in the cupboard, don't buy any more at the shop.

Be careful of that broken glass!

We don't need any more jars of asparagus.

I really need a large, cold orange juice.

Buy some tins of tuna when you're out shopping.



A good sailor can mend his own sails.

There's nothing like sailing in good weather.

He promised never to do it again.

I can't reach the top shelf; can you help me?

There's some tasty looking fresh tuna on sale.

Learning to swim was easy for her after a few lessons and some practice.

It was quite chilly, so she zipped up her jacket to stay warmer.

This road is very straight and you can see the traffic miles in front.

The hotel bathtub has a jacuzzi function, which is very relaxing.

Large bears like this can be dangerous animals if they are hungry or afraid.

Food is placed in packets to keep it fresh and make it easy and clean to transport.

Paper was invented more than 4,000 years ago at the same time as writing.

I believe my family and friends are the most important thing I have.

If I ever become rich, I will live like a star.

A deer is a lovely, gentle animal, unlike a crocodile or lion.

We had a marvellous time visiting your amazing new house. See you again soon!

He never liked the hat his parents gave him as a present. He thought it was ugly and that helooked stupid.

This place has been a wonderful getaway for a couple of days in the countryside.

These containers carry products that will be transported all over the world.



SENTENCES

I enjoy walking on the beach.

This homework is hard.

Don't fall!We hope to have a long holiday this year.

I have a lot of plans for the weekend.

Fish can't breathe air.

I like the dress, but I want to try it on.

There is a bit of jam on your clothes.

Do you accept credit cards?

Do you think these trousers fit me?He is looking at you.I think he fancies you.

I don't mind working a lot.

USEFUL PHRASES

Do you mind if I close the window?

No, I don't mind at all.Could you make up my bill, please?

Enjoy your meal!Thank you.Well, I must go.

Get well!



GRAMMAR

Question tags

When we expect confirmation from the part of the listener, we use constructions called“Question tags”.

These questions are placed at the end of a sentence and are said by the speaker using theauxiliary and the corresponding subject.

We should distinguish between:

1. “Question tags” at the end of a negative sentence.2. “Question tags” at the end of an affirmative sentence.

1. “Question tags” at the end of a negative sentence. If the sentence is negative, the “questiontag” should be in a non-negative, interrogative form.

He doesn’t like fish, does he?

As you can see, we place a comma before the question in order to separate the two parts.

He doesn’t eat much, does he?

She didn’t eat much, did she?

They can’t eat very much, can they?

He isn’t eating very much, is he?

He shouldn’t eat so much, should he?

2. “Question tags” at the end of an affirmative sentence. In cases where the sentence is in theaffirmative form we make the “question tag” in a negative interrogative form. To make thenegative interrogative we use the relevant auxiliary and subject.

After we have seen the first (negative) form, there is no problem choosing the correct auxiliarybecause it is used in the sentence; but with the second type (affirmative) we sometimes have toknow which auxiliary to use with the sentence according to the tense it is in.

If we see the sentence:

He works very hard,



we have to make the “question tag” in the negative form using the appropriate auxiliary. Inthis case, as it’s in the present, we use “do” in third person singular (“does”) but in negative(“doesn’t”), with the subject (“he”):

He works very hard, doesn’t he?

Here are some more examples:

He eats too much, doesn’t he?

He ate too much, didn’t he?(past simple)

He can eat a lot, can’t he?(verb: can)

He is eating a lot, isn’t he?(present continuous)

He should eat more, shouldn’t he?(verb: should)



Verbs + to / -ing

In English, when there are two verbs together there are different options, depending on whatthe first verb is. Here are two of them:

a) Infinitive: to + verb

I want to eat.

b) Gerund: verb + ing

I don’t mind walking.

Some of the verbs that are followed by the infinitive are:

To plan è I plan to eat

To want è I want to eat

To learn è I learn to eat

To forget è I forget to eat

To promise è I promise to eat

To decide è I decide to eat

To hope è I hope to eat

Some of the verbs that are followed by the gerund are:

To enjoy è I enjoy eating

To stop è I stop eating (not continue)

To finish è I finish eating

To mind è I mind eating

To fancy è I fancy eating

To begin è I begin eating

To miss è I miss eating



VOCABULARY

Amazing Very good and surprising.Area Zone or space.Beauty salon A place where people go to have their hair cut, manicures and

other treatments for skin or beauty.Border The limit or point where a territory ends.Caravan A vehicle that people use for holidays.

It is similar to a very small house but has wheels and is attachedto a car.

Cashier The person you give the money to in a shop when you buysomething.

Changing rooms The place where we can go to try on clothes in a shop.In the swimming pool or gym, the place where we can changefrom day clothes to sports clothes.

Checkout The area of a supermarket where we pay for our shopping.Collar The part of a shirt that goes around the neck.Complex Difficult to explain. Complicated.Cosmetic Product designed to increase one's beauty.Cottage A small house in a rural area.Display A prominent showing of a product that is easily seen.Employee A person who is contracted to work for a company.Farming The business related with agriculture and the production of raw

materials to make food.Height How tall a person is.Interested To be curious about something. To want to know more.Lotion Liquid for the skin. It makes the skin soft or protects it.Make-up The substance that people apply to their faces to change their

physical appearance.Photographer A person who takes photographs as the main aspect of their job.Rural In the countryside, somewhere away from cities and big towns.Takeaway Restaurant food which is taken to one's house to eat.To come out To appear or go out of something.To come up with To think of.To go through To start at one side and to come out or stop at the other side.To go up To move to a higher place or level.To shoplift To take something from a shop without paying.To try on To put on clothes to see if they fit.To zip up To join two sides using a zip.Valley A geographical term.

The space between two mountains where the land is lower.

Let's get a takeaway - Additional vocabulary



What a lovely cashier, she was so helpful and nice to us.

He has been employee of the year for three years in a row.

I've always been interested in fashion; I could spend the whole day just looking at clothes.

The girl was caught shoplifting at the moment by the shop attendant.

I must go to the shop and buy lotion, my skin feels very dry.

Let's order takeaway food, I think a pizza will be the best choice.

We just crossed the border between France and Spain.

My father was so helpful; I kept asking him to bring me more clothes to the changingroom.

Her height is very standard, although she seems very short.

Most girls like wearing make-up when they go out to a special event.

You should zip up your jacket; the temperatures have dropped a couple of degrees.

He's such a good photographer, I just love his photos, and they're so beautiful!

There are so many types of cosmetics, it is impossible to decide on just one.

They opened a new beauty salon in our town, so they are giving free haircuts to promotethemselves.

I want to buy this shirt for Christmas, but the collar is too narrow.

I'm going to try on the clothes, so you can tell me what you think.

We should checkout these items now if we want to make it home in time for dinner.

The burglar decided to come out of his hiding spot, he was then arrested.

I must come up with a plan before making a decision.

Be careful or your hand will go through the paper!

In order to go to the rest of the shops, you must go up through here.

What an amazing surprise, we couldn't believe it!

The structure of the solar system is very complex to understand.

We must buy something for the shop, so we can display the articles we have for sale.

The Great Rift Valley, situated in Kenya, is named after the British explorer, John WalterGregory.

For my next holiday, I am going to travel to a rural destination, so I can disconnect fromthe city.

Our family has been in the farming business for many years. It's very gratifying.



I would like to buy a house in a quiet area near the coast.

Caravans usually have a kitchen, a toilet and a place to sleep. They are great for travelling!

It would be a good idea to rent a small cottage in the middle of nowhere.



SPEAKING ASSIGNMENT

Examine the following picture and record your answers to some of the questions about thepicture.

• Are there any people in your picture? How many?• How old are the people in the picture?• What are the people in the picture doing?• Was the picture taken outdoors or indoors?• What can you see in the foreground? And in the background?• What season was the photo taken? How do you know?• What time of the day was the photo taken?• What country do you think it is? Why?• Are there any animals in the picture? Which? What are they doing?• Are there any vehicles in the picture?• Who do you think took the photo? Why?• What do you think the people did after the photo was taken?

Now, send your recording to your teacher. Remember to include the question when you givean answer.

Talk for about 2 or 3 minutes.

To prepare this task, complete the Assignment II- Speaking pathway before you send yourrecording to your teacher.

A visit to the pet shop - Speaking assignment


VOCABULARY

A while A period of time.Usually a medium amount of time.E.g.: I have been learning English for a while.

Adjective An adjective describes a noun. Examples of adjectives: red,young, cold, clean...

Business A company or commercial enterprise.To do business - to have a commercial relationship.

Cheetah The world's fastest land animal. A feline.Smaller than a lion or tiger. It is yellow with black spots.

Comfortable To feel good.E.g.: My new shoes are very comfortable, I can walk all day inthem.

Comparative A comparative compares 2 things. In English the comparative isformed by the noun + er, or more + noun.E.g.: She is older than me but she's more energetic than I am.

Dangerous Something that is not safe.E.g.: Some snakes are dangerous because their poison can kill.

Dirty The opposite of clean.With marks or stains.

Expensive The opposite of cheap.Something that costs a lot of money.

Friendly A person who is very open and kind.Friendship If you are friends with someone for a long time, you create a

friendship between you.Hole A space or void.

E.g.: Be careful! There's a big hole in the road.Junk food Food which does not have any real nutritional value. Often

called Fast Food.Lions Large felines. They live in Africa.

The male lions have a lot of hair around their head called a'mane'.

Loud At high volume.E.g.: The music is very loud, I can't hear you.

Love The emotion associated with romance.Mates An informal word for friends.Mean Signify.

E.g.: What does 'lovely' mean? It means nice or pleasant.The opposite of generous. Someone who does not like to spendany money.E.g.: He's very mean. He never gives birthday presents.

Saying goodbye to the band / We'll keep in touch / I'll call you


Mouse A very small rodent. They are usually grey, brown or white with along tail and small ears.They live in fields and houses. Some people have them as pets.

Near Close. The opposite of far.Nice Pleasant, lovely.Plumber A person who works with the pipes and tubes which carry water

in a house.E.g.: My toilet is broken, I need a plumber.

Roof The cover on top of a house. Outside.Sea The salt water that covers a lot of the planet.

E.g.: The Mediterranean sea, the Baltic sea.Sight One of the five senses - vision. Using eyes.So long Similar to 'Goodbye'.Strong With a lot of physical power.

E.g.: He is very strong, he can carry two people!Stuff A way to refer to uncountable nouns in general. Unspecific.

E.g.There's a lot of stuff here, we need to get organised.To argue To disagree strongly and vocally with someone. To shout or raise

voices.To be back To arrive at the place where one left.To be in love with To feel love for someone.To be in To be at home.To be off To go, leave.

E.g.: I have finished all my work, I'm off!To be bad, rotten, not fresh.E.g.: This milk is off, it smells horrible.

To be unemployed To be out of work. Not have a job.To die To pass from being alive to being dead.To get married This is what two people do if they are in love and they want to

spend the rest of their lives together. You can do this either inchurch or in a registry office.

To go ahead To continue.To highlight 1. to stress, to emphasise or to make something important. For

example: He highlighted the importance of safety for the workers.2. To use a fluorescent pen to make a word or phrase morenoticeable.

To hold the line Expression used on the telephone. To wait.

To invite around To ask someone if they want to come to your house.To keep in touch To maintain contact with someone.

E.g.: She lives in another town but we keep in touch with emailsand by telephone.



To make To fabricate or produce.To marry To legally join with someone as a couple.To own To possess.To stay up To remain awake late into the night.To vacuum To clean the floor using a vacuum cleaner.

We usually vacuum the carpet every day.To worry To worry about something or someone: to be preoccupied.

E.g.: She worried about her grandmother living on her own atthe age of 91.




We are mates.We have always been good friends.

My son has drawn this mouse.

Lions live in Africa.

The cheetah is the fastest animal in the world.

If you eat junk food, you will get fat.

Can you throw away that stuff ?We don't need it.

He is vacuuming the rug.It was very dirty.

We both prefer doing business face to face.

If you want a comfortable chair for your office, try this one.

He's always leaving his dirty dishes in the sink. He never washes them.

That's the most expensive diary I've ever seen!

He's so friendly that I feel like I've known him for years.

That's too loud! We can't talk with that noise!

I value his friendship too much to be angry with him for long.

I told him not to worry but I don't think he can stop.

My job is very near to my home, it's 5 minutes away. I can go walking.

I couldn't live in a place that doesn't have a sea nearby.

He is very strong; he goes to the gym 6 times a week and goes running every day.

You must be careful when you go mountain climbing, it is very dangerous!

One day I will marry someone who loves me very much and who respects me.

We must call the plumber, so he can fix the burst pipe.

I'm going to be off work at 7 o'clock, I will call you then, so we can meet up.

My father likes to make furniture as a hobby, he is quite good.

She got married to her best friend, the wedding was so emotional.

She likes to highlight special dates, so this way, she will never forget them.



SENTENCES

Is James in?Yes, one second.

He is in love with Monica.

Frank owns this house.

She is a very mean woman.Nobody likes her.

Mum, I've invited Tom round for lunch.Good night. I'm going to bed.Don't stay up very late.

Lenin died in January, 1924.

My sisters argue a lot about clothes.He doesn't have a job.He is unemployed.

Mrs McGill is a nice lady.Everybody likes her.

There is a hole in the roof.



USEFUL PHRASES

It was love at first sight.Next!Do you want me to phone you?No, that's alright. We'll keep in touch.

Is he back from work?No, he hasn't arrived yet.

Can you hold the line, please?Yes, I can wait.

Please, go ahead!You've only got one thing and I have a lot.He will be back very soon.That's alright. I can wait a while.

So long!Have a safe journey.



GRAMMAR

Future simple

The future simple is usually used to talk about actions that will happen in the future. Wenormally use the future simple to make predictions or to express unplanned decisions. Thefuture simple is formed with Will or Shall and the infinitive of the verb, without ‘to’:

I will / I shall eat I’ll eat

You will eat You’ll eat

He will eat He’ll eat

She will eat She’ll eat

It will eat It’ll eat

We will / shall eat We’ll eat

They will eat They’ll eat

In first person (I, We) we can use “shall” or “will”, although in modern English “will” is morecommon and “shall” is used mainly to make suggestions.

Shall we take a taxi?

In both cases the short form is ’ll.

The negative form is made by adding the negative particle not to the auxiliary will, i.e. “willnot”. However, it frequently used contracted form is won’t:

I will / I shall not eat I won’t / shan’t eat

You will not eat You won’t eat

He will not eat He won’t eat

She will not eat She won’t eat

It will not eat It won’t eat



We will / shall not eat We won’t / shan’t eat

They will not eat They won’t eat

For the interrogative form all we need to do is reverse the order of “subject + will + verb” for“will + subject + verb”:

Will / Shall I eat? Will you eat? Will he eat? Will she eat? Will it eat? Will / shall we eat? Will they eat?

To answer a question we use the short form, which is made with the subject plus the auxiliary“will” in affirmative and won’t in negative:

Will you come?Yes, I will.No, I won’t.

Comparative (as ... as ...)

In English we can compare two people or things by using the construction:

As + adjective + asAnna is as tall as Mary.

In this type of comparison it is not necessary to differentiate between long and short adjectives,we use the same structure for them all.



VOCABULARY

Blog A web page where someone writes about a particular subject,their experiences or topics that interest them.

Chat room A virtual room on the internet where people can meet otherpeople.

Chip A very small component in computers and other technology.Verb. To break a small piece from something.

Code A secret number or combination of numbers and letters.E.g.: You need a code to open the door.

Compact Contained in a small area. Small, easy to carry or transport.Contemporary Referring to the present time.

A contemporary artist is one who is alive and painting at the timeof speaking.

Disc jockey A person who plays records on a radio or in a club so thatpeople can dance.

Hard disk Where a computer stores informationHeadset A pair of headphones with a microphone attached to it.Laptop A portable computer. The screen and keyboard are attached to

each other and it can be carried easily.Memory Stick A type of small and flat card to store information electronically.Mention To refer to something.

E.g.: Did I mention that I am changing jobs?Microphone Something that people use when they are speaking to a lot of

people.A microphone makes the voice louder.

Mouse A device connected to our computer. It helps us to move thecursor on the screen and click on items we want to select.

Online sales The act of giving something to someone in exchange for moneyover the Internet.

Restriction A rule or law that limits or controls what people can do.Separate Individual, not joined.Technical issue A problem or worry that somebody has with their computer.Technology Referring to modern machines, computers, etc.Text message A written message sent and received by mobile telephone.To download To transfer information from one computer or system to another.To fax To send a document using a machine that sends and receives files

along telephone wires and then prints them.To fill up To make full.

E.g.: We are going to drive a long way, we should fill up thepetrol tank.

To log in To do the necessary actions to be able to use a computer system.

Virtual world - Additional vocabulary


To log out To do the necessary actions to finish using a computer system.(Also: to log off)

To sign up To join an organisation or make an agreement by writing one'sname.

To upload To transfer data to a larger computer system from a smaller one,especially over the Internet.

Used Not new.Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity. A wireless connection to the internet.Wire A piece of thin strand or metal with a layer of plastic around it

used to carry electric current.


You need to use a microphone for the presentation; if not, people won't be able to hear youwell.

My hard disk stopped working, and I lost a lot of important documents I had saved.

I had to replace the chip I lost when my mobile phone fell open.

She sent me a text message at 3 o'clock in the morning last night, I was furious.

I had to throw away my alarm clock, it looked so used.

I need to buy a wireless mouse for my computer; I think it's more comfortable.

It is necessary to have a laptop for my job because I am always travelling.

I mentioned in the letter that I was going to quit my job this month.

You must find the code for that item in order to get a refund.

We must fill up the petrol tank before going on long trips.

He's always wanted to be a disc jockey since he was a child.

The sisters are always together and never have time to do separate things.

The contemporary structure of the building is very much liked by the people of the town.

Technology has made many advances over the centuries and has made our lives mucheasier.

At work we use chat rooms in order to communicate with our workmates from otherdepartments.

Nowadays, mobile phones carry a very compact chip, you can easily lose them.

There are many online restrictions that many people don't follow.

Over the past years, online sales have been increasing drastically.

You must have a username in order to log in.



Remember always to log out, in order to turn off the computer.

I want to sign up to this website, it seems very interesting.

It's become very popular to have a blog, I'm thinking of setting up a fashion blog myself.

I must call someone to repair my computer; I think it has a technical issue.

It is recommended to use a headset for your calls online.

I have a lot of important documents in my memory stick; I can't afford to lose them.

My Wi-Fi connection at home is excellent; I can download anything in record time.

Electrical wires should only be handled by professional electricians.

I downloaded so many applications for my new tablet; they are so fun!

I am uploading the photo to my mobile phone, so I can print it later.

We must fax the document to the client as soon as possible.



VOCABULARY

Alone By oneself. Without company.Best man The man who stands with the groom at a wedding. He usually

looks after the rings and has to make a speech.Blonde Hair colour. Fair or light yellow.Bride The woman who is getting married.Bridegroom The man who is getting married.Bridesmaid The female who stands with the bride. Often carries flowers.Ceremony A formal religious or public occasion.

E.g.: They had the wedding ceremony on the beach.Cheerful Happy.Church A building for religious ceremonies and worship.

Often in the Christian religion.Coast The part of land next to the sea.Colourful With a lot of different colours.Commission Money charged or earned for a service.

E.g.: I had to pay a lot of commission when I changed my Eurosto Dollars.

Couple Two people in a romantic relationship, e.g. boyfriend andgirlfriend.

Dollar A currency. The US dollar is the currency of the United States ofAmerica.

Each Individual item among various.E.g.: I need to check each sentence for mistakes.

Elegant To describe a person or object which is smart and good to see.Exchange rate The amount of the money of one country that we get in exchange

for the money of another country.Half Amount or object that is either of the two equal parts that

together make up the whole amount or object.Honeymoon The holiday people go on after their wedding.Husband Male spouse.Less Not so much.

A small quantity.E.g.: That's too much, give me less sugar.

Minister A religious leader in The Church of England.Responsible for a church and the people who attend.

Minus 1. Below zero. E.g.: In the Arctic the temperature is often minus10º.2. Mathematics, the symbol to mean subtract. E.g.: 4 - 2 = 2.

Modern In a new style. The opposite of old.Most The majority.

Getting married / Who shall we invite? / Go ahead


Nervous To feel anxious about something.Plan Strategy. Fixed idea of how something can be or work.Receipt The paper or ticket we get when we buy something.

It shows how much the item/items cost.E.g.: If we want to change the item, the shops ask for the receipt.

Stylish With good clothes and style.Superstition Irrational belief in supernatural influences, especially when they

lead to good or bad luck. E.g.: Walking under a ladder is badluck.

The rest The remaining or others.To become To convert, to change into something different. E.g.: Levi Strauss

became a very rich man by selling jeans.To cancel To stop an event or appointment.

E.g.: I need to cancel the two o'clock meeting. I have to go to theairport at two o'clock.

To have a goodtime

To have a positive experience.

To refer To use something as a reference, to recommend, to mention. E.g.:They referred to the dictionary when they didn't understand aword.

To show a film To play a film for other people to see.To sign To put one's name on a formal document.To solve To find a solution for a problem.Violent Aggressive. Using a lot of strength.Wedding The ceremony where two people are married.Wife Female spouse.Witness Someone who sees something happen.

There are witnesses at a wedding ceremony.Someone who sees a crime.E.g.: The police are looking for witnesses.




We live on the coast by the sea.

I have to cancel the meeting.I can't be there at three.

What is the exchange rate?

What is three, minus one ?It is two.

Here is your receipt, sir.

John is a minister.

You look very elegant. I like your suit.

That is a colourful tie.

This building is very modern.

That man has been waiting alone all afternoon.

This is a photo of my sister, we've both got blonde hair, but hers is longer than mine.

The woman was a victim of a violent attack.

He doesn't believe in the superstition about walking under a ladder bringing bad luck.

Can you believe that we've finally become man and wife?

I was referring to myself, not you. You didn't understand.

He was honoured to be the best man of the groom at the wedding.

The bride looked stunning in her wedding dress, I've never seen her so happy.

The bridegroom was very nervous at first, but eventually he started to calm down.

The bride chose her sister to be her bridesmaid; it was so sweet of her.

We are going to have the ceremony in our town's church; we always wanted to have atraditional wedding.

We spent our honeymoon in the Greek islands, it was so romantic.

They make such a cute couple, they are perfect together.

I only have one dollar left in my wallet, I am so poor.

Can I have half of your kiwi? They look so delicious.

They have been married for only 2 years and her husband still tells her how much he lovesher every day.

I think it's the best wedding I've ever been too, it was simply perfect.

She has been his wife for 2 years now, it seems like yesterday they were getting married.



SENTENCES

He's very nervous.

There is less rice than potatoes.

Can you sign this contract?

Do you want the rest of my pizza?

That was a lovely ceremony.

She was a witness to the crime.

I don't know how to solve this problem.

They have a plan.

Most of the clothes are his.

The bank receives fifteen per cent commission.

Margerie is a very cheerful woman.She is always smiling.

She is very stylish.

SHOWROOM: COMPARATIVES

I've just received these photos from the Love Agency. Which one do you like?Bob is very elegant.Yes, Bob is more elegant than Stanley.Bob is handsome.Bob is less handsome than Stanley.Bob looks intelligent.Bob looks more intelligent than Stanley.Bob isn't very cheerful.Bob is less cheerful than Stanley.Stanley isn't very attractive.Stanley is less attractive than Bob.Stanley is blonde.Stanley is less blonde than Bob.



USEFUL PHRASES

Goodbye. Have a good day!

Goodbye. Have a lovely holiday!See you on Monday. Have a nice weekend!Look.They are showing a film about Winston Churchill.

Shall we go out?Just a minute.

Shall I open the window?Yes, please.

SHOWROOM: PRESENT AND FUTURE - PRESENT CONTINUOUSAND SIMPLE FUTURE I

I'm having lunch with Paul tomorrow at twelve.

What will you have for lunch today?I'll have a sandwich at the pub.

I'm flying to Boston on Sunday.

I think I'll go to Boston on holiday.

We are taking the children to the circus this weekend.



SHOWROOM: PRESENT AND FUTURE - PRESENT CONTINUOUSAND SIMPLE FUTURE II

We don't have anything to do this weekend.We'll go to the cinema tonight, and tomorrow we'll go shopping.

What time are you leaving?I'm leaving on the ten o'clock train.

Are you spending the evening with us?No, I think I'll go home after dinner.

Are you going to Birmingham alone?No, I'm going with Ronald.

Are you taking the car to work?No, I'll take the bus.



GRAMMAR

Shall ...?

As we have already seen, shall is used to make the future form of a verb with the first personsingular and plural (I, we):

I will I shallWe will We shall

However, this form is more commonly used to make suggestions:

Shall I open the window?

Comparatives

The comparative is used to speak about one thing on relation to another.

In English we need to distinguish between long and short adjectives in order to know how tomake the comparative form.

1.- To make comparatives with two syllable adjectives (short), we add the suffix “-er”, followedby the conjunctions than if necessary.

slow + -er slower

This car is slower than my car.

If the adjective ends in “-y”, the “-y” changes to “i” and we add “-er”.

happy happierheavy heavierearly earlier

I am happier than you.

If the adjective ends in consonant plus vowel and the vowel is stressed, the last consonant isdoubled (with the exception of words ending in “w”):

hot hotter

big bigger



thin thinner

E.g.: That house is bigger than your house.

Irregular comparatives:

good betterbad worsefar farther / furtherlittle less

2.- To make comparatives with adjectives of more than two syllables (long), we use more +adjective + than (where necessary).

more + adjective + (than)

difficult more difficultdangerous more dangerousbeautiful more beautiful

Anna is more beautiful than Jane.

This exercise is more difficult.

Until now we have seen the comparative of superiority, but there is also a comparative ofinferiority.

In English, we make this construction by using:

less + adjective + than

We do not need to distinguish between long and short adjectives in this case and it is analternative to the comparative of superiority. We can say:

She is taller than me.or

I am less tall than her.



Present continuous vs. Future simple

Present continuous with future meaning:

The present continuous can also be used to express actions in the near future.

The present continuous is used in cases where we have made concrete plans or appointmentsthat are scheduled to take place in the near future.

I am having lunch with Charles at one.

This sentence expresses the fact that an arrangement has been made.

If we say:

I am flying to Brussels tomorrow at a quarter past eight.

It is understood that the speaker has already got their ticket or reservation.

We can generalise by affirming that we are not only referring to the future, but also to asituation that exists in the present. If we say:

She is coming to dinner.

we understand that we have given an invitation and that it has been accepted.

Future simple:

The future simple is used to talk about predictions without any reference to plans.

In any case, a time reference should be mentioned to avoid confusion between the future andthe present continuous.

In the following boxes we can see some examples to illustrate the different uses:

Tense: Future simple

Use Example



• to express a decisionwhich is made at thetime of speaking• to express predictions• to express a promise• to offer

I am bored. I will goto the cinema withyou.I think Manchesterwill win the game onMonday.I will always loveyou.I will clean the housefor you.

Tense: Present continuous

Use Example• near future• planned actions with afixed date or time• with verbs that implymovement

I am leaving at eight.We are meetingtonight.I am going to theseaside.

Similar sounds: /ŋ/ and /n/

/ŋ/ or ng sound

This is a consonant sound that only comes at the end of a syllable. So, you can find this soundin the middle of the word or at the end of the word: For example:

- Middle of the word: anger /ˈæŋ.ɡər/ or thanks /θæŋks/

- End of the word: young /jʌŋ/

To make this sound, you have to prevent air from leaving the vocal tract by pressing the softpalate with the back of the tongue. If you are doing it well, you have to feel your vocal cordsvibrate.

Common ng sound spellings:

- ng (at the end of the word)

Examples: spring, song

- nk

Examples: link, ankle



- nc (only when the letter ‘c’ is pronounced as a k sound, not as an s sound)

Example: extinct, uncle

/n/ or n sound

This is a consonant sound that can be found at the beginning, in the middle and at the end ofthe word. To make this sound, you have to prevent air from leaving the vocal tract by pressingthe tip of the tong against the tooth ridge. When you make this sound, you should be able tofeel your vocal cords vibrate.

- Beginning of the word: nose /nəʊz/ or knife /naɪf/

- Middle of the word: none /nʌn/

- End of the word: son /sʌn/

Common n sound spellings:

- n / nn

Examples: note, banner, twin

- kn

Examples: knock, know, knee

- gn (at the beginning or end of a word)

Examples: sign, campaign, gnome



VOCABULARY

Awful Terrible. Very unpleasant.Bill The written or printed record of how much something costs.Brilliant Excellent.Cathedral A large religious building.

Bigger than a church.Celery A long, thin light green vegetable with leaves at the top.

Often used in salads.Divorce Legal separation to end a marriage.Downstairs The bottom floor or level of a house.

The kitchen, living room and dining room are usuallydownstairs.

Fantastic Wonderful, great.Green beans A type of vegetable.

Long, thin and green.Hard-working To describe someone who works a lot and well.Lovely Very nice, pleasant.Marvellous Amazing, great.News The events that have happened recently.Part A piece of.Peach A small, round fruit with a stone in the middle.

Orange coloured with a soft skin.Service To serve or do something for others.

E.g.: The service in that hotel is very good.A religious ceremony.E.g.: They had a beautiful wedding service.Gas, water, electricity are services.

Superlative This is formed by "the + adjective + est" or "the most +adjective". It expresses the highest grade of an adjective.

Terrible Awful. Not good at all.The best Superlative of 'good'.

There is nothing better.The worst Superlative of 'bad'.

There is nothing worse.To be reasonable To show that one is practical and fair.

To be moderate.To burn To use fire to destroy something.To check out When you leave a hotel.

You pay the bill and leave the keys.To feed To give food.To get a divorce To legally separate from a spouse.

What a marvellous surprise! / What if...? / Let's be reasonable


To lose To misplace. Not knowing where something is.To peel To remove the skin from something.

E.g.: You peel an orange before you eat it.Too late After the time that was essential.

E.g.: We arrived at the station too late to catch the train.Trip An excursion. A short holiday or break.

Often used in business when an employee travels for workreasons.

Upstairs The part of a house or building that we reach by using stairs.The top floor or level.The bedrooms and bathroom are usually upstairs.

Will The record of what someone wants to do with their possessionsafter they die.




The bathroom is upstairs.

The kitchen is downstairs.

Do you like green beans?

He likes celery in his salad.

These are delicious peaches.

Peel the banana before you eat it.

The cathedral is very old.

He is checking out of the hotel.

He won the trophy because he was the best in the competition.

He's the worst boxer I've ever seen, he's never won a fight.

Shall I burn all the wood? There's not much left.

She always tries to feed her dog in the park after their walk.

Martin has more money than all the other people in the office so we can use the superlativeto describe his lucky state!

She was including all the items the man bought in the bill.The show was brilliant; the performance was excellent, I was so pleased.

I think they should get a divorce, they are always arguing and that is not healthy.

You did a fantastic job; the boss will be thrilled when he sees your report.

What a lovely flower, I didn't expect you would bring me a gift.

What a marvellous surprise, I though you forgot my birthday!

The cleaning service of this hotel is outstanding, everything is always clean.

What terrible news, my parents will be very upset when they find out.



SENTENCES

She took a trip to Greece last winter.

I have some good news. It's a boy.

Part two is about to start.

It's too late to go shopping.The shops are closed.Helen and Norman are not getting on well.I think they are getting a divorce.

I don't like this food. It's awful.This is your father's will.Did you lose your keys? Yes, I can't find them.

USEFUL PHRASES

I have some bad news.You have not passed your exam.Look Christine! We can talk about this.

Let's be reasonable!

He is a very hard-working person.

I would like to check out of the hotel.



GRAMMAR

First conditional

These sentences are made up of a main clause and a subordinate clause introduced by “if”;the two can be interchanged.

In the subordinate clause the verb is in present and in the main clause we use the future tense.

This type of sentence implies that the action in the subordinate clause is highly probable.

E.g.: If you study you will pass your exam.

The structure is as follows:

However, we can see variations on the form.

1. Variations in the main clause:

a) We can use a modal (can, might, may, could, should, ...)

if + present / modal

If you like it you can buy it.

If you want to pass your exam you must study.

b) We can use present tense (with facts or truths)

if + present / present

If you boil water it turns into gas.

2. Variations in the subordinate clause:

a) Using the present continuous

if + present continuous / future

If you are looking for Anna, you will find her in the garden.



b) Using the present perfect

if + present perfect / future

If you have eaten we will go to the beach.

Superlatives

The superlative is used to compare a member of a group with other members of the same group(including it). It expresses the highest form of the adjective.

In terms of form we treat it in the same way as a comparative of superiority (more…than), asthe form depends on the number of syllables the adjective has.

1. With long adjectives (three or more syllables):

The most + long adjectivebeautiful the most beautiful

careful the most careful

exotic the most exotic

She is the most beautiful girl in the class.

This the most exotic place in the world.

2. With short adjectives (with one syllable and some with two):

The + short adjective + -est

tall the tallest

long the longest

short the shortest

This is the longest river in America.

Anna is the tallest girl in the class.

3. Adjectives with two syllables that are treated as short are those ending in en -y, -er, -le, -ow:

happy the happiest



tender the tenderest

narrow the narrowest

humble the humblest

We also need to pay attention to the preposition that is used in this type of sentence when weexpress a group, in English we always use “in”:

She is the tallest girl in my class.

This is the happiest moment in my life.

Irregular superlatives:

bad the worstgood the bestfar the farthest / furthestlittle the leastmany / much the most



WRITING ASSIGNMENT

Use this sentence to write a story of about 125 words.

"It all happened so quickly that I didn't have enough time to think of the consequences..."

To prepare this task, complete the Assignment III- Writing pathway before you send your text toyour teacher.

The consequences - Writing assignment


VOCABULARY

Ceiling The surface above one's head in a room.E.g.: There is a light hanging from the ceiling.

Cheers! Used when celebrating.People put their glasses together and say' Cheers!'.

Crossroads A section of road where two or more roads join or intersect.Flour A white powder.

It comes from wheat.We use it to make cakes and bread.

Generous To describe a person who gives time or money in an open way.Light bulb The small, glass object that gives us light when it is connected to

electricity.Not yet To say that something which is expected to happen, hasn't

happened.E.g.: Have you finished the project? Not yet. I think I'll befinished soon though.

Passive form This is a grammatical structure that makes the object of anaction the subject. It is formed by the verb "to be + pastparticiple" Example of a passive sentence: The house was built in1923 by Mr. Smith. The active form of this sentence would be:Mr. Smith built the house in 1923.

Queue A line of people who are waiting for the same thing.Spider An eight legged arachnid.

There are house spiders and poisonous spiders.Talkative Someone who talks a lot.The way of life The style or manner in which people live.To bake To cook in the oven without oil.

E.g.: I bake a lot of cakes.To boil To cook something in boiling water.To fix To repair something that is broken.To fry To cook something in very hot oil.To grill To cook something using heat from one side.To iron To remove the folds or creases in clothes after washing or

storing.To learn by heart To memorise.To owe To need to pay money to a bank or individual because it was

borrowed from them.E.g.: I owe you ten euros for the theatre ticket.

To roast To cook in an oven using oil.To sweep To use a brush to clean the floor.

I can offer you a job / I owe you one / I made biscuits


To taste To put something in one's mouth in order to decide if we like it ornot.

Wall The vertical parts of a building that separate rooms.E.g.: I have paintings on my walls.


The light bulb has gone.

He is a very generous man.

This is a long queue.

Be careful with the spider. Don't hurt it!

Can you pass me the flour for the cake?

He baked himself a pie for lunch and ate it alone.

He's waiting for the water to boil before he adds the potatoes.

Frying potatoes isn't very healthy, but they taste great.

He's using the new grill for the first time so he's being very careful not to burn the dinner.

The recipe said to roast it for 40 minutes, but it looks ready now after 30.

Some crossroads are very dangerous due to the lack of visibility.

He is very good in fixing things, and that is very useful for me because I always breakthings.

While I iron, my husband cleans the house.

My boyfriend likes to sweep, he says it's relaxing, so I let him.

We both agree that we want to paint the wall a different colour.

In the passive form we make the object of an action the subject.



SENTENCES

Now? No, not yet.You owe me four dollars.

She is a talkative woman.She is always talking.

Do you like this ceiling?

The soup tastes delicious.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS: COOKING

Norman is frying a potato.

Norman is baking a potato.

Norman is roasting a potato.

Norman is boiling a potato.

Norman is grilling a potato.

USEFUL PHRASES

Thanks. I owe you one.That's alright.

Cheers!Cheers, mate.

A lawyer must learn the law by heart.Western way of life is different from Eastern way of life.You must understand it.

You must not learn it by heart.



SHOWROOM: PREPOSITIONS - PREPOSITIONS: IN, AT, ON I

She is in the living room watching television.

I'm at the end of the queue.

We're on the roof.

The fish is in the goldfish bowl.

The fish is on the table.

SHOWROOM: PREPOSITIONS - PREPOSITIONS: IN, AT, ON II

There is a petrol station at the crossroads.

He is in the forest.

We went shopping in town.

Look, a spider on the ceiling.

We are at the bus stop.



GRAMMAR

The Passive

There are two ways to express an action from the point of view of the voice:

1. Active voice2. Passive voice

In the first case we place more importance on the subject.

Shakespeare wrote this tragedy.

In the second case, we place more importance on the object, either because the subject isunknown or because it is not relevant at that moment.

My watch was stolen.

Below you see an example of the form and use of the passive:

John opened the letter.The letter was opened by John.

This transformation implies the following changes:

1. The noun in the active sentence, which is used as a direct complement, becomes the subjectof the passive sentence:

Roger builds the houses.

The houses are built by Roger.

2. The verb tense in the active is substituted for the appropriate form of the verb “to be” in thecorresponding person and tense plus the past participle of the verb used in the active:



3. The noun which is the subject in the active sentence becomes the agent in the passivesentence introduced with “by”:





The process of changing an active sentence to passive can be shown like this:

Subject + active verb + objectSubject + verb in passive (be + past participle)

+ agent

The agent is only mentioned when it is important who or what has done something.

The verb in passive is made by using the verb “to be” in the same tense as the verb in the activesentence + the past participle of the verb used in the active sentence.

build is builteat is eatenbuilt was built (past of verb “to be” (was) + past participle of verb)have built have been built (present perfect of “to be” + past participle)was building was being built (past continuous of “to be” + past participle)etc...

Comparatives

The comparative is used to speak about one thing on relation to another.

In English we need to distinguish between long and short adjectives in order to know how tomake the comparative form.

1.- To make comparatives with two syllable adjectives (short), we add the suffix “-er”, followedby the conjunctions than if necessary.

slow + -er slower

This car is slower than my car.

If the adjective ends in “-y”, the “-y” changes to “i” and we add “-er”.

happy happierheavy heavierearly earlier

I am happier than you.



If the adjective ends in consonant plus vowel and the vowel is stressed, the last consonant isdoubled (with the exception of words ending in “w”):

hot hotter

big bigger

thin thinner

E.g.: That house is bigger than your house.

Irregular comparatives:

good betterbad worsefar farther / furtherlittle less

2.- To make comparatives with adjectives of more than two syllables (long), we use more +adjective + than (where necessary).

more + adjective + (than)

difficult more difficultdangerous more dangerousbeautiful more beautiful

Anna is more beautiful than Jane.

This exercise is more difficult.

Until now we have seen the comparative of superiority, but there is also a comparative ofinferiority.

In English, we make this construction by using:

less + adjective + than

We do not need to distinguish between long and short adjectives in this case and it is analternative to the comparative of superiority. We can say:

She is taller than me.or



I am less tall than her.

Superlatives

The superlative is used to compare a member of a group with other members of the same group(including it). It expresses the highest form of the adjective.

In terms of form we treat it in the same way as a comparative of superiority (more…than), asthe form depends on the number of syllables the adjective has.

1. With long adjectives (three or more syllables):

The most + long adjectivebeautiful the most beautiful

careful the most careful

exotic the most exotic

She is the most beautiful girl in the class.

This the most exotic place in the world.

2. With short adjectives (with one syllable and some with two):

The + short adjective + -est

tall the tallest

long the longest

short the shortest

This is the longest river in America.

Anna is the tallest girl in the class.

3. Adjectives with two syllables that are treated as short are those ending in en -y, -er, -le, -ow:

happy the happiest



tender the tenderest

narrow the narrowest

humble the humblest

We also need to pay attention to the preposition that is used in this type of sentence when weexpress a group, in English we always use “in”:

She is the tallest girl in my class.

This is the happiest moment in my life.

Irregular superlatives:

bad the worstgood the bestfar the farthest / furthestlittle the leastmany / much the most



Prepositions: in, at, on

a) In: is used to talk about something inside a closed space or container.

I am in the kitchen.

b) At: Normally we use ‘at’ to express a point of reference in space.

She is at the bus stop.

Compare In / At:

We’ll meet in the cinema.(inside the building)We’ll meet at the cinema. (at the front of the cinema, outside)

c) On: We use ‘on’ to talk about something on the surface.

The book is on the table.



VOCABULARY

Annoyed Irritated. To be frustrated by something.Aspirin A type of medicine.

We often take one if we have a headache.Audition A trial where people who want to be in a show or play can

perform.The directors decide who they want after watching the auditions.

Barman A person who works in a pub or bar serving drinks.Bored The opposite of interested.

To have nothing to do.Conditional A grammatical term used to describe the possible consequence of

an action. Example: If I was rich, I would buy a house. "I wouldbuy" is the conditional.

Depressed To feel very sad. To feel negative about life.Embarrassed To feel ashamed or silly.Example If you want to explain yourself clearly or illustrate a point you

use examples.E.g.: I have a lot of favourite ice-cream flavours, for example;vanilla, chocolate, strawberry.

Frightened To feel fear of something.E.g.: A lot of people are frightened of spiders.

Headache A pain in the head.Hurry up! Be quick, fast.

E.g.: We are late! Hurry up or we won't arrive on time.Insurance You must have car insurance to drive.

If you have an accident your insurance company can help pay forit.

Medicine Something you take when you are ill.No way! Negative exclamation. Absolutely not.

E.g.: Give me all your money! No way!Performer A person who is in a show or plays in front of the public.Pill A small, round tablet.

A type of medication.Prescription The paper a doctor gives you when you need medicine.

You take the prescription to the chemist or pharmacy and theygive you the correct medicine.

Rest Relax, do nothing.Son-in-law For a man. Your daughter's husband.Stomach ache Discomfort or pain in the stomach.Stressed To feel under a lot of pressure.Surprised To experience something that we were not prepared for or

expecting.

A new barman / Take it easy / You will play again, won't you?


To borrow To take something temporarily from another person with theirpermission.

To carry To move something physically.E.g.: I can't carry all the shopping, I need my car.

To deserve To be worthy of.E.g.: She studied very hard so she deserved to pass the exam.

To discuss To debate. To talk about something.To dream To dream about something: this is what your mind does when

you are sleeping. E.g.: Last night I dreamt about aliens comingto earth.

To earn To receive money for work.To feel To sense or have the sensation of something.

E.g.: I feel very happy today, I'm going on holiday.To get off To exit or leave a plane, bus etc.To grow To get bigger.To hear To receive information through the ears.To know To be familiar with or have knowledge of.

E.g.: I know her, we were at school together.I know the names of all the capital cities in the world.

To learn To receive and retain new information. To study.To lend To give money or a possession to another person temporarily.To lie down To place your body in a horizontal position.To look at To use one's eyes to see something.To lose To misplace. Not knowing where something is.To meet To arrange to see someone.

To know someone for the first time.To miss To arrive late for something.

To feel sad when we are away from friends or family.To rest To relax, not do anything.To take care To be careful. To avoid doing anything dangerous.To take it easy To relax and not do anything too hard.To tell To inform someone of something.To wake To open one's eyes after sleeping.To wear To put an item on our bodies.To win To be the first in a competition or game.Virus It makes us ill.

A cold is a virus.Worried To be anxious or preoccupied about something.




Do you want an aspirin?

The doctor gave me some medicine for my throat.

What is this pill?I have a stomach ache.My head hurts. I have a headache.

The doctor said that I have a virus.

Do you have a prescription?

It really annoyed me when she pulled my ear.

She's just been sitting there all day, she must be really bored.

She was depressed after she found out the bad news.

She saw the funny side of the joke they played on her in spite of being embarrassed.

We wanted to explore the haunted house, but we were too frightened.

I'm not surprised he's stressed - he never stops working.

I'm surprised to see you! I thought you were on holiday.

Don't get so worried about the exam results, you'll know tomorrow.

He looks as if he's dreaming about something really nice.

The barman makes the best cocktails I've ever tasted in my life.

She deserved the trophy for her hard work and integrity.

There's a myth that says that drinking milk helps you grow, I don't think that's true.

My father was hearing everything I was telling my mother, I was furious!

Stop looking at the neighbours, they need their intimacy.

After work, I always lay on the sofa to rest a bit, although I try not to sleep.

I tried to wake her, but she was sound asleep and wouldn't open her eyes.

If you want, you can borrow some money, but you must pay me back.

I must carry my books to the university because my rucksack broke.

We have known each other for a long time. We have been friends for more than 10 years.

I make a living out of my own online business. I earn enough money to live comfortably.

We must discuss this issue before making a decision, it is very important.



She wants to learn German, so she decided to stay home and study.

I am going to lend you some money, but remember that you have to give it back to me.

I always lose my wallet; I can never find it when I need it.

Dad, I would like you to meet my colleague from work.

I can't miss the train. It is the only one today.

I told him I liked his new book.

I need to wear glasses to read and to watch TV.

I was so happy we won the lottery. I can't believe how lucky we were!

SENTENCES

Do you think I should go to the concert?Yes, he is an excellent performer.He is married to my daughter.He is my son-in-law.I am very tired.I am going to lie down.

I feel well today.I didn't sleep last night.I need a rest.You are working a lot.You should take it easy.I have medical insurance.

They are having an audition.They want to be actresses.



USEFUL PHRASES

What's going on here?We are going to give the cat a bath.

Take it easy, Jennifer.See you later.

Yeah. Take care!Are you getting off?Yes, I have to get off at the next stop.

Get off the table.Take the sofa to the second floor.

No way!The bus is leaving.

Hurry up!We are late.

Hurry up!



GRAMMAR

Confusing verbs

In this section we are going to look at some verbs that can cause confusion for students ofEnglish.

a) borrow / lend

“Borrow” is to ask for:

Can I borrow my father’s car?

“Lend” is to allow someone to borrow something:

I am lending my car to John.

b) carry / wear

“Carry” means to hold or transport with your body:

I am carrying a suitcase.

“Wear” is for clothes and accessories:

I am wearing my sunglasses.

c) watch / look at

“Watch” is to pay attention to something that implies movement. The television, a show, etc.:

He is watching the play. (The people on the stage are moving.)

“Look” is to use one’s eyes to observe in general:

He is looking at the sky. (The sky is not moving.)

d) win / earn

“Win” is to be the first in a competition or game.



We won the race.

“Earn” is to be paid money for work:

He earns two thousand dollars a month.

e) meet / know

“Meet” is to express the first time we encounter someone:

I met him at a party.

“Know” is to be a friend or acquaintance:

I’ve known him for five years.

f) miss / lose

“Miss” is to be very late for an appointment or to be too late to catch a form of publictransport:

He missed the train.

“Lose” is to not know where something is:

He always loses his glasses.

Expressing purpose: to + verb / for+ noun

We use “to” when we want to express the purpose of a verb.

I’m going to the newsagent’s to buy cigarettes.

We use “for” when we want to express the purpose of a noun.

I’m going to the newsagent’s for cigarettes.



Why ...? To ...

“Why” is the interrogative pronoun that we use to ask about the cause of something. Wenormally reply with “because + phrase”, but we can also use “to+ infinitive”, to say why wehave done something:

Why did you come?

I came because I wanted to buy some things.

I came to buy some things.



VOCABULARY

Artistic Someone who is good at art.Attractive Nice to look at, appealing.Audition A trial where people who want to be in a show or play can

perform.The directors decide who they want after watching the auditions.

Calm At peace, tranquil.Common sense Practical or logical way of thinking.Cultural Associated with art or intellectual activity.Democratic Equal and fair or just.Entertainment To describe the activities or shows that are for public enjoyment.Exhausting Very tiring.Film star A famous film actor or actress.Gentle Delicate, without excess force.Guilty If we do something wrong, we are guilty.Guitarist A person who plays the guitar.Hilarious Extremely funny.Humour Something that makes us laugh.Joke A funny story, usually fictional.Judgement The decision that a judge or court takes after trial.

The capacity to make sensible decisions.Keen Enthusiastic. Positive about something.Manager The person who is in charge of a department, team or shop.Musician A person who plays a musical instrument.Noisy With a high volume.Pessimistic A negative view of life or a situation.Punctual On time.Retirement The period of life when a person doesn't work.

Usually after 65 years old.Self-employed A person who isn't employed by a company. They pay their own

taxes and insurance.Similarity Things that are the same or almost the same.Speech The use of our voice.Stand-up comedy A comic style in which a comedian performs in front of a live

audience.Strength Physical force or ability.To attend To pay attention.

To be present at an event.

Being an artist - Additional vocabulary



The guitarist that was playing in the street was very good; it was pleasing to hear him play.

Sally is very artistic; her paintings are sold very fast.

The musicians were the best part of the show, the music was outstanding.

The clown was great at telling jokes, everyone in the audience laughed.

If you like entertainment, you should go to the theme park. You will enjoy it.

If you enjoy laughing, you should go to a stand-up comedy show; you will get a greatlaugh.

This man is hilarious, he should tell jokes more often!

The judgment made by the judge was not very satisfying for the burglar.

Clowns must have a good humour in order to be liked by the audience.

There are so many cultural books that they don't know which one to take.

She is the new manager now; she is very responsible and strict as well.

Look who it is! It's the famous film star from the new film just released.

The audition went quite well, the pupils did such a wonderful job!

My friend was being so noisy, I couldn't concentrate.

My student is always punctual to class, she's never late.

He is so pessimistic with everything; he never thinks anything good is going to happen tohim.

She gave a great speech on the research she did, she seemed very confident.

She is very keen on the idea of being chosen for the job.

He was found guilty for the murder. They decided to put him in prison.

She was very exhausted after cycling for more than an hour.

This judge is very liked among the people, for being very democratic.

This boy is very attractive; he should get into male modeling.

The strength of a horse is much greater than humans.

They live such a calm life, no worries, no problems of any type.

Some questions from the exam were pure common sense, they were very logical.

After his retirement, he spent all his days at the park playing cards with his friends.

You must be gentle with new born babies, they're so fragile.



You must attend to the teacher; it's very rude if you don't listen to him.

That man is self-employed; he generates his income from the customers and not acompany.

The similarity between the two sisters is astonishing, they look like twins.



SPEAKING ASSIGNMENT

Read the following text and record your summary of the text and your opinion about it.

As dog lovers, we might be inclined to believe that dogs provide us with loads of benefits to ourlives; but there are actually some very unexpected side benefits to having a dog that you might notbe aware of as a dog owner. Aside from providing us with companionship and entertainment,having a dog provides us with countless mental and physical benefits. Dogs have long been knownto make great companions, but did you know that they actually improve your mood? Research hasshown that it only takes a mere 15-30 minutes with your pet to feel more relaxed and calm. Wespend a lot of time training our dogs but those furry creatures teach us a lot, too. Having a dogteaches us patience, commitment and selflessness.

Talk for about 2 or 3 minutes.

To prepare this task, complete the Assignment IV- Speaking pathway before you send yourrecording to your teacher.

Dog lovers - Speaking assignment


VOCABULARY

Always Everytime, forever, without fail; I always get up at 7.00 a.m. = Iget up at 7.00 a.m. everyday.

Both Two of them: They are both Italian = The two of them areItalian.

Brogue A very formal style of shoe that has laces and small holes in apattern.

Brown The colour of chocolate and wood.Canvas A strong and closely woven cloth.Cash point A machine in or outside a bank that you use to take out money

with your bank card.Cushioned (Adjective) This describes something that is soft and padded.

E.g.: A cushioned seat is soft to sit on.Fan Abbreviation of fanatic; a person who likes and follows a

particular sport or team.Flip-flop A type of open shoe worn in summer, at the beach, normally

made of plastic. The name is onomatopoeic from the sound theymake when you walk.

Hundred In numbers this is written as "100".Hygiene Keeping things and people clean so that diseases and illnesses

are not spread. Hospitals need to have very good hygiene.Minus The opposite of plus. In maths, 4 minus 2 equals 2 (4 - 2 = 2).Narrow The opposite of wide. E.g.: The street is very narrow - no cars

can pass through it, only pedestrians.Note 1. (noun) A short written message.

2. (verb) To write a short message or some information.3. (verb) To observe. E.g.: I noted he was wearing the sameclothes as he was wearing yesterday.4. (noun) A musical note: ABCDEFG are all musical notes.

Possible (Adjective) Something that can be done.Properly (Adjective) Done in the correct manner. E.g.: Talk properly! =

Pronounce your words correctly.Provided 1. Participle of the verb to provide; to sell something to someone,

normally in large quantities.E.g.: The central market provides restaurants with fruit andvegetables.2. On the basis. E.g.: I will buy 100 provided you give me a 20% discount.

Refund The money that is given to you by a shop when you takesomething back you don't want.

Shoe What you wear on your feet when you walk outside.Sixty-five Written in numbers this is "65".

Returning your shoes - Typical situation


Slipper What you wear on your feet when you are in the house to keepyour feet warm.

Sole 1. The bottom part of a shoe that touches the floor.2. A type of white, flat fish.

Sweetie 1. A term of endearrment, an abbreviation for "sweetheart".2. Things that children like to buy and eat, they are normallycolourful and made with sugar.

Tennis shoes Shoes that are worn while playing sports or exercising.Thirty-five Written in numbers this is the number "35"To prefer To like one thing more than another. E.g.: I prefer vanilla ice-

cream to chocolate ice-cream.To understand (Verb) To comprehend, to know the meaning of something.Wide The opposite of narrow;

E.g.: This bus is 3 metres wide and the street is only 2 metreswide;E.g.: The bus is too wide to pass through this street.

Worn Past participle of the verb to wear. If something is old and has been used a lot we can say it is worn.

TYPICAL SITUATION - RETURNING YOUR SHOES. LISTEN ANDREPEAT

A: Shall we go shopping?B: OK. I got a pair of shoes for my birthday that don't fit properly so I want to take them

back.A: Right, let's go.B: There's the shoe shop on the other side of the road.A: I've walked past that shop a few times, but I've never gone in. Is it any good?B: Yeah it's a good shop, although I'm sure I'll change my mind if they don't give me a

refund!C: Good afternoon, can I help you?B: Yes, please. I was given this pair of leather shoes for my birthday and they don't fit

properly, they are too narrow, can I get a refund please?C: Do you have the receipt?B: No, I don't. Will that be a problem?C: I'm afraid I can't give you cash refund, but provided you haven't worn them outside I

would be more than happy to exchange them for you. Would you like to try adifferent size of the same design?

B: OK, I do like this design. I've always been a fan of brown leather brogues. These onesare size six. Could I try a six and a half?

C: Of course. I'll just go and check we have them in stock.



A: Look, the brogues are worth £100.00, why don't you exchange them for a pair offlip-flops or slippers and a pair of trainers?

B: That's not a bad idea, I need a new pair of running shoes, and some new shoes towear around the house, some slippers or flip-flops would be perfect... but first I'llsee how the size six and a half brogues fit me.

C: Here you go.B: Thanks.C: How do they feel?B: They are wide enough but they are a bit too long. Is it possible to exchange my shoes

for anything of the same value?C: Of course.B: In that case, can I try on those canvas tennis shoes, please - in a size six.C: Certainly. One moment.A: Don't forget to ask to try on the flip-flops or those slippers!B: Oh yeah! Can I try on those flip-flops as well please and these slippers?C: You're more than welcome to try on the slippers but because you have to take your

socks off to try on the flip-flops, we prefer customers not to try them on for hygienereasons.

B: That's perfectly understandable.C: How are the tennis shoes?B: They are really comfortable. Would these be good for running as well?C: Yes, they have a cushioned sole.B: Nice! I'll take them, but I can't decide whether to get the flip-flops or the slippers, I

like them both.

C: Well the shoes that you are returning are worth £100.00, and these trainers are worth£65.00, so you still have £35.00 left to spend. The slippers are £30.00, which I knowseems expensive, but they are lined with lamb's wool.

B: OK, I'll take the slippers as well then.A: You still have £5.00 left over.B: Oh yeah! How much are the flip-flops?C: They are £15.00, so you would have to pay £10.00 extra. Would you like to pay the

extra ten pounds and take home this lovely pair of flip-flops?B: I think I will.C: Excellent. The till is just over here, please follow me... Right, the total for this pair

of trainers, this pair of slippers and this pair of flip-flops, is £110.00, minus the£100.00 for the leather shoes that you are returning... that leaves a total of £10.00please.

B: Do you accept credit cards?



C: I'm afraid we don't.B: OK, I'll just run to a cash point. I'll be back in a moment.A: Don't worry, I can lend you £10.00.B: Thanks very much. I don't usually like borrowing money, but I'll give it back to you

as soon as we find a cash point.A: Here you go, I only have a £20.00 note.B: Thanks, sweetie.C: Thank you very much. Here's your £10.00 change and your receipt. Have a nice day.B: You too, bye.A: See you.C: Goodbye.



DIALOGUE

Hi, what's going on?Tell me about something or somebody you love?Tell me some more cheerful news that will make me even happier?I think I am getting a stomach ache. What can I do to feel better?Last time I had a stomach ache I was at my aunt's wedding. Tell me about the best weddingyou have been to.Everybody remembers how the bride looks but can you remember what the bridesmaidslooked like?I think if I get married, it will be a modern wedding; maybe on a beach instead of in acathedral or church. What is your ideal wedding like?What is the worst thing that can happen to a couple after they get married?How do you feel about divorce?Perhaps marriage is forever, but what options do a couple have if their marriage isn'tworking?How do you feel about marriage guidance counselling?What thing most annoys you?I love fish and chips, I can't help it... I'm English! Fried fish is brilliant. How do you likeyour fish to be cooked?Can you think of some foods that are not as good boiled, as they are grilled?What is the most awful thing you have tasted?If you have some friends over to your house in the next few weeks, what will you do?If your friends cancel and they don't come, what will you do?I suppose you will have to go and meet some new people. How will you make new friends?Why will you keep in touch with your old friends?What are you going to do now?OK, have a lovely day. Bye.

Relationships - Dialogue



APPENDIX – IRREGULAR VERBS

Present Past Participle

be was / were been become became become

begin began begun break broke broken

bring brought brought build built built

buy bought bought catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come cost cost cost

cut cut cut do did done

draw drew drawn dream dreamt / dreamed dreamt / dreamed

drink drank drunk drive drove driven

eat ate eaten fall fell fallen

feed fed fed feel felt felt

find found found fly flew flown

forget forgot forgotten

get got got give gave given

go went gone have had had

hear heard heard hold held held

hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept

know knew known learn learnt / learned learnt / learned

leave left left lend lent lent

let let let lose lost lost

make made made

meet met met put put put

read read read ride rode ridden

The use of this manual is solely restricted to students of this course

ring rang rung

run ran run say said said

see saw seen sell sold sold

send sent sent sing sang sung

sit sat sat sleep slept slept

smell smelt smelt speak spoke spoken

spend spent spent stand stood stood

steal stole stolen swim swam swum

take took taken

teach taught taught tell told told

think thought thought throw threw thrown

understand understood understood wear wore worn

win won won write wrote written


APPENDIX – IRREGULAR VERBS

Present Past Participle

be was / were been become became become

begin began begun break broke broken

bring brought brought build built built

buy bought bought catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come cost cost cost

cut cut cut do did done

draw drew drawn dream dreamt / dreamed dreamt / dreamed

drink drank drunk drive drove driven

eat ate eaten fall fell fallen

feed fed fed feel felt felt

find found found fly flew flown

forget forgot forgotten

get got got give gave given

go went gone have had had

hear heard heard hold held held

hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept

know knew known learn learnt / learned learnt / learned

leave left left lend lent lent

let let let lose lost lost

make made made

meet met met put put put

read read read ride rode ridden

The use of this manual is solely restricted to students of this course

ring rang rung

run ran run say said said

see saw seen sell sold sold

send sent sent sing sang sung

sit sat sat sleep slept slept

smell smelt smelt speak spoke spoken

spend spent spent stand stood stood

steal stole stolen swim swam swum

take took taken

teach taught taught tell told told

think thought thought throw threw thrown

understand understood understood wear wore worn

win won won write wrote written

Documents

English Dexway - 3A - IOC - Institut Obert de Catalunyacontents.cae.net/courses/manuals/langnet/736a979a3127fb0...The use of this manual is solely restricted to students of this course