ENGLISH ETYMOLOGYBY

F. KLUGE AND F. LUTZ

FROM -TH E- LIBRAR-Y - OF

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2008 with funding from

IVIicrosoft Corporation

http://www.archive.org/details/englishetymologyOOklug

ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.

ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.

A SELECT GLOSSARY

SERVING AS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY

OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

BY

F. KLUGE AND F. LUTZ

STRASSBURGKARL J. TK U BN ER

i8g8.

Printed by G. Otto, Darmstadt.

/^ 7/

PREFACE.

Our primer of Englisli Etymology is meant to serve as

an introduction to the study of the historical grammar of

English. However manifold the advantages which the student

may derive from Professor Skeat's Etymological Dictionary, it

cainiot be denied that it does not commend itself as a

book for beginners. Though it is a work of deep research,

brilliant sagacity, and admirable completeness, the linguistic

_ laws underlying the various changes of form and meaning

^ are not brought out clearly enough to be easily grasped byQ^ the uninitiated. We therefore propose to furnish the student

"^ with a small and concise book enabling him to get an insight

^ into the main linguistic phenomena. We are greatly indebted

o to Professor Skeat, of whose excellent work we have made

ample use, drawing from it a great deal of material, which we

hereby thankfully acknowledge. As our aim has of course not

been to produce a book in any way comparable to our prede-

cessor's work in fulness of detail and general completeness,

we have confined ourselves to merely selecting all words the

history of which bears on the development of the language at

large. We have therefore, in the first place, traced back to the

older periods loanwords of Scandinavian, French and Latin

origin and such genuine English words as may afford matter

for linguistic investigation. In this v?av we hope to have pro-

vided a basis for every historical grammar of English, e.g. for

Sweet's Historv of EnLrlish Sounds.

ai498'

VI Preface.

If we may be allowed to give a hint as to the use of

our little book, we shoukl advise the teacher to make it a

point to always deal with a whole group of words at a time.

Special interest attaches for instance to words of early Christian

origin, to the names of festivals and the days of the week;

besides these the names of the various parts of the house and

of the materials used in building, the words for cattle and the

various kintls of meat, for eating and drinking, etc. might be

made the subject of a suggestive discussion. On treating ety-

mology in this way, the teacher will have the advantage of

converting a lesson on the growth of the English language into

an inquiry into the history of the Anglo-Saxon race, thus lending

to a naturally dry subject a fresh charm and a deeper meaning.

In conclusion, our best thanks are due to Professor 'W.

Franz of Tubingen University, who has placed many words

and etymologies at our disposal and assisted us in various

other ways.

Freiburg i. B.

F. KLUGE — F. LUTZ.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

ace. -r^ accusative case

adj. ^ adjective

adv. = adverb

BKKT. = Breton

(KI,T. =r Celtic

c'Oiij. =: conjunction

COK-V. = Cornish

cp. r= compare

Cynir. z= Cymric (Welsh)

Daii. = Danish

rial. = dative case

der(iv). =r derived, derivative

diniin. = diminutive

DU. = Dutch

E. = modern English

f. (fern.) n t'eminine

freijuent. = 'rcquentative

I'K. =r French

KKIP.S. — Friesic

(;. rz modern (^lernian

Gael. — Gaelic

gen. — genitive case

GOTH. — Cidthic

(jK. ~ Greek

Icel. = Icelandic

inf. r= infinitive mood

infl. =_ inHected

interj. = interjection

IR. = Irish

ITAI,. = Italian

I.AT. — Latin

l.Ci. = Low Cieinian

lit. = literally

LITH =: Lithuanian

ni. — masculine

iME. = Middle Knj,'lish

MUG. " Middle High (^.erman

n. (neiitr.) — neuter

nom. = nominative

old. = oblique case

ODU. = Old Dutch

OKK. = Old French

OHG. = Old High German

OIK. = Old Lish

ON. = Old Norse

ONFR. — Old North French

orig. = original, originally

OSAX. = Old Saxon

osi.ov. rr Old Slovenian

pi. — plural

p. p. rr past paiticiple

prob. :— proliablv

pioii. — |)ronoun

proji. — propeily

I'Rov. = Provencal

pit. ^z preteiile, past tense

RUSS. =: Russian

sb. =r substantive

SKR. — Sanskrit

SFAN. = Spanish

superl. — superlative

SWKD. = Swedish

TKUT. = Teutonic

vb. = verb

Yl[[ List of Syiiibols in Teutonic Wfirds.

LIST OK SYMBOLS IN TRUTONIC WORDS.

?' (not umlauted; — Kuiopeaii and Aiyan f.

< in OK. MK. long closed (>.

/' in Ob;. ME. long open ,'.

t- in OH(j. MHt;. osA\. closed c' (uinlauted).

:> a reduced Aryan uml pre-'IVut. souel.

(' ill l_)e. Me. lung closed c.

;/ in OK. .MK. words long open c.

r in OK. woriN jialataliztd /'.

^' in .MK. words as in NK. ff<,v hrldge.

^ in (Je. Me. wolds a spirantic palatalized ^',

/ ill Tent, words -z. K. th.

J in On. ()e. Usa.x. words rr E. th.

k in (Jotli. is // -j- 7v. ,

\^ ~ root.

* indicates a word or form not .actually louiid, lait of which the

existence is inferred.

a\ an indef. article me. a an,

OE. an: ident. with one.

a- :me. a: ident. with on (cp.

back, abroad^.abase; cp. base.

abash short for me. abaisshe

(iba'ische (aba'isse): borrowed fromOFR. esbahiss- stem of ofk. csbahir

(fr. ebahir) 'astonish'.

abate me. abate: adapt, of ofk.

abatre 'beat down'.

abbess, abbey see abbot.

abbot me. ab'bot; older by-formMK. OE. al)bod. Source lat. ab-

hatem {abbas), whence it. abbdtc,

FK. ablii, OHG. abbat g.du. abt. —Hence abbess me. abbcsse fromFR. abbesse (but OE. abbudisse =LAT. abbaiissa^ 'abbess' and abbeyME. abbcie from fr. abbaye (ofr.abete).

abide cp. bide and abode.able :\IE. able: adapt, of ofr.

(h)ablc = SPAN. //ahV, rr. abi/e;

source LAT. habilis.

abode .aif. abgd prop, 'delay,

al)i(UTii;'; cp. bide.

abound me. abounde: adapt,of FR. abonder = lat. abimdareabound'.

English Etymology.

about ME. aboutc oe. dbiitan

onbiUan; cp. but for oe. biitan.

above -ME. above earlier abufen

OE. dbufan; akin to G. oben oho.obana 'from above'; cp. oner.

abridge me. abrigge abregge:

adaj)t. (i{ OFR. abrigier abregier

(source lat. abbrez>iare'%\\ox\.&Xi).

abroad :me. a brpd^tro-^. 'broad-

ly, widely'; cp. broad.abuse cp. use.

accord vb. :me. acorde late oe.

(c. 11 40) dcordian : borrowed from

OFR. acorder fr. accorder (cp.

IT. accordare).

accuse me. accuse from fr. ac

cuscr (lat. accusare).

accrue {accreici) vb. from fr.

accrue sb. 'growth, increase' (orig.

part, of FR. accroitre: lat, adh-eretuin) ; cp . increase.

ace ME. as dee: loanword fromFR. as (=rr SPAN. aS, G. aSS, DU.aas^. Source lat. as (ace. asse7ti)

'a unit, pound, foot'.

ache earlier spelling ake me.

dke; derived from OE. cce me.

echt 'pain' under the influence

of the vb. OE. acan .mk. ake 'ache,

feel pain'.

1

achieve aghast

achieve me. acheve: adapt, of

KR. achcver 'accomplish'. Akin

to chief.

acorn me. acorti OE. cecerii;

ident. with goth. akran 'crop,

fruit', ON. akarn, DU. aker, G. ecker.

The meaning 'acorn' being a later

and special one as comparedwith GOT^i.akran 'fruit', the group

may be derived from teut. a/Jrc?-

= acre.

acquaint vb. i\ie. aqueinte a-

cointe: borrowed fr. ofr. aco'mter

'advise' cp. quaint.

acquire me. aquire aquere'. bor-

rowed from OFR. aquerre (fr.

acquih-ir = lat. acqinrere).

acre :\ie. akcr oe. cecer 'a field,

acre' := synon. goth. akrs, OSAX.

akkar, ohg. acchar G. acker, DU.

iikker, on. akr : a common Teut.

and Aryan word : teut. *akra-z,

pre-TEur. agro-s = skr. aj'ra-s,

GR. dypog, LAT. ager (stem agro-)

'acre' : Aryan \/^ ag in lat. ago,

GR. dyM, SKR. aj, ON. aka. Theorig. meaning of acre (indo-

teut. agro-s) was 'place where the

cattle are driven'; cp. G. trift

from treibe7i.

adage from fr. adage = lat.

adagium 'proverb'.

add :\IE. adde from lat. addere

add'.

adder .mi-:, adder older /ladder

OE. iuc(d)dre = OSAX. nadra, DU.

adder, ohg. nat{a)ra mhg. nater g.

natter (otter), ICEL. nadra f.— nadr

m., goth. nadrs: cogn. with ir. na-

thair, w. neidr. For the loss of

initial // cp. auger and apron.

adjourn vb. me. ajurnc ajornc:

adapted from Y^.ajourner (deriv.

of FR. jour — journic 'day').

ado ME. ado pro]), at dp: prop,

infinit. 'to do' with at, orig. in

Northern English.

advance vb. for me. avaunce

:

loanword from fr. avancer 'go

before' (deriv. of fr. avant =ITAL. avante, LAr. ab -(- ante).

advice sb. for me. avis: adopt,

of fr. avis (= IT. avviso, LAT. ad-

vismti). — The vb. advise me.

avise is fr. aviser {= it. avvisar,

LAT. '"adznsare').

afford :\IE. aforthe 'provide^ oe.

ic/ordia/i 'promote': deriv. of

forth.

affray 'frighten' me. afraie : from

FR. effrayer 'frighten'. — Hencethe part, afraid 'frightened' :\ik.

afraied.

after me. after oe. eefler adv.

prep. = GOTH, aftra 'back,

again', ohg. osax. aftar 'back',

DU. aehter.

again me. agein oe. ongeyi

ongedn ; ident. with g. gegen ohg.

gegin gagan, osax. gegin ?, on.

gagn. —: against 2\ie. ageincst

earlier agcines = OE. togeines.

age ME. age: adoption of fr.

age (oFR. a-age e-age). Source

a LAT. type *aetaticHJn (= lat.

aetas) 'time'.

aghast part, of me. agaste vb.

'terrify' OE. gcestan 'terrify'; akin

to goth. tisgaisjan make afraid'

and peril, to ghost.

iglet almond

aglet 'spangle, pin' (Shakesp.)

from Fi-!.. aiguilld diiuin. of ai-

giiiile 'needle'.

ago ME. ago agon: orig-. part,

'gone by, past' from go.

agog adapt, of ofr. en gognes

'lusty, lively, in a pleasant humor'— FR. gogne 'mirth, glee'.

agree 'si's.. agree: adapt, of fr.

agrier (= it. aggradarc; source

LAT.^rd'//^;>'/'pleasing, agreeable').

ague -AIE. agile: source ofr. agn

'sharp, acute' (= fr. aigii).

Source lax. aetltns.

aid vb. from fr. aider 'help'.

ail vb. ME. aile eile OE. eilan.

'trouble, afflict' = goth. iis-

agljan 'trouble': deriv. of OE.

ei^le = ("jOi'H. ag/us 'loathsome,

troublesome'. For \^^/^'' cp.

a 7v e.

air^ ME. aire older eir: loan-

word from FK. air (source lat.

aer\ — air- from fr. air 'ex-

ternal appearance' is considered

ident. with air^.

aisel (Shakesp.); cp. eisel.

ajar yn'..aeher — oncher (oe. on

cerr — on eyrr~) 'ajar' cp. char.

akimbo me. a kembmoc — a

kcnbihi'e (in the phrase »his hand,

his armes a kemb^we setten«)

;

for ME. hmve cp. bow and elbow.

The ft. st element represents an

adapted on. kengr 'crook the

shape of a horse-shoe' (cp. on.

ke?igbogifiti 'crooked'). Anothersuggestion proceeds from an OE.

^cyneboga formed as OE. eync-

widde.

alder j\ie. alder oe. dlor = ohg.

elira erila o. crlc, on. elr elre(r),

DU. LG. eller (goth. '^diliza is

found in span, alisa , fr. aliae

'wild sorb, wild service-berry).

Akin to osi^ow jelie/ia, lat. alnus

(for "^alsmis) 'alder'.

ale ME. die oe. ealu ealo (inll.

(alo(T) = OSAX. alo , on. sw.

dan. gl; akin to oslov. olii 'cider',

LITH. aliis beer'.

alight 'alight from a horse' cp.

light vb.

all yi¥..al{l) — plur. alle oe. al(l)

eal(l) — plur. ealle = oSAX. ohg.

Dr. LG. al, G. all, on. allr, goth.alls. A primary form ala- is found

in compounds and derivatives

;

cp. OSAX. ohg. alung :mhg. alenc

'entire, complete', goth. alamans

'all men', ohg. ala-wdri 'all true ,

ala-nimvi 'all new'. Cogn. w. oir.

uile (base olio-~).

allay yui. alaie aleie alegge "la\"

aside, give up'; from lay"^. Perh.

mixed with ofr. aleyer (fr.

aloycj-) ?

allege :\ie. alegge 'give testi-

mony : adajited from OFR. alegier

alegger ?

alley mk. aley: loanword from

FR. allic 'a going, passage

.

allow vb. ME. aloue: adapt, of

FR. alloucr 'grant' (lat. type ad-

locarc)

.

allure y\Y. alUre: from ofr.

aliirer, deriv. of lure 'bait'.

almond :me. almaunde: from

OFR. almande (=- fr. amande,

whence DU. amandel). SourceLAT. amygdala (gr. auvyid'kr^ 'an

1

*

alms — angel

almond', whence a vulgar lat.

iunendla (it. inandola = ohg.

!nandala G. inandel).

alms ME. ahnes OE. cvhnesse

(infl. cslmessaii) : borrowed from

OIR. almscm. Akin to the synon.

OSAX. alamosna, odu. aelmoese ael-

vtocsene DU. aalmoes, ohg. alamuo-

san alamosan G. almosen. Sourcei,AT.-GR. eleemosyiia (cp. it. /?>//^-

i7««) with a vulgar pronunciation

almosna ^= provenz. almosna, ofr.

almosne fr. aumbne.

alone me. alone late oe. eall-

<hia prop, 'all singly = synon.

G. allcin, i)U. alleen. Cp. one.

along :\[E. along oe. ondlong

andlong; cp. long. The prefix

E. (^z for OE. and is ^^ to G. ent-

\n cntlang along' (ofris. ond-

linga)

.

aloof adapt, of DU. te locf 'to

the windward'; ident. with luff.

already orig. 'quite ready'; cp.

> e a dy. — also prop, 'quite so'

ME. also OE. ealsit'd 'quite so' =:=

G. also. Ident. with as. — al-

though .ME. although altheigh;

in OE. we find iheah -]- eal (e. g.

'>f)eaVi ic eal mcege* 'although

I may); cp. though.alum ME. alu?n from OFR. alum=r FR. alun; source lat. aliimen,

whence G. alaun, du. aluin.

alway me. alway ahvey oe. eal-

new'ey. orig. ace. sing, (some-times contr. to ealnei) prop, 'all

the way, all the time' ; the com-moner form is ahcays :\[e. al-

waies, being an adv. gen. sing,

all the time, always'.

amaze vb. me. amdse oe. d-vid-

sian.

amid, amidst; cp. middle. —amiss me. on misse; cp. miss.

among me. atnong; prop, on-

mang— on "^etnang 'in the crowd';

oe. lerna/ig 'crowd' see undermingle. Ident. with lg. mang'among'.

amount me. amounte : adapt,

of FR. amonter 'amount to' (fr.

amoni'vL^hiW = lat. ad monteni)\

cp. 7?iount.

ancestor :\ie. auncestre: loan-

word from VK.ancrtre older ancestre

(:me. auncesson?- from ofr. ances-

sour) ; source lat. antecessoriem)

anchor me. anker oe. ancor pn-

cor; cp. on. akkeri, dlt. g. anker

late ohg. anchar'. a loanwordfrom LAT. ancora (it. ancora, fr.

ancre^

.

ancient me. auncient older

auncien (for the secondary / cp.

pageant, parch7nent): adapt,

of FK. aneien (= IT. anciano; lat.

type antednus).

and ME. OE. and =r osax. endi,

DU. en, OHG. anti enti inii unti

MHG. unde G. und. The cogn.

SKR. dtha 'also, further, and'

points to ARYAN .7/;/Az 'and, also'.

andiron me. aundire : loanword

from OFR. andier (fr. landier')

'fire-dog'. Source unknown, perh.

fr. a T-AT. type aniitdrins (lat.

ames)'^ Cp. imed.-lat. andaia

'fire-dog'.

angel me. aungel: borrowedfrom OFR. angcle (fr. ange'). Thefr. word supplanted the orig.

ape

OE, ME. ctigel ^= G. DU. engel ohg.

OSAX. engii, GOTH, aggilus : early

church-loanwords from lat. au-

geiiis = GR. dyyi-Xo^ 'angel.

anger UE.cruga- 'affliction, sore,

trouble': Scand. loanword from

ON. (7Mgr 'grief, sorrow' (dan.

anger 'penitence', sw. anger 're-

gret') ; akin to lat. (2«^(?r 'bodily

or mental torture'.

angle ^ me. angel oe. angol

giigiil = synon. ohg. angid G.

angel, on. gngull. Akin to lat.

uncus a hook', GR. oyy.og a hook',

ay/.toToov fish-hook', skr. ankd

'hook', on<. i'cad 'hook'.

angle ^ (corner) me. angle from

FR. angle = lat. angulus 'corner'.

anguish inie anguisse: from ofr.

anguisse fk. a/igolsse. Source lat.

angustia 'straitncss, poverty, per-

plexity'.

ankle :me. ankel orig. ankle OE.

anclanv 'ankle' = DU. anklaauw,

OHG. anchlao, ox. gkkla (prop.

"^ankuldtv'f); akin to du. enkel,

OHG. anchal enchil G. enkel 'ankle'.

Source and formation of the

group are doubtful; perh. akin

to SKR. aiiguU afigusiha 'thumb,

toe', AVEST. angusta toe'?

announce me. anounce: adapt,

of FR. annoncer (= lat. annun-

tiarc) ; c\>. pr o n oun c e.

annoy .^^i. anoye anuy{e) 'weari-

ness': from OFR. enoi anui fr.

ennui (source lat. in odio 'in

hatred').

anoint mi:, anointc: adapt, of

OFR. enoint 'anointed' part, of

enoindre 'anoint' ; cp. o i n tm e n t.

anon immediately' .me. anon

earlier andn OE. on an 'in one'

(moment) ; cp. o n e.

another; see other.

answer sb. me. answare OE.

andiwaru; corresp. to the synon.

OSAX. ant-suwr , ofris. ondser,

ON. andsvar? — Thereto the

deriv. vb. answer :me. answere

OE. a/nlsivarian. Source theTEUT.

\/^swar = swear; hence answer

was orig. a solemn charge madeto rebut a charge'; and- means'against'.

ant ME. am(e)ie OE, <27nete em-met': TEUT. base dniaitjon; cp.

OHG. amei'T^a mhg. atneiye G. ameise.

yiDV. emte eeinpte. Perh. akin to

G. enisig OHG. emi".^i emizzi in-

dustrious'. See emtncL

antler me. auntelere: loanwordfrom OFR. antoilUer {andoillier =FR. andouiller^; lat. tyi)e an-

(ocularis 'tine of a stag's horn

in front of the eyes'.

anvil sliort for me. anvelt an-

felt OE. atifilt = OHG. anafalz,

DU. aaiibeeld ODU. atibclt: TEUT.

base anafalti- and ana-halii-; cp.

the synon. ohg. ana-bb'i^ cogn.

w. beat.

any me. any {eiiy any') oe.

(hiii^ = OSAX. enig enag , du.

eenig, ohg. einag g. einig only,

sole' : deriv. of teu r. aifia =E. one.

ape ME. dpc OE, apa = du.

aap, ON. api, OHG. affo mhg. g.

affc: a common teut. word,

whence ORUSS. SLOV. t'/m?, obo-

appal (1) — arni^

HEM. opice 'ape' are borrowed.

Source of teut. apaii- unknown.

appal(l) vb. ME. appalle : adapt-

ed from OFK. apallir 'grow pale',

akin to pale.

apparel me. aparaile apparcile:

adapted from ofr. aparaillcr apa-

reiller 'dress' = fr. appareillcr

(it . apparrechiare) .

appeal me. a{p)p^'k: adapt, from

FK. appeler (=lat. ri.appellare).

appear vb. :me. a{p)pcre'. adapt,

from OFR. aperer aparir apareir

aparoir (= it. apparire; source

LAT. apparerc).

appease vb. iiE. apcse earlier

apaisc: loanwcjrd from fr. apaiser

'pacify'; akin to peace.

apple :me. appel oe. (Vppel =DU. LG. appel, MHG. G. apfcl OHG.

apful: WESTTEUT. base applu-,

allied to ir. uball, lith. obfilas,

OSLOV. abluko 'apple', RUSS. ja-

hloko.

apply vb. ME. aplk: adapted

from OFR. aplicr (fr. appliquer, it.

applicare, LAT. applicarc 'apply')

;

cp. ply vb.

apprentice mi:, apreutice apren-

tis: loanwcjrd fr. OFR. dprentis andapi-eiitif vi<.appienti{^o\\Yco lat.

(jppreuderc '

1carn')

.

approach vb. me. aprgche:

adapt, from fr. approchcr: lat.

type adpropiarc 'draw near'.

apricot borrowed from fr.

dbriiOi; corresp. to DU. abrikoos,

G. aprikosc; akin to span, albari-

coque, IT. alba-cocco (mod. GR.

TiQaiy.QY.Y.ia) from lat. praecociuvi

{inaluni praecoqimm'i^ lit. 'pre-

cocious .

April ME. dpril{l)e: adapt, ot

LAI. aprilis-^ the earlier me. by-

form averil points to ofr. avrill.

Cp. G. DU. April.

apron orig. napron = :me. nd-

pron ndproun : adapt, of fr. nap-

peroii 'a large cloth', dimin.

of iidppe = LAT. mdppd 'table,

napkin'; cp. tidpkin. For the

loss of initial n see adderand auger.arch ME. drch{e-) oe. arce-

[drcebiscop): borrowed from fr.

drch-. Cp. the synon. DU. darts,

OHG. erzi- - G. erz-, goth. ^drk

{-aggilus). Source the LAT. =Gr. prefix archi- [dg/t-). Perh.

OFR. arcPi (in drchaiiget) influ-

enced the E. word.

archer me. drcher : adapt, of

FR. archer 'bowman' (lat. type

arcarius, deriv. of drcus 'bow').

are (»we, you, they are«) jme.

are oe. (Northumbr.) dron\ plur.

to the second person sing, art

^lE. drt OE. edit. An aryax. dr

'be' is prob. in lith. yrci 'is'.

ark IMF. drke oe. care (infl.

earce^ = ohg. arahha archa 'chest'

MHG. arche 'chest, money-chest'

G. arche Noah's ark', DU. ark

'Noah's ark', on. grk "chest, co-

venant, ark, box', goth. arka f.

'money-box, Noah's ark': a Teut.

loanword from lat. (also ROM.)

drcd.

arm ^ mi;, drm oe. earm =OSAX. DU. arm, on. armr, goth.

arms, ohg. ar(a)m G. arm. Akin

arm' — ass

to LAT. annus 'tlie topmost part

of the upper arm, fore-quarter',

OSLOV. rajne 'shoulder , arm',

PRUSS, irmo 'arm', skr. innd-s

'fore-quarter, arm , avest. arema

arm', ar.mex. annukn elbow'.

arm- 'a weapon' me. armes

plur. from okr. armes := LAT.

ai-ma 'weapons'.

armor ilE. armour(e) anniire:

borrowed from ofr. artjttire ar-

me-iire (lat. annatiird) 'armor'.

army :me. armie arme: adop-

tion of FR. annh (= it. artnata',

base LAT. arviare).

arrange borrowed from fr.

arrair^cr (dcriv. of FR. /-(i';/^ 'rank,

file' from ohg. hrinc G. ring 'a

ring or circle of people' ; cp.

ranii).

arrant ident. with errant.

arras :me. arras; oris^. »cloth

of Arras* : Arras is the nameof a town in Artois (France)

famous for its manufacture. Seecambric and la^vn'^.

array :mr. araie : adapt, of ofr.

arraicr arcier 'arrange' {= IT.

arredarc): of Teut. origin; cp.

GOTH, garaids under ready.

arrest me. a{r)reste\ adapt, of

OFR. arester fr. arreter (= it.

arrestare, LAi'. restare'''£,\.di\' back').

arrival y\v.. arivaile prop, 'land-

ing'; adapt, of OFR. arrivaillc

landing'. - arrive :NrE. arive

prop, 'bring to shore, come to

shore': adapt, of fr. arriver =IT. arrij'are; \..\v. type adripare

(^rl/a 'shore').

arrow :\ie. arwe late oe. ar7C'e :

adapt, of ox. or (plur. pi'var').

The native oe. word was earh

ident. with on. or (cp. goth.

arhwazna 'dart' and lat. arciis

'bow').

as me. as{e) als{e) also alswg

OE. ealswa = synon. OSAX, hg.

also, DU. als, :mhg. also als dlse.

The compound means prop, 'en-

tirely so'; cp. all and so.

ash^ sb. 'the name of a tree'

:me. asch oe. cesc = ohg. asc

G. esehe, DU. esch, ox. askr 'ash'.

ash- sb. :siE. asche OE. cesce (infl.

ascan axati); mod. E. is com-

monly used in the plur. ashes

(me. asches^. Cogn. w. ox. aska,

DU. asch, ono.aska g. asche, goth.

azgo 'ashes'.

ask vb. older by-form ax me.

aske axe (kext. oxi) oe. dscian

dcsian : Teut. base aiskbjan =rz

OSAX. escon, ohg. eiskbn (g. hei~

scheii). Akin to lii'H. jcskoti,

oslo\". iskati, SKR. icch 'seek'.

aspl 'a venomous serpent from

LAT. aspis.

asp2 'a tree' :me. aspe oe. cespe

= synon. ox. gsp , ohg. aspa

MHG. aspe G. espc, DU. esp: perh.

connected with lat. arbor (if

from *azbos by rhotacism) 'tree'.

ass ME. asse oe. assa (infl. sing.

assan) : loanword from OIR. assan

'ass' ; cp. ox. asne from ofr. asne

= fr. d/ie. Source lat. asinus,

whence also GOTH, asiliis, oe.

csol, OHG. csil G. esel 'ass', DU. czel

and further osLOV. osilii, russ.

oselii 'ass'.

assail avenge

assail vb. me. asaile: adapt, of

FK. assaiHir\ see assault.

assault vb. ME..a(s)saut: adapt-

ed from FR. assatii (=IT. assalto,

MED. LAT. assaltus).

assay me. assay assai borrowedfrom OFR. assai assay = FR. essai

(it, assag/o from lat. exagiiun

'weighing').

assemble me. a(s)semble a(s)-

semlf. adapt, of FR. assetnhler {xi.

assemblare deriv. of lat. shuul

'together').

assyage me. aswdge a(s)sudge :

loanword fr . ofk. asoager asuagiv,

LAT. ty[)e ad-suaviare deriv. of

suavis 'sweet

.

assure vb. me. a(s)sure borrowed

from FR. assurer {=1^ . asseciirarc)

.

astonish transformed after vbs.

in -is/i from an earlier astony

astoiie Mi<;. astonie asiuiic astottuc :

borrowed from OFR. cstoncr =FR. //6'//w;- ; LAT. type ex\to?iare

'thunder'. But cp. stun.

at ME. at oe. a-t = osax. at,

OHG. a-, ON. GOTH, at: akin w.

LAT. ad 'to', OIR. ad-.

atone vb. from atone adv. 'at

one, agreed' = ME. at on into

one'; cp. one.

attach vh.isi^.attacchc (law term)

'take prisoner, arrest': adapt, of

FR. attacher (= span, atacar, it.

attaccare)

.

attain vb. jie. attalnc atteine :

borrowed from fr. atteindre

(= LAT. attingere touch upon).

attire vb. me. atire: adapted fr.

OFR. atirer 'adorn'. Source a

Teut. sb. //;' 'ornament, honor'

^= OSAX. OE. tir 'glory, honor

(g. zierde).

attorney me. atourney older

aturnc atourni 'agent, deputy,

commissioner'?: adapt, of fr.

atorne part, of atorner 'direct,

appoint'.

auburn orig. 'whitish or flaxen-

colored , reddish- brown' me.

auburne awburne 'citron-colored :

from OFR. auborne alborne {= it.

alburno') = ]med. lat. albiirnus

'whitish' (albus 'white').

quger orig. nauger (like adder

for 7iadder, apron for naproJi with

loss of an initial n) me. nangcr

older ndve-ggr oe. nafo-gdf' 'an

auger' prop, 'borer, piercer of

naves' (see nave^ and gore-^]

cp. the synon. ohg. nabug'cr

iiHG. nabeger g. (dial.) nabcr,

ICEL. nafarr.

aught a whit, anything' me.

aught older aivight oe. dwiht

dnwiht 'aught'; OE. an is otic

and for wiht see 7v/iit and /lot.

August from LAT. augustus \ me.

aust from ofr. aoust = fr. aout't

or from late oe. august changed

to ^auii'cst ?

aunt :me. aunt(e) : adapt, of ofr.

ante (fr. iante^. Source lat.

amita aunt'.

avail INIE. availe: source fr.

vaille from valoir 'be worth'.

avalanche: adoption of tlie

synon. fr. avalanche (fr. aval

'downward' = ofr. a val is la r.

ad vallevi 'valleyward').

avenge me. avenge: adapt, of

OFR. avengier 'avenge' (source

avoid — aye^

LAT. vindicare 'vindicate); cp.

vengeance.

avoid ME. avoide: adapted fromFK. avoidcr 'empty out'; cp. void.

avouch 'declare, confess' from

OFK. avoch(i)er', cp. vonch.

avow :me. avmve avoue from fr.

avoucr; cp. vow.await -AIR. aivaiU- from onfr.

ai(.'aii{i)cr\ cp. wait.

award me. luvardc from oxfr.

£swardc{i)r 'examine'. For the

Teut. source see under guard.aware me. iwarc oe. icivara

icxvcer =-- ohg. osax. girvar g.

gewa/w , DU. gewaar 'watchful,

wary'; cp. 7c>ary.

away iiE. a7c>a)' awcy oe. o/nc'cj^

'away' prop, 'on the way ; cp.

way and alway.awe ME. aive older age: adapt,

of ox. agi 'awe , terror'. Akinto OE. ej^e ME. cic 'fear, terror'

= GOTH, agis and gr. dyoi^

'anguisli' ; cp. goth. aglus 'mo-

lesting', OIR. agar '1 fear'.

awkward mk. awirwardauluvard

beside late me. aukc 'contrary,

wrong'; auk- contr. of ai^ek- =OX. ofngr 'turned the wrongway'. Cogn. w. osAX. ahuh^ ohg.abiih and srr. apak 'turned away'.

awl -Mi;, aid awel oic. awel

cawol 'awl': if traceable to a

Teut. 'base aivola (for ag-iooia-),

akin to i,\ r. aciis 'needle' —acu/cus sting'.

aw^n MK. aune older aicene

agc/ie : Scand. loanword fromOX. pgn which is ident. with OE.

eegne, ohg. agana mhg. age/ie

g. ahne, goth. ahana chaff;

prob. related, to gr. axvt] a/vgov'chaff', EiTH. akutas , opruss.ackons 'awn'.

awry me. a7i.<ry{c) onwiy; cp.

7C' ; )'.

ax(e) mi:, ax oe. eax =: the

synon. oE. eax cex, ohg. ahsa

MHG. a/ise G. ac/isc, i)U. as andwith formative -/ the synon. ox.

gxitll, whence Ijorrowed jme. axel

E. axle-(lrec). For a pre-i'EUT.

a/isa cp. SKR. dksa, gr. a'^oiV,

LAT. axis, osLov. osi, LiTH. aszis

'axle'.

ax(e) .MK. ax{c) OK. ax orig.

acas '^acces -- synon. osAX. ohg.accus :mhg. ackes g. ax(t), dl'.

aaks, ox. ox, goth. Uifizi 'axe'.

Pre-TEUT. i'?^'-/j7 (-^^--s/ {aksT) appearsalso in gr. a^ivrj 'axe'.

axle ME. axel in axel-tre: bor-

rowed from ox. gxultri; akin

to ^^.v.

aye^ 'yes' occurring in the

16'*^ cent, as / and not found

earlier; pcrh. ident. with / =;

OE. ic; in oe. we find nic (for

nc -\- ic) 'no' (in answering).

The orthography of aye wasinfluenced perhaps by aye^ (cp.

nay).

aye'- .mi:, ay ey: borrowed fromOX. ei ever ; akin to goth. aijc

'ever', ohg. osax. io g. Je; cp.

ever. In the Aryan langs. a sb.

ai7C'a- 'age, time' exists in goth.ai7C's, LAT. aeviwi, gr. utcJi-.

lO babe — bait

B

babe me, babe fuller form babdii:

from w. GAEL. IR. CORN, bahait

'a babe, child',

baboon me. bdbwin baboin :

loanword from the synon. fr.

babouin. Akin to DU. baviaan,

G. paviaii. Source OFR. babwii

'.L^rimacc?

baby :^ii:. luibl: dimin. of babe.

bachelor :\[e. Imchelcr: borrow-

ed from OER. bacJiclcr = fr.

bachcUer. Source med.-la r. I'ac-

caldrhis.

backl cp. basin.

back'' 'tlie hinder part of the

body' mi:, bak ok. b(cc ^ OSAX.

DU. (in comp.), icel. sav. bak

back'. — back adv. for almck

:\ie. abak (je. on ba^x 'backward'

prop, 'on the back'. — back-board OE. bu'cbord = DU. Lc;.

bakboord (whence c;. backbord,

FR. babcnuf), icel. bakbord 'lar-

board'.

backgammon prop, 'back-

game',

taken

gammon.

bacon me. bacon bdcoiin: bor-

rowed from OFR. bacon 'flitch of

bacon'. Source a teut. base

bakon = MDU. :\ILG. bake, ohg.

ba/i/io MWG. liache 'side of bacon,

ham'; akin to l>ack sb.

bad ME. bad{de) 'worthless,

wicked'; p)rob. ident. with OE.

dbchled 'forced, compelled': orig.

because the men whenare put back. See

part, of the vb. d-bckdan 'compel,

restrain'.

badge late me. baggc: of fr.

origin, cp. ofr. bage, med.-lat.

bagia 'signum, a ring'.

badger orig. ident. with an

obsolete Inidger 'one who buys

corn'; cp. FR. blaireau 'badger'

orig. little corn-merchant'. Thesource is a med.-lat. bladdriuSy

OFR. blaycr 'corn-merchant' (fr.

bli 'corn ) : E. badger for bladger?

bag ME. bagge: loanword from

ON. b>agg/ 'bag, bundle'. — t)ag-

gage :me. baggdge according to

FR. baggage points to ofr. bague

= ON. baggi.

bail 'a hoop' me. beil: perh.

traceable to an oe. '^'I>e~^cl "^i'yiei

= G. bilge/, ON. bygill; \^bhg

in bow.

bail vb. borrowed from OFR.

bailer 'secure, keep in custody'.

Akin to bailiff me. bailif baili:

from OFR. bailif (wlience also

DU. baljimi) later baili bailli ^=-

'i,TE.v>.-\.xi.baillizius balliviis. Source

LAT. bajulns 'burdenbearer

.

bairn child' (Sc.) me, bcrn

OE. beam 'child' = OHG. goth.

barn, on. barn (whence also

me. bani): deriv. of the teut.

\f ber 'produce', prop, partic.

with the meaning that which is

born'.

bait vl). ME. Ihxite beite 'feed':

borrowed from ON. beita 'cause

to bite' = MHG. beizen 'bait', OE.

bake — bark^ 1

1

hcetan: causative of teut. lutan

'bite'; cp. bite.

bake :me. hake OE. hacan str. vb.

= ON. baka, OHG. bahhan 'bake'.

The G. forms partly show teut.

kk for TEUT. k\ G. backen, DU.

bakken (osAX. bakkeri 'baker')

;

the kk is also shown in batch.

The TEUT. \fbak from pre-TEUT.

bhog is peril, connected with

GR. (fidyfiv 'roast'.

bald :\IE. ba/Zeti (oe. '^bcalledef);

scnirce and history unknown.

baldrick me. baudrik bmiderik;

akin to ox. baldreh', :mhg. bal-

deric/i, FR. baudroy (ofr. baldrei,

whence ^nj. baudry) , med.-lat.

haldringus: related ioi.XT. balteus

under belt.

bale sb. a large bundle ofmer-

chandise ready for transporta-

tion': loanword from okr. ba(l)le

{= SPAN, bala, xx.balld) ; of Teut.

origin, ident. with ball.

bale vb. 'empty water out of

a ship', also spelled bail: bor-

rowed from DU. balien 'bale out';

DU. balie {^ :mlg. ballige balge,

LG. balje, IT. bagl/a) 'tub' fr. fr.

bail/e represents aLat. type bacula

(cogn. w. basiii).

bale -ME. bale oe. bealn\ cp.

OSAX. balu, OHG. baluy ox. bgl

evil, calamity'; Gorw. ''balws

'evil' in comp. and deriv. as

bahveins balwjaii 'torment'.

ball' a spherical body' ME.

ball(e): borrowed from OFR. balle

= OHG. balla ballo 'a ball, sphere',

ON. bollr 'ball'.

ball- a dance' (= DU. G. bait) :

borrowed from FR. bal 'a dance'

(=r SPAN, bade, rr. balld) 'a

dance', fr. bailer (it. ballare)

is traced to gr. ^aXXiLSti' 'dance'.

ballast: loanword from sw.

DAN. ballast orig. baglast for bar-

lass prop, 'bare last' i. e. 'mere

load' = DU. LG. G. ballast.

balm ME. baum {Jiaip/ie bavie

basf/ie) : adapt, of fr. baiiine.

Source lat. balsa?nii?/i, whenceG. balsam, du. balsem.

bane 'harm' :me. bd7je; OE.ba^ia

means 'murderer'; cp. on. bane,

OHG. bano 'death'. Akin to GR.

(povo^ 'murder'.

bank me. bdnke oe. banea ^ON. bakki (orig. ''banki) : akin

to be7tch. — bank (for money)adapt, of FR. banque = it. banea

:

ult. source teut. bank(i) in

bench.

bar ME. bane: adapt, of ofr.

barrc.

bare me. bare oe. beer = ohg.

G. bar, on. berr: teut.-goth.

base baza- = pre-TEUT. bhaso-

in osLov. bosu 'bare-foot', lith.

basas.

bargain sb. :\ij;. bargain: adapt,

of OFR. bargainc 'traftic'.

barge me. barge: adapt, of ofr.

barge. Source a :\iED.i.Ar. barica,

whence also bark"^.

bark ' 'the rind of a tree' me.

barke: possibly a loanword from

the equiv. on. bgrkr ; cp. g. lg.

borke, NORTHFRis. buark, goth.*barhis: prob. akin to birch onaccount of skr. bhurja m. 'bircli'

12 bark^ — basket

— n, 'birchbark*. Bark orig.

'birchbark*? cp. birch.

bark- adapt, of fr. barque;

ident. with barge.

bark vb. ^m. berke oe. beorcan;

cp. OE. borcian 'bark' and on.

berkja 'bark : teut. v"" berk, not

recorded elsewhere.

barley me. barli older barlich

late OE. bcerlic; how the wordis connected with the synon.

OE. bcre (cp. barii), is uncertain.

Source a teut. base baraz {bariz

^ ox. barr, cp. goth. barizeins

'made of barley'), akin to lat.

far 'corn' (ARYAN base bharos-).

barm 'yeast' me. berme oe. beorma:=: DU. berni, j^ilg. berme : Teut.

base bcrmaii- from an Aryan base

bhermen- in lat. fcrmentum.

barn me. berne oe. bern short

for orig. /v/Y'-r;v^ 'barlev-house';

cp. barley, oe. -em (for ecru

'^rceiui) house' corresponds to

GOTH. raz7i 'house', ON. rami.

barnacle ' 'a fish' me. bernake;

transformed l)y suffix-exchange

from OE. byrnete 'loUigo'.

barnacle'- a kind of gooseME. bernake; an anglo-lai'. ber-

naca of the 1 2 ^'^ cent, is the first

record of the obscure word.

barnacles 3 'spectacles' orig.

'irons put cm tlie noses of horses

to keep them quiet' dimin. to

ME. beniac from oer. bernac

'camus, a barnacle'.

baron iiE. bdrou/i: loanwordfrom ER. baron, whence also ODU.baroen, mho. barini G. DU. baron.

Source a military word LAT. baro

'mercenary', which oftentimes is

found in the Teut. Leges Bar-

barorum for baron'.

barrel me. bdrel prop, baril:

borrowed fr. FR. baril.

barren me. barrein : a fr. loan-

word, cp. ofr. brahain barhain

(fr. hrihaigne 'sterile'). Source

unknown.

barrow 'a wheel -barrow' me.

bcirwc (oe. '^hcartue) : derived

from the teut. \f ber in bear;

as for the zc-suffix cp. also oe.

tneox-byrwc , westphal. . bierwe

'a bier, stretcher'.

barter Engl, dcriv. of ofr.

barate 'deceit, fraud' (ofA. ba-

rater 'beguile'), whence aie. barcit

bari't, ODU. baraet fraud', mhg.

barat.

base ^ 'low' from fr. basse f.

{Ihts m.). Source vulg.-lat.

bassus ?

base^ sb. 'foundation' me. base

{bas) : loanword from fr. base

(lat. basis).

bashful see abask.

basin ME.bdsfn: loanword from

FR. bassin. vSource lat. baccinum

(akin w. i^x^.baeardiwdbicdrium})

whence DU. bekken, ohg. (osax.)

bekliin G. becken 'basin'; cp. DU.

lg. bak 'bowl, tub, trough', fr.

/^^r 'trough, basin' =:- LAT. bacca).

bask vb. ME. baskc: a Scand.

loanword, from ON.badask 'l)athc

oneself. Source see under balk.

basket me. basket; commonlyconsidered ident. with BRrrANN.-

LAT. bascauda 'dish-pan' (=^- ofr.

bascJioe 'bucket'); an OK.*bascod

bass

*l>axod was supplanted hy */>ascof,

-ot being an Y.. diniin. suffix.

A primit. LAT.-GALL. Anv(i' appears

in FR. bachc tilt, vat'.

bass 'a fish' me. base barse OE.

bars = DU. baars, v,. barsc/i; cp.

SWED. abborrc, ]jan. oborre {ir

from ri).

bastard me. bastard {= g.

bastard, DU. bastaarct) : borrowedfrom OFR. bastard (fr. batard =SPAN. IT. bastardd). Source ofr.

bast = .SPAN. IT. basto 'pack-

saddle'; cp. OFR. fils de bast 'a

bastard', lit. 'a son of a pack-

saddle' (not of a bed, cp. G.

liankert proj). 'son of a bench).

baste ^ vb. 'beat witli a stick,

strike': a Scand. loanword from

ON. beysta 'beat' ^ sw. bosta

'thump', DAN. bbstc strike'.

baste 2 vb. 'pour fat over meat';

origin unknown.

baste^ vb. 'sew slightly' me.

l>dste\ borrowed from ofr. bastir

(fr. batir = span, bastear, it.

imbastare) 'baste'. Source a

teut. bastjan = OHG. bcstan 'patch'

MHG. besten 'bind'.

bat ' 'a short cudgel' me. late OE.

bat{ti): loanword from ir. gael.

bat 'staff, cudgel' or more prob.

fr. FR. battc 'a rammer, wand',

bat^ "•. winged mammal'; the

Scotch by-form ba{c)k points to

ME. bakke = DAN. bakkc (only in

comp. aftenbakke 'evening-bat').

Peril, connected with back andbacon , made prob. by G. (dial.)

.s/<'('X"wr7i'('jr'liat']irop.'llitch-mouse'.

batch JiE. bacche OE. *bcccc'e;

deriv. from the teut. \'" bakk

(ibaky, see bake.

bath ME. bat// OE. bcrd= OSAX.

bat/i, DU. G. OHG. bad, ON. bad.

The dental being suffix, the wordrests on a teut. y~ ba (be) in

OHG. bac7i = G. biihen. — bathevb. ME. bathe OE. bad/an = ohg.

badon G. baden, on. bada: deriv.

from the teut. sb. baj>a- 'bath'.

batten vb. 'grow fat' me. *batne:

a Scand. loanword from o^.batna

'grow better' (= GOTH, gabatnan

'profit'). Akin to better andboot'^.

batter vb. 'beat^NtE. /v^Z/v: from

FR. battre. Source lat. battuere.

Hence batter 'a compound of

eggs, fiour and milk' me. Imtiire:

from OFR. bate-ure 'a beating'.

battle i\iE. bdtaile: loanwordfrom FR. bataille, whence ODU.

bataelghe , mhg. bateilc 'battle'.

Source lat. battuere 'beat'.

bay adj. 'reddish' me. bay. from

FR. bai. Source lat. badius 'bay-

colored'.

bay^ 'inlet of the sea' me. bale:

borrowed from FR. bale (= span.

bahia, rr. baja^.

bay'- sb. 'a kind of laurel-tree,

sweet-bay me. bay bate 'a berry':

borrowed from ofr. baic baye

FR. baie a berry. Source lat.

bacca baca 'berry'.

bay vb. 'bark as a dog' me.

baye shortened from abayc: loan-

word from OFR. abater fr. aboyer.

bay3 'berry' (in bay-riwi) tsie.

bai bei OE. bd-^ = northfris. bet.

14 he beaver *

DiTMARSCH bcic, DU. bei 'berry':

Teut. base baijiz hajjiz; not ident.

with OFR. bate = LAT. bacca.

be 'exist' ME. be oe. bcon fr. a

Teut. base '^bijan; cp. ohg. Ntn r=

OSAX. biu-m 'I am', which an-

swers to LAT. fio: Aryan base

bhio {bhijo) traceable to bhwto

bhiiid; cp. \^bhti in 'LAi'./ui 'I was'.

Cp. booth and build.

be- prefix me. oe. be-: ident.

with by.

beacon me. bekeu oe. bcacen

^= OHG. bouhhan, osAX. bokan (du.

baak, G. bake fr. ofris. bakeri):

TEUT. base baukna-. See beck.

bead :me. /'tv/^' 'a bead, a prayer'

OE. i^ebed 'prayer'. Deriv. from

the teut. \^bcd\ cp. bid.

beadle me. bedel bedel: loan-

word from OFR. bedel = fr.

bideau (it. bidelld). Source a

Teut. bidil r= ohg. bitil.

beaker me. biker \ cp. the sy-

non. DU. beker, osAX. bikcri, ohg.

behhari G. bccher. Perh. the E.

word is borrowed from the sy-

non. ON. bikarr. Source lat.

biecariiif/i (it. bicehiere^ with the

hy-^onTy piccariwn (see pitcher).

Further connections under basin.

beam 'a piece of timber' me.

be'm oe. bcatn 'a tree' = OHG.

MHG. boufu G. baum, lg. du.

hootn, OSAX. bom 'a tree'. Thecorresp. synon. GOTH, bagnts (ON.

badmr}) 'tree' seems to point to

a TEUT. bagwma- with a by-form

bawnm- bainua-.

bean :NrE. bnie ben oe. bean =svnon. OHG. bona G. bohne, du.

<^i?<?//, o^.baun: teut. base bauno-

'bean'. The early existence of

the word (goth. '^bauna) is at-

tested by the name of the

Fris. island Bannonia (island of

beans?).

bear vb. 'carry' me. bcre oe.

b'eran ^rz osAX. ohg. beran, ox.

bera , du. baren, goth. bairan.

Akin to LAT. ferre, gr. (pfofiv,

SKR. \fbhar 'bear, carry': aryaxsfbher. Cp. bier and birth.

bear sb. 'ursus' me. <^(rd? oe. bera

= ohg. ^t'?-<? MHG. ber G. <5/«-, du.

/^i?^;-. The teut. b'eron- (on. bjgrii)

is based on an Aryan adj. bhcro-

'brown' preserved in lAlYiU'bcras

'brown'.

beard me. bcrd oe. beard =DU. baard, ofris. berd, ohg. g.

bart: TEUT. base barda- = aryanbhardha- in lat. barba, OSLOV.

brada, lith. barzda, pruss. bor-

dus 'beard'.

beast ME. best: loanword from

OFR. beste (fr. bete), whence also

LG. DU. beest 'beast'. Source LAT.

bestia (in a vulgar form besta).

beat vb. ME. bete oe. beatan

= OHG. bo-i-fin JNIHG. boT^en, icel.

bauta 'beat. Cp. beetle.

beaver^ 'an animal' me. bevcr

OE. beofor = ohg. bibar G. biber,

DU. bever, o^.bjorr: teut. bebriiz

(whence are borrowed it. bevero,

fr. bievre) points to pre-teut."

bhcbhrus = lat. fiber, coKS.befer,

osLOV. bebrii, lith. bebriis, lett.

bebris, russ. bobrti 'beaver'. In

SKR. there is an adj. babhnis

'brown', which is perh. a redupl.

beavei-2 begin 15

form pointing to lith. her-as

'brown' under bear.

beaver- 'the lower part of a

helmet' borrowed from the synon.

FR. baviere, whence also the sy-

non. DU. beve7-.

because me. because bicause by-

cause (also separately written be-,

bi-, by- cause) : by the prep. -|-

cause.

beck^ 'a stream' me. bek: loan-

w'ord from ON. bekkr (= sw.

biicJi); cp. OSAX. beki, du. beck,

OHG. bah(hh) G. bach from a teut.

haki-.

beck- a nod or sign' me. bek

short for me. b(ke OE. beaceii;

see beacon.

bed "meT oe. bed {dd) = goth.badi (stem badja-), oho. bcii betti

MHG. bette bete G, bctt, du. bed.

The cogn. cvmr. bedd 'grave'

(celt, base bcdo-) points to the

ARYAN \'^bhedh bhodh (in lat.

fodio 'I dig', LiTH. bedu 'I dig),

as is evident in G. beet (blumen-

beet) = E. bed (flowerbed).

bedrid me. bcdred oe. bedrida:

lit. 'a bed-rider' = mlg. bed-

derede 'bedridden'. Cp. ride(and the phrase »ride on an-

chor*). Akin to OHG. bettiriso,

MLG. /W//c:r(?.ri' 'bedridden' - ba/i-

krese 'a lazy fellow.

bee ifE. be oe. beo contr. of

bie (infl. biati) = ohg. bia, du.

bij; with //-suffix o. bieiie fromOHG. bini. Akin to pruss. biitc,

LITH. bifis, LETT, bittc, \K. bech

bee'; also lat. fiicus 'drone'

(Aryan base b/ioiko-}^.

beech me. beche oe. bece (orig.

bd:ck ^= LG. beeke 'beech'): for-

med with vowel mutation from

*'bdc in OE. bpc-treim' ; cp. ohg.biiohha MHG. buoche G. buche,

ON. bok. The name of this tree

(whence book) is a pre-teut.

bkagos^^'LXT.fdgus 'beech', gr.

(payoc (prjyoc. The gr. wordsignifies perh. originally 'tree

with edible fruit, food-tree' (yre-

ysTv 'eat').

beef me. l^ef older bdf {beof):

borrowed from ofr. boef fr.

boeuf. Source lat. bovetn i^bos).

beer me. ber oe. beor == ohg.OSAX. bior G. DU. bier. A commonwestteut. word (base beiira-'),

perh. derived fr. oe. osax. b^o,

ON. bygg 'barley ; hence beer

prop, 'barley-juicq'?

beet ME. OE. bete. Source lat.

beta {= FR. bette, rr. bieta^,

whence also G. beete.

beetle' me. betel oe. bytcl betel

^= the synon. LG. b(i'tel, on. bey-

till 'hammer'. The teut. base

bautila- belongs to the teut.

\^ baut in beat.

beetle- an insect .aii:. bitel oe.

bitola; derived from an adj. oe.

bitol 'inclined to bite'.

beg vb. me. begge shortened

from OE. bedecian, formed from

///V/ with intensive k (as in hark,lurk, 7i.<alJi).

begin me. begifine oe. beginnan

str. vb. = OSAX. OHG. biginnaii,

DU. (i. begitinen, goth. dugimicn

'begin'. The teut. \^gen (the

initial g of which mav be an

i6 begin bellows

Aryan k in the compound) is

traceable to the Aryan \f kenin OSLOV. po-cinq (infinit. po-ccti

'begin', koni 'beginning').

beguile vb. me. hegUe {= mdu.beghijlcti) : loanword from ofr.

guiler. C}). wi/e.

behalf 'interest, benefit' ME.

on hehah'e for oti halve or be

lialve OE. on {be) healfe\ OE.

healf sb. (= OIIG. halha) meansside'.

behave vb. late :me. behave

OE. behabban: ident. witli have.— behavior shows a fr. ending

in imitation of havior, var. of

haver for ai'er 'possession'.

behead vb. me. behede bihefden

OE. behcafdian ; cp. mho. behoubetcn

'behead'. Cp. head.

behest :me. />ehest(e) bihest earlier

beh(se oe. behces 'command, vow,'

OE. hces (base hdsi- ha/si-) points

to TEur. GOTH, haitau = oe.

h(ftan\ cp. hight ami hest.

behind .me. behindc{n) oe. be-

hindan 'afterwards, after'. Cp.

hinder and hindmost.

behold vb. me. beholdr oe.

behdldan {beh(aldan) 'hold, see'.

Cp. hold.

behoof iME. behof oe. bchof =synon. ou. behoef , mlg. bchof,

MHG. behuof G. behiif, icel. hofmoderation'. — behoove vb.ME.

behove OE. behpfian 'be necessary'

r^ DU. behoeven, mlg. I'ehoven.

belch vb. akin to me. be/he oe.

bcelcian beakian and with suffix

bcalcettan 'belch'.

belfry me. berfray l)erfrey ber-

freid berfreit adapt, of OFR. ber-

frci berefreit=^ ¥'S^.beffroi. SourceMHG. Ih-revrit from Inrc 'pro-

tection' and frid 'a place of

security'.

belief iaie. beleve from the vb. ^^i.

l>eleve = believe. Phonetically

not ident. with me. beleve ilc've

oe. lelea/a = OSAX. gilbbo, DU.

geloof, OHG. giloubo G. glaube.

— believe vb. :me. bileve orig.

ileve OE. lelefan ^elyfan 'believe'

= OSAX. gilobian, DU. gclooven,

OHG. gilouban (;. glanbcn, gofh.galaubjan.

bell iME. OE. belle ^= du'. bel,

LG. belle: WEST-TEUT. base bellon.

Akin to bello7vl

bellow vb. ME. bel{o)7ve behve

OE. belgian bylgian 'bellow': teut.

base ^'balligon ? Prob. an extendedform with vowel mutation andintensive formative of oe. bellan

=r OHG. Ih'llan 'bellow'. \{ bell- is

traceable to belz bels, the teut.

\,^ corresponds to SKR. bhas (for

bhals) 'bellow" = M^i 'speak' andurn. balsas 'voice'.

bellows INIE. behves (also belies)

'a bellows': prop. plur. of belowe

belu l>eli 'a bellows, a bag, belly'

OE. bo'li byli (bkhibyli) 'a bag'

= ON. belp-, G. DU. balg 'skin'.

Ident. with belly. A teut. \'^belg

'swell' appears in OHG. belgan

'be angry', oe. ^ebolgen 'angry',

ON. bolgen 'swollen'; cogn. w.

OIR. bolgaim 'I swell' — bolg bole

'bag, bellows' — OGALL. bulga

'leather-bag'. Cp. bolster.

belly between 17

belly JiE. belie beli'h&Wy , womb,also a bellows' OE. bell byl^ 'a

bag, pouch, purse, bag of any

kind'. Ident. with bellows.

below ME. bilpwe cp. loiv.

belt ME. OE. belt = OHG. balz,

ox. belli 'a belt, border'. SourceLAT. (gall. ?) balteus 'belt'.

bench me. bench oe. bene; with

umlaut and palatalization froma TEUT. base batiki{z) = OSAX.Du. G. OHG. bank, on. bekkr; fr.

banc and it. span, banco are

rEUT. loanwords. Cp. bank.

bend sb. 'a band, bond' ]\rE.

OE. bend (= osAX. bendi, ODU.bende, GQ-xn.bandi'di band, bond')from the \^ bend in bind, whencealso bend vb. bow, curve' :me.

bende OE. bendan 'bind, curve,

bend'.

beneath 'sm.benethe oe. beneodan

^ DU. beneden ; from oe. neodan,

OSAX. nithatia, ohg. nidana mhg.nidcn(c) 'below'. Cp. nether.

benison me. beneisonn : borrowedfrom OFR. bene'ifon. Source lat.

henedictionetn (vp. me. maleisoun =OFR. tnale'ifon, lat. inaledictioncni)

.

bent-grass oe. bconot =l osax.biniit, OHG. binir^ mhg. bin(e)- g.

/>'/>w^, DU. bentgras.

bequeath vb. me. bcqucthe oe.

hecw'cda?^ 'declare, affirm'. — be-quest :me. bi(/iiestc usually biquide

byquide bequidc. For the OE. vb.

cwedati 'speak' cp. quoth.

bereave vb. me. bircue {rcve)

OE. ber^afian (reafian) = osax.I'irobon, DU. beroovcn, ohg. (bi)rou-

F.NGLisH Etymology.

bon g. berauben, goth. biraubon

'rob', ON. ratifa 'rob'.

berry me. oe. berie ; cp. synon.

OHG. beri G. bccre. The r wasorig. 2 = ^; cp. goth. /^^^V in

weinabasi 'wineberry, grape', DU.

bes 'berry'.

beseech vb. iiE. biseche biseke

oe. bisfcan: ident. with seek.

besom 'a broom' ue. besom

besmc 'a broom, rod' OE. besma

'a rod* = DU. bezem, ohg. b'esamo

G. besen 'a broom', goth. ^bisma.

lat. ferula may accord with

the Teut. word in an Aryan

\f bhes.

best iEE. beste oe. betsta ^= goth.batista, OHG. be-^j/sto ifflG. g. /^^^/^,

osax. betsto. Cp. better and

bestow vb. iiE. bestowe; cp.

betide vb. me. betide ; cp. //^/(T.

betray vb. me. betraie (by-formbelraisse) : adapt, of fr. trahir

(source lat. tradere 'deliver').

Cp. traitor and treason.

betroth vb. :\[e. bitreuthie 'be-

tioth'; deriv. from truth.

better me. better oe. betera =goth. batiza , ohg. bc"^iro g.

besser, osax. betoro , du. beter,

ON. /^^'//T. Cp. the corresp.

superl. best. No primitive adj.

exists in the Teut. and Aryanlangs.; for the root cp. boot-and best.

between me. bitwene oe.

bctwconum 'between'; in OE. the

orig. construction was be S(hn

ttvcommi = between the seas',

li beveiase lincl

OE. '^tiveon earlier twihn 'two'

answers to goth. tweihus = lax.

biniis (Aryan base dweikiw-s). —betwixt ME, betwix (by-form

betwixe) OE. betweox bitwihs (by-

form beiweoxn^^ osxa.tindariwisk

'between', ohg. umiar zwisketn

'between' o. zwisc/ieti. The Teut.

base izviska- 'two' is a deriv. of

TEUT. twa in ttvo.

beverage me. beverage bevei-ege:

loanword from ofr. bevrage

benrage breiivaige = fr. breiroage.

Source lat. bibere (lat. type

biberaiicuf/i) .

bevy 'a company' me. l>ez'ey

beve; doubtful if ident. with ofr.

ba'eye fr. bevie 'drink, drinking'?

then the E. word might prop,

denote "a drinking-party'.

beyond :me. beyo/ide oe. be~^egn-

daii. Cp. yon.

bible me. bible: loanword from

FR. bible, whence also DU. bijbel,

G. sw. DAN. bibel. Source lat.

biblia.

bid ME. bidde oe. biddan str. vb.

=: GOTH, bidjan, OSAX. biddiaii,

DU. bidden, ohg. biitan G. bitten,

OX. bidja 'bid. The teut. y^

bad for /•/(/ goes back to an

Aryan \^ b/ddh in gr. T7fi't>(.o 'move

by praying' which with lat. /ido

trust' points to connection with

bide.

bide ME. b/de oe. bidan str. vb. =GOTH, beidan, osAX. bulan, OHG.

bitan, ox. bida. The strong verb

teut. bida?i wait' agrees with

lat.//V(? 'I trust' and gr. nfido/iiai

I trust, obey' {niiSio I move by

entreaty') : pre-TEUT. hhidh. Cp.bid 'pray' for the identity of bide

with TEUT. bidjan.

bier me. bere bcre oe. beer =OSAX. OHG. bdra G. bahre , DU.

baar; the modern spelling with

ie (since 1600) is due to fr.

biere. Source a teut. herd-,

derived fr. bear (teut. \^ ber).

bile ME. bile oe. byle = DU.

buil , OHG. bulla ^bf/llia 'blain'

:mhg. biiile g. beiile: teut. base

Iniljd(n)-.

bilP 'a writing, account' to-

gether with its dimin. billet 'a

note' ME. bille 'a letter' (dimin.

billette 'a note'): from mei».-lat,

billa bulla 'a bubble, boss, leaden

seal, a bull'. Cp. bull.

bill- 'sword' ME. OE. bill 'sword'

^ OHG. OSAX. bil{lt) 'a sword'. If

GOTH, '^bilja- goes back to AryanbJnlyo- for bhid/yo-, connection

with LAT. findere is possible.

Hence bill 'the instrument for

splitting' andbill 3 'bird's beak' me. bill(e)

bil{e) OE. bile "beak;prob. con-

nected with biir-.

billow ME. ''dilwe prop. ^d>ilge:

borrowed from ox. bylgja: teut.

\^ b'elg 'swell' treated under bagand bellows.

bin ME. binne oe. (^/w/ 'manger':

CELT, loanword from gall, benna

kind of vehicle, whence also

fr. benne 'a basket, hamper'

(it. /;<?/;/;(^? 'sleigh, cart'). G. benne

'basket-wagon' is of fr. origin.

bind :me. binde oe. bindan str. vb.

= OSAX. bindan, on. binda, DU.

birch blai 19

G. linden , OHG. b'lntan : teut.

yfb'end. An Aryan \^ bhendhappears in skr. bandh 'bind';

SKR. bandhu 'relative' points to

connection with gr. nst'Otfjo^-

'father-in-law', gr. nHdna for

*77 i )' ifaua , LAT. of-fend-imentuni

'band, rope'. Cp. band, bend.

birch ME. birchc ok. birce =OHG. bircha g. Inrkc : teu r. basebirkjon-. The synon. OE. lycorc,

DU. berk, ox. bjgrk from an orig.

base b'crko- are an Aryan bhergd

= SKR. bhiirja , osLov. bi'cza,

yx'lW. berzas 'birch'. C]). bark^.

bird ME. ;f'/;'(/ mostly brid's. bird',

orig. 'a young bird' OE. b?'id (plur.

briddas) 'the young of any bird':

TEL'T. base In-'idja- for bredju-;

akin to breed and broodl

birth -ME. i^/r///<? older i-birde

OE. lebyrd = OSAX. giburd, i)U.

^eboorte, ohg. gibiiri G. geburt,

OX. /wr^/>- 'birth', GOl'H, gabailrps

'birtli": deriv. from a teut. vb.

^abtran 'produce' with suflix di-:

pi (cp. IR. /W/// 'birtli', skr.bhrti bearing').

bishop ME. Inslwp bisshop oi;.

bisceop = OSAX. bishop, du. /w-

jv//^>/, OHG. biscof G. bischof, ox.

biskup. WEST-TEUT. (^/>/&^ (taken

as a compound /'/ + i'-(v/) is iden-

tical \\;ith GOTH, aipiskatlpiis =GR. tnt'ay.ono^-, LAT. episc(pus. Theinitial e is also wanting in rr.

vescovc, ofr. prov. vesque (but fr.

h'eque from ofr. ^ewy//^) =:r vulgar

LAr. (e)bisc(pns.

bitch yiE. biec/ie oe. bie'ce; tkut.

base bik/on- also in ox. bikkja

bitch'; cp. OFR. biche 'bitch'.

bite me. bite (je. bitan str. vb. =OSAX, Intan, onG. bi--^an G.beissen,

DU. bijien 'bite', ox. biia. A teut.str. vb. btian 'bite' is developedfrom an Aryan \'~ bifid 'split' in

LAT. pindo, SKR. bhid 'split'. Cp.bitter and bill'-.

bitter adj.ME./v/Ar ok. bitter inter

= OSAX. OHG. bittar mhg. g.

DU. mlg. lg. dax. s\v. bitter, ox.

bitr 'bitter': teut. base bitra-

(and baitra- in goth. baitrs

'bitter'), prop, biting': deriv. fromthe TEUT. \/~bit in bite.

bittern mf.. bitor older butor

(= DU. butoor^ : borrowed fromFR. butor (= IT. bittore). SourceLAT. bos taiirus a bird's name?black ME. blak oe. bicec {blac-')

;

akin to lg. black 'ink'.

bladder .aie. bladdre oe. blcedrc

= DU. blaar , lg. bladere , OHG.bldttara g. blatter, ICEL. bladra;

the TEUT. base ^'blcdrbn- (with

//r^- as suffix) comes from the

TEUT. V"^/(,' in bioio'-.

blade jik. ^^A?^/.? oe. (^/^?^/ (plur.

bladii) = synon. ohg. /Vrt-/ g.

blatt, DU. OSAX. M^^/, ox. biad,

GOTH. *blada-. Tlieir dental

seems to be formative; bla-

from pre-TEUT. M/^;- is perh.

akin to lat. /ol-iit?n, gr. ipvXXov.

Aryan \'~ biwl bhlo- in bloom}blain .me. Mva/ oe. blej^en =

DU. /^/(?/>? : rEUT. base blajinb-

from TEur. \f bla in bladderlblame vb. me. bldyne (= mdu.

blatnen^ \ loanword from fk.

20 blank — bless

bldmer (= OSPAN. blastnar, it. bia-

simare: source lat. blasphemare).

blank :me. blank o'£. blanc blgnc

=: synon. ohg, mhg. blanc G.

blank; ON, blakkr 'gray or white

horse': teut. \fblcnk in blink.

The TEUT. adj. blanka- was in-

troduced into the Roman, langs.;

cp. IT. bianco, fr. blanc with the

deriv. fr. blaiichet= ofr. blanket,

whence me. e. blanket 'a coarse

woolen cover'.

blare vb.'roar' me. blare vb. =DU. blaren, G. bliirren pltirren.

blast :nE. /'/(?j/ OE. /V«j-/^ ohg.

/'A?i'/, ON. bldstr 'a gust of wind'

:

deriv. of the teut. \f blcs = du.

blazen, ohg. bldsan G. blasen, on.

bldsa, GOTH, blesan. A shorter

\'~ble cp. under blow-.

blaze sb. 'a flame' me. <5/iii'^

'flame , torch' OE. bUese (infl.

bldsaii) 'torch' = lg. MHG. bias

'a torch'. Akin to goth. blesan

= g. blasen 'blow' (cp. G. wind-

licht 'torch').

blaze vb. 'proclaim' me. bldse

'blow as a trumpet': perh. loan-

word from ON. bldsa 'blow' =i)U. blazen 'sound a trumpet',

OHG. bldsan g. blasen 'blow', goth.blesan (in tifblesan 'puff" up'). —blazon^ 'proclamation' from fr.

blasonner 'blazon', whence DU.blazoen. — blazon- me. bldso?i

older bldsoun from FR. blason

'coat of arms' (whence also

DU. blazoeti) ?

bleach vb. me. bleche oe, blcecan

--= ON. bleikja 'whiten': teut.

base blaikjan from the adj. bleak

iiE. bleik late OE. bldec: borrow-

ed from ON. bleikr = orig. oe.

bide ME. blgk, DU. bleek, G. bleich.

A iY\jT:.\fblik appears in OE.

blican, ON. blika, OSax. blikan,

DU. blijken, ohg. blihhan 'shine'.

blear-eyed 'having sore eyes'

ME. blcr-eyed bler-eighed fr. blcj-e

'blear' -\- eye eij^e 'eye'; cp. dan.

plir-gjet, LG. bler-oged 'blear-eyed'

(akin to i^G. /lii-r-bge 'a bleared-

eye', en flirr up't oge hebben 'have

a bleared eye').

bleat vb. me. blete oe. blcetan

:=: DU. blaicn bleeten, lg. bleten,

ohg. bldyxn :\rHG. bld-ifn.

bleed vb. me. blede oe. '*bledan

= OFRis. bUda, DU. bloeden, lg.

bld'den, ohg. bluoian, on. i5/l^'^lf^

'bleed': deriv. from teut. blbda-

in blood.

blemish vb. me. blemiss(h)c

'wound, injure, soil': loanword

from OFR. blemiss-, stem of someforms of FR. blemir 'grow pale'

(fr. bleme blesjue 'pale, wan).

blench vb. me. blenche (also

blenke) 'shrink back, give way',

OE. blencan 'deceive': causative

of blink, TEUT. base '^blankjan.

blend ^ vb. me. blende (pret.

blende^ oe. blandan = osax.

GOTH, blandan, on. blanda, ohg.

blantan :mhg. blanden.

blend'^ vb. iiE. blende oe. blen-

dan = ohg. blentan blenten G.

blenden: causative of blind \^).

bless vb. :me. blesse older bletsie

oe. bUtsian older blcedsian 'bless'

from a teut. base *blddisbn, not

found elsewhere in teut. The

blind blow 2 21

vb. orig. 'sprinkle with blood'

is appar. a deriv. of teut. bloda-

in blood.

blind adj. me. oe. blind =OSAX. DU. G. SW. DAN. blind (OHG.

MHO. blini), ON. blindr, goth.

blinds. Akin to on. blunda vb.

'close one's eyes' and to lith.

blandyti 'cast down one's eyes'

—• blcsti blisti 'grow dark'. —

blind vb. make blind' deriv.

of blind, supplanting me. blende

(pret. blende) oe. blendan =synon. OHG. blentan G. blenden:

causative of the teut. base

blinda in blind adj. blindfold

adj. me. bli?idfelle oe. blindfellian

'strike blind, put out the eyes';

the mod. phonology of the

second element of the word is

due to confusion .with fold"^ But

its origin is obscure; it may be

akin to ov..fcll, G. fell ohg. fcl,

GOTH, fill = LAT. pellis.

blink vb. ME. blinke ^= G. DU.

blinkcn, sw. blinka, dan. blinke.

bliss ME. blisse oe. bliss older

blids blids {= OSAX. blidsed) :

j'-deriv, of blithe.

blister :me. blister oe. '"blystre

r—- ODU. bluyster. Root unknown.

blithe Mt=:. blithe oe. blide 'joy-

ful, glad' (cp. bliss^ = o.SAX.

Mthi , LG. bl/de, DU. blij'(de),

OHG. blidi, ON. MViV", SAY. DAN.

bl''d, GOTH, blcips. The dental

is formative, but the teut. \rbll

unknown elsewhere.

block >rE. block 'a block' (of

wood). Cp. tho synon. DU. blok,

MLG. block, OHG. <^/i?/^ MHG. bloch

G. (^/(Cr/^. Uncertain whether the

E. word is a native E. word or

adapt, fr. fr. bloc 'block, log'.

blond from fr. blond, whencealso G. DU. DAN. blond. Source

a lost TEUT. blunda- (= it.

biondo, span, blondd).

blood ME. OE. blpd = OSAX.

blod, DU. bloed, LG. blood, OHG.

MHG. bluot G. blut , ON. /'/c^^,

SW. DAN. blod: TEUT. base bloda-

(and blopa- in GOTH. /V^/) from

a pre-TEUT. bhloto- bhlato-, not

found elsewhere. Its relation

to the \fblb 'bloom' is doubtful.

See bleed and bless.

bloom ME. blpm(e) : borrowedfrom ON. blom blomi = GOTH.

bloma, OSAX. blotno, du. bloem,

OHG. bluotna {bluotno) G. blntne

'flower'. For the \Pbld cp. lat.

flos and OIR. bldth 'blossom' and

blow'

.

blossom ME. blosme OE. bldsi?/i{a)

bldsfna^=\iV. bloescm {bloeni), :\ilg.

blo(s)sem : deriv. of the teut.

\'~ bio in blo7v.^

blow sb. 'a stroke' me. blowe;

deriv. from l\rE. bleive oe. bleoK^an

= OHG. bliuwan mhg. bliuicen

G. blciuen, DU. blouwen, GOi'H.

bliggwan 'strike': TEUT. \^ bleu

blew.

blow ' vb. 'bloom' aiE. /^/^Yi'^

OE. blgwan 'blossom' = osAX.

blojan, DU. bloeijen, ohg. bluojan

G. blilhen 'blow, bloom', goth.

"^•blojan. The TEUT. y^ /'A' appears

also in bloom and blossom.

blow 2 vb. 'puff' ME. bhhve oe.

bldwan str. vb.= OHG. bldian 'blow*

22 blue bolster

MHG. blcpwen blcEJen G. blcilun

'blow, swell". The teut. \^ ble

bla agrees partly with lat.

flare (Aryan bhla in blade andbladder).

blue ME. blaii>: not deriv. fromOE. blckven (deriv. of OE. bldiv),

whence me. "^blewe ought to bederived, me. blnv bleu is loan-

word from the synon. fr. bleu

{= IT. biavo'); me- b.'o 'blue is

adapt, of ox. bldr. The source

of the whole group is a teut.

base blown-- b'ewa- 'blue' = oe.

bldw, ON. bldr, du. blaauw, ohg.bldo G. blau; ident. w. -LX'\:.Jlavtis

'yellow'.

boar me. bar oe. bar = ohg.

AIHG. ber 'a young boar', OSAX.ber(swin), lg. b^r, du. beer : teut.

base baizu- or bairu-.

board 'a plank' 'mv.. oe. bJrd

'board, plank, shield, table' =OSAX. DU. sw. DAN. bord, LG. boord,

g. bort, ON. bord, goth. (folu)-

baiird 'foot-stool': teut. base

borda- with the by-form breda-

in oe. bred = G. brett (du. berd

ODU. bred).

boast vb. :me. b}ste\ perh.

traceable to an oe. *bosctlian :

deriv. from teut. \/~baus bus in

G. bdse ohg. b3si?

boat ME. bdl oe. bdl = on.

^^/V 'boat'. The E. word is the

source of on. b.ilr, du. g. bool

and FR. bateau.

bodice stays for women' for-

merly bodies, being plur. oibody.

Cp. peftce {ox pennies.

bodkin ME. boidekifi 'a small

dagger'; of uncertain origin,

related to w. bidog , ir. bideog

'a dagger'? The diphthong oi

in ME. sViows foreign origin ofMF^.boidekin; but the suffix seemsto be Anglisized.

body ME. body bddi OE. bodi^

'body'; akin to ohg. botah mhg.boteeh 'trunk, corpse'. Relation

to ohc;. botahha g. botiich 'a

large vessel, tub' is uncertain.

boil 'a small tumor' me. bile

OE. byl{e)\ ident. with bile.

boil vb. 'bubble up* me. boile

boyle : loanword from ofr. boillir

fr. bouillir = span, bullir, it.

bollire 'boil'. Source lat. bulUrc

'bubble'.

boisterous .aie. boistrous 'rough,

coarse' : an extended form of

me. boistous 'rough, clums_v'. The<??-diphthong points to foreign

origin; no source yet found.

bold :me. bold oe. bald (bc'ald

older b(alp) = goth. '"balpa-

(in balpaba adv.), on. ballr (orig.

^balpr), OSAX. ohg. bald 'bold'

(hence g. bald 'soon, quickly').

bole ME. bole = MHG. bole g.

bohle 'a thick plank'; akin to

ON. bolr 'trunk of a tree' andperil, related to GR. (f'u.n.y'l

'stem of a treg'.

boll ME. bolle OE. bolla bowel,

a round vessel' = du. bol m.

OHG. bolla 'a round vessel', on.

bolli. Perh. akin to ball andLAT. follis "hose".

bolster me. oe. bolster = du.

MHG. bolster ohg. bolstar g.

l)oU — booty 2i

polster, ON. bolstr: deriv. with

str- suffix from the teut. \f beig\

'swell'; hence its orig. meaning

'swelling' (teut. base bolstra-

from '^bolhstra-').

bolt vb. 'sift meal' me. bulie :

borrowed from OFR. bulter (fr.

blutei-^ 'sift'.

bolt 'a stout pin of iron etc.,

an arrow' me. oe. bolt ^= synon.

OHG. bolz, DU. bout, ox. boite.

Borrowed from lat. catipitlta ?

bone me. bgn oe. ban = g.

bein, OSAX. ben, DU. been, on. /v/;/,

sw. DAN. ben, goth. '^bain (du. g.

on. sw. also 'leg'). Perh. cogn.

with ON. bcinn 'straight'.

bonnetME. bonct: loanword from

OFR. bonet orig. FR. chapel tie

bonet; jmed.-lat. bonneta 'a stuff

of which caps were made'.

bonny me. Iwfty : an engl.

tlerivative of fr. ban 'good'.

booby not found in :\rE. oe.,

with ENGL, ending derived from

SPAN, bobo 'fool?

book ME. bpk oe. biic = g.

buch OHG. buoh, osax. bok, du.

boek, GOTH. l>bka f. — bok n. 'a

letter of tlie alphabet' shows in

the plur. the meaning 'writing,

document, book', and the OHG.

osax. oe. corresponding buoh

bok occurs in pluralform with the

meaning 'a single book'. There-

fore it is evident, that the sing,

meant orig. (as in goth.) a

single letter of the alphabet'.

The teut. base boka- (cp.

beecli) was orig. 'beech-bark.

beech-tablet' used to scratch

runes on.

boom borrowed from du. boom

{= LG. booni) 'a tree, beam,

pole'. Ident. with beajn.

boon me. bone 'petition, favor'

:

loanword from ON. bon 'a prayer'.

There was a native OE. beti me.

bene 'a prayer'.

boor adapt, of du. boer {=G. bauer') 'peasant'. Akin to

OE. lebiir, cp. neighbor.

boot^ ME. bote', loanword from

OFR. bote (boute) = fr. bottc

(it. bota) ; akin to G. bossen

'shoes'. Source unknown.

boot- 'advantage me. bote OE.

bp't = osax. GOTH, beta, OHG.

bito-i^a biio-^ G. basse, on. hot. For

the TEUT. \^<^(?/ cp. batten,

better and best.

booth :\1E. bothe : loanword

from ODAN. both (dan. bod) :^

:mhg. buoile c. bude. The oicel.

bud differs from dan. bod in the

root-vowels (teut. b:u). Thedental is suffix. For the teut.

V^M (iNDO-TEUT. bhif) 'dwell'

cp. UTH. butas 'house', oiR. both

(bothdn) 'hut' (base bhu-to). See

build and be.

booty in the 15''' cent, spelled

bptye and butin ; akin to the

equiv. fr. butin, du. buit , G.

beute, ON. l>yte 'booty' ; the fr.

word represents an osax. '^'biitin

*biiti, which is cogn. w. OIR.

buaid victory' and cymr.^W^/ 'ad-

vantage, profit'. Aryan \^bhutl

: bhaud.

24 border bough

border me. border bord{e)ure:

adapt, of FR. bordure. Ultimate

source OHG. boiio 'edge'.

bore vb. me. bore oe. borian

= OHG. boroft G. bokre/i, DU.

boren, ON. bora. The teut. base

boron agrees with lat. forare

'bore' ; cp. GR. (/,«(>Oi"'plough',SKR.

bhurij 'scissors': Aryan v^ bher

bhdr.

borough and -bury in place-

names :me. borwe (and biry)

OE. burh burg (dat. sing, ^ivj)

'town'. OE. burg ^ synon. OSAX.

bur(u)g, DU. buig, OHG. bur(u)g

G. burg, ON. borg, goth. baiirgs

'town'.

borrow vb. inie. borwe oe. bor-

gian 'protect, borrow' = ohg.

borgen G. hoigen 'borrow, give

a pledge'. Prob. akin to ohg.

hergan, goth. bairgaii 'protect,

shelter' (oSLOV. brcgq 'I take

care of).

bosom ME. hosum oe. bosfn =OSAX. bbsm, DU. boczetn , ohg.

buosa7H G. buse/i, goth. *bbs//m-.

botch vb. 'mend a garment'

ME. bocche 'repair' : deriv. fromboot 'mending, repair of a thing'?

perh. ident. with OE. botettian

repairW> Cp.

'mend shoes'

G. dial, biieizen

= OHG. buoszen

repair

.

botch 'a swelling on the skin,

a boil' ME. bocche: borrowedfrom OFR. boche 'a sore' (fr. bosse

'swelling' = it. boccia 'ball').

both ME. bgthe = osAX. bedie,

ofris. bef/ie bede, ohg. g. beide, on.

bddir, s\v. bdda, dan. baade. The

stem of the numeral in its oldest

forms had no dental : goth. bai

= oe. be^en bd bu 'both'. Thedental ending is short for the

article : me. bgthe = OE. hd da,

G. beide instead of bei die. In

the older ])eriods the article

was combined with the numeral;

cp. GOTH, ba pb scipa 'both

ships', OE. bej^en dd gebrodru

'both brothers'.

bottle^ 'a hollow vessel' me.

hotel= DU. bottel, lg. buttel bud-

del: loanwords from fr. bouteille

(= SPAN, botella, it. bottiglia)

Source med.-lat. buticula f. di-

min. of butis 'a butt'. «

bottle'- 'a bundle of hay' :me.

botel: loanword from ofr. boteI

dimin. of fr. botte 'a bundle of

hay'. Source a teut. bauta- in

OHG. boy? 'a bundle of flax'.

bottom :\ie. botum oe. botm =^

OSAX. bodom, du. bodem, ohg.

bodam g. bodcn. The teut. bases

bupma- {= ohg. bodavi) or butna

{= on. botii) or with assimi-

lation butma- {= OE. botf/i) re-

present Aryan bases bhutno-

bhudno; c^). avjya^ bhudhno- 'bot-

tom' in skr. budhna',

cp. gk.

nvdf(7Jv, lat. fundus (if trace-

able to Iflmdhno-s'^^. The pho-

netical relations of the groupare obscure.

bough ME. bough bow oe. boh

bog := DU. bocg 'bow of the ship ,

OHG. biiog 'upper joint of thf

arm or leg, shoulder, hip' G.

bug 'shoulders, withers', on. bbgr

'shoulder, bow of a ship'. GOTH.

bounce bov 25

^bflgiis from pre-teut. bhaghil-s

'arm, fore-arm' corresponds to

SKR. bahil 'arm', also gr. nd^vg

TiTJ/vg 'fore-arm, elbow.

bounce vb. me. bounse 'beat,

knock' OE. "^"In'msian: frequent.

of a primit. '^biinanl Akin to LG.

biuiscn bumsen (J)ansen}^ 'knock*?

bound sb. me. bounde older

bounc: borrowed fr. oer. bonde

bonne 'boundary'. — boundarypoints to FR. bonnier , whencealso DU. Imnder ouu. bunre.

Source MED.-LAT. bodina.

bound vb. 'leap, spring' bor-

rowed from ER. bond'ir 'leap,

spring' prop, 'resound'. Source

LAT. Iwmbitare 'hum' ?

bound adj. 'ready, })rcpared'

:me. boiin 'ready, prepared to go':

loanword from ox. buinn 'pre-

pared', part, bibiia 'till, prepare';

cp. busk.

bounty me. bonnte: loanwordfrom FR. bonti; source eat. boni-

tatcni. — bounteous mi:, bounte-

vous'. derived from oer. bontive

'benevolent' by inllucnce of

righteous.

bourn 'boundary' adapt, of fr.

bornc\ ident. with bound.

bow vb. 'bund' ME. bowe earlier

hiiwe OE. bugan str. vb. 'bend,

flee' (only intr.) = dl'. buigen,

:meg. bi/gen, ohg. biogan g. biegen,

GOTH, biugan 'bend'. The teut.

\^ bug is an Aryan bhuk on ac-

count of OHG. buhil 'hill'. Acogn. \^ bhug appears in lat.

fugio, GR. (f&ry<ii. — bow^ sb. 'a

weapon, a bend' me. bowe OE.

boga = OHG. osax. bogo, DU.

boog, G. bogen, on. bogi.

bow- 'the forward part of a

ship', var. of bough.

bowel JiE. bouil bowel: loan-

word from OFR. bouel (fr. boyau);

source lat. botellus 'sausage' (it.

b?7uielio), whence also ODU. bode-

linc DU. beuling 'sausage'.

bower sb. me. bour oE. biir 'a

dwelling' (see neighbor = OE.

n^hiebili-) = oSAX. mlg. bur 'a

house, cage', OHG. mho. biir 'a

chamber' G. hauer 'a cage', ox.

biir 'a chamber, larder'. For the

TEUT. Y^M 'dwell' cp. build.

bowl ME. bolle OE. bolla = on.

bolli^ DU. bol, OHG. bolla.

box' 'a chest' me. oe. box', bor-

rowed from a vueg.-lat. '^buxeni

for buxidem (nom. buxis), whencealso DU. bus, G. bilchsc 'box' ohg.

buhsa for '"buhsja. vulg.-lat.

buxis (from GR. vvhg 'box madeof the box-tree' cp. box'-) ap-

pears in FR. bosseite, rr. bossolo

'box'.

box- 'the name of a tree' :\rE.

box-tre OE. box: borrowed from

LAT.-ROM. buxUS (= IT. boSSO,

span. boXy FR. buis), whence also

OHG. MHG. buhs{-boicm) = G. bicchs-

bautn 'box-tree', DU. busboom.

boy JME. boic OE. *bdta\ perh.

dimin. of a lost OE. "^''bo 'brother'

= FLEM. boe 'brothei-': childish

abbreviation of E. brother, as G.

bube OHG. Imobo is a reduplication

of "^bb 'brother'?

2b boycott brave

boycott first heard of in Dec.

1880. Captain James Boycott was

a farmer at Lough Mask, co.

Mavo, Ireland ; the Irisli league

pronounced their edict, in con-

sequence of which no one wished

to work or have anything to dowith him; he was the victim of

llie system of procedure namedafter him.

brace sb. me. brace: adapt, of

OFR. brace. Source lat. brac-

chiuin.

brach .me. bracchc: adapt, of

OFR. brache. Source ohg. bracko

'hunting dog' = DU. brak ODU.

hrackc.

brad me. brad usually brod:

loanword from ON. broddr 'spike,

shaft' {= OE. brord 'spike', ohg.

brort 'edge'). The teut. base

brozda- answers to OIR. brot 'sting'.

brag vb. 'boast' me. bra{g)ge\

akin to OFR. braguer 'Haunt, brave,

brag'. Source doubtful.

braid vb. 'weave' me. breide

OE. brcyian 'move to and fro,

weave' = OSAX. br'cgdan , lg.

breiden^ ohg. br'ettan mhg. br'etten,

ON. bregda 'draw, pull, weave,

braid'; orig. 'move quickly'; but

mlg. breiden 'knit'. Cp. bridle.

brain ime. brain OE. bra:~^en =DU. brein, LG. bregen 'brain'. TheTEUT. base bragena- 'brain', if

from an Aryan 7nrogh-, is com-pared with GR. (igf/uoc 'fore-

head' (for *f([)f-/-)-

brake a thicket' me. brake;

perh. cogn. w. lg. brake 'tree-

trunk' ?

bramble me. brembel oe. bremel

earlier "^brcemil; cogn. w. G. brovi-

becrc 'lirambleberry' ohg. brama,

TiV'. braatn, perh. ident. w. OE.

brom under broom.

bran me. bran: adapt, from. ir.

w. bran. me. bren adapt, from

OFR. bren points to the samesource.

branch 'a bough of a tree'

ME. braiincJie: borrowed from FR.

I'ranche (== span. it. brancai.h.1.

t}'pe lu-ramical deriv. of lat.

raniui 'branch'?).

brand me. oe. !>ra?id brond =ODU. -^^.G. brand, ohg. mhg. brant

'a burning, a brand', DU. G.%/>rand

'a burning, fuel', ON. brandr 'a

firebrand', SAV. dan. brand ?l fire-

brand, fire'. From teut. brinnan

= burn. — brandish vb, me.

braiindifslic braundisse: loanwordfrom FR. brandiss- in brandir (=IT. brandirc) 'brandish'. Source

a Tia'T. brand 'sword' = E. brand

'sword' 01:. /'ro?id, ox. brandr,

JNIHG. brant 'blade of a sword'.

— brandy short for brandyioine

= Dv. brandcivijn, G. brantewein

'brandy', lit. 'burnt wine'.

brass :me. bras oe. brees. lat.

ferrurn, \iioxferso- ARYAN b/ierso-,

is co^isidered akin to the teut.

base brasa- in oe. brers.

brat 'a child' perh. ident. with

me. oe. bratt 'a coarse cloak':

orig. a Celt, word, cp. GAEL. ir.

brat 'a cloak, mantle' — w. brat

'a rag-, a pinafore'.

brave borrowed from FR. brave,

whence also du. braaf, G. brav.

brawn breeze

'

2-J

brawn me. In-awi brawn 'muscle,

boar's flesh'; orig. "^braoim bra-

Jnin: borrowed from OFR. braon

'a piece of flesh, muscle'. Sourcea TEUT. brado ace. bradiin =OHG. braio MHG. b7-dt£ 'a slice

of bread' and also like g. braten

'roast meat', OE. brcsdan 'roast

meat', G. braten, DU. braden 'roast';

in LG. dial, an OSAX. brado

'muscle' is preserved (e. g-. west-PHAL. tvadbrae)

; cp. mlg. brade.

braze^ vb. 'adorn with brass'

JIE. brdsc OE. brasian 'cover witii

brass': deriv. of OE. brcps\ cp.

brass.

braze"^ vb. 'harden': loanwordfrom ox. brasa 'harden by fire'.

breach :\ir<;. bre'clie: adapt, of

FR. brcchc. Source the teut. vb.

br'ckan = break.bread me. bred late oe. bread

= OHG. brot G. brSd, osax. brSd^

DU. brood, lafc ox. brand. TheTeut. base brau-da- is deriv. fr.

the \^ bri'c in K. broth andbrew. The orig. teu r. word for

bread was, loaf (= teut. hlaiba-^.

In OE. we find bread 'piece of

bread' and /w/^rfV?'^/'honev-comb'.

breadth formed after length

strength with secondary th from-ArE. brede oe. brddo 'breadth':

abstract noun formed from broadwith uiplaut (GOTH, braidei, ohg.breitt). Cp. wesit'Hal. bredde,

OSAX. '^brcdtha from bred 'broad'.

break vb. me. bre'ke oe. brecan

str. vb. ^ DU. breken, osax.brekan, OHG. brehhan G. brechen,

GOiH. brikan. With the teut.

\fbrek 'break' (aryan bhrifi)

cp.LAT./rango (jnet./regi) 'break'.

breakfast me. brekefaste: prop,

'breakiny one's fast, the first

meal of the day by which the

fast is broken'.

bream me. br(m: loanwordfrom FR. branc; source a teut.

braxma in ohg. brahstma mhg.braese^n G. brassen = osax.

bressemo, DU. brascin, osw. braxn^

DAN. brasen.

breast me. bresi short for me.

brest oe. breost =: osax. briosty

OFRIS. briast, ox. brjdst\ akin to

GOTH, brusts plur. , DU. borst,

OFRIS. burst (dind briast), G.brust:

TEUT. bases breiist- : brust-.

breath me. bre'th oe. breed

'breath , odor' ; akin to OHG.bradafn :mhg. bradem g. brodcm

broden 'steam, vapor, exhalation'.

breech 'buttocks' .air. brech oe.

brec. Orig. ident. with breeches(»a pair of breeches«) jie.

brech breche', the corresp. oe.

brec plur. points to a sing-. *brcc

=: DU. broek, ofris. brbk (plur.

brcU), ox. l>rdk (plur. brd-kr), ORG.MHG. bruoch. The teut. basebrok- plur. brokiz) is seemingly

connected with Gall.-lat. braca

'clotliing for the legs'.

breed vb, ^^•:. brede oe. bredan

^= DU. broeden , ohg. bruoten

MHG. briieten G. brilten 'brood,

hatch', GOTH, "'brbdjan : deriv. ofteut. brbda- see brood.

breeze ' 'a strong wind =synon. G. brise, dax. bris: source

breeze

-

brim

FR. brise 'the north wirfd' =SPAN. b7-isa.

breeze- 'gadfly' me. brese oe.

breosa. Connection with G. bremse

and brcvic (ohg. brhnisa I^rand)

is doubtful.

brew vb. ME. brewe oe. breowan

str. vb. = DU. broiiwen, ohg.

brhiwaii G. brauen. With the

TEUT. \fbru (Aryan bhru bhreii)

'brew' are related phryg.-thrac.

liovTOi' 'beer, cider', which prob.

stands for gr. *(povTov, also lat.

dcfriihMi 'must boiled down', oiR.

bruthe 'broth' — bnith 'live coals,

heat' — bruith 'cooking'. Cp.

b r c a d.

bridal, see bride.

bride i\ie. bride oe. bryd (from

"brydi "briuii) = OSAX. odu.

LG. brild, DU. bruid, ohg. ]\ihg.

briii G. braut, ON. briidr] goth.

brttps means 'daughter-in-law'

(but brup-faj)S 'bridegroom')

;

OSAX. briid is 'the newly married

wife' as e. bride. — bridal

:me. brid-die oe. bryd-ealo: lit.

'bride-ale (me. bride oe. bryd

and. ME. die oe. eah)). In ger:m.

dialects, we find kindelbier 'bap-

tism'. — bridegroom :\ie. bride-

gome OE. brydgtwia = synon.

OSAX. briidiguf/io , DU. bruide-

gomo, OHG. briitigomo mhg. briide-

govie G. briiziiigam , on. briid-

gume (goth. briip-faps). Thesecond element of these com-pounds (oe. goth. guma, ohg.

gotno 'man' is related to lat.

homo from indo-teut. ghomoti).

The phonetical development of

ME. bridegojfie into E. bridegroom

is due to the influence oi gr oom.

bridge me. brigge oe. brycg =OFRis. brigge, DU. (^r?^^, OHG.

brucka G. brilcke (goth. '^brugja

'^briigjo). Thecorresp. o^.bryggja

(also LG. briigge, northfris.

bragh) and germ, (dial.) briickc

signify 'pavement, floor'; and oe.

brycgian me. brigge and nfris.

braghin, MLG. bri'iggen signif)' 'to

pave'.

bridle me. oe. bridcl older oe.

briydel bri^dil = ohg. Imttil for

'^brictil: deriv. from the teut.

vb. br'egdan 'pull' under braid.

Akin to OSLOV. bruzda '5ridle'

(Aryan \fbhreghdh also in lat.

framm 'bridle'?).

brief adj. 'short' me. bref:

borrowed from fr. bref (span.

IT. breve = lat. brevis 'short').

brief sb. 'a commission, do-

cument' ME. bref; cp. du. g.

brief ohg. briaf and the cor-

responding OFR. bref 'an official

document'. Orig. ident. with

brief adj.

brier 'a prickly shrub' :me. brere

OE. brctr brer 'a bramble'.

bright ME. bright OE. beorht

'brigltt, white, clear' ^ osAX.

b'erht, ohg. beraht, goth. bairhts.

'bright'. Akin to MLG. brehen

'shine, glisten' ; cp. skr. bhargas

'brightness

.

brim me. brim; perh. ident.

with OE. bri»i 'ocean , surf =ON. brim 'surf; cp. the name of

the city of Bremen.

brimstone brook 29

brimstone JIE. himstgn earlier

brensttjn = ON. brennisteinn 'brim-

stone': deriv. of me. bretine =burn.brine me. brme 'salt liquor' =

DU. bnju :mdu. bfinc.

bring vb. me. bringe OE. bringan

= OHG. OSAX. bringan G. bringen,

GOTH, briggan; cp. DU. brengen,

OSAX. brcngian, OE. brengan'hring^

:

TEUT. \fbreng brang.

brink me. brink 'edge'; cp. on.

brekka from *l^riftko , lg. brink.

brisk a celt, loanword; cp. av\

brysg, GAEL. bri(o)sg 'quick, lively'.

bristle :me. brittle older birstle

OE. '^byrstcl: dimin. of OE. byrst

= OHG. burst G. borsie, DU. borste

bristle'; akin to OHG. biirsta g.

Imrste 'brush'. The teut. \fbors

burs (whence btir in burdock)

is an Aryan \'~ b/irs in SKR. bhrsti

'point, prong'. Cp. brush.

brittle me. britcl oe. '^'brytel'.

formed with suffix -// (oE. el cp.

tiimble) from oe. breotan 'break'

= ox. brjoia 'break'.

broach vb. :me. brdche 'bore,

spur, spit, tap' {sdten on brochc

'set a-broach, tap' ^ fr. inettrc

en broche\z.-\^ a barrel') ; fr. bi'ocher

'broach, pierce' and broche 'a

l)roach, spit'.

broad me. brmi oe. brad =OSAX. ifLG. brM, DU. breed, G.

breit, on. breidr, sw. dan. bred,

GOTH, braids 'broad': prob. from

a pre-teut. mraifo-, akin to an

Aryan sl^mrit in skr. mrit 'fall

to pieces' (therefore broad\)xoy^.

'extended'?).

brock 'a badger' me. brok oe.

brocc (= dan. broJi) ; a celt.

loanword; cp. w. corn. bret.

brochy GAEL. IR. MANX broc 'a

badger (celt, base brokko-, perh.

ident. w. lat. broccus adj. 'having

prominent teeth' and ofr. broc

'spit, point').

broil vb. ME. /;;-<?/7d'; adapt, of

ofr. briiiller 'broil, roast', ofr.

bruir 'roast' seems to be ident.

with G. briiheti mhg. briiejen, du.

broeijen 'foment'; cp. brood.

broker me. brocour 'pedlar,

pawnbroker ; loanword from

OFR. brocour brokeor 'tapster

who retails wine from the tap';

cp. FR. broche under broach.

brooch 'broach' me. brdche 'a

pin, peg, brooch': borrowed

froni FR. broche 'a spit, point'.

brood :me. oe. brgd= du. broed,

OHG. MHG. bruot G. brtit: appar.

formed with dental suffix from

the teut. \f~ bro in G. bi-iihen,

DU. broeien. Cp. breed.

brook -ME. brcik oe. broc =DU. broek, MLG. brok LG. l^rook

'marsh, pool', OHG. bruoh{h) MHG.

bi'uoch G. bruch 'marsh, bog';

possibly connected with the

TEUT. \fbrck 'break' in break.

brook vb. 'put up with' ME.

bro{o)kc brouke oe. briican 'use,

enjoy' = osax. briikan, DU.

gebruiken, OHG. briihhan ifflG.

b?riichen G. braucheii 'use, need,

GOTH, briikjan 'use'. The pre-

teut. form of the \f bhrt<g

accords with lat. fruor from

broom — buckiam

^frnvor for *friigvor and cp. lat.

fruges.

broom me. oe. brom 'the plant

of the broom' = ODU. brocm

'broom'; perh. cogn. w. bramble.

broth :me. broth oe. brod ==

ON. brod, OHG. brod: dcriv. from

the \^ brn under brew.

\iXQ\ht,v ^ve.. brother oe. brodor

^= DU. broeder , osAX. brothar,

OHG. :mhg. bruoder g. briider, ox.

brodir , GOTH, brbpar 'brother'.

The TEUT. base broper- (Aryan

bhrater-^ corresponds to lax.

/rater , skr. bhratar- , OSLOV.

bratrii; cp. GR. (foaroKx.

brow :me. bro7cie brilwe oe. brii;

cp. ox. bri'in 'eyebrow' and skr.

bhrii , GR. orp^jvc, osLov. bnkd

'brow'.

bro^A/'n ^ie. broun oe. briiiv =MLG. OHG. :MH(i. OERIS. britll, DU.

bruin., ox. briin/i. The teut.

name of the color passed int(^

ROM. (fr. brim = spax. ir.

briino 'brown') and LITH. (brunas

'brown'). The proper stem of

Aryan bhr-iiiio- appears in lith.

beras 'brown' (see bear sb.) and

reduplicated in skr. babhrii-s

'reddish- brown' (see beaver^.

bruise vb. me. briise: loanword

from OER. bruser (fr. briser~)

'break', whence OE. brysan 'break'.

bruit 'a rumor' me. bri'if. bor-

rowed from FR. bruit 'noise'.

brush sb. me. hrusshe 'a brush',

orig. 'brush-wood': borrowed

from OFR. broce fr. brosse 'brush-

wood, brush'.

brute borrowed from FR. brut

adj. (fern, brute)] source lat.

brutus.

buck vb. 'wash linen , steep

clothes in lye' me. bouke (oE.

'*buciaii) = dan. byge, sw. byka,

NORW. boukja, icel. bauka, :mhg.

biichcn G. hauchen. The TEUr.

vb. biikbn i^bukjait) is based (jn

OE. buc (cp. bucket'). TheRo:\i. IR. buer, it. bucare 'wash'

are borrowed from Teut.

buck sb. ME. bukke oe. bucca\

cp. the synon. osax. buck, fris.

DU. bok, OHG. mhg. boc{ck) G. bock,

ON. bukkr bokkr, sw. bock,^ dan.

buk 'a he-goat, ram, buck(deer)',

GOTH, ''-bukks '"bukka: ident. w.

GAEL, boc, OIR. boCC, CYIMR. boch

'buck' from a celt, base bukko-

(whence fr. bouc ofr. boc) and

w. armex. buc 'lamb', avest. bitza

buck' {xxviX^bhngT). TheiNDO-

teut. base bhiigo- is perh. con-

nected with the root oi fugio,

GR. (ftvyui 'flee'; hence buck may

have signified orig. 'fugitive'.

bucket 'a kind of pail' ME.

boket: deriv. from OE. bxlc 'a

pitflier' with the dimin. sutfix -et.

buckle ME. bokcl'. adapt, (jf FR.

boucle, whence also G. bucket.

Source MED. -LAT. buc(c)uta 'a

beaver, shield .

buckler me. bokeler: adapt, ot

OFR. bocler bucler ^=- fr. bouclicr

(whence also du. beukelaar, mhg.

buckeler, on. buklari). Cp. buckle.

buckram me. bokeram bukeram

= OFR. bouquerati boucaran (fr.

buckwheat hum 31

bougran, mhg. buckeravi). Sourceand history unknown.

buckwheat = du. boekweif,

MLG. i>ok7ceic, G. buchweizeii, dan.

boghvcdc: lit. 'beech-wheat' from

the resemblance of its seeds to

the mast of the beech-tree. TheE. word is of continental origin.

Cp. beech.

bud ME. budde; pcrh. akin to

FR. boutoii, DU. hot 'bud'. History

and source uncertain.

bugle 'a buifalo, a horn' jme.

bilglc: borrowed from ofr. bugle

'a wild ox' (lat. buculus, dimin.

of bos 'an ox). The meaning'horn' is short for 'bugle-horn'.

build vb. short for me. bildc (pret.

bilde) OE. '^byldan (pret. hylde)\

deriv. with vowel mutation from

OE. bold 'house' which goes back,

as shown by the older oe. botl

bodl, by metathesis to a teut.bo-pla- {= ON. bol , DU. boedel,

OSAX. bodlos plur. , OFRis. bodel

bold. OE, byldan {bytlan) is a

TEur. bupljan. I'Eur. bopla- =ARYAN bhu-tlo- belongs to the

INDO-TEUT. \'^bhu 'dwell, reside'

(cp. be, bo7C'er and booili). Forthe ARYAN //- suffix cp. needle.

bull ME. bule; OE. only in

dinnu. bullae ^^ me. e. bullock;

cp. the synon. du. bul, lg. Inille,

ON. bolU, T)AN. boll 'a castrated bull';

LITH. bullus is primit. related.

Whether the E. bull is orig. a

SCAND. loanword, is uncertain.

burden! 'a load' me. birthen

OE. byrden = osAX. burthinnia

'burden ; cp. tlie equival. OHG.

burdi G. biirde, on. byrdr, goth.baurpei: all deriv. of the teut.

\P ber in bear\ cp. skr. bhrti

= oiR. brith 'the carrying' andsee birth.

burden'- the refrain of a song'

ME. burdoun: loanword from fr.

bourdoi?, orig. 'a drone-bee' {=SPAN, bordon, it. bordone 'a drone'

from LAT. burdo 'a drone') ; cp.

:mi,g. bardiin 'tenor; a musical

instrument'.

burgess me. burgeis : loanwordfrom ofr. burgeis fr. bourgeois

(lat. type burgC7isis from burgus

'town). — burgher borrowedfrom DU. burger = :mlg. borgere,

OHG. burgari :mhg. burgccre burger

G. burger : deriv. of teut. burg-

ee, borough.

burial me. buricl biriel prop.

buriels biriels oe. byriels 'tomb'

(== OSAX. hirgisli 'tomb') : deriv.

from the oe. vb. byryin (oSAX.

^burgiaii)\ cp. bury.

burin 'an engraver's tool' : bor-

rowed from fr. burin; perh. of

Teut. origin; cp. ohg. bora 'a

borer' (see under bore).

burly ME. burli borli oe. '^bur-

lice. Akin to oHc;. buro- 'very'

in burolang boralang 'very long'

and perh. to skr. bhiiri 'much'?

burn vb. ME. berne oe. bwrnanbernan tr. (Jiyrnati intr.). Cp.synon. mhg. brinnen intr. andits causative brennen; G. brcnnen

intr. and tr., goth. brinnan intr.

and brannjan tr. Only one « be-

longs to tlie teut. sTbren, as

shown by bryne 'conflagration'.

^2 burnish butter

burnish vb. me. burnisshe biir-

nisse: loanword from ofr. bur-

niss-, the stem of certain parts

of burnir brunir = fr. brunir.

burr ME. bwre 'a bur'; cp. sw.

kardborre 'a burdock', dan. borre,

N.FRis. bor, HELGOL. borrcu 'bur-

dock'. OE. '^burre, if for teut.

burzon-, may be deriv. from the

TEUT. \fbors in G. borste; cp.

bristle.

burst vb. :me. berste oe. berstan;

cp. synon. OSAX. brestan, lg. du.

bersten, ohg. brestan mhg. bresten

G. Ijcrsten, on. bresta. Cp. an

Aryan V" bhrest in oiR. brisshn

break' (i'i' for jt/).

bury vb. me. burie birie OE.

hyr'r^an byryrii wk. vb.; akin to OE.

byr-^en 'tomb' — byriels under

burial, teut. biirgjan belongs

perh. with OE. beoj'g 'mound, place

of burial' to the ^^\}'X.\fba'g in

GOTH, bairgan, DU. G. bergen, OE.

beorgan 'protect, shelter, secure'.

bury in place-names see bo-

rough.

bush y[s..busho\6.&x: busk\ ident.

with OHG. busk G. busch, du.

bosch bos and a ro:m. bosco {=FR. bois, it. bosco^. Uncertain

whether of Teut. or ofLat. origin.

bush 'a thicket' jME. busch busk

= OHG. busc G. busch, DU. bosch',

akin to fr. bois, it. bosco. Orig.

derived as lat. *buxicum from

lat. buxus = box}busk vb. 'get one's self ready'

ME. buske 'prepare one'self: of

Scand. origin; cp. on. btlask 'pre-

pare'. Cp. bojind adj.

busk 'a support for a woman's

stays' borrowed from fr. busc

busque orig. 'the whole bodice',

prob. a corruption of bust.

buss^ 'a herring-boat' me. busse

OE. butse (in butsecarlas) = du.

buis, OHG. buzo, ON. biisa. TheRom. shows similar words: med.-

LAT. bussa buscia 'a kind of boat',

OFR. busse buse buce. Source

unknovm.buss 2 'kiss' = G. dial, bussen

'kiss'; cp. also span, biiz 'a kiss

of reverence'; perh. orig. a chil-

dish onomatopoeia.

bust from FR. buste (= it. span.

busto), whence also G. biisie.

bustle vb. ME. bustele 'wander

blindly or stupidly'; perh. akin

to G. (dial.) pusseln 'bustle', icel.

bustla 'bustle'?

busy ME. bisy oe. bisii^ =^ du.

bezig, 'LG.bcsig: teut. base */w/^rt'-.

but ME. bate shortened for biiten

OE. btita7i conj. 'except' — prep,

'besides, without' = du. buitc/i

'except'. Contr. from be-utan\

cp. G. ausser and E. out.

butcher me. bpcher earlier bou-

cher: borrowed from fr. boucher

'on^ who kills he-goats' (deriv.

of fr. bouc = bucU).

butler JIE. buteler bot{e)lcr fr.

OFR. houteiller: deriv. of bottle.

butt borrowed from OFR. boiite,

FR. bottc (= SPAN, bota, it. bottc^

'a butt, cask'. Akin to OE. byit

'hose, a leather bottle', ohg. butin

G. biltte.

butter me. butere oe. buterc

butore ^= G. butter, du. boter,

buttock — caitiff 33

L(}. hotter', source lat. biityrutn

(cp. FR. beurre, it. burro) = gr.

tjovrv(jov.— butterfly yiE.buttcr-

flie OE. butor-fleoge = uu. boter-

vlieg\ cp. G. dial, buttervogel 'a

butterfly' and the G. dial, syno-

nyms milchdieb and violkenstehler.

buttock :iiE. buttok with dimin.

suffix (cp. hi/lock) fr. ofr. bot

(fr. /;<?«/) 'an end'; cp. butt-end.

button :mk. biitoun : borrowedFR. bouton 'a bud, a button'.

buttress 'a support' (in archi-

tecture) :siE. buteras butres: bor-

rowed from OFR. boutcrets, prop,

plur. of bouteret 'a buttress'; cp.

FR. boter boiiter 'thrust, prop.buxom ME. buxom older ibiih-

sum from oe. bugan = bow;the old meaning was 'obedient,

obliging'. Akin to DU. buigzaam,

G. biegsam 'submissive'.

buy vb. :^rE. bie earlier bigge

OE. bycgan 'purchase' = OSAX.buggian, goth. bugjan 'buy'.

buzzard :me. busard short for

biisard: loanword from fr. busard

by-form of fr. buse 'buzzard' (:=:

LAT. /w/^<? buzzard), whence also

DU. buizerd, G. bushart.

by ME. OE. bi (but be- as prefix)

= OSAX. OHG. IfflG. bi G. bei,

DU. bij\ GOTH, bi means 'round,

round about' and thus connec-tion with GR. ai.i<^)i^ LAT. a7?ibi-

becomes possible.

cabbage earlier cabbache from

FR. dial, caboche = fr. cabus (du.

kabuis), IT. capuccio , G. kappes

OHG. kabuy. orig. deriv. of lat.

caput head'.

cabin me. caban: borrowedfrom FR. cabane = it. med.-lat.

capanna 'a cabin. Source andhistory unknown.

cable ME. cable {= g. du. s\v\

DAN. kalcl) : adapt, of fr. cab/e.

Source lat. capulwn 'a rojie'

(lat. capere 'take, hold).

caboose ident. with du. kabuis,

G. kabiise, dan. kabys. Earlier

E. form comboosc ident. with du.

English Etymology.

ko?nbuis, FR. canibuse. Prob. akin

to E. cabin.

cackle vb. me. kakle = du. lg.

kakclen, G. kakeln, s\v. kackla,

DAX. kagle 'cackle'. Onomato-poetic formations.

cage ME. edge: adapt, of fr.

cage = IT. gabbia gaggia dial.

cabbia'y source lat. cdvea, whencealso OHG. c/iezna G. kdpig 'cage'.

cairn borrowed frcjm gael. ir.

AV. carfi 'a pile, rock'?

caitiff ME. caitif a captive'

:

loanword from onfr. caitif 'a

wretch' (whence also du. katijvig

ODU. catijf caitijf) = fr. chitif

34 cajole — camphor

'mean, vile' (it. cattivo = lat.

captivus 'captive').

cajole vb. == FR. cajoler 'coax'

(OFR. cagcoler 'chatter like a bird

in a cage, prate', deriv. of fr.

cage =^ E. cage).

cake ME. cake OE. '^'caca (in-

ferred from the dimin. formation

OE. Cecil cicel, teut. base kakila-)

= ON. SAV. kaka, DAN. kage 'cake'.

Akin to OSAX. koko, DU. koek, sc.

cooky (also OE. ciicil aiE. kcchel

from the dimin. goth. *kokila-),

OHG. kuocho G. kuchen. The base

kakau- kokan- is genuine teut.

ca(u)ldron me, caudroim: bor-

rowed from AFR. "'caadrojm =FR. chaiidron (= IT. calderoiie 'a

large kettle'). Source lat. r^?/-

/^/(7r/^? 'a kettle for hot water'

(ca/diis calidus 'hot). The / of

modern spelling is inserted in

imitation ofLAT. (Scotch still cau-

droii)

.

calf^ ME. calf OE. cealf^= osax.

DU. LG. sw. calf, on. kdlfr, ohg.

G. kail?; goth. has only a fem.

kalhd 'heifer' (ohg. chalba G.

kalhe f. 'a calf). Outside of

TEUT., there is a series of wordswith the base glbh- in skr.

garhha 'the womb, an embryo',

GR. daX(fivg 'womb' and its deriv.

adaXffog brother' — dl-Xcpdt. a

young pig'.

calf2 ME. calf) perh. adopt, of

ON. kdlfi = NORW. kalve , sw.

kalf iben-kalf) 'calf of the leg'.

ca(u)lk vb. ]\rE. cauke 'tread

as a cock': borrowed from ofr.

cauqiier 'tread' (source lat. cal-

care 'tread down').

call vb. ME. calle oe. (c. 950)calUan (once misspelled fm///c?;;):

a SCAND. loanword cp. on. kalla

'say, call, name' (saw kalla, dan.kalde 'call'): ident. with DU.

kallen, ohg. kallon; cp. skr.

\'^gir 'call, praise'.

callous from LAT. callosus 'hard-

skinned' (lat. callus 'hard skin').

callow adj. me. caloive calii oe.

calu {cahv-') = du. kaal, ohg.kalo (infl. kalawci') G. kahl: an

early lat. loanword= lat. calvus

(whence fr. chauve, it. span.

calvd), which is of Aryan \)rigin

(cp. SKR. kulva, AVEST. kaoiirva

'callow').

calm j\iE. cabne (= du. kalvi)

from FR. calme {= span. ii'.

calma 'calmness, still weather).

Source med.-lat. cauma'\h.Q heat

of the sun' = gr. y.avf^ia 'great

heat', / being due to association

w. LAT. calor.

cambric borrowed from fr.

ca}/il>ray, so called from Cambra'i

(fle:m. du. KamerijJi), a town of

n(?rthern France where it was

first made (hence G. kammcr-

hull). See arras and lawn-.

camp borrowed from fr. camp

'field, army' rrrr_ lat. catnpiis 'field'.

— campaign from fr. cam-

pa(i)g?ie 'an open field, a mlH-

tary campaign'.

camphor borrowed from fr.

caniphrc= it. caiifora, G. kampfir,

DU. kat/ifcr.

card 35

can vb. me. oe. can ^= goth.

kann, OSAX. ohg. kan o. kanti.

The TEUT. vb. kiinnan is akin to

keen: the aryan\/~<^^// see under

know.can sb. me. oe. canne =: du. kan

'a pot, mug', OHG. kanna G. kamie,

ON. kanna, goth. *ka>?no. TheTEUT. word passed into fr. (ofr.

can7ie fr. dirain. canette 'a jug).

canary = span, canario 'bird'

= FR. canari\ cp. G. kanarien-

vogcl 'canary-bird', dan. canarie-

fu^l, sw. canariefogel, du. kanaric-

7'ogel 'canary-bird'; so namedafter the Canary islands.

candle mk. candle candel ok.

candel: early loanword fr. lat.

candela, whence also it. candela.

Cp. chandelier

.

cane me. cane: borrowed from

FR. canne =r it. canna 'a reed,

a cane', lat. canna.

canker me. cancre late oe.

cancer fr. onfr. cancre (fr.

chancre^ : source lat. cancer,

whence also o. \)\:. kanker ohg.

kankiir.

canon mk. canoun: adapt, of

FR. canoJi. Source lat. canon

(gr. y.ar(' v^ a rule, standard of

riglit'.

canvas :me. can{e)vas (= du.

kanefas, G. canne7>as kanevas, SM\kanfass, dan. karmevas): borrow-ed from ONFR. canevas (la r. type

canahacius , deriv. of cannabis

"hemp').

cap MF. cappc oe. cceppe 'cloak'

(= OHG. kappa 'cloak' G. kappCy I

DU. kap 'cap'). Source lat. cappa]

ident. with cape^ and cope.

cape^ MS., cape: borrowed fromONFR. cape (= IT. lat. cappa 'a

cloak, cape'): ident. with cap.

cape- 'a headland' borrowedfrom FR. cap 'cape, headland,

head' = G. kap, it. capo. SourceLAT. caput 'head'.

caper from fr. caprc {= it.

cappero, du. kapper, v.. kapcr'):

source lat. capparis.

capon ME. cdpoun late oe. (c.

looo) capiln fr. onfr. capon (fr.

chapon) : source lat. cappo(nem),

whence also G. kapaun and ohg.

kappo.

captain me. capitain from fr.

capitaine (lat. type capitaneus

capitanus, deriv. of LAT. caput

'head'). Ident. w. chieftain.

car ME. carre (by-form charre)

:

borrowed from ontr. carre (fr.

chary Source lat.-gall. carriis

(p.REr. ir. w. carr^ 'chariot',

whence also it. carro, DU. kar,

OHG. charra charro 'cart' o. karre

karrrn.

caraway borrowed from fr.

carvi =r, it. carvi, lat. careuvi

'caraway'; cp. Vi\: . karivij, G.karbc.

carbuncle :me. carbuclc: bor-

rowed from ONTR. carbuncle car-

boucle (fr. escarboucle; ident. with

it. carbonchio, du. karbonkel, g.

karbunkeiy. lat. carbunculus 'a

glowing coal, gem, boil', dimin.

of carbo.

card ^ ME. card: borrowed fromfr. carte 'a card, ticket. I)ill,

36 card 2 cashier.

map, chart; ident. with DU.

kaart, G. karte, it. carta. Source

LAT. c{h)arta 'a card, paper.

card''^ ME. carde: adapt, from

FR. carde; ident. with the synon.

DU. kaardc, OHG. charta o. karte^

SPAN, carda, it. cardo 'a card'.

Source lat. carduus 'a thistle'.

care me. care OE. cam (cearii)

'sorrow, suffering, grief = OSAX.

OHG. kara 'lament' (g. kar- in

karfrcitag 'Good Friday"; mhg. g.

karivoche 'Passion week) ^= goth.

kara 'sorrow'. A cognate vb.

(meaning 'sigh') is preserved in

OHG. qu'cran (goth. '^'qairaii).

Cp. chary.

carol ME. Carole 'dance, song'

from OFR. Carole 'a kind of dance,

also a carol or Christmas song'.

Of celt, origin (bret. koroll 'a

dance', Manx carval a carol',

AV. carol 'a song', gael. caridl

'melody, harmony').

carp ^ie. carpe = du. karpcr,

OHG. chai'pJio karfo G. karpfen,

ON. karfc, s\v. karp, dan. karpc.

Ident. with late lat. carpa = fr.

carpe, it. span, carpa.

carp vb. ME. (T^f^^'carp at, talk,

say : adapt, of on. karpa 'boast,

brag'. The present meaningis prob. an outgrowth of the

associated idea in lat. carpcre

'pluck'.

carpenter :\ie. carpenter: bor-

rowed from onfr. carpenticr (fr.

charpent'm-). Source lat. car-

pentum 'carriage'.

carriage :me. carid^e 'burden,

baggage': borrowed from onfr.

cartage (fr. charriage), deriv. of

carter = e. carry.

carrion :\ie. carton caroine =DU. karonJ€\ cp. also me. crone,

ODU. kronie: adapt, of onfr.

caroigne (ofr. charoigne = fr.

charogney, lat. type caronia 'a

carcass' fr. caro 'flesh'.

carry vb. inie. cai'ie'. adapt, from

ONFR. carter (fr. charriet-)', lat.

type carricare 'carry' (lat. carries

'a cart, car'; cp. car^.

cart ME. cart ir.o^.kartr; ident.

w. OE. crcet plur. craiti 'chariot'

= DU. krat 'hindpart of a cart':

of Celt, origin; cp. oij^. cret

'a wain-body.

cartridge with intensive r for

cartidge, a corruption oi cartouche

=. FR. cartouche (it. cartocc'to

'cartridge', deriv. of lat. charta

'paper').

carve vb. me. kerve oe. ceorfan

= DU. kerven, G. kerben 'notcli,

indent' (goth. *kair/an, ohg.

'^^k'erhan not found). The \'^ kerf

appears in gr. yodcffo "scratch,

\jirite'.

case^ -ME. cds case: borrowed

from FR. cas (span. it. caso 'cir-

cumstance, chance'). Source

LAT. casus.

case'-^ ME. cdce cdsse: adapt,

from OFK.casse fr. caisse; source

LAT. capsa 'box, cover'.

cash from FR. casse. Hencecashier sb.

cashier vb. dismiss from ser-

vice' (== G. kassireii) : from fr.

passer 'discharge'.

cask caution 37

cask borrowed from fr. casque

'a cask, helmet' (= it. casco 'a

helmet').

casket corrupted from fr. cas-

sette 'a small casket', dimin. of

FR. easse 'a chest, box'.

cassock: adapt.fromFR.awa^?^<?

(it. casacca 'an outer coat', span.

casaca 'a great-coat, surtout).

cast vb. ME. caste: a Scand.

loanword; cp. ox. &\^\kasia, dax.

kastc 'throw'.

caste 'a breed, race' = G.kasie,

FR. caste: borrowed from SPAX.

casta 'breed, race, caste'.

castle ME. late oy.. castel (also

ME. castc'l = ODU. DU. kasteel)

a castle, village': borrowed (c.

I ooo) fr. OXFR. castel (ofr. chastel

=^ FR. chateaii). Source lat. ca-

stdlutn.

cat :me. oe. cat (tt): borrowedfrom OIR. CORN, cat or from

ONFR. cat (fr. chat) and ident.

with G. katsc, ox. kgttr, norw.sw. katta. The word (base cattu-s')

is in use in the Teut. Rom. Celt,

languages; cp. late lat. catta

cattus 'cat'.

catch vb. ME. cacche (with the

earlier by-form ccche?i): borrowedfrom oyiVK.cacher (= fr. c/iasser,

si'Ai^. cazar, n:. cacciare), whencealso ODU. caetsen to chase' DU.

kaatsen Iplay ball' and mlg. katzen

'play ball'. Source a lat. type

'captiare =^ captare 'catch'. —Hence catchpoll me. cacchcpol

late OE. ccecepol prop, 'catcher

of poultry' (cp. FR. poule underpoult) = onfr. *cachepol (ofr.

chacepol) ; cp. G. hi'inervogt title

of a tax-gatherer.

cater sb. Tsi&.catour acatour acha-

toiir 'a buyer of provisions , a

caterer': source ONTR.«r(7/:= FR.

achat 'a buying, purchase', whenceFR. acheter. Orig. lat. type

accaptarc.

caterpillar earlier form late me.

cateipel corrupted from ofr.

chatepeleuse 'a weevil' lit. 'a hairy

she-cat': ofr. chate 'a she-cat'

-^ pcleuse (lat. pilosus) 'hairy'.—caterwaul me. caterwawe showsthe E. word cat in an extendedform like caterpillar; me. 7c<aicc

'make a noise' is imitative.

catkin dimin. of cat; cp. G.

katzchen 'catkin'.

cattle ME. catfl {chatel, whenceE. chattel) : borrowed from onfr.

caiel (ofr. chatel) ; source med.-

LAT. capitale 'capital, ])roperty'.

caudle me. caudel: borrowedfrom ONFR. caudel {chaudel == fr.

chaudeau) 'a warm drink' ; deriw

of FR. chaud 'hot' (lat. caldus

calidus 'warm').

cause ME. cause: adapt, from

FR. cause (by-form chose^ 'a cause,

thing' = IT. lat. causa.

causeway causey corruption

of causey (due to confusion with

7vay) ME. cause from oxfr. caucc

(whence also odu. casseie) =FR. cJtaussie: lat. type (evVi-) *cal-

ciata 'a jiaved (way)' fr. calciare

'pave'.

caution ^i\L.cauciou?i: borrowedfrom YK. caution (it. cauzione) =LAT. cautio 'caution'.

;ii498:

58 cave — champion

cave ME. cave: adapt, from fk.

cave\ cave' (^ir. cava)] source

LAT. caviis 'hollow'.

cease me. cc'sse ccse: adapt, of

FR. cesser = IT. LAT. cessarc.

ceil ciel me. cek selc vb. lit.

'emboss' from an earlier syle cyll

'a canopy': source fr. ciel 'a, ca-

nopy' (fr. ciel, SPAN. IT. cielo

'heaven, canopy, roof ^ lat.

cccluni 'heaven').

cerge :\ie. cerge; adapt, from

fr. cierge (it. cero) ; source lat.

cereus 'a wax taper'.

certain me. certein certain: bor-

rowed from fr. certain (= it.

certami) from J.xr.certanus, deriv.

of certus.

chafe ME. c/iau/e \varm: adapt,

of FR. chauffer \ source a lat.

t)^pe caleficare (= lat. calefacere)

'make warm'.

chafer iiE. '^chafer oe. ceafor:

TEur. base kafru-; cp. the synon.

DU. kever, ohg. chevaro G. kiifer

(goth. '^kifra '^^kafrus~). Perh.

chaff is cognate.

chaff ME. chaf oe. ceaf {= du.

LG. kaf)\ akin to OYiG. cheva 'pod,

husk' and perh. to chafer.

chaffer :\ie. chaffere chaff'are

earlier chap-fare = oe. ciap 'a

bargain' -r- faru 'a journey' also

'business'; cp. on. kaupfgr 'a

journey'.

chaffinch prop, 'the chaff-

finch'.

chain sb. :me. chaine: borrowed

from FR. chaine ofr. chaine (=it. lat. caten(i)\ ident. with du.

keten, ohg. chetinna G. kette.

chair me. chaire: adapt, from

FR. chaire (ofr. cha-ere)\ source

LAT. cathedra (gr. yMd^sdQo) 'a

chair, seat'.

chalice :me. c(h)alice: borrowedfrom ofr. chalice (calice :=: fr.

calice, it. calice) : source la r.

cdlic-, stem oi calix 'a cup . From,

the same source also oe. cdlic,

osax. kelik, DU. kelk, ohg. kelih

G. kelch.

chalk ME. chalk oe. cealc 'chalk,

lime' ^ DU. G. kalk, on. sw.

dan. kalk: early loanword from

LAT. calc- stem of calx 'lime-

stone, chalk' (whence also fr.

chaux, it. calce, ir. gael.' cailc,

w. calch lime').

challenge sb. me. chalenge

'claim': adapt, from ofr. chalen-

gier] cp. IT. calogna 'accusation'

^='LX'V.calumnia 'a slander, false

accusation'.

chamber :me. chaumhrc: bor-

rowed {xoxQ.^'^.chamhre; cp. it.

camera = lat. camera camara

'a vault, a (vaulted) rcjom'

;

ident. w. du. kamer, ohg. chamara

G. hammer 'chamber, office'. —chamberlain me. chaumherlein

:

borrowed from ofr. chambrelein

chambrelenc (span, cafnarlcngo,

IT. camarlingo camerleugo) ; ident.

w. MED.-LAT. camar- cajnerlingus,

ohg. chamarlinc G. kamtnerling,

formed with suffix line and lat.

camera.

champion MK.chaumpioun: bor-

rowed fr. fr. champion (cp. du.

kampioeii). lat. type campio, it.

campione 'a combatant' {campus

chance — chapter 39

'a battle, duel'). From the same

source OE. ce7npa, ohg. chanph{i)o

ifflG. kpnpfe, OLG. keinplo, ON.

kappi 'warrior, hero'.

chance :me. chaunce: adapt, of

FR. chance (whence also mhg.

G.schanze; but du. kans fr. oxfr.

cance): ofr. che-ance, it. cadenza

point to a lat. type cadcntia 'a

falling , chance' (esp. in dice-

]ilaying).

chancel me. chauncel: borrowedfrom OFR. chancel \ isiED.-LAT.az/;-

cclli plur. a grating, lattice-work',

whence ohg. cancel/a chanzcUa G.

kanzel'\>\A\)\'C , xyc.kahscl.— chan-cellor -ME. chauncela- chaunselcr:

bijrrowedfrom YK.chancelier (lat.

type cancellarius 'a chancellor',

orig. 'an officer near the screen

before the judge's bench', deriv.

oi'LATS.cancellus 'grating). Ident.

w. OHG. chanciliwi .mhg. kanzelcere

G. kanzler, du. kanselicr, dan. sw.

kansler, ICEI,. kanzellari. — chan-j

eery me. chauncerie earlier chaun-'

cellerie: adapt. o{ Y^g.. chancellerie\

(ident. w. it. cancelleiia, du.j

kanselarij, G. kanzlci, dan. can- \

celli, sw. kansli). 1

chandelier from i'r. chandelierj

=: SPAN, candelero, \i.candtlliere\\

lat. type candelarius also in

DU. kandelaar', cp. candle. —chandler :me. chaundcler ; loan-

word fr. FR. chandelier 'a candle-

maker, candle-stick' = it. cande-

lajo: LAT. type candelarius.

change \h.yi¥..chauiige: adapt.

ivova FR. changer (=^span. camluar,

IT. ca?nMare cangiare)\ source

LAT. cavibiare 'change, exchange'.

channel me. chanelle: adapt,

from OFR. chanel; ident. w. e.

canal (= fr. span, canal, IT.

canale, T>\:.kanaal, G. sw. hanal).

chant vb. me. chaunte: adapt,

from fr. chanter {= span, cantar,

IT. LAT. cantare 'sing').

chap vb. ME. chappe 'cut, chop'

^= MDU. DU. happen, dan. kappe,

sw. kappa.

chapel ME. chapcle: borrowed

from fr. chapelle {= it. lat.

capclla, OHG. kap'ella G. kapelle,

DU. DAN. kapel, sw. kapelt). lat.

capella (dimin. of capa') signified

'a cape'; the chapel itself where

the cloak of St. Martin and other

relics were preserved first ob-

tained the name capella; then

from the 7 '^ cent, the use of

the word became general. Cp.

cape.

chaplain :me. chapelein : borrow-

ed from FR. chapelain {= SPAN.

capellan, ir. capellano, med.-lat.

capcllanus, orig. 'the priest guard-

ing the cloak of St. Martin').

Cp. .MHG. kapelldn G. kaplan,

DU. kapelaan, d.\n. sw. kapellan.

chapman me. chapfnati 'a mer-

chant' shortened for OE. carp-

fnan = DU. koopnian, OHG. chouf-

ttian G. kaufmann. For OE. c(ap

bargain, trade' cp. cheap.

chapter .me. chapitre: adapt,

of FR. chapitre = l.vt. capitu-

lum 'a chapter of a book',

whence also G. kapitel 'chapter

of a book'.

40 char — cheek

char vb. me. cherre OE. cyrran

wk. vb. 'turn': teut. base karrjan

or karzjanl See ajar.

charge vb. me. charge; adapt,

of FR. chargcT (iT. caricare, med.-

i.K'X.carricarc 'load a car) ; deriv.

of LAT. carrus = car. — chargesb. me. charge: adapt, from fr.

charge (it. caricd) 'a load'.

chariot me. chariot: borrowedfrom FK. chariot, dimin. of char

'a car'.

charity me. charite (chcrite) : bor-

rowed from FR. chariti' (it. carita

= LAT. caritate7>i).

charm me. charnic: borrowedfrom I'R. char7ne 'an enchant-

ment'; source LAT. carfiien 'a

song, enchantment'.

chart ident. w. g. karte^ DU.

kaart; borrowed from fr. charte;

source lat. charta. — charter

ME. chartrc charter: adapt, of

FR. chartrc 'a charter' (lat.

chartula 'a little paper'),

chary me. chdri oe. cearii

'full of care , sad' ^ OSAX.

OHG. karag (Heliand modkarag

'sad') 'full of care' G. karg 'slow

to give'. Cp. care.

chase vb. me. chdce chase: bor-

rowed from FR. chasser (Picard.

cachier see under catc}i)\ lat.

type captiare. — chase :me.

chdce chase: adapt, from fr.

chasse =^ it. caccia 'chase'.

chaste me. chaste: borrowedfrom FR. chaste (it. casto = lat.

castas chaste). — chaste vb.

'chastise' me. ^7/(W//(^ also chasty:

adapt, of OFR. chastier = fr.

chatier (= span, castigar , it.

LAT. castigare^ ; ident. w. G.

kasteien, ODU. castien. — chastisevb. ME. chastise for the shorter

chastie 'chasten'; see chaste vb.

chattel ME. chatel chetel, ident.

w. cattle: source OFR. chatel.

chatter vb. me. chat{e)re (chitere)

'chatter', an imitative word.

chaudron 'entrails' : borrowedfrom OFR. chaudun cauldun; ident.

w. G. kaldaunen. The synon.

IT. caldmne , Sicilian quadiwii.

Cat. escahiuvis point to vulgar

LAT. *cahluf/ie;i.

cheap me. chep 'trade, barter,

price' OE. ccap 'price' = QSAX.

kop , DU. hoop , OHG. hou/ G.

hau/ \rade, traffic'; source lat.

caupo 'huckster'.

cheat vb. ME. chcte short for

eschrte 'escheat'. The meaning'defraud' was ushered in in the

16*'' cent, on account of the

unscrupulousness of the eschea-

ters. Cp. escheat.

checker sb. me. chekcr chekker{e)

'a chess-board' short for eschekcr

'the exchequer : loanword from

OFR. eschcquier eschakier 'a chess-

board, exchequer' = YK.ichiquier

{= IT. scacchiere , MED. - lat.

sca(c)cariu}fi).

cheek ME. cheke oe. ceoce: teut.

base keiikon also in ofris. tziake

'jaw-bone' (modern soke^ ; akin to

GOTH, kukjaft = eastfris. kilkkcn

'kiss'. But ME. chi'ke cheke oe. cecice

'jaw-bone' may also point to

v>\j.kaak ODr. cake 'cheek': teut.

base kdkau- kekon- ; cp. mlg.

cheer — chimney 41

kake (fr. *kako) and kcke (fr.

"^keokii) 'gums, jaw-bone'.

cheer sb. me. chcre: adapt, of

FR. chcre (whence it. cera).

cheese me. chese oe. cese (c'ys:) r=I )U. /iiias, OSAX. OHG. kdsi G. kdse :

earl}- loanword from lat. caseus

(whence also it. cascio, span.

(jucso and oiR. caise).

cherish vb. :\ie. cherisshe: adapt.

of FR.tV/r'/vVi--, stem of some parts

of tV/Jr/r 'hold dear'; source fr.

cher = lat. cams 'dear'.

cherry me. c/icry in comp.chcre- chiri- (plur. cherys cheries

chiries), a new sing-, developedfrom the supposed plur. ""cherts

"'chiris OE. ciris cyrs ^= OHG.kirsa G. hirschc. Source lat.

ccras/is , whence the corresp.

Rom. group it. ciricga, fr. cerise

from a vulgar lat. type ccrcsia.

chess ME. ches(s)e: borrowedfrom OFR. cschcci chess' prop,

the plur. of cschcc 'check' (it.

scacco, (J. schach , du. schaak^).

Source i'frs. shah 'king'.

chest mi;, chesie (chiste) oe.

cest (c/'ste) = du. h'sf, ohg. chisfa

G. /lisfc , on. sw. kista , dan./k'/s/c. Source lat. cis/a (gr.

•/.i6rr^ a bcjx

.

chestnut mi:, chcstcin chastcm

chestnut': loanword from OFR.

chastaigiie =r fr. chataigne andident. with ohg. kestinna g.

kastanie , du. kastanje. SourceLAI", castiviea.

chew vb. :mI';. chcwe oe. ccoivan

= DU. kawiven, mlg. keuwen,

ohg. kinwan G. kaucn, A pre-

teut. giw cp. ii\ oslov. ziva

zivati 'chew'.

chich 'a dwarf pea' .aie. chichc:

borrowed from fr. chiche 'chick-

pea' (^= IT. cece, SPAN, chicharo,

OHG. kichurra G. kicher). SourceLAT. cicer.

chicken short for me. chike oe.

cyccn i)lur. c'yc?m = du. keuken

kiekeii, c;. dial, kilchen kilchlein.

TEUT. base kiukina- is perh.

traceable to oe. cocc ^= cock.

chicory ident. w. du. chikorei,

G. dehorie, dan. cikoric\ adapt,

of FR. chicorie = ir. cicorea,

LAT. cichorium ?

chide vb. :\iE. chide oe. cidau

'chide, brawl': teut. base /Jz^^rt'//.

chief ME. chef: borrowed fromFR. chef = SPAN, cabo, it. capo\

source lat. caput 'head'. —

^

chieftain :\ie. chcvctain cheve-

tein : borrowed from ofr. cheve-

taine =r med.-lat. capitamis ; ident.

w. captain.

child -Mi:, child (plur. chi/dre^

OE. ciid (plur. cildrii): teut.base kilpiz- kelpaz-, not foundelsewhere; but perh. akin to

GOTH, inkiipd 'pregnant'.

chill MI-;, chile oe. cyle ccle fr.

a TEUT. base>6tf//-; {ox \X\<z\^ kal

cp. cool and cold.

chime .mk. chimbe orig. 'cymbal',

short for orig. cimble OE. cim-

bal{a) : from lat. cyfnbahwi 'a

cymbal'.

chimney ^sViL.chiniuee earlier chc-

menc: loanw^ord from fr. chemince

= ir. camminata, onG. chamnata;

42 chin — churl

akin to G. kanmi. Source lat.

LiWii/ms 'hearth',

chin ME. chin OE. cin = OSAX.

OHG. kmm G. kiiiii, du. kin. Theolder meaning 'cheek' cp. in

GOTH, kinniis 'cheek'. For a pre-

TEUT. base genu- cp. gr. yivvq

'chin, jaw, jaw-bone', ytrsidc f.

'chin, beard' ; lat. grna 'cheek'

{iientes genuini 'molar teeth') ; ir.

gin 'mouth'; skr. hanu-s 'jaw',

hanavya 'jaw-bone'.

chine me. chine; adai)ted from

OFR. eschine = fr. ichinc, which

with IT. schiena 'the chine, back-

bone' is traced to ohg. skina

'the shin-bone' G. schicnc 'shin,

shin-bone, splint'; cj). shin.

chip vb. ME. chippc 'cut into

small pieces' = du. g. kippen

hatch out'.

chirp vb. :\IR. chirpe (chirkc) :

an onomatopoctic word.

chisel sb. :\rE. chisel: borrowedfrom OFR. cisel = fr. ciseaii

(it. cesello = med.-lat. scisehmi)

'a chisel'; prob. ult. connectedwith scindeic.

chivalry .mi:, chivalric: loanwordfrom FR. chevalerie (deriv. of

cheval from lat. cahallus 'a

horse').

choice ME. chois[e) : borrowedfr. OFR. chois fr. choix 'a choice'.

The FR. vb. choisir 'choose' points

to a TEUT. kausjan\ cp. choose.

choir earlier qim-e me. quer :

borrowed from FR. chociir 'the

choir of a church, a troup of

singers': source lat. chonis 'a

band of singers'.

choke ME. choke; older by-form

ME. a-chcke oe. a-ccocian ? Phono-logy and etymology doubtful.

choler me. choler: borroweil

from FR. coPcre (= it. collcra,

LAT. cholera 'bile').

choose vb. older chi'tsc with

obscure phonology , but ME.

chese oe. ceosan 'choose' =OSAX. OHG. kiosan G. kicsen, or.

kiezen y ON. kjdsa, goth. kiusan:

i:vAjT.\f kns from pre-TEUT. \fgusin LAT. gus-tus — gus-tare, gr.

ytvm for ysvacu ',skr. \^ jus

'choose, like'. The teut. facti-

tive /J-cK/^a/^ (cp. choice) appears

in Slav, knsiti. <

chop vli. :\IE. choppc (chappe)

'cut uj), strike off ; akin to DU.

G. kippen 'cut, lop'.

chord cord fr. lat. chorda.

Christmas shortened for mk.

Christesniasse OE. Cristesfna^sse\)ro\).

'the mass of Christ'.

chronicle :me. cronicle with the

by-form cronike (but lata Oic.

cranic): ixomYV^.chroniqne:, ident.

w. DLT. kronijk, lat. chronica.

church ]\IE. chirche oe. cyrcecirce

older cirice = OSAX. kirika, Y)V.

kcrk, OHG. kiricha G. kirche c\\\\.xi:\\

.

As shown by the E. palatalization

and by the G. ch in kiricha, the

word must have existed in the

5''' cent. ; but a goth. ''kyrciko

'church' is unrecorded. Source

GR. y.vQia'/.6v (not found in lat.

nor in the Rom. languages).

churl ME. cherl OE. ceorl 'a

churl' = DU. kerel, mlg. kerle lg.

G. kerl: TEUT. base kerla-. With

churn — clean 43

different vowel on. karl 'old-

man', OHG. karal imc. karl 'man,

husband, lover'; hence the G.

proper name Karl (lat. Karolus,

I'R. K. Charks).

churn sb. me. r/z/Vv/t' OY..cyrne\

the corresjj. vb. cliurn is me.

chime OE. cyrnan from a teut.

base kirnjan = ox. kirna, DU.

LG. kerncn karnen 'make butter'

and the 'vessel for making- butter',

is ox. kirna, DU. kani, LG. butter-

kerne. Source a teut. base

kerna- 'cream' in G. (prov.) kern,

ICEL. kjarna 'cream'.

cider me. sider cider : from fr.

cidrc (= IT. cidro, SPAX. sidra;

source lat. sicerd).

cigar =^ FR. cigare, spax. it.

cigarro.

cinder sb. .me. cinder sinder OE.

sindcr 'dross of iron' = ox. sindr

'slag or dross from a forge', DU.

i'/«/'<?/jr 'cinders, goke', omg. sintar

G. sinter 'dross of iron, scale'.

cipher sb. me. ciphre (= du.

cij/er, G. ziffer) : loanword fr.

OFR. ci/re fr. ciffre, spax. cifra,

ir. cif(e)ra.

cite borrowed from fr. eiter

= lat. citare (deriv. of lat.

citus 'quick'?).

citizen :m1':. citesein formed after

ME. denizein (cp. detiizeti) ; the

earlier, :me. t7/^7('« is an adapt, of

OFR. citeien (fr. citoyen^. — city

ME. cite: loanword from FR. citL

Source lat. civitatem.

clack vb. ME. clacke =r du.

klakken 'clack, crack'; akin to

FR. claqucr 'clap in applause'.

claim vb. me. claime chime :

borrowed fr. ofr. claimer cleinier

(source lat. clamare = it. chia-

tnare 'call, name, send for').

clamp sb. after mdu. klampe DU.

klaifip, LG. klampe] akin to mhg.klimpfen 'draw, press'.

clan sb. borrowed from gael.

clann = IR. clann oir. eland

'children'.

clap vb. ^lE.clappe OY..clappianl

= DU. klappen , lg. klappen

(whence G. klappen), ohg. klaphon

g. klaffen.

clasp ME. elaspe, prob. akin to

clap and OE. clyppan 'embrace'.

clatter vb. me. clatere OE.

"^clatorian (inferred from the

verbal noun clatrting 'a clatter-

ing') ; akin to du. klateren

'rattle'.

claw sb. :\IE. claive (by-form clc)

OE. cla7cni (b}--form cl^'a cli-d) =OSAX. klawa, du. klaauw, ohg.

kldwa chloa mhg. klawe kid', aGOTH, ^klaaa f. is probable,

though ox. kid seems to point

to *klo7C'a. Pre-TEUT. s^'^glu.

clay :me. elai oe. cIcbi =:- du.

LG. klei ; akin to of. clam 'clay'

E. (dial.) cloam 'earthenware

,

OHG. kleimen, scaxd. kleima klina

'besmear'. Outside of teut.,

GR. yXoi : yXi in yXoinq 'sticky

oil'.

clean me. el(nc (^clene) OE. clcene

= OSAX. kleni, du. kleefi klein,

OHG. kleini 'pretty' o. klein 'small'

{GO')Lli.*klai-ni- is wanting). Thenasal belongs to the suffix. For

44 clear — cloister

the root syll. cp. GR. yXoiog 'fat

oil'. — Hence cleanse for me.

i:/cyise OE. cl(znsian 'make clean':

a causative vb. with formative -s.

clear me. cler: borrowed from

OFR. cler = FR. c/air (span, c/aro,

IT. c/iiiiro from lat. c/arus).

cleave ' vb. 'adhere' me. c/e've

OE. cUofiaii = OSAX. klibou, DU.

kieven, ohg. klcben o. klebe/i

'adhere'; goth. '^klibon not

recorded, teut. \'^ klib.

cleave 2 vb. 'split' ime. cleve oe.

deofan = oSAX. clioban '^cliiban,

DU. klovcn, OHG. klioban chliuban

G. klieben: TEUT. \P klub : /^Z?«^

cogn. w. GR. yXvffuv 'hollow out',

perh. also w. lat. gliibere 'peel'.

cleft r^IE. Clift OE. *i-/>// = OHG.

G. kluft; from the teut. \fklfib;

cp. clcat'e-.

clergy me. clergie: borrowed

from OFR. clergie = fr. clerge

(lat. type clericatus). — clerk

ME. clerk late oe. clerc cleric {=DU. klcrk, FR. r/<?;r) ; source lai".

clcricus.

clever not yet found in Shakesp.,

a recent word, perh. developed

from :\IE. deliver 'agile, nimble,

lively' (from ofr. delivre 'prompt,

alert'). Or cogn. w. lg. kluftig

'wise, clever', DU. kluftigl

clew sb. ME. clave oe. cleoweii

eliiven 'clew' = DU. klinaen: teut.

base kUujina-: dimin. of a shorter

base kliitjb- ^ ohg. kliinva (g.

knduel^ 'clew'.

cliff me. clif {clcre) oe. clif

(plur. cleofii) = ON. OSAX. DU.

kUf 'a cliff, rock'; cp. G. dan.

klippe, perh. akin to ON. klifa =climbl

climb vb. :\rE. clivibe oe. climban

= DU. klimmen, OHG. klimban

G. klimmen. The nasal was orig.

a formative of the pres. tense

as seen by on. klifa, me. cli^'e

'climb'. The teut. ^kltb (cp.

cliff) may be found in cleave"^

and cling.

clinch vb. ME. clenche oe. ""clen-

cean = ohg. mhg. klenken 'knot

together'.

cling vb. ^ie. clinge oe. clingan\

akin to sw. kldnga 'climb', dan.

klynge sig 'adhere to, climb'.

\fkHng = yfklimbl Cp. climb.

clip 1 vb. 'embrace' (Shakesp.)

ME. clippc OE. clyppan. Akin to

ohg. kldftra G. klafter 'fathom'.

clip- vb. 'cut, shear' me. clippi::

borrowed from ON. sw. klippa

'clip, cut'.

cloak by-form cloke me. clpke:

borrowed from ofr. cloke cloque

'a cloak'.

clock :\IE. clokke: prob. borrow-

ed from O'^iYK.clocke (Y^.cloche)\

ident. w. OY..clugge {clucce'^), DU.

klok, ohg. glocka G. glocke, ON.

klukka. The ro:\i.-teut. clocca

is of CELT, origin; cp. cvmr.

clock, OIR. doc (OCELT. klllkko)\

OE. clucge.

clod ME. clodde; a var. of clot.

clog -^lE. clogge 'a lump, block',

cloister me. cloistre: borrowed

from ofr. cloistre = fr. cloitre

(span, claustra , rr. chiostro).

Source med. - lat. claustrum,

close — clutch 45

whence also ohg. klostar G.

kloster.

close ME. close : borrowed from

the OFK. part. c/i>s = lat. chnisiis

(oFR. clore = LAT. claudere). —closet -ME. closet from fr. closet

(dimin. of OFR. clos 'a close').

clot MF,. clotte (also clodde, see

clod) OE. *<:/<?// = :^mG. klotz

i^^Q^w. klotzes) G. klotz.

clotbur, clote me. dote oe. elate :

TEUT. base klaiton-, cogn. w. the

equiv. oe. elide, G. klette.

cloth shortened for iiE. cloth

OE. chip (oe. cildcldp 'swaddling

clothes) = DU. /^/(f^^y, G. kleid:

TEUT. base klaipa. — clothe

vb. Ml-:, clothe {cl{de) OE. clddian

{clddati).

cloud ME. cloude: scarcely ident.

with of:, cliid = me. cloud 'a

mass of rock, a hill'; source andhistory quite unknown.

clout MK.^r/i'Wi' o?..clut (whenceON. klt'it)-) , ident. with w. cbvt,

IK. GAF.I,. Clud, MANX clooid}

clove ' -ME. clove clozve: borrowedfrom OFR. do fr. clou 'a nail';

cp. SPAN, davo 'a nail' also 'a

clove' fr. LAT. clavus 'a nail'.

clove- ^\Y.. clove oe. ^//^<? 'clove'

(csj>. of garlic), in compoundsclufpung crowfoot' — dufwyrt'buttercup' (cp. ohg. chloblouh

klofolouh khn'olouh =^ g. knoblauch,

])!'. knojlook 'garlic' with -7t bydissimilation). The orig. meaningappears in ohg. kloho g. kloben

'a split stick*.

clover ME. clover (clt'vcr') oe.

dd/re {clxpfre) = DU. klaver ; c}).

LG. klcver (and klaver). A shorter

and more primit. form is ohg.klco (gen. klewcs) g. klee: baseklaiiv-. The formation of OSAX.*klct>ara = OE. dd/re looks like

a compound, the second ele-

ment of which is unknown.

clown borrowed from icel.

klumii 'a clumsy, boorish fellow;

sw. dial, klunn 'a log' — kluus

'a clownish fellow', dan. klunt

'a log'?

club ME. clabbe : borrowed from

ON. klubba, by-form of on. klumba

'a club". — The meaning 'asso-

ciation of persons' is a mod.application of a clump of people.

cluck vb. ME. clucke clokke oe.

cloccian i^ducciaii) = DU. klokken,

MHG. klucken {gluckeii) G.glucke/i.

The TEUT. group is onomato-poetic like lat. glocrre , gr.

ykioCoiv cluck as a hen'.

clumsy adj. earlier clumse ME.

dumscd 'benumbed': orig. part,

of ME. ('/?/wj"r 'benumb': of scand.

origin; cp. sw. (dial.) klmiwiscn

'benum])ed', akin to J)U. klemnsch

'numb with cold'.

cluster y\\\. cluster oe. cluster

{clyster) = lg. klustcr: akin to

LG. (Hannover) klunder 'cluster

of berries or fruit' and (Dit-

marsch) klus 'cluster, grapes

,

DAN. klyiige 'cluster'.

clutch ME. clucchc; connectedwith cloche 'a claw'. The older

ME. form is ch'cheul

46 coach — cole

coach borrowed from FR. coche:

a mod. common europ. wordfrom HUNG, koszi 'wagon from

the Hung, town Koszi'; cp. span.

coche, IT. cocckio, G. kutsche.

coal ME. cole and col oe. col

= DU. kool, OHG. kolo m. —kol n. G.kohlc, ON. kol n. pkir.;

orig. 'a burning coal; cp. skr.

jz'al 'l)urn bright, flame . — coal-

mouse, also colemouse me.

col-niose oe. cdlmdse (^= DU. kool-

ffiees, G. kohlnieise);prop, 'coal-

tit' on account of its blackhead;

from col 'coal' -j- mdse j^ie. ingse

= G. incise, ON. meisingr, whenceFR. M^sangc 'tit-lark'.

coast 'siE.C(>st[e): borrowed from

OFR. coste (whence also du. kuste

r= G. kiiste) = FR. cote (it. costa,

MED.-LAT. costa 'coast').

coat :\IE. cote: borrowed from

OFR. cote = FR. COtte (= SPAN.

cotii, IT. cotta 'a coat'). Source

a TEUT. /cotta- in ohg. chozzo

MHG. kotzc 'a coarse woolenmantle'. Cp. cot and ^ti/t'.

cock ME. cock OE. f(?^ ^(?^^ (j)erh.

cogn. w. chicken) = ON. kokkr,

DAN. /v/C'; ident. w. fr. co(/;

perh. of imitative origin. History

unknown (earliest reference eat.

coccus in Lex Salica).

cockle ME. cokel cokkel oe. cocel\

coccel 'tares' borrowed from ir.

cogal 'corn-cockle' (= GAEL.

cogall 'tares, cockle) ?

cod 'husk, shell' jME. cod codde

OE. tW</'bag' = ON. koddc 'pillow',

sw. kudde 'cushion', du. kodde

'bag'.

coffee ^^ DU. koffj, g. kaffee:

borrowed from turk. qahweh =ARAB, qahweh 'coffee*.

coffer ME. cofre: borrowed from

FR. cojfj-c (whence du. g. koffer').

Source lat. cophinus, gr. /.orfivo^

'a basket'. From the same source

also coffin me. coffin: borrowedfrom OFR. cojin (= span, cojin,

it. co/ano^.

cog :me. cogge ^= sw. cugge;

prob. of CELT, origin, cp. GAEL.

IR. cog, w. cocas 'a cog'?

coif ME. coif: borrowed from

FR. coiffe from 'MiLD.-iaKT.^ cojia

cof{e)a\ akin to mhg. kiiffe ohg.

chiippa from ohg. chnph G. kopf.

Cp. cup.

coil vb. borrowed from OFR.

coillir = FR. cucillir 'collect'

(lat. coUigcre 'gather together).

coin ME. coin: borrowed from

FR. coin 'wedge' (ofr. coin 'wedge,

stamj) upon a coin, a coin').

Source lat. cuneus 'wedge'.

cold INIE. cold OE. Cdld {ccahf)

=2= GOTH, kalds, ON. kaldr, OSAX.

kald, OHG. G.kalt, du. koud: an old

partic. formation in lat". -tus,

SKR. -ta-s ((;oTH. d from Aryan

/, c\). old, loud, dead etc.).

A TEUT. verbal \fkal cp. in oe.

calan, oi^:. kala 'freeze ; a corresp.

Aryan \^ gel is seen in lat. gelu

'the cold' and gelidus 'cold'. Cp.

chill and cool.

cole 'cabbage' me. col fr. oner.

col = FR. choti', the me. by-form

collier — cornet 47

caul= OE. cdwl from lax. caulan

(caulis). Cp. OHG. kol G. kohl.

collier me. coliir'. deriv. of coal

with -icr as in lawyer.collop ME. colopes: ident. with

SWEIJ. kalops, G. klops\ source LG.

kloppca (g. klop/en) 'beat'?

color iiE. colour from ofr. colour

= FR. couleur (lax. color-c?/i).

colt :me. oe. colt 'a young ass';

perh. akin to &¥iK. gardabha^di^s'^

comb sb. ME. cgml) oe. cdtnl?

'comb, crest' = g. kafnm, DU.

DAN. sw. ^a;«: XEUX. base kamba-

from an Aryan gomhho- in gr.

/o'^af/oc 'peg' (j'tt,« f/-?; 'jaw'), skr.

jajiibha 'jaw, teeth'.

come vb. jME. covie oe. cuman= DU. ko7nen, OSAX. human, OHG.

kofndii g. ko7nvten, on. koma; cp.

goxh. qhnan: a common XEUX.

str. vb. kuinan (fcman fr. an Aryan

\fgC7n in skr. ^'^w, or. IJaino,

LAT. e't7//<7 (for *gvcmw).

comely me. r«wi// f^w/v oe. cymlic

'fine, handsome'; cogn. w. ohg.^?2w?^ 'delicate, weak' and G.kaum'hardly'.

cony sb. :me. conl earlier coning

'rabbit': ada[)t. from ofr. connin,

whence also du. lionijn, g. kanin-

chcn. Source lax. cuniculus (ofr.

conif) in a by-form cuninus.

cook sb. ME. cok OE. cpc: loan-

word fr^ 'i^Pi.'i.cogttuSy whence ohg.G. koch and ir. cuoco, ofr. tjucux.

— The vb. cook ME. coke is

derived from the sb. by in-

fluence of LAX. coquere (= G.

kochen, du. kokcn), wlicnce also

FR. cuirc 'cook'.

cool ME. OE. col ^= LG. kol, DU.

koel, OHG. kuoli G. ki'ihl: teux.

base kolu- from the XEUX. \^kalkol under cold. Deriv. keel.

coot 'a bird' :me. co/e OE. *ep'l(a)

= du. koel 'coot'.

cope vb. Vie with, matcli' orig.

'bargain or chaffer with': a loan-

word fr. ViV.koopen 'buy', cogn. w.

OE. ccapian 'cheapen' from oe.

ccap 'bargain'. Cp. cheap.

copper me. coper oe. copor:

borrowed from vulgar lax. cup-

ru7n 'copper' (orig. cuprium acs

'Cyprian brass'). From the samesource ohg. kupfar G. kupfcr,

DU. kopcr and fr. cuivre. —copperas iiE. coperosc from ofr.

coperosc = ix. coppaj'osa, lax.

cupri rosa lit. 'copper-rose'.

copse earlier coppice contr. of

OFR. copciz derived from ofr.

coper (fr. couper^ 'cut'.

cork = G. dan. sw. kork,

DU. kurk: borrowed from span.

corcho 'cork' = LAr. corticem

(cortex) 'bark'.

corn^ 'grain' me. oe. corn =DU. koren, g, on. dan. sw. korn,

GOXH. kaurn: xeux. koma- =pre-XEUX. base grno- cogn. w.

LAX. grdnjitn, russ. zerno.

corn- 'a hard excrescence ontoe or foot': borrowed from fr.

come (= i-AX. cornu 'horn').

corner me. comer: borrowedfr. i\iED. - LAX. corneria 'corner,

angU>' (r.AX. cornu 'horn').

cornet yui. cornet cortreite'a horn':

borrowed fr. fr. cornet cornetti,

dimin. of fr. come 'a horn'.

48 country

cornice a loanword from ofr.

cornice fr. it. cornice 'a cornice,

border, ledge (lat. type comix

'a border' contr. of MED. - lat.

coronix a square frame').

corps :\IK. corps: a loanword

from FR. corps cors from LAr.

corpus.

corpse ME. corps: borrowed

from OFR. corps cors = laT.

corpus.

corset dimin. of me. cors 'a

body'; cp. corpse. — corslet

corselet: a loanword fr. fk. corse-

let , dimin. of ofr. cors with

suffix -et.

cost vb. :me. costc: borrowed

fr. OFR. coster {= FR. coutcr,

LAT. constare), whence also DU. G.

hosten.

costume me. custilme (and

custoim-) : adajjt. fr. ofr. costume

FR. coutume = it. costume (med.-

LAT. cosiuina = lat. consuetu-

dineni). Cp. custom.

cot ME. OE. cot = LG. DU. ON.

G. kot 'hut': tf:ut. base kuta-.

cote (in comp. dove-cote, shecp-

cot'j) ME. cote OE. cot = G. kote.

The TEUT. word passed into

SLAV. (osLOV. /^^//V/'cella'). Akin

to cot.

cottage ME. cotdl^e fr. ofr. co-

tage: deriv. of teut. kola- under

cot and cote.

cotton :me. coioun : a loanword

fr. FR. colon =. IT. cotone : source

ARAii. qoton 'cotton

.

couch vb. ME. couche: adapt,

fr. FR. couchcr (earlier colcher

= IT. colcare) fr. lat. collocare.

couch-grass sb. ; see quitch-

grass.

cough ME. coughe (oe. cohhcttmi)

= DU. kugchen, mhg. kitchen.

council adapt, fr. fr. concilc

'a council, an assembly, session'

from LAT. concilium 'an assembly

called together'. — counsel

ME. conseil counseil: loanword Ir.

fr. conseil (lat. consilium 'deli-

beration').

count sb. (:\iE. ''^countc is not

recorded, but inferred fr. ME.

countesse E. countess) loanword fr.

fr. comte 'a count, an earl'.

Source lat. comitem (comes) 'a

comf)anion, a count'. »

count vb. :\IE. countc: borrowed

fr. FR. contcr (source lat. com-

putare compute, reckon).

countenance me. countcnaunce :

loanword fr. OFR. contenancc 'be-

havior, carriage' (lat. contiiientia

'abstinence').

counter 'contrary' fr. fr. contre

= i,Ai". contra 'against'.

counterfeit mi:. counterfeit:

borrowed fr. ofr. contrefait, part,

of cofitrefaire 'imitate'.

counterpane 'a coverlet for a

bed' earlier counterpoint: loan-

word fr. ofr. contrepoinct 'the

quilting stitch'; prop, connected

with 0¥\<. contrepoincter 'quilt'; con-

trepoinct iii a corruption oi coutre-

poinct coutepoint 'a counterpane'

(source lat. culcita puucta 'a

stitched quilt').

country me. cuntre. contre:

loanword fr. fr. contric {= it.

contra,la). Source MED. - lat.

county — crab

'

49

tonU-ata derived fr. lat. contra

(Cp. c. gcgend from gege/t).

county yiE. countc: borrowed

fr. OFR. conU 'count}-' (deriv. of

FR. coiiitc = count sb.).

couple MR. couple: adapt, fr.

FR. couple {= i.AT. copula) 'a

Ijond, band'.

courage me. corage: adapt, fr.

FR. courage (lat. type coratiaini).

court ME. curt: borrowed fr.

OFR. curt cort (source lat. cortis

'a court-yard, jialace'). — Hencecourteous transformed fr. me.

curteis —- ofr. cortcls fr. courtois.

cousin ME. cosin cousin: adapt,

fr. FR. cousin (med.-lat. cosinus

for LAr. consobrinus 'a cousin).

cove ME. cm'e o^.cofa 'a chamber,

(:ave' = ox. koji 'hut', goth.

'kuban- is wantint^.

covenant \\v..com'enant covenant:

loanwortl fr. FR. convcnant cove-

nattt\)xe?,. part, of con('cnir 'agree .

cover vb. :me. covere: borrowed

fr. OFR. covrir cueuvrir Y"^. couvrir

.

Source LAT. coopcrire 'cover

.

covet vb. ME. cuveitc : adapt,

fr. oiR. cuveitcr covoiicr = FR.

convoiter (Lat. type *cupiditare

desire').

covey borrowed fr. ofr. covde

^ FR. couvi'e 'a covey of par-

tridges', prop. part, of fr. couver

'hatch' ^^source lat. cubare he

down).cow sb. ME. cu (plur. kie kye^

OE. cil (phir. cj") = ON. kyr,

I)U. koe, MLG. ko, OHG. MHG. kuo

G. kuh : TEU r. base ko- 'cow'

English Etymology.

from an Aryan stem gow- (go-)

in SKR. gaus (ace. gani) , OR.

(iovg (stem /^o/), lat. bos.

cow vb. (:\ie. *cou7ae earUer

^cugen are unrecorded) : loan-

word fr. scAND. kuga 'cow, t}ran-

nize over' = DAN. kue 'cow', sw.

kufva 'check, curb'.

co^vard iiE. couard coward:

borrowed fr. ofr. couard coart

coard = IT. codardo (formed

with suffix -ard and ofr. coe fr.

queue = lat. Cauda 'tail').

cow^er vb. me. coure: borrowedfr. ON. kura (sw. kura , dan.

kure') 'lie quiet, rest'.

cow^P 'a monk's hood, a cap,

hood' ]VIE. couel earlier cmvdOE. cugle 'a cowl' {= mhg. kuget)

:

loanword fr. lat. cucullus 'hood .

cow^l^ 'a vessel carried on a

pole': borrowed fr. ofr. cuvel

= FR. cui'eau, prop, 'a little

tub' (source LAT. cupa 'a vat,

butt').

cowslip OE. cilslyppe cusloppe.

coxcomb corrupted fr. cock's

comb 'cock's crest'. Cp. cock

and comb.

coxswain, cockswain 'steersman

of a boat' from cock 'a boat'

and S7vain 'the person in com-mand of the boat'.

coy: adapted fr. ofr. ^^/ (coit).

Source lat. quietus 'quiet, still'.

cozen vb. 'flatter, beguile":

adapt, fr. FR. cousiner 'call cousin,

sponge'fr. FR. (r(?«j7>;. Cp. cousin.

crab ^ :mk. crabbe oe. crabba

r= ON. krabbi, sw. krabba, dan.

4

50 cracK — cream

krabbe, DU. krab, mlg. krabbe

(whence G. krabbe) : akin to

OHG. kr'ebax = G. krebs fr. crabe

fr. TEUT. — Ident. w. crab' 'a

kind of apple' me. crabbe', a

Scand. loanword; c^). '&w. krabb-

apk. — crabbed 'peevish, cramp-

ed'; i)erli. fr. ci ab^.

crack vb. me. c>-ake krake oe.

C7'acian ^ du. kraken^ OHG. h'a-

chon chrahhon G. krachen : teut.

\f krak fr. pre-TEUT. g!'g\ cp.

SKR. ^7'^'' rustle, crackle'.

cracknel formerly crakcnci cor-

rupted fr. FR. craquelin 'a crack-

nel'.

cradle me. crddel oe. cradol:

a Celt, loanword, cp. IR. craidhal,

GAEL. crcathalV'a. cradle, a grate';

cp. cj-atc.

craft :\iE. craft oe. crceft= osAX.

craft, DU. kracht, G. kraft, on.

kraptr. — crafty me. crafti oe.

crceftii = ohg. chreftig G. kriiftig.

crag ME. ^rrt'^: borrowed fr. w.craig, GAEL, creag.

crake 'a bird' so named fr. its

cry; cp. ME. crake 'cry out' undercrack.

cram vb. i\ie. cram?ne oe. cnwi-

ffiian = ox. krcmja, sw. kravia,

DU. krafmne 'squeeze'.

cramp j\ie. crampe oe. ''^crofnp

(inferred fr. crpvipekt full of

wrinkles") :^ du. lg. krawp, G.

kra7)ipf\ a common west-teut.

term for spasm, cramp'.

crane :me. crdnc oe. cran ^OLG. krano, du. kraan, mhg.krone \ with formative guttural oe.

cornuc, ohg. chramih chranih(h) g.

krajiich; cp. the cogn. gr. ysnavoc,

CYMK. gara/r, OSI.OY. zeravi, lith.

gerwc. LAT. ^r?« (gen. gru-is)

agrees with ohg. chrcia 'crane'.

crank sb. me. craiikc. teut.

I

base kra)ik\-^\%^ allied to cramp.\ cranny me. crany; formed by

adding E. -y to FR.rn?// 'anotch'.

crape i^orrowed fr. fr. crcpc

(oFR. crespe = lat. crispus).

crash vb. a var. of craze andcrack', a Scand. loanword; cp.

sw. krasa, dan. krase 'crackle'.

Cp. crack.

cratch YiY^-cracche crecche: bor-

rowed fr. OFR. creche (fr. creche)

which is of Teut. origin; cp.

OSAX. kribbia 'crib' under crib.

crate borrowed fr. lat. crates

'a hurdle'.

cravat {^ c;. kravattc) bor-

rowed fr. FR. cravate (from Cra-

vates 'a Croation').

crave vb. me. crdve oe. crafian

= on. krefja 'crave, demand',

sw. krdfra "demand', dan. krarc

'crave, exact'. Perh. the e. wordis borrowed from Scand.

craven me. cravant 'beaten,

overcome' shortened fr. ofr.

cravanti 'oppressed', partic. of

cravantcr (source a lat. type

'^crepa/itare 'crack, break).

craw (by-form crag 'neck,

cro])') :me. crawe oe. '^craga;

GOTH. *kraga is wanting.

cream :\ie. crcmc from fr. crane

(ofr. crcsnic, lat. crcnior).

creed 51

creed sb. me. crede oe. crcda:

loanword fr. lat. credo 'I believe'

(»credo in deum patrem« etc.);

cj). the origin of dirge.

creek me. creke crike {p^^.'^creoca

'''cricti)', peril, a Scand. loanwordfrom ox. krike 'crack, nook'.

creep vb. me. crepe oe. creopan

str. vb. ; cp. DU. kruipen, lg.

krupeti, ON. krjupa. Akin to G.

kriechen ohg. kriohhan : teut.

\^ krtip kriiq. Cp. cripple.

cress ME. cresse earlier kerse

oe. ccrse ccerse; ident. with G.

kresse ohg. Arcssa, du. kers andYK.cressou, it. crescione. Phono-logy, history and origin quite

obscure ; common base a lat.

type^ *crexo(nem) ?

crest ME. creste from ofr. creste

ER. Crete (lat. crista).

crib Ml':, cribhe oe. crihb crybb

= OSAX. kribbia, du. krib, g.

krippe. OHG. krippa: TEUT. base

kribjo {lirubjo) akin to OHG. kreba.

Cp. cratcli.

crimson .^Ui:. crimosin from cfr.

crainoisin ^= fr. cramoisi.

cringe vb. jnie. craige oe. rr^«-

^'</// : lEUT. base kraiigjan, deriv.

from oe. cringan 'sink, fall in

battle', cogn. w. g. krank 'sick'.

cripple ME. cripel oe. crypel =DU. /C7Y«/<'/'crii)ple'; prop, 'a manwho creeps'; teut. base kritpila-,

deriv. fr. \/~hyp in creep.

crisp ME. oe. crisp = ohg.krisp: an early loanword fr. lai".

crisp lis 'curled'.

croak vl). me. croke oe. *crdcian

(inferred from OE. crdcetung

'croaking ) : teut. base krekcii

krtikd/i\ akin to crackl

crock ME. crocke oe. crocca;

borrowed fr. OIR. croccan.-^ perh.

cogn. with G. kriig ohg. krnog,

LG. kruke, OE. crp/i crpg.

croft ME. OE. croft 'small field'

= ODU. krochtc high and diy

land' DU. kroft 'hillock'.

crook sb. ME. crpk OE. '"cr(>c

= o^. krokr krdkr 'hook', ODU.

croec, DAN. krog 'hook'. Akin to

OHG. krdko 'hook' (as e. hookis to c;. hakeii).

crop Mi:, cropp oe. cropp.

crosier me. croscr croiser.

cross ME. cross (whence scaxd.

kross, .sw.-dax. kens')', borrowedfrom oiR. cross (cymr. croes).

Source lat. crtix whence also

FR. croix (:\IE. crcis from ofr. crois);

OIR. crock and ohg. osax. krthi

G. kreiiz i)oint to the infl. lat.

criicem.

crow \1). :\IE. crpwc oe. crdivan

= DU. kraaic/!, G. kriihcn OH(4.

krden : teut. base a str. vb.

kr^jan, but orig. not restricted

to the cock's crowing as shownby the sb. crow ME. crmve oe.

crdu'c =r G. krdhe OHG. krdia.

crow^d vb. Mi:, croude oe.

crudan str. vb. 'crowd, i)ress' =ODU. cruden 'push, thrust' (du.

kruie/i), mlg. krnden krodcn \'b.

'molest': teut. \fkrfid.

crown ME. criine (whence ox.

knina, cp. ODU. crime DU. kriiiii)

earlier by-form coroune cori'inc :

borrowed during the reign of

4'

cruel — curb

William the Conqueror fr. ofr.

coroiie ^ FR. couronne "crown".

Source "lax. corona 'crown',

whence also OE. corenbcag 'crown'

and OHG. korona G. krone.

cruel ME. crilcl {crewcf) fr. fr.

cruel r=^ LAT. crudelis 'severe' in

a vulgar form crudalis.

crumb —- :\ie. cromhe short for

cronme OE. crilma (cp. thumbOE. pihnd) = DU. kruim ODU.

critme, L(t. ( ;. krume (oSAX. '''kriimd).

The m is derivative; cj). the

I'Eur. y'" kru in o. kraiien ohg.

kroutvon vb. 'scratch'.

cruse MR. crouse oe. crihc (cj).

E. /'^^w OE. riUii) = ODU. kruis,

MHG. i^r//jr^ G. krause\ akin to

ODU. DU. /Cw(?.y, :me. ergs,

crust :\IE. eruste fr. ofr. cruste

FR. eroute = LAT. crusta 'crust

of bread'.

crutch .ME. crucche oe. ^rjrr =DU. kruk, OHG. crucc/m G. krilcke

'crutch': TEUT. base krukjo-;

ident. w. it. croccia 'crutch', FR.

crosse , which rest on a lat.

criicea , deriv. of crux crucis

'cross'. Therefore crutch krukja

crucea meant originally 'stick

having a cross'.

cry vb. me. crie: ada])ted fr.

FR. crier 'cry'.

cuckold -ME. cukewold: trans-

formation of FR. COUCOU 'CViCVoO,

whence also e. cuckoo me.cuckou.

cudgel OE. cycgel: dimin. ofa lost primitive oe. '^cycg : basekugja- ?

cuff sb. ME. cuffe coffe 'sleeve';

perh. ident. w. late OE. cuffie

'coif under coif.

cull vb. ME. culle (cole coilk)

vb. 'gather, select' fr. ofr. coillir

= fr. cueillir 'collect' (source

LAT. colligere).

culver ^lE. culver {colver) oe.

culfre culufre 'dove' ; not foundin the other teut. languages,

prob. of LAT. origin: LAT. columba

'dove' in a vulgar form *coiubra ?

cumber vb. me. cumbre vb.

'annoy' fr. ofr. combrer, whencealso G. kummer mhg. kuniber ; the

base med.-lat. combrus 'rubbish,

bank of earth, rains' rests ^n a

gall.-lat. combero- 'that whichis carried together'.

cummin :me. comi?i late oe.

cumin (= DU. komijii) fr. ofr.

coniin = FR. cumin. SourceLAT. cummum, whence also a

TEUT. kufnin in oe. cymen, ohg.

kumin kumil g. kimwiel.

cunning :me. cunninge: deriv.

of oe. cunnan =: know.

cup me. oe. cuppe 'cup' = MHG.kopf, ODU. kop 'beaker, cup':

loanword fr. lat. cuppa (cupa),

whence also oE. ime. cop (copp)

'summit, head', G. kopf 'head'.

cur me. curre corre = odu.

korre 'watch-dog', swed. (dial.)

kurra 'a dog'; cp. lg. g. (dial.)

kurren. vb. 'growl'. Therefore cur

prop, 'a growler'?

curate see cure.

curb vb. ME. curbe 'to bend'

fr. FR. courber 'bend'.

curd — dagger 53

curd vb. \v. metathesis fr. me.

cniddc vb. : a celt, loanword,

deriv. fr. jr. gruth 'curds'? or

cog-n. with crowdl cp. lat. coagu-

lu?n fr. cogerel

cure :me. ciire fr. fr. cure =LAi". curd. — curate me. ciirdt

= MED.-LAT. curd/us (in fr.

pronunciation; cp. curious ME.

curious fr. lat. ciiridsusT).

curfew :me. ctirfeu (curfczci) fr.

OFR. covrefeu (cp. poor fr. ofr.

povre) : prop, the sign for put-

ting out fires.

curious see cure.

curl vb. deriv. fr.ME. crul {IC)

adj. 'curly' = DU. krul\ west-TEUT. krull- for kruzl- krusl- is

cogn. with ODU. krtiis , g. kraus

MHG. kriis 'curly' (aso ME. crous

'curly').

curlew JNIE. curlew {corlew)

fr. OFR. corlieu = fr. courlieu

'a bird's name' ('scolopax ar-

quata'), composed of ofr. corre

'to leap' and lieu 'lightly'.

curry vb. me. currde curraie

vb. fr. ofr. conreier; lat. type

con-reddrel

curse vb. me. curse oe. cilrsian

'to curse' ; cogn. with OIR. cursa-

chaim 'I curse'. Source andhistory unknown.

curtain sb. me. curtin cortin fr.

OFR. cortine = lat. (also IT.

SPAN.) Cortina 'curtain'.

curve adj. fr. lat. curvus

'crooked'.

cushion me. cusshin (cusshen —cussho/i) cussin quissin (j/uissken^

fr. OFR. coissin = FR. coussin

'cushion'; cp. span, eoxin, it.

cuscino and ident. w. du. Icussen

ouv. cussin, G. kilssen kisseu OHG.

kussin 'cushion'. Source a med.-

LAT. coxinuvi prop, deriv. of lat.

coxa hip, haunch' = fr. cuisse

'thigh', whence E. (Shakes]).)

cuisse 'i)iece of armor for the

thighs'.

custom ilE. custome earlier form

(c. iioo) custihne fr. ofr. custume

(fr. coutuTue) ^= IT. PROV. costuma :

source a lat'. type '^'cofisueiiinwn

instead of lat. consuetiido.

cut vb. iiE. cutte (by-form with

umlaut kittc^ : a me. vb. of cel r.

origin ; cp. cymr. cwtan vb.

'shorten' — cwta adj. 'short'.

cutlas fr. FR. coutelas = it.

coltellaccio prop, 'a large knife'

:

ROM. deriv. oi lat, culter 'knife'.

Cp. FR. couteau = ofr. coutel

'knife' fr. i.Ar. cultellus. HenceFR. coutelier = me. cuteler e.

cutler 'maker of knives'.

D

dace from me. darce darse \ c2\\ciS. from its swiftness). See

from OFR. dars, nom. also spelled dart,

dart 'a dart', also 'a fish' (so dagger me. dagger = ox. dag-

54 dainty dandelion

gardr, uu. daggert: of Celt, origin,

borrowed from w. dagr = IR.

daigear; bret. dag = gael. daga :

all synon.

dainty me. deinte: borrowed

from OFR. dein!e 'dignity, im-

portance, value' (the me. by-

form da'mUth is an anglo-normandeintcd 'pleasure'). Source lat.

digTiitatcm {tiainty and dignity are

doublets).

dairy me. deierie 'room for a

milk-woman' ; ME.^/^/<?'milk-woman'

(hence day -wo man 'dairy-wo-

man Shakesp.) is borrowed from

ON. deigja 'milk-woman' (sw. dejd),

which is supposed to be a deriv.

of TEUT. daiga- (under dough)

and to mean prop, 'the bread-

maker, kneader of dough'. Cp.

dough and lady.

dais ME. dcis: borrowed from

OFR. dcis later dais 'a high table

in a hair = fr. dais 'a canopy'

(base MED.-LAT. discus 'a table'

= LAT. discus 'plate, platter' see

under disK).

daisy me. daies-ie daies-eic oe.

dceges-cage: prop, 'the eye of the

day'; cp. day and eye.

dale aiE. dale oe. dccl plur. dalu

(me. e. c in dale is derived from

the OE. plur. dalu or from the sing,

infl. decks, dcele). The teut. base

dala- cp. also in the synon. goth.

dais, ON. dalr, OSAX. dal, OHG.

MHG. ial (mod. that).

dally vb. me. dalye points to

GOrH. "^daloii OE. '^dalian (= G.

dahleii). The ending y is a

southern continuation of the OE.

infinit. in -ian {= ohg. *talon}).

dam ME. dam{me) oe. '^'davi{nmi)

= G. damm, DU. dam, OX. datninr

(goth. faurdanmijan = oe. foi--

dcfmnan 'dam up).

damage TsVS.. damage', borrowedfrom OFR. damage domage fr.

do7nmage 'harm' (it. dannajo), lat.

type damnatictifn harm' (lat. dam-

num 'loss, injury' under damn).dame iAv..ddine: borrowed from

FR. dame, whence also G. DU.

dame. Source lat. domina 'lady'

(= it. donnci)\ cp. damsel.

damn vh.^\s..dam{p)ne: borrow-

ed from OFR. damner da7)lpner

FR. datnner {= span, datlar, it.

dan/mre) = lat. damnare 'con-

demn, fine' (lat. damnum 'injury,

loss).

damp ME. *damp = du. lg.

damp 'vapor', G. dampf 'vapor,

steam'.

damsel me. damesele damisele:

borrowed from ofr. da^nisele

damcisele = fr. demoiselle. Thesource is MED.-lat. domicella 'a

young lady', lat. type dom(i)ni-

cella, dimin. of dofnina 'a lady'.

dance vb. me daunce daunse:

borrowed from fr. danser, whence

also DU. da?isen, G. tamen, dan.

dandse, sw.dansa. The ofk. dauser

is traced to an ohg. dansbn

'draw, trail'.

dandelion: borrowed from fr.

dent de lion {= span, diente de Ieon,

IT. dente di leone): prop, 'lion's

tooth', so called from the jagged

danger day 55

leaves of the plant (g. loioen-j

zahti)

.

I

danger :me. daunger: borrowedfrom ]'R. danger 'danger'. Source

^

a LAT. type *dovnniariiim 'power'j

from T.AT. dominium 'sovereignty*. '

dank 'damp' ME.^a«>^: borrow-

ed from the Scand. ? cp. sw.

dial, dank 'a marshy piece of

ground' = icel. dgkk for *daniiu

'])it, })ool.

dapper me. daper 'pretty, neat';

cp. ox. dap- 'sad, dreary', DU.

dapper 'brave' , OHG. tapfar G.

tiipj'cr "valiant, brave'.

dapple a spot, dot' a daj)-

pled horse' me. in dappel-gray:

peril. Scand. loanword from

ON. depill 'a spot, dot' {dapi 'a

1)001').

dare me. dar oe. dear I dare'

= GOTH, dars^ OHG. tar. Theteut. \f dars darz is akin to gr.

y'JoaCtTv be bold' — dpaoi'g

'bold and skk. d/i/-s 'dare":

Aryan \~ dhers.

dark me. derk oe. dcorc\ perh.

akin to oiR. derg 'red' : commonbase d/iergo- (cp. also oir. dorche

'dark'?).'

darling me. dcrling shortened

from OE. deorling *a favorite':

cleriv. of dear = oe. deore.

dart :me. dart from oer. dart

] R. dard (= span. it. dardd);

of telT. origin: oe. darod, ox.

darradr also shorter darr.

dash vb. :me. dasshe; corre-

sponding to ])AN. diiske (=r sw.

das/ia) 'slap, strike'. Scand.origin of the E. word (oE. *i/as-

cian ""daxiaii) is improbable,

E. sh pointing to a hereditary

Word.

date^ 'an epoch, given point

of time' ME. deite from the synon.

FR. date (:med.-lat. datum, whenceg. datuni).

date- 'fruit of the palm' :\IE.

date: borrowed from OFR. date

= FR. datte: source lat.-gr.

dactylus, whence also G. dattel,

DU. dadel.

daub vb. me. daube: borrowedfrom OFR. dauber 'whiten' from

'^dalber = lat. dealbarc 'whiten,

plaster" (lat. albus 'white').

daughter me. daughter oe. do/itor

=: DU. dochter, OSAX. dohtar, OHG.

'

mhc;. tohter g. toe/iter, on. dottir,

GOTH, dailhtar: ident. with the

synon. lith. dukti, OSLOV. diisii:

Arxanbasc d/iukter; anAryan base

dhugater appears in gr. i)xyu.-

xr,(j, SKR. duhitdr, avest. duydar

'daughter', skr. <///////f/r 'daughter'

is traced to the skr. \^ duh

'milk' and is interpreted as 'the

milk maid'.

daunt vb. y^Y.. daunte: l^orrow-

ed from ofr. donter fr. dompter

= IT. ^/<?w«'tor 'subdue, tame': the

source is \.X}:.domitare (frequent,

of domarc).

day ME. day dai oe. dwj^ =GOTH, dags, OHG. MHG. tac(g) G.

tag, DU. OSAX. dag, on. dagr;

by-forms oe. dogor, ox. ddgr (fr.

dogaz dogiz) : all connected with

the SKR. \^dah (for Aryan dhegh'.

dhogJi) 'burn'. This root appears

also in LIFH. degti 'burn' —

56 dawn — dear^

i/agas daga 'harvest', pruss. dagas

'summer', skr. nidagha- "heat,

summer' (also skr. dhar 'day'?).

The base dhogho-s common to

our day and to lith. ddgas signi-

fied 'the time of the burning of

the sun, the hot part of the

day or year.

dawn vb. late me. daune earlier

dmve OE. dagian = on. daga,

OHG. iai^ai G. iagcn become day';

cp. E. dawning i\ie. dawhige:

deriv. of ielt. daga- under day.

daze \h. iiE. dasY 'stupefy'

from ox. *dasa, refi. dasask (^sk

represents the refl. 'oneself')

'daze oneself = dan. dase, sw.•dasa 'lie idle'. From daze is

deriv. the dimin. dazzle vb.

'overjjower with light'.

deacon :me. dcken from oe.*deacon for diacon {= du. deke/i, o.

diako/i, on. djdku, OFR. diac/ie

FR. diacre, si'ax. it. diacono) :

source LAr. diaconus (gr. iVja'xo-

co^') a servant, a deacon'.

dead adj. me. ded oe. dead =GOTH, daups, OHG. :mhg. tot g.

to(d)i, ON. daudr, OSAX. dod, du.

dood. The common base dan-da is

prop, partic. {dhau-td-) belonging

to the TEUT. verbal \^dan dis-

cussed under die. Cp. death.

deaf ME. //r/ OE. ^/('Vi/" ^ os.oc.

dof, DU. //^^y, OHG. MHG. tonp{b)

'hearing or feeling nothing, dull,

foolish' G. tanb, GOTH. daufs{b)

'deaf, o^.danfr. The meaningsof OHG. MHG. tonp{b) borderingon those of ohg. mhg. tnmp G.

dunim, connection of both groups

is sure;prob. akin to gr. Tv(fX6g

'blind'. Cp. dnmb.deal vb. 'divide, distribute,

negotiate in' jnie. dele oe. ddlan

= OSAX. delian, du. dee/en, i.g.

delen, g. teik7i, goth. dailjan : de-

nominatives of dai/z- (cp. deaf)

like OSLOV. deliti 'divide'.

deaPsb. 'part, portion, indelinitc

quantity, degree or extent, bar-

gain etc' ME. d(l OE. dcel {ddij

= OSAX. del, du. deel, lg. deel,

OHG. :\IHG. G. teil, goth. dails

m. daila f. teut. dai-li{la-) seemsto point to an aryan \P dhai,

proved by osLOV. delil part.

deal'^ sb. 'a board, pkink'

borrowed from du. deeTa board,

threshing floor' = mlg. d^le

'board LG. dele 'a board, floor,

a room'. The corresponding

OHG. dili G. diele 'boarded floor'

corresponds to on. pilj'a, oe.

pel 'board'. Lrrn. //// 'plank in

the boat', oSLOV. tilo 'bottom,

SKR. tala-m 'surface' are cog-

nate.

dean me. den (contr. of *deiiyi)

borrowed from OFR. deleft =FR. doyen : source lat. decdnus

'the chief of ten soldiers or

monks' (= it. deeano , ohg.

techdn G. dechant).

deari me. dere oe. ^/tvr^'beloved,

precious, of great value' =OSAX. dm?-i, DU. dier, ohg. tiuri

'dear, beloved, esteemed, costly'

G. tenei-.

dear- (in Shakesp.) 'fierce,

ferocious' me. der oe. dear 'wild'

:

dearth — deep 57

difterent from dear^. Ident. with

E. deer, G. tier; cp. deer.

dearth :me. dcrthe 'scarcity,

dcaruess' {= OSAX. diurida, OHG.

liurida, on. dyrd, olg. diurthd)

:

deriv. of dear ^ -|- -///formative

of abstract nouns.

death :me. def/i oe. dra/ =GOTH. dauptlS, OSAX. doth, OHG.

iod :\IHG. tdt(d) G. tod, DU. dood,

O'S.daudr: a verbal abstr. noun()f a \~dau (cp. die') with the

abstract suffix teut. pit = lax.

SKR. ///- (Aryan base dhau-tu-s).

debate vb. me. debate: borrow-

ed Irom OFR. dcbatre fiyht,

contend , debate' fr. ddbattre

'contend , debate' (=^ span.

debatir, it. dibattere).

debt sb. earUer det me. dette:

from OER. debtc dette kk. dette

(it. detta) =. r.AT'. debita L sing-.,

orig neut. plur. of lai'. debitum.

debtor :me. dettur from ofr.

detor deteur fr. detteur (ir.

debttore) = lat. debttorem ace.

of debitor 'debtor'.

decay vb. from ofr. decaer

(span, decaer, it. decadere) =EAr. t}-pe *deeadere (instead of

decidere) fall away, perish'.

decease sb. :me. rt'^^/j- borrowedfrom ofr. deces fr. dices = lat.

decessus prop, 'departure.

deceit me. deceit: borrowedfrom ofr. deceit =^ lat. deceptiis

'deceit' {decipere 'deceive' underdeceive').

deceive vb. earlier deceave ME.

deceive : borrowed from ofr. dc-

cever deceveir fr. dece^ioir =^ lat.

decipere 'entrap'. Cp. deceit.

deck vb. borrowed fr. DU.^/^M^;/

'cover'; cp. of. peccean underthatch.

declension from ofr. decli-

iiaisoii (i-R. de'e/i/iaison) beside

FR. dicUnation, E declination fromLAT. declinationeni.

decrease vb. me. decrcse bor-

rowed from ofr. decresser decrestre

decreistre decroistre fr. dicroitrc

(lat. discrescere) = LAr. decres-

cere 'decrease'.

decree sb. :me. decre borrowedfrom ofr. decre decrct fr. de'cret

(sPAX. IT. decreto) = lat. decre-

tiini 'a decree'.

deed :siv.. ded date oe. ded deed =OSAX. dad, V)V. daad, ohg. mhg.tat g. t{h)at, ox. dad, goth. in

^a-deds 'deed', teut. base de-di-

from dhe-ti- from the rEUT.\/"^/(? :

do from XKWKdhe : dho; cp. do.

deem vb. me. deme oe. deman

(= OSAX. dbmian in cz- , DU.

doenien, mlg. ddtnen, ohg. tuonien

JIHG. tuemen, ox. ddma, goth.ga-donijan 'judge, deem'): deriv.

of TEUT. doma- see doom.deep adj. MK. dep OE. </6V/ ^

OSAX. diop, DU. ^/;V/, OHG. /"/^

till/ MHG. G. /Ay, OX. djlipr,

GOTH, diiips. Tiie common teut.

adj. deupa- belongs to a teut.

\^ diip whose by-form dfib

api)ears in oe. dyfan e. dive

and in f. dub. Cj). c\ nir. divfn,

OIR. doiniinfu-domain, LiiH. diibiis

'deep, hollow', OSLOV. ^//i'/'// 'hol-

low' from an arvax \^ diibh : dhhp.

58 deer — derrick

deer jie. der oe. dear 'wild

animal' = ON. dJT 'wild animal',

OSAX. dior , OHG. tior mhg. g,

tier 'animal' ('stag, roe' in the

language of hunters). teut.

deuza- is prob. an adj. used as

sb. signifying 'wild animal'; cp.

OE. dear 'bold, wild' (cp. dea?-).

defeat vb. me. defcte : from

OFR. dcfcter 'annul (ofr. defait

desfeit part, of defairc fr. dl-

fairc\ med.-lat. dcfacerc 'annul,

undo'). See feat.

defile vb. 'make unclean, sully'

a fusion of me. file oe. dfylan

'defile' and me. defoule 'defile':

me. fonle (oE. fuliaii) wk. vb.

'make foul' with parallel form

file (oE. fylcni) has taken the

i,AT.-FR. prefix de-.

defy vb. ME. defie: from fr.

difier (== aiED.-LAT. IT. disfidare

diffidarc 'renounce faith, repu-

diate ). Cj). faith.

delay vb. me. dclaie delaye:

from FR. ddlayer (= med.-lat.

IT. dilata-rc).

delight sb. (orig. deliie) :me.

dellte delit: from ofr. delit. With

the vb. delight ME. delite from

OFR. deliter (it. delcttarc dilettare^

= LAT. delectare 'i)lease'.

dell ME. dellc OE. dell a dimin.

derivative of teut. dala- (under

dale), pointing to a goth. *dalja

f. and corresponding to OHG.

tellia MHG. telle 'ravine' G. (dial.)

delle.

deluge sb. ME. deliige: from

FR. ddluge (= SPAN. IT. diluvio,

LAT. diltiviiwi 'a flood').

delve vb. inie. delve oe. d'elfati

str. vb. = DU. delven, OSAX. hi-

d'eWan, ohg. bi-tclban "bury'. TheTEUT.y^^/tV/^ {Kryandhell'h dhclfl)

is unknown elsewhere.

demijohn from the synon. fr.

datne-JeaiDie = Arab, damagau(orig. tlie town Damghaii in

northern Persia, once famous

for its glass-works).

den short for ME. dene OE. de?iu

dene 'valley'; akin to MDU. dan

'woods, wilderness' and G. tanu

'woods'?

denizen ime. deneseyn denesein:

source anglo-fr. ofr. densein

deinseiu : deriv. of ofr. deiiif (^fr. dans) 'within' and suffix -ein

(= LAT. -amis) ; cp. eitizen.

The fr. word means 'a trader

within the privilege of the city-

franchise as opposed to foreign .

deny vb. ime. denle: from fr.

dinier (.span, dencgar, ir. dene-

gare = LAT. denegare 'deny').

depaint vb. me. depeinte: from

FR. d^peiiidre, Cp. paint.

depict vb. ME. only in part.

depiet = LAT. depictiis , whencealso OFR. depicter 'depict'.

deploy vb. from fr. deployer

(ofr. despleyer despleier, whence

E. display). Source LAT. dis-

plicare.

depth ME. depthe : an abstract

sb. from the ime. adj. dtp; DU.

diepte, on. djfpt, goth. diupi/>a

point to an OE. *d)pp ; cp.

dee/^.

derrick 'a kind of crane' from

DU. Uierryh, short Dirh, also

descrv dike 59

Diederik corresp. to G, Dietrich,

OE. f>hidric 'chief of the people'.

Orig. derrick signified 'gallows'

named from a Dutch hangman.descry vb. i\ie. descrie discrye

'discern' from ofr. descrier {dcs-

criz'e descrivre fr. dicrire) 'de-

scribe'.

desire vb. .me. desire from fr.

disirer (it. desirare = lat.

desiderare 'long for').

desk from fr. disqtie (it. desco

'a table' = med.-lat. discus 'a

table' see under disK).

despair vb. me. despcire from

OFR. dcsperer fr. disesplrer {=i.at. it. desperare) 'lose hope'.

despatch, dispatch vb. from

OFR. dcspcchcr (fr. depecher^

'discliarge, expedite'.

despise vb. me. despise from

OFR. despiser despicer 'despise'

(lat. despicere 'look down upon,

despise).

despite sb. by aphercsis spite

me. despit from ofr. despit despcit

FR. d^pit (it. dispetto = LAT.

despectus 'contempt' see despise).

Despite prep, abbrev. for /«

despite of.

despoil vb. me. despoile from

OFR. dcspoillcr (fr. d^pouiller, IT.

despogliare, span, despojar 'de-

spoil') : source lat. despoliare

'plunder, rob'. See spoil.

destiny destenye destinee : bor-

rowed from FR. dcstinde (it. lat.

destinatd).

deuce a two at cards or dice'

early mod. also dcwce di'us =FR. deux.

devil MF. drrel of. deofol =OSAX. dindal, DU. duivel, OHG.

tiuval tioval mhg. tiiivel (iievel)

G. tmfel; goth. diahaillus i)oints

to LAT. (gr.) diabolus.

dew ME. dcjv OE. dcaw =OSAX. d(7/i, OHG. :mhg. tou (gen.

touwes) G. taUy du. dauw, ON.

dggg (gotu. '''dagg7oa- is wanting).

Perh. cogn. with the 9'KA<.\'~ d/un-

'to flow'.

die sb. (plur. dice); the sing, is

developed from the i)lur. dice.

j\iE. dis usually des 'dice' which is

borrowed from ofr. dez plur. of

det 'die' fr. dd {= span. it.

dado 'a die') from lat. datum

'that which is given antl 'that

which is cast'. See date.

die vb. :me. de'^e die dye: ge-

nerally considered as a scand.

loanword from on. deyja (= osAX.

doian , OHG. mhg. tomven 'die').

An OE. dyym deym (from daujaii)

is not recorded before looo after

Chr. , hence scand. origin is

prob. For the TEUT.\^^/t7/^ cp.

dead, death. hi other Aryanlanguages, osi^ox. da^'iti 'strangle'

and LiTH. dovyti 'torment' are

compared as related (indo-eur.

\fdhew dhimi).

diet mi:, dietc ditUe: from fr.

dicte (span. ir. dieta^^ lai". diuda).

dig vb. ME. digge earlier dikie

OE. dician 'dig': derivative of OE.

dic'-d. ditch'. See dike and ditch.

dike ME. dik{e) oe. die 'a ditch,

channel, dike, wall' =^ mhg.tich G, teich 'fishpond, pond".

6o dill dissever

E. dike and ditch are doub-

lets.

dill 'the two-seeded tare' me.

dille OE. dile ^ DU. dille, ohg.

///// MHG. iille G. dill. Of obscure

origin.

dim ME. OE. dim (w;;/) =OFRis.dim, o^.dimmr: perh. by-form of

the synon. OSAX. thijn {fnni). ATEUT. \fpem (whence G. diim-

meni) corresponds to skr. tatnas

'gloom', LAX. tenchrae (for temesrd)

'darkness'. For the initial gram,

change from th — ^/see doughty.

A PRE -TEUT. \'" dhem may be

found in oiR. de^nc 'darkness'.

dime me. dime 'tithe from FR.

dime (^ Evr. decima 'tenth').

dimple :me. ditupcl =i g. tmupcl

OHG. tumjilo m. 'whirlpool': deriv.

with nasalization from the teut.

\f dup 'be depressed' in deep

and dip\ cp. lith. dinnbu 'be-

come hollow'.

din sb. me. dine oe. dyne {= on.

dynr') 'a din'. Cp. oe. dytinan

:=: DU. deunen , osAX. dnnnian,

ON. dy/jja and the skr. \'" dhvan

dhu/i 'rush'.

dine vb. :me. dine: from er.

diner (= it. disinm-e^ 'dine'. See

dinner.

dinner :me. diner: from er. diner

\

ident. with dine: the infinitive

is used as sb. See dine.

dint :me. dint oe. dynt 'a blow'

= ON. dyntr dyttr 'a dint, stroke'.

dip vb. MR. dippe OE. dyppan\

cp. G. taufen ohg. tonffan (from

'^tonfjaii) 'baptize' and deep.

dirge me. dirige oe. (i i'^ cent.)

dirige 'watches' (cp. »dirige for

ford-farenum« = vigilia pro de-

functis). »dirige, Dominus mens,

in conspectu tuo vitam meam<'

Psalm 5^ was used in the office

for the dead in medieval service.

dirt ME. drit excrement' fr. oe.

icdritan str. vb. = on. drita,

DU. drijteit 'to void excrement :

i^MT.sf drit.

dish ME. dish disch oe. disc a

dish, plate' = osAX. disk 'table',

DU. disch, OHG. tisc G. tisch 'table'.

lat. discus, the source of tee'T.

diskuz, has the meaning 'dish

only jiost-class. (prop, 'disk )

;

cp. also IT. dcsco, ofr. dois 'table'

(fr. dais 'a canopy, dais' see

under dais and desli).

dismay vb. me. dismaie desmaie

{(iemaie esmaie 'dishearten, lose

courage') : from ofr. desmayer

esmayer (it. sniagare from dis-

magare points to goth. magaft;

see may).dispense vb. me. dispense: from

ofr. despenser fr. dispenser (=. it.

spensarc = lat. dispensare 'weigh

out, distribute').

display vb. me. displcic: from

AFR. despleier = fr. diployer

'deploy' (^ iT.jT/zV^'Yzr^, ikiED.-LAT.

displicare 'unfold', whence also

fr. deployer = e. deploy).

dispute vb. ME. dispute: from

FR. disputer (r= lat. it. disputare).

dissever vb. me. dissevere desc-

vere : from ofr. dessevrer (it. dis-

ceverarc fr. a LAi'.type disseparare

'sever').

distaft" — dole 6i

distaff :\IE. distaf orig. dis-staf;

OK. '^//jr-.f^</" 'staff bedizened with

flax' points to a teut. dho- in

MLG. dise f. 'distaff, the bunchof flax on the distaff'. Cp. lat.

fiisus 'spindle' for an Aryan\'~dMs d/iois pointing to a pre-

i.A r. d/ioiso-.

distinguish vb. :sve.. distingwe

distinge: borrowed from fr.

distinguer (eat. distiagiiere).

distrain vb. me. ^//jr/m«e'compel,

constrain': borrowed from ofr.

dc'straindre (lat. distringere 'pull

asunder').

distress .me. distresse destresse:

from OFR. destrece 'distress' =I R. dftrcsse.

disturb vb. me. disturbe desiurbc'.

tVom OFii. destowher (spax.

disturhar , it. disturbare = lat.

disturbare 'disturb')

.

ditch 'a dike' me. diche oe. die:

cquiv. to OSAX. dik 'dam', whenceG. dcich: related to gr. Xhlyoq

'wair ?

ditty ME. diti; borrowed fromofr. diti' 'a story , poem' (eat.

dictatiuii)

.

dive vb. ME. dive oe. dyfan =ON. dyfa, DU. beduiven, lg. beduven :

teut. \P dttb (a by-form of the

tkut. \~ diip) under deep.

dizzy adj. me. disy oe. dysi^

foolish, stupid' = OHG. /ustg,

MDT. a//ysig/i: \^ dtis (tihtis).

Another form of the \'^ diis

appears in oe. drvds (=^ mdu.djvaes DU. djcaas) 'foolish andin G. tor OHG. toro (teut. basedaHZa -^.

do vb. ME. OE. d/m =1 DU. doen,

OSAX. df/an , OHG. MHG. t/lOf!

G. ///////. For the TEUT. \^dS : de

cp. also deed and the suffix

- do VI. The PRE-TEUT. \f dJio '. dlii

has a wide ramification within the

other Aryan languages ; cp.the gr.

\'^ Sri : d^B in Tti>i^ui 'place, put',

SKR. \^d/ia {dadJnwii and dhdnii)

'place, put, do' {iihatr 'creator),

OSLOV. dcjq (and dezdci) 'do,

make', lat, facia. The meaning'j>lace, put' seems to be the ori-

ginal one and the teut. meaningsecondary.

dock sb. origin uncertain; from

the E. word are borrowed G.

dock, DU. dok, s\v. docka, dax.

dok(ke), FR. dock.

doe ME. dp OE. dd; cp. dax.

daa. The oe. word —- generally

considered a loanword from lat.

dama — ])oints to a weak stem

dd/i noni. sing, dd from a teut.

base dai)i , wln"ch is evidently

connected with OFR. dain m. fr.

daiuc f. Peril, a lat. base *ddiius

(assimilated for *ddmus) may be

assumed. Tlie phonology of

the Engl, word may have beenaffected by roe OE. rd.

doff vb. ME. do/fe, orig. imper.

do/ contr. of do of 'put off'; cp.

doji contr. of do on 'put on'.

dog ME. dogge OE. dogga, whenceDU. dog, SW. dogg, G. dogge, FR.

dogue. OE. dogga (recorded about

1050) is a west-teut. duggan-.

dole 'portion, share, lot, fortune'

ME. dpl{e) OE. ddl: equiv. w. dea

(oE. licbr).

62 dollar — dove

dollar sb. a modern loanword

from the continent: DU. daalder;

the source is G. thaler which is

short for Joachwisthaler 'gulden

from Joachi??isihat (Bohemia)

where the coin was first struck

in 1519.

-dom ME. -dom OE. -dpf/l =OSAX. -dom, DU. -do//l, OHG. MHG.

-tuoni G. -tntif. an abstract nounsuffix, orig". a sb. meaning- 'juris-

diction' preserved in doom (and

its deriv, deeni).

domain (poet, by-form deviaiii)

from FR. domaine (lat. dominiuni),

whence also du. domcin.

don see doff.

donkey not found in me. oe.,

appar. a deriv. of dun. Suffix

key of donkey is dimin. as in

monkey. The orig. meaning- of

donkey is 'the little gray one'

(Shakesp. uses dun 'a gray horse').

doom sb. 'judgment, sentence,

decree, law' me. oe. dotn =OSAX. dom, OHG. tuom, ON. domr,

GOTH, dbms 'judgment'; derived

from the teut. sf do in do; for

the w-suffix cp. SKR. d/uhnan

'sacred custom' and gr. S^ffug.

door ME. dp're oe. dor = osAX.

dor, G. /or, GOTH. d(7ur 'gate'; ident.

with OE. duru = OSAX. dura; on.

dyrr plur. corresponds to osAX.

duri plur., OHG. turi plur. door'

G.tilr. The TEUT. bases i/<?;7i;- anddur- (cons, stem) cp. also in

GOTH, daiirbns 'door'. To the

Aryan base dhur belong also lat.

fores, GR. t}v()a, lith. durys andSKR. dur (for dhu-) 'door, gate'.

dot OE. dott 'speck' = du. fris.

dot; cp. LG. dott dotte 'the yellow

of the eg^' and osAX. dddro, du.

dooier, oe. dydritig, OHG. totoro

tutar-ei G. dotter : prim, term for

'the yellow of the <i^''^^^; the

orig. meaning of dydring is prob.

'spot, point in the &^^

.

dote vb. ME. dote dgtie = odu.

dotcn 'mope'; perh. akin to mhg.t/7s(e) 'quiet' — tuzen 'be quiet'

from a teut. \f dtit.

double adj. me. duble: borrowedfrom FR. double (iT. doppio =LAT. duplus); from the fr. source

also G. doppclt, du. dubbel.

doubt ME. doutc: borrowe4 from

FR. doute (it. dotta = lat. dubi-

timi)

.

dough sb. ME. dough OE. ddhig)

= DU. LG. decg, OHG. MHG. teic(g)

G. teig, ON. deig , goth. daigs

'dough': deriv. from a teut. dig

'knead' in goth. dcigan 'mould,

form'; an Aryan sfdhigh cp. in

SKR. dill stroke, smear', lat.

fingere 'shape, form' {^figura

form) and gr. rsT/ng ro7}'0c

'wall'. Cp. lady.

doughty adj. me. dou(g)hty dohti

oe. dohti-'^ ; tlie by-form oe. dyhti\

corresponds to mhg. g. tiuhtig

deriv. from ohg. mhg. ////// an

abstract noun of the verb re-

presented by OHG. tugan = oe.

dugan. The oe. by-form /;7//'/j (cp.

dim = OSAX. thinwi) points to

a primitive teut. \'^fiig.

dove short for me. douve oe.

dilfe; corresponding to GOTH.

diibo, OSAX. duba, ohg. tiiba G. taube.

down dream 63

The TEUT. <////w/- 'dove' is based

on a pre-TEUT. adj. dhubho- 'black'

in OIK. (////' 'black'.

do\vn sb. 'soft plumage': a

Scand. loanword of the me. period

(me. lioitft), borrowed from on.

dtinn = sw. dun, uan. dunn,

whence also G. daune, DU. do/is.

down prep, iind adv., orig.

adoivn (cp. back for abacli) : short-

ened for ME. adoiuie adoun oe.

ofdtinc: OE. dun is hill' and of-

diinc 'off the hill, downwards'.

A TEUT. duna- 'hill' (in mod. lg.

dal is 'dale' and 'down), oe. diin

survives in the Kentish downs

\

cp. DU. duin. Perh. the word is

a Celt, loanword, cp. iR. diin 'a

fortified liill', Gael, dun, w. din

and the Celt, place-names such

as Tarodunum, for which cp. also

town.

doze vb. prob. borrowed from

ON. diisa 'doze'.

dozen aie. dozcine dusain ^ fr.

douzaiiic (ofr. dosaine), whencealso g. dutzend, du. dozijn. TheFr. word is deriv. from douze

(OFR. doze = LAT. duodcc'wi).

draff ME. draf oe. ^/r^^/"; cp.

OHG. ~trah in tlie plur. trcbir G.

trdbcr 'grains, husks' and i)U.

on. s \v. (//-(z/". Cogn. w. i.x\:.fraces :

ARYAN Y^^//w7^-^; cp. also dregs.

dragon me. dragon drago{u)n'.

from FK. dragon 'dragon, stand-

ard' = IT. dragone, i.at. draco{n-)

'dragon'. See drake.

drain vb. me. drcine oe. drc'ag-

nia)!\ a TEUT. \^drau^ appearsin NORTH -fris. druughe 'sieve,

strainer' dL.nd druugin vb. 'strain,

sieve' (nfris. u from teut. au)

and in ditmarsh dorchdroven

'drain', hess. draucn 'drain'.

drake ^ in drakefy oe. draca

'dragon'; cp. synon. ohg. trahho

g. drache =^ oe. draca borrowedfr. LAT. draco. Cp. dragon.

drake- 'male of the duck' me.

drake oe. *draca = lg. (dial.)

j

drake mlg. ant-drake, which points

\

to identity with icel. andriki,

! germ, enterich ohg. antrchho an-

trahho (orig. '"anut A^ trahho^.

The TEUT. drakon- occurs onl}'

in this compound and in the sub-

stituted simple form (the Teut.

word for 'duck' was oe. ccned,

OHG. anut g. ente).

draw vb. me. drawe oe. dragan

= ON. draga', perh. ident. with

GOTH, dragan 'bear, carry', OSAX.

dragan, du. dragcn, ohg. iragan

G. tragen 'carry, bear'. The teut.

\fdrag 'bear' (aryan dhragJi) has

been compared with OSLOV. drii-

zati 'hold'.

dream 'vision' me. dr(m\ an

equiv. oe. dr('am is not recorded

(the synonym is s7C'e/n), but is

to be inferred from oSAX. drom,

du. droom, ON. draumr , ohg.

mhg. troum G. iraum 'dream'.

The meaning 'dream , vision'

attaching to these forms maybe deduced from "deception,

vision' so that teut. drauma- (fur

*draug?na- or ^dhroughwrnd-T)

would belong to the teut.

\'^ drug, seen in osAX. bidriogan

^= OHG. iriogan G. triigen 'deceive'.

64 dieary — drop

dreary adj. me. dreri oe. drcorii

'sad'; corresponding to mhg.

triirec c. trailrig; ohg. triiren

G. tranern 'mourn' belongs perh.

to OE. dri'isian v.. droivse drowze'be sluggisb'.

dregs 'lees' a Scand. loamvord

of the ME. period (me. dregges)

borrowed with the plur. form fr.

the equiv. on. dregg. The teut.

base dragjo- may be a pre-TEUT.

dhraki- which is also jiossible

of i,AT. /races 'dregs' (lat. /' =ARYAN c//; as Mwditx distaff); cp.

also PRUSS. dragios 'dregs' (perh.

Teut. loanword?).

dress vb. me. drcssc borrowedfrom FR. dresser (oFR. drescer

drecier; lat. t}"pe directiare).

drift sb. 'driving, impulse' me.

drift 'act of driving, drove, im-

pulse': deriv. from c/r/Vv with t-

suffix; cp. DU. drift 'drove, tlock,

course, current, artlor', c;. trift

pasture', ON. drift dript 'snow-

drift'. See drive, drove.

drink \b. me. drinke oe. drincan

=^ 0'>\y.. drillkan, du. i.g. drinken,

OHG. triiichan mhg. g. triiiken,

ON. drekka , goth. drigkaii : a

common teut. str. vb. FromTEUT. comes the Roman groupIT. trincare, fr. triiiquer 'hobnob'.

The TEUT. \^dreiik {Arynn d/ire/ig)

does not appear outside of

Teut.

drip vb. ME. drippc OE.dryppan:

associated with oe. *dreopaii

ME. drepe 'drop, fall' = OSAX.

driopan, DU. druipen, ohg. tiiufan

MHG. G. triefeii, ox. drjilpa 'droj),

drip'.

drive me. drive oe. drifan str. \h.

= OSAX. driban 'drive, banish,

perform', du. drijvcn drive, do,

fl)^ swim' , ON. drifa 'hasten',

GOTH, drciban 'drive', OHG. trtbau

MHG. triben G.ireiben. For the teut.

\fdrib (ARYAN dhribhl d/irfpl)

cp. also drift.

droll adj. perh. borrowed fr.

FR. drotc 'odd, queer, funny'. Cp.

G. drollig from LC;. drul/ig, nu.

drotlig; not found in the older

languages.

drone sb. ME.drt'iiOK. dniii (plur.

drdii). The synon. ono.^treiio

MHG. tretie G. drohne, osax. dran

plur. draiii (dan. drone is a con-

tinental loanword) are evidently

related, but not phonetically

identical; oe. dran points ti:)

GOiH. ''drainiis, while ohg. trino

points to GOTH. *drina. AnAryan \-^ dhren cp. in (tR. Tf i'-

i)^?jv/] 'a species of wasp' —also dvdQijvi] 'woodbee'— Laco-nian d^gm'a^ 'drone'.

drop vb. ME. droppc oe. droppian

also dropian and droppetian (=r)\j . droppen, G.tropfeii): afrequent.

deriv. of the orig. str. vb. OE.

dreopan me. drepe = osAX. drio-

pan, uu. druipen, OHG. triufan

MHG. G. triefen, on. drjiipa 'drop'.

See drip and drop.

drop sb. 'a globule' me. drgpe

OE. dropa = OSAX. dropo, du.

drop, ON. drope, OHG. tropfo; the

OHG. by-form tropfo (g. iropfen).

points to a teut. base druppon-.

dropsy — dung 65

All derivatives of the teut.

\'~driip. See drop^.

dropsy me. dropsy dropesie short

for idropsie hynhopsic: borrowedfrom FR. hydropisie (lat. hydro-

pisis) .

drought ME. drought older

drougth drught OE. drilgod 'dry-

ness': deriv. from oe. driigian

'become dry' and teut. adj.

driigi in dry.

drouse (drowze) vb. me. *drouse

OE. drds(i)an 'become slow or

sluggish' = MDU. droosen 'doze';

cp. I.G. driinse(l)n 'slumber' drunsen

'low' (of cattle) ; akin to oe.

dri'osan = goth. driusan 'fall'.

See dreary.

drove sb. 'herd, road for

sheep or cattle in droves' me.

dr(we earlier drpf oe. ^/rc^ 'drove'

:

deriv. from W\^y^ drib in drive.

drown vb. me. droune; short

for ME. druncne (also dissimil.

drimkle^ oe. drunciiiaii sink' : a

passive formation of the teut.

verb drink.

dry ME. dric dryc oe. dry-^e

from TEUT. driigi-, as shown byoe. drtigod = mod. e. drought.A TEUT. by -form draugi- (or

draugu-^ is seen in oe. drij^e

.ME. dreic and in DU. droog,

LG. drdge (by the side of lg.

dryge, north-fris. driltigJi). All

with the same meaning, whichappears also in the related g.

trockcn (oHG. truckivi). Cp. ok.

draugr 'a dry log'; ohg. propernouns e. g. Druhi-kUnga provea TEUT. druhi 'dry'. An Aryan

English Etvmologv.

\fdhruk \% probable and ohg.

trucka7i would point to a by-

form Aryan dhrfig.

duck sb. ME. douke oe. dtke:

akin to oe. '^dilcan under duckvb.; hence ^/«r/5 prop. 'the diving

one, diver'; cp. T>A.T>i. dukaud ''^g.s.-

duck', G. tauchenie.

duck vb. ME. doukc ; an oe.

*ducan may be inferred fr. du.

dtiiken, ohg. tiihhan mhg. tiichen

G. tanchef?.

due adj. me. diie from fr. dfi

m. due f. ofr. deu m. deue f. (=IT. debutd) ; cp. med.-lat. *dcbu-

tu7n debuta for debitufn.

duke me. duke from fr. duc\

with the deriv. duchess me.

diichesse short for diichesse = fr.

duchcsse. — duchy (cp. me.

ducherie instead of '''duchie) fromFR. duehi.

dumb adj. me. dof?ib duml) oe.

dumb; GOTH, dumbs, OK. dutnbr

have essentially the same meaningwhile the corresponding G. dunun

(ohg. ^\nG.tuf?ip) signifies 'stupid,

foolish'. Perh. deaf without

nasal (= oe. deaf, goth. daufs)

belongs to the same Aryan\'^ dhtibh, which may be foundalso in gr. tvffXng 'blind'.

dun adj. 'dark, swarthy' me.

dou donnc oe. dun (nn) : an earh'

Celtic loanword (oir. gael.

donti, gall, donuos) ; therefore

not found in other teut. lan-

guages.

dung me. dung doug; cp. ohg.tunga 'dung' c;. dung. ohg.

mhg. tunc 'subterranean weaving

66 dungeon

room'. If 'cave, undergroundroom' is the orig. meaning, gr.

TCiffOC from an Ar}'an dhii^hwos

may be allied.

dungeon sb. me. dongeon don-

jou7i\ loanword from ofr. do7i-

geon dongon dofijon fr. donjon

(med.-lat. do7nnione7n 'a com-manding tower' fr. a lax. type

dominioncm\ cp. lat. dominiutn

under domaiit).

dusk ME. desk OE. dose (of

rare occurrence, but also seen

in the deriv. vb. dusciaii). Akin to

the sw. dial, dnskug 'misty'.

A TEUT. base duska- admits of

relation to lat. fuscus 'blackish,

dark' (base d/insko-?).

Dutch orig. meant Germanincluding Dntch\ for down to

1600, Dutch was considered

a dialect of Germany. Dutch

corresponds to G. dcutsch = mlg.

dildcsch, mhg. diutsch tiutsch tiusch

OHG. diutisk (osAX. thiudisce liudi

'Germania').

dwarf ME. dwcrgh dwcrugh

OE. dweorhig) = DU. dwcrg,

OHG. MHG. twerc(g) getiv'erc G.

zwerg, ON. dwergr m., sw. dan.

dz'erg. TEUT. base dw'crga-

belongs prob. to the teut. \^drug'deceive', hence dioarf prop,

'deception, vision'.

dwell vb. ME. dwcllc late OE.

dwelian : scand. loanword from

ON. dvelja 'delay, stay' = oho.

twellan (and t^val^n) 'linger'.

dye vb. ME. die dcie dej^e OE.

dcagian : derived from uE. dr'ah(g) ',

a TEUT. daiiga is not found

elsewhere.

E

each ME. (eh earlier (Ich OE.

(hlc orig. d-gilic ^ OHG. iogilih

MHG. iegelteh G. jeglich\ cp. ohg.

inanno-giUh 'every man' — 'imbo-

gillh every woman' etc.

eager me. cgi-e : adapted from

OFR. eigre 'keen, sharp'. Source

LAT. acre (aeer).

eagle me. cgle: loanword from

FR. (liglc, source lat. aquila.

eanling'lamb'(Shakesp.) points

to an OE. ean 'lamb'; c^. yean.

ear^ sb. me. ere oe. (W/v= teut.

base auzbn- in goth. ausb, osax.

ohg. bra g. ohr , du. oor. AnAryan base aus- cp. in lat.

auris, GR. ovg, Russ. SLOv. ueho

'ear';perh. cogn. with hear. —

Hence earwig me. (r-wigge oe.

car-wigga.

ear- sb. (of corn) me. (r oe. car

contr. from *eahor (Northumbr.

<?////^r)^ TEUT. base ahaz-; ident.

w. ohg. ahir G. iihre, goth. ahs,

ON. ax, Perh. akin to awns.ear vb. me. ere oe. crian =

earl -

GOTH, arjan, ohg. ci-ian 'plough';

cogn. with LAT. arare, or. dooeiv,

oiR. arahn 'I plough': Aryan\^ ar in lat. arz>um 'field' andin cartJi.

earl me. erl oe. eorl r= on.

jiirl, OSAX. erl. Perh. ident.

witli the TEUT. tribe-name Heruli.

early .me. 4rU o^.drlke; cp. ere.

earn vb. me. erne oe. carnian

=^ OHG. arnon. Perh. traceable

to the Aryan \/'"<7r in Gv..a(jvvi.iat.

earnest me. erftest oe. eornust

=^ OHG. crtiust G. DU. errist 'serious-

ness'; perh. akin to goth.

arniba ;6.&\\ surely'?

earth me. crthe oe. eorde =.

OSAX. irt/ia , OHG. crda G. erde,

GOTH, airpa, on. yi^rrt'; cognate

with OHG. iV^- 'earth' = on.

jorvi 'ground', lat. arvuvi 'field',

GK. fo«Cf to the ground'.

earwig cp. ear"^.

ease .me. (se earlier else fromI'R. aise 'ease'.

east ME. (st oe. (ast\ ident.

with DU. cost, G. osten ; the teut.

base aust- is traced to the

Aryan name of the aurora lat.

aurora, GR. TjcJg, skr. usas: Aryanbase ausos. Cp. Easter.

Easter me. rster oe. {asiro =OHG. ostarfin G. Ostern. Accord-ing to Bcda Venerabilis , in

heathen times the Anglo-Saxonscalled the feast in April after

their goddess Eosire, which is

elsewhere quite unrecorded. The"west-teut. word (base ausiro/7-)

is prob. of the same origin as

east; c]). mth. auszra 'aurora'.

eitrht .67

eat vb. me. etc OE. etan = dueicfi, OSAX. etaii, on. eia, gothitan, OHG. cT^'i^aii G. esse/i. Cpthe Aryan \'^cd in lat. edo, gr

edni.iai, skr. ad, lith. ahni 'eat'

(see also tootli).

eaves .me. roes oe. efes 'eaves';

the e. dial, form oaves (Essex)

points to an oe. '^ofes = ohg.

obasa 'porch, liall', goth. ulnzTi>a

'porch', on. ups 'eaves'.

ebb sb. me. ebbeoz. ebba =1 ofris.

ebba, du. eb ebbe, G. dan. ebbe,

SWED. ebb. Source and history

unknown.

edge ME. egge oe. ecg (infl.

ecge) t:= DU. egge, osax. eggia,

on. egg, OHG. ccka g. ccke. Cogn.with LAT. acies 'point', gr. aY.ic',

cp. SKR. a^ri 'corner', gr. aY.ortc

'jiointed', lith. aszru-s 'sliarp'

:

Aryan \'" ak.

eel ME. OE. el OE. dl = OHG.

al, G. DU. DAN. aal, on. (ill: teut.

base cla- clu- ?

egg sb. ME. egg from ON. egg.

OY..dii (plur. dyii) — ME. f/(plur.

circ^ ^(i'^^ were supplanted by the

SCAND. loanword egg. oe. (BJ^ andON. egg correspond to osax.

OHG. ei, DU. G. ei: teut. baseaia- (ajjiz- ajjaz) perh. related

to LAT. oinini, GR. foo'i' ^^^^

.

egg vb. 'instigate' me. egge

from ON. fggja ''c^j;^ on'; akin

to edge.

eight ME. <:7'(,'-///'<' OE. '^'ehte mostly

eahta =r goth. ahtaii, osax. ohg.

^///<^ G. DU. acht: Aryan baseoktbu okto in GR. oxrw, lat. octo,

skr. asfaii, oiR. ^'r///.

5*

68 eisel — emmet

eisel ME. aisil late oe. aisil (^=

ODU. aisiji) fr. ofr. aisil. Source

a LAT. type acetuliim; cp. oe.

cced 'vinegar' fr. lat. acidimi

'sharp.'

either me. eitha- oe. ckyier

shortened for (ejjiwceder orig.

a -\- y.hwccder\ cp. ohg. io-giwc-

dar 'each of two' and whether.

eke ME. ck OE. ec earlier (ac fr. a

TEUT. auk ^= GOTH alih, OHG.

ouh G. auch. Prop, imperative

of the str. vb. goth. aukan 'add'

(= LAT. augere).elbow ME. elhgivc oe. elboga

earlier eln-hoga = ohg. elinbogo

G. elbogen, du. ellehoog, on. f//z-

/^(?^/: a GOTH, compound ^aleina-

huga 'the bow of the cubit' is

wanting. Cp. ell and bow.eld'oldage, antiquity'(Shakesp.)

me. clde oe. eldo yldo 'antiquity'

:

abstract of old = oe. (fid. —elder adj. me. elder oe. eldra:

compar. of old.

elder sb. (a tree) me. eldre eller

oe. ellarn.

eleven mi:, eulevene oe. infl.

c/idleo/ane cknlifanc \ OE. eudlufon

corresponds to ON. ellifu, OSAX.

elletmn ; cp. goth. ainlif, ohg.

einlif G. du. elf 'eleven'. TheTEUT. numeral ain-lif- is a com-pound of ain ^ one and lif

= pre-TEUT. -lika in lith. vaw-lika 'eleven' (cp. twelve). Theorig. meaning of the numeralwas perh. 'ten + one'.

elf (with the older by-formouphe Shakesp.) me. elf oe. eel/:

TEUT. base alba- also in on. dl/r;

the word occurs in proper namesas OE. ^If-rid = ohg. Alp-rat.

An Aryan albJiu- is found in

SKR. rbhu 'the name of a certain

kind of deity'.

ell ME. elk earlier elm oe. eln

^=^ OHG. eliita G. DU. elk., on.

alin., GOTH, aleina 'ell, cubit'. Apre-TEUT. olena- is found in lat.

ulna, OR. (oXlvrj, OIR. uile 'cubit'.

Cp. elbow.

elm me. OE. elm; akin to on.

dlmr and lat. tihnus (g. ulme is

a LAT. loanword, du. aim is ofr.

(?/w^)

.

else ME. OE. elles adv. 'other-

wise' : genet, of the pron. GiOth.

aljis 'an other' (= lat. allies,

GR. aXKac, oiR. aile, armen. ait);

cp. OE. ele-lende 'a foreign land

,

OHG. eli-lenti "being abroad' andohg. elles 'elsewhere', lat. alias

'otherwise'.

ember-days me. imbn'-dawes oe.

}'?nbren-dagas prop, 'days of pro-

cession'?

embers 'ashes' me. evimeres

cmeres plur. OE. chnyrian plur.

= OHG. eimuria , on. eimyrja

'embers'. Prob. a compound of

a TEUT. type aim-iizjbn \ cp. on.

einir 'steam, vapor' and usli a

conflagration' , mhg. usel iisel

'ashes, embers' fr. an Aryan \^ us

in LAT. urere vb. 'burn' (cp. on.

ysja 'fire')^.

emmet 'ant' me. einet oe. ccmete:

TEUT. base amaitjbn- ^=- ohg.

a7nei-a G. atneise: prob. cogn.

with OHG. etniy^i G. etnsig 'in-

dustrious'.

emperor — ewe 69

emperor me. einperoiir fr. afr.

onpcrur = lat. imperator-cm (but

OE. Cdsere 'emperor' =^ G. kaiser

fr. LAT. Caesai-') ; cp. empire me.

empire fr. FR. empire = lat.

impcrium and empress j^ie. wz-

peresse earlier form emperice fr.

OFR. emperice= lat. imperatrlcc7n.

empty me. empti efiiti short for

OE. o'liitij^ 'empty'.

enchant vb. me. enchaiinte fr.

FR. enchanter = lat. incantare.

end me. oe. emie ^= goth. andcis,

OHG. enti G. ende., DU. if/V?^/.?, on.

^W/; TEUT. base andja-, pre-TEUT.

antyd-; cp. SKR. dnta 'end, limit'

and oiR. tV.

engage cogn. w. gage.

enough me, ingugh {inowe) OE.

5^//t//i (j^enpg earlier lingg') : teut.

base ga-noga- in du. genoeg,

OSAX. ginog , OHG. ginuog G.

^'^^«/<i,'- 'enough'; cp. goth. ganohs

and the goth. vb. ganauhati 'to

suffice' — gaiiaiiha 'sufficiency':

ARYAN v'~«<'?'^ {fl^k').

enter vb. me. ^/;/;r vb.fr. fr.^«-

//YV = LAT. inlrare vb. 'enter.

entire adj. me. entire fr. fr.

entier r= lat. integrum {integer').

envy sb. me. ^//wV fr. fr. etivie=lat. Invidia.

ere 'before' me. /r((?) oe. ckr

(fr. aV/ </;7 teut. airi) 'before';

ident. w. goth. air, ohg. osax.

er G. chr.

ermine sb. me. ermine fr. ofr.

ertnine fr. hermine, which is of

Teut. origin; cp. ohg. harmin

mhg. hermin iwx . The primitive

OHG. harmo (corresp. to lith.

czartnft) means 'weasel'.

err vb. me. errc vb. fr. fr.

errcr = lat. crrarc; henceerrant fr. errant.

errand me. ernde erende short

for OE. cerende = OSAx. drundi.

ohg. drunti 'message'; uncertain

whether cogn. w. goth. (z/;7/j-, ox.

drr, OE. dr, osax. cr 'messenger'.

escape vb. me. escape vb. fr.

oxfr. escaper= fr. ichapper. lat.

type ex-capparc dcriv. from eappa

'cloak'.

evening ^v£..evemnge OK.ce/nntig:

deriv. of eve me. ('Z'e(fi) OE. dfen

('/en] cp. ohg. dbimd G. abend,

OSAX. dhand , DU. avotid; ox.

aptann (swed. a/ion, dan. afteii)

and OE. a^ften 'evening belong-

to the same group : teut. base

ebnd-'^ cftu-1

ever me. ez^er earlier evre oe.

chfre (earlier dbre); the word is

orig. compounded, but only

the i"^' clement is evident; cp.

OE. d 'ever' = GOTH, aiw underaye-. — every me. ez'erl earlier

form everich late oe. afrdlc.

everywhere me. ei'cr iwMre oe.

(efre-iehiacer.

evil adj. me. evel prop, ivel oe.

yfel: teut. base ubila- in goth.

ubi/s, osax. ubil , OHG. zibil G.

ilbci, DU. euvel; cogn. w. ohg.

uppi G. ilppig and perhaps w. teut.

nber = over.

ewe ME. nve oe. eozvu (not

ioiini, which would be me. *<?<:'<') :

teut. base awi- 'sheep' in du.

i

ooi, ON. d-r 'sheep' and cp. goth.

70 ewer — fair

aivcpi 'flock of sheep' and awisir

'a sheepfold'; cp. OHG. ou (plur.

ou7of) fr. a TEUT. base awwi-.

A base owi- occurs in other

Aryan languages : skr. dvi, lat.

oris, GR. otg (*o/'e)j LITH. avis

'sheep', oSLOv. ovica, OiR. (j^'sheep'.

ewer me. (iver fr. afr. *ewiere

VK.aigiiil're: source lat. aquarium

'vessel for water', whence also

OHG. ahhari, du. lg. akcj- 'pitcher,

bucket'.

expound me. expou/ie vb. fr.

ovK.espondre: source lat. exponere,

whence also ohg. spunon 'inter-

pret, expound'.

eye me. eie earlier e'^e OE. cage :

TEUT. base augon- in goth. augo,

OHG. ouga G. auge , osax. oga,

DU. oog, on. auga (under 7vin-

doiv). As shown by the teut. vb.

'^aujan pret.*a7mda (= oe. ywaucowde) for '^agwjan '^agwida 'to

show', TEUT. augon- is transformed

(by the influence of teut. auzon-

= ear) from an earlier ag^oon-:

ARYAN base okon- fr. a primitive

stem ok 'eye' ; cp. lat. oc-ulus,

OSLOV. oko, LITH. akis, GR. 0(T(Jf

'the eyes' (fcjr '''okje) ; skr. <?;('//•

eyot sb. :\iE. eiet oe. /j^/ com-monly ij^od: deriv. of OE. ?j i]^

'island', which answers to on. ey,

OHG. outva 'island' (teut. aiijo-

fr. agwjo- dcriv. of GOTH, cthwa

= LAT. aqua 'water').

fable ME. fable fr. fr. fable ^LAT. fabiila.

face ME. fa^'e fis fr. fr. face ^=^

LAT. fades.

fade (Shakesp. e/a^^/t') vb. me.

fade vb. fr. the FR. adj. fade(whence also Q. fade, ouu. vadde).

Source a lat. type ''fatidns in-

stead oi fatuus 'foolish'.

fail vb. iiE. faile vb. fr. FR.

faillir (source lat. fallere),

whence also du. vcilen, mhg.

vNen G. fchlen.

fain adj. me. fain oe. fcej^en

'glad' = OSAX. fagan, on. fegimi

adj. 'glad'; cp. goth. /a^/w;? 'to

enjoy' and fahefs joy', which is

ident. w. OHG. gifeho 'jo}-' or

more accurately w. oe. ^/fea

(contracted fr. *gifeaha = *gi-

faho) : teut. \~feh (Aryan pek)

in oe. lefeon (pret. lefeali) =OHG. gifehan 'to enjoy'.

faint adj. we., feint fr. ofr. feint

partic. oi feindre', c^. feign.

fair adj. me. fair oe. fceier ^=

:= GOTH.yvz^;'i''fit',OHG. osw.fagar,

on. /a^r. According to goth.

gafahrjan 'to prepare , there

exists a teut. \/~feh also in g.

fegen ohg. fv;^w^ vb. 'cleanse';

cp. ON. fdga and ohg. fuoganG. /r/^^"//, OE. lefeian.

fair sb. 'market, festival' me.

fairy — fast 71

fe.irc fr. afr. feire = FR. foire]

source LAT. feria 'a holiday',

whence also OHG. frra G. fcier

'ceremony' {J'eiertag 'holiday').

fairy .me. fa'iric fr. ofr. faerie

'encliantment'; cp. fay-faith sb. -MK. faith feith (with

the by-form fai fei) fr. A¥^. feid

fcid (with the by-form/^/ = fr.

foi). Source lat. fides — fde^n.

falcon si). ME. faukoun fr. fr.

faitcon. Source late la'J'. fxlco-

iicm, whence also OHG. falko G.

falke, o-ii.falke, DU. valk 'falcon'.

fall vb. ME. falle oe. fallaii

{fealla/i) =: ohg. osax. falia/i,

ON. falla str. vb. 'fall': teut.

\ffall = Aryan \f~pal in lith.

/'///// (pres. p'lilii) 'to fall'; cp.

also GR. aifdXXouai 'to fall'?

fallow adj. u^. falwe oe. fealo

y:;c\\.f'alwes = TEUT. h^.se. falwa-

in ON. fg/r, du. vaal, ohg. falo

G. fili/ 'jjale, fallow'. Cogn.

w. LAT. pallidus '[jale' — pullus

'dark', GR. Tinhog 'gray', skr.

pa/iia 'gray' ;. the TEUT. adj. has

the same suffix as OSLOV. plavii,

i.iTH. palvas 'fallow'.

false adj. mk. late oe. fals fr.

OFR. fah -~ FR. faux', source

LA'i'. falsiis 'false'.

fame .mk. fame fr. fr. fame ^rr

i.A'i'. faiiia 'report'.

famine me. famin(e) fr. fr.

famine: deriv. fr. lat. fames

hunger'.

fan ME. OK. fan (nn): borrowedduring anglo-sax. times fr. l.\t.

7'atinns (in the vulgar pro-

nunciation /i/////«.<; cj*. G. vers =r

lat. versus) ; G. wanne is an

earlier loanword fr. \.K\\ vannus.

fancy short for me. fantasie =ofr. fantasie (lat. phantasia).

far adv. me. fer ferre oe.

feor feorran] cp. goth. fairra

adv., ohg. fcrro G. fern, du.

ver, o-ii. fjarri'i^x \ cogn. w. GR.

niouv 'beyond', SKR./ir/zvz 'distant',

armen. heri 'far'.

fardel me. fardel fr. ofr. fardel

= FR. fardcau 'burden, load'.

fare vb. me. fare oe. faran

str. vb. = GOTH, faran, on.fara,

ohg. osax. faran mhg. varn G.

fahren, uu. varen: teut. \'~far

1= ARYAN \'~por in GR. TJOfjtvouai

I travel, I go'.

farm "siz.ferme 'repast, banquet,

rent, farm' oe. feonn 'banquet,

food, subsistence'; cp. OE.feortnian

vb. 'sustain, feed, support' bor-

rowed fr. LAT. firmare 'to makestrong' (tirmare alqm. cibo atque

potione).

farrow me. farh '\oung pig'

OE. fearh 'pig' = ohg. farah

(g. ferkel, du. varkeii) : teut. base

farha-= pre-teut. porko- in GR.

7r6(j/.Oi^, h.\T. poreus, wru. pdrszas,

OSLOV. prase, oir. ore 'pig'.

farthing ME.ferthing short for

ferthing oe. feordung {feording

feordling') 'the fourth part, farth-

ing': deriv. of OE. feorda'iowriW,

cp. ./'('//-'' and OHG. fordung.fashion .me. fagoun i^fassouii)

fr. FR. fafon = lat. factio{nefn).

fast adj. ME. fast oe. feest =OS. fastr, DU. vast, OHG. /.r.y// adj.

{fasto adv.) g. /^-i-/" 'fast': teut.

72 fast — feeble

fastu-, Kxy2ca. postii in armen. /?rt'iY

'fast'.— fastvb. uz.fasteOK.fcesta7i

= GOTH, fastaii , G. fasten, du.

vasten, ox. fasta: prop, derivedfrom the adj. with the orig. mean-ing 'make firm, observe'.

fat adj. -ME./?/ itt) short for-OE.

fceti prop, fdted = teut. basefaitida- in ohg. feiyt o. feist,

OSAX. fetid LG. g. /(?^/ 'fat', DU. vet:

prop, partic. of a teut. vb.

''^faitjan. The base is a teut. adj.

faita- 'fat' in mhg. ?r/-, on. feit/-

:

Aryan \'~/id cogn. w. \^j>i in

gr. 7iio)v mcf.QOQ 'fat' ^= skr.

pivan —pwara 'fat' (skr. v/^/jv?).

fatal ME. fatal fr. fr. fatal;

cp. fate ME. /?/t' =: OFR. fate.

Source lat. fatnin — fatalis.

father me. fade?- oe. feeder =GOTH, fadar (commonly atta),

org. fater G. vater, Osax. fadar,DU. vader, ON. fadir: teut. basefader- = Ar}an base pater- in

LAT. pater, gr. naTijp, skr. //A?r

and oiR. rr/////-, armen. //t///-; all

equivalent.

fathom ME. fdthem oe. Z^^^;//

'embrace, extended arms, fathom,cubit': ident. w. on. fadmr, du.

vadeni 'a fathom' = ohg. faduviG. faden 'a fathom, a thread':

TEUi. base fapma- fr. an Aryan

V""/"'^ in GOTH. /(7/a 'hedge' =MHG. ew^/i? 'fence' and in gr.

ntxdvvv(.a 'I extend'.

fault ME. faute fr. fr. faute.

favor ME. feizwur = fr. faveur.fawn sb. me. faun prop. />?-<?«//

fr. FR. faon 'a fawn': source aLAT. iy\)Q fi'tdnus, deriv. oifvtiis.

fay fr. fr. //^; cp. mhg. feie

fr. OFR. /tvV : source a lat. /ar/<a'

= fatum.

fear me. //r^ oe. fdr 'a suddenperil, fear' ^ osax. far, Ohg.

fara 'treason, danger' G. gefahr'danger'; goth. '^fh-a is the sourceoiferja 'a spy' : Aryan \fper also

in LAT. perieuhwi 'danger', gr.

nsYon 'trial

.

feast ME. feste fr. ofr. feste =FR. fete: source lat. festa.

feat ME. fet by-form feit fait

fr. FR. fait = LAT. factutn.

feather short for me. fethcr

OE. feder r= du. veder , osax.

fethara, ohg. fedara G. feder,

on. 75'6'^r 'feather': teut. base

fepro-, Aiyan petra-; cogn. w.

GR. TiTfoov feather, wing', skr.

pdtatra?n 'wing' — patra 'feather'

:

Aryan \^pet in skr. \rpat 'to

fly', also in lat. penna (prop.

'''petsna) 'feather'.

feature U'^.frtilre fr. ofk. friture

=- LAT. factiira.

fee sb. ME. /d' OK.feo/i (gen./cwdat. fed) prop, 'cattle, property

in cattle' ; ident. w. goth. faiJui,

ON. fi 'cattle, property', ohg.

fihu g. vieh 'cattle': teut. fchnAryan p^ku neut. in skr. pdpineut. 'cattle ; cp. skr. pa(ii

masc, LAT. peeiis 'cattle" (hence

peeftnia 'money').

feed vb. ME. fede oe. feda/i

fi'dan : TEUT. base fodjan underfood.feeble adj. me. feblc fr. ofr.

fcible foible = fr. faihle.

feel fetlock 73

feel vb. ME. fde oe. felan fdlanwk. vb. fr. a teut. base foljan in

OSAX. gifbljan., du. voc/cn, ofris.

fiVa, MHG. vi'iclcn G. fiihlen vb.

'feel'. Perh. cogn. w. lat. palma,

03A.\. OE. y»/w 'hand': \~pal.

feign vb. we., feine fr. ?r. feimirc

'to feign' : source lat. fingere.

fell sb. me. oe. fel{ll) : teut.

base /t7/(?- in goth. fiU, on.

/dV/, OHG. fcl(ll) G. Z^"//, DU. vel.

Cogn. w. LAT. /^///jT skin' : \fpel

also in film.

fellow sb. ME. fclawe late oe.

y'fV'A/;./; borrowed h. on. ft!lage',

cp. ON. fe-lag 'companionship,

cissociation', lit. 'a laying to-

gether of property' (on. fi 'pro-

perty' r= e. fee).

felly {felloe) me. /<;'//f (felwe)

oe. /t'/g^ (felgan) =^ ohg. /^'4'''?

G. felge, DU. radvelgc. skr. par^u

'rib' is compared.

felon -ME. felouii Ijorrowed fr.

FR. /i'/t*;/ 'a traitor fr. med.-lat.

fello{ne7n) feld{nem).

felt ME. OK. felt; cp. the synou.

OHG. G. yf/s MHG. e'i/s, DU. 7'ili,

s\v. dan. y?//": teut. feltaz *f/tiz

^rora a pre-TEUr. *peldos. Felt

is prob. related to osLov. pliisti

'felt'. The synon. Rom. wordsit. feltro, FR. feutre (med. - la r.

fltni?;t) 'felt' are ofTEUT. origin.

fen ME. OE. fen(nn) : teut. base

faiija- 'morass' in the synon.

GOTH, fixni, uu. vcen, on. /<//,

OHG. fcnni.

fence sb. short for defence. —

fend vb. ME. fendc] also abbre-

viation of defend.

fennel me. fenel oe. final:

borrowed fr. hkl. fcnkulumfcnu-culum (whence also fr. fenouil,

IT. finocchid) ; DU. venkel , ohg.

fcnahhal fcnihhal G. fcnchel are

earlier loanwords.

fern shortened for me. fcj-n

OE. fearn fcarn = G. fain, du.

varcn. The teut. base farna-

'fern' is ident. w. skr. pai't.ia

'wing, feather, leaf; cp. GR.

TTTSQOv 'feather — nTspic 'fern.

ferret borrowed fr. fr. furet

{-r^ IT. furettd), which is a deri-

vative of lat. ///; 'thief. FR.

furet is also the source of DU.

fret, G. frett usually frettchcn.

ferry sb. me. ferie: it is un-

certain whether it is a genuine

E. word (oe. *ferie) or a Scand.

loanword (on. ferja); cp. G.

fdlire, DU. veer. Source tlie

verbal sTf^'' i'l f<ii'C-

ferry vb. me. ferie oe. fcrian

'carry' = ON. ferja 'carry', goth.

farjan 'travel'; cp. fare.

fetch vb. s\z. fecche with the by-

form fete (pret. fette) oe. feccan

fctjan ea.r\ier fetian (prei.fetode)',

E. -tc/i ME. ecA is developed fr.

OE. tj {^fetjan earlier fetian, west-

'lEUT. fetojaii). There exists a

TEUT. sffetxw OE. sidfiCt 'journey',

ON. fet 'step, pace'; E. footbelongs to the same Aryan

\fped.

fetlock orig.'the tuft of hair be-

hind a horse's pastern-joint'.

.ME. fitlock fetlack: a genuine E.

74 fetter fight

word ident. w. mhg. fiz,lach fiy-ioc/i, deriv. of mhg. fc"^el G.

fessel 'pastern of a horse' whichseems to be cogn. w. telt.

fbt = E. foot; cp. LAT. pes

pedent 'foot'.

fetter sb. me. fcter oe. fetor

= OSAX. fetur, on. fjoturr, du.

veter, ohg. fe-^ytra mhg. ve"^er\

cogn. \v. i.AT. pedicel., gr. xrtJ//

'a fetter' and perh. w. G. fassen

'catch': Aryan \fped pod.

fever me. fever fefre oe. /cy^-r

{= OHG. febar G.fieber^ : borrow-

ed fr. LAT. febris febrevi, whencealso FR. fih're (=^ rr. febbre).few adj. me. /i«v oe. fUnve

pkir. represents a 'Jeut. '^fauwai

and is ident. with org. yiV;^

plur. of a T-Evr. ^f(7tih(7ii)a-: Aryanadj. fauqo- in lat. pauats. Cp.

also GOTH, fawai plur. with

ON. /r?-;- (dan. /<?^ sw. fd; ME.

/i? is Scand. loanword); osax.

fahc 'few', indo-eur. \'~ />au in

OR. navio cease'?

fey (SC.) 'doomed to die' me.

fete oe. fcB^e = on. feigr, osax.

/"(^^Z 'doomed to die*; du. veeg

'about to die' (ohg. feigi 'daring-,

petulant' G. feige 'cowardly')

:

TEUT. base faigi-.

fickle ME. fikel oe. fieol fromOE. j^efc 'fraud'; cp. OE. fdcen

fraud, deception', o?,.\x. fekan =ohg. feihhan 'deception' : teut.

sffik faik, prop, faih in goth.

bifaihbn vb. 'defraud' and faih

sb. 'deception, fraud'. There

exists an Aryan \fpik in skr.

pifuna 'treacherous'.

fiddle me. fthel oe. fidele =s}-non. OHG. fdula mhg. videle G.

fiedel, on. fidla, du. vedel: the

whole group is based on a

westteut. ffuhr =- fr. viole, it.

SPAN, viola. Source a vulgar

LAT. vitula (in a late pronun-

ciation fdnla'f).

field -ME. oe. feld; e stands for

TEUT. < before ld\ cp. ohg. osax.

fcld g. feld, DU. veld. The teui'.

stem 'felpn- is related to oe.

fplde, OSAX. folda 'earth'. A pre-

teut. adj. Pit/ill- is found in

SKR. prthu 'broad' and frtkivt

'earth'; cp. GR. nKaxvc, oiR. lethan

'broad, ixin. flatus. Perh.//(7/

is cognate.

fiend ME. fend oe. feond =goth. fjands, on. fjdndi, OSAX.

fiimd, OHG. MHG. viafit G. feind.

The sb. is prop, a pres. partic.

of the vb. GOTH, fjan (oe. feoym,OHG. ficn 'hate'). A correspond-

ing verbal \~pty hate' occurs

in SK.R. ; therefore fend orig.

meant 'the hater'. Cp. friend.

fierce me. fers: borrowed fr.

OFR. fers fiers , regular forms

fer per = fr. fer (lat. ferns

'wild').

fifth OE. fifda cp. five.

fig ME. fg borrowed fr. fr.

fgue = LAT. ficus, whence also

OE. fic-treo 'fig-tree'.

fight vb. ME. fighte OE. feohtan

str. vb. = DU. vechten , ohg.

felitan G. fechteti: teut. \rfe/it}

filei fire 75

file^ 'a string, list, order';

l)(>rro\vcd from fr. file 'a line,

rank, row'; source h\'£.flliim 'a

thread'.

file^ 'a steel rasp' me. file oe.

/V usually fcol (contracted from

fiihil) ; cp. OHG. Ji/iala mhg. 7nle

G. feile , DU. vijl. Connection

with ON. J>d pel 'file' is uncer-

tain.

fill vb. ME. fille OE. fyllan wk.

vb. = OSAX. fiillian, du. vullen,

OHG. fulleii G. /alien, on. fylla:

(lOTH. TKUT. fulljan 'fill' is deriv.

fr. the TEUT. adj. fulla- =; E.

fic II.

filly loanword fr. on. fylja 'a

filly', which is a dirain. of ox.

fflli = Y.. foal.

film y^Y.filme oe. filmen fylnien

;= (JERis. filmen from a teut.

dimin. b-eiso. filmina- which points

to a more primitive teut. felma-,

cogn. w. E. fell.

filter vb. borrowed fr. FR.

filtrer 'strain through a felt' fr.

\\)^.\i.-\.\'\'.filtrutn feltrmn 'felt'; cp.

felt.

filth ME. filtJie short for OE.

fylii'. abstract formation of oe.

fill = E. foul', cp. OHG. fidida

= CJOTH. 'ftilipa.

fin sb. ME. OE. fin (n?i) ; cp. du.

7>in, sw. />«^ 'a fin' ; cogn. w.

\.\T. peniia p'mna 'featVier'.

finch ME. fineh oe. fine fr. a

TEUT. base finki-; cp. du. 7'ink,

OHG. e'zV/yJr' G. fink. Observe the

similarity of sound (jf the Rom.words for 'finch': it. pineionc.

FR. pinson and e. dialect, pink

pi/nil.

find ME.f/mle oe. findan str. vb.

= synon. goth. finpan , ox.

finna, osax. findan ftthan , du.

vinden, ohg. findan G. findefi:

teut. \ffenp finpox by Verner's

law fend find is pre-TEUT. /<'«/

in the synon. IR. vb. tV<7/w 'I

find'.

fine adj. me. fine borrow'ed fr.

FR. fin (whence also mhg. vin

G. fein, DU. fijii)' Source lat.

finire vb. 'complete'.

fine sb. ME. fine from lat.

finis 'a fine', lit. 'a final pay-

ment'.

finger me. oe. finger = goth.

figgrs, o^. fingr, mv. vinger, OHG.

fingar G.finger : teut. ha%efingra-,

perh. allied to five (Aryan

penqe)

.

finish vb. me. finisshe fr. ofr.

finiss- base of some forms of fr.

finir (uAT. finire) 'end, finish'.

fir ME. firre; perh. a Scand.

loanword : ox. fyra rare b} -form

oS. fura 'fir. There is a teut.

name of the tree fiirh-'. oe.

fiirh, OHG. forha G. fohre; cp.

pre-TEUT. /^;-^' (jerq in lat. (///tv-

r«jr 'oak.

fire ME. //;- OE.fyr: contr. of

WESTTEUT. fiiir = osax. OHG.

fiiir commonly osax. OHG. fiur

MHG. viur G. feuer , du. 7<uur.

The ir of osax. ohg. ffiir (cp.

ox. fiirr fyrr) is suffix; /// fr.

pre-TEUT. pit- is the root : OX.

fiir-r, GR. Tiv-(}, Umbrian pi-r,

ARM EX. liu-r point to a common

76 first fleam

base pu-r\ skr. sTP''' 'flame',

whence pavakd 'fire'.

first ME. first oe. fyrst fr.

'^fyrcst = TEUT. farista- in ohg.

furist (cp. G. filrst, DU. ?'6';'y/'

'prince'), on. fyrstr 'first'; the

original word for 'first' is osax.

foniw = OE. forma with /'/w-

suffix (goth. fru-vui) from indo-

EUR. //- ; cp. GR. TipotlOC, SKR.

ptirva-s, o-iUiY.prilvil^ U.TW. ph'tnas

'first'. Cp. former.fish ME. yi^.y// oe. _^V (and /'•y^-)

= GOTH, fisks, ON. fskr , OHG.

OSAX. yfj'/J G. y/jr/i. TEUT. fska-z

from pre-'i'EUT. pisko-s agrees

with \.^):.piscis; the corresponding

oiR. iasc points to pre-historic

*peiskos.

fist ME. fist short for fist oE.

/)•.</ Ir. 'rEUT. *fiisti(z) r=r ohg.

//2.f/' G. faust, DU. ?'«/j-/ 'fist'. If

connected with synon. lat. piig-

7ms and GR. Ttvy/Loj, westteut.

/ihti- stands for fuhsti- == pre-

I'EUT. piik-sti piig-sti- ?

five ME. five oe. fife; without

inflection OE. fif from teut. fi?nf

= GOTH, fimf, OSAX. /{/, DU. vijf,

OHG. y?«/ MHG. Vilnf G. //^///,

ON. ^///w (uAN. sw. /^?/'i) : pre-

TEUT. ph}ipepinqc (for the shifting

of INDO-EUR. q to / see fir

,

four, too If)', cp. SKR. panea,

GR. ntvrs {ntjiins nsjunTOc), lat.

quijique (for '^pinque), lith. penkl,

OIR. ^wV, CYMR. //w/.

flag sb. 'an ensign' = Q.flagge,

DU. eV^i'', DAN. y/^?<«,'', sw. fiagg: a

modern word, not found in the

OTEUT. periods.

flail ME. fail fleil oe. '^fieiel

(once recorded as fiiieP) =^

OHG. fiegil G. fiegel, DU. vlegel: a

WESTTEUT. loanword from lat.

fiiigellicm 'whip, flail', whence also

FR. fliau (also OIR. sraigelt).

flask OE. flasce = on. fiaska,

DU. fiesch, OHG. fiasca g. fiasche ;

corresponding to the synon. it.

fiasco, OFK. fiasche ¥K. fiacon (med.-

LAT. fiasco fr. lat. vasculuniT).

flat me. y?^?/: borrowed fr. on.

y7^^/r ^ sw. fiat, dan. yf^?^/; cp.

OWG. fia-^ 'flat'; cp. oe. fict, osax.

yft'/// 'floor' and ohg. fia~^yi palmof the hand

.

flatter vb. ywi. fiatere : borrow-

ed fr. OFR. fiatcr = fr. fiattcr.

flax iME. Jlax OE. fieax = ohg.

fiahs G. flachs, DU. rV^/^';

prob.

cogn. w. the vb. ohg. fi'ehtan G.

fiechten and goth. fiaihtan 'braid'

;

the i' in tkut. *fiahsa- would be

derivative; cp. the Aryan \~plek

'braid' in 'LXi'.plecterc, GR. nklyjo

'weave'.

flay vb. ME. fie OE. fii'an contr.

fr. a TEUT. str. \\i. fJahaii ^ ON.

fid.

flea ME. Jl( OE. ficah = ohg.

fidh G. fioh , DU. ?'/(?(?, on. fid:

TEUT. base plauh- for plauh-

meant orig. 'a fugitive', so that

the root under flee = goth.

pliuhan is the source oiY^flea,

G. fioh.

fleam 'a kind of lancet' fr. fr.

Jlatnmc. Source lat. fiebotomum,

whence also OE. fiytme, du. 7>/iJfn,

ileck — flood 77

OHG. fUettma mhg. 7'licte(n) G.

fliete.

fleck a Scand. loanword: on.

flekkr, sw. fliick ^= du. vlek, G.

y?^r/;'spot'. Cp. ME.yJV^/^^^'spotted'.

fledged adj. ue. /cHe o^.fycge

= MDU. 7>Iiigghe, LG. fliigge, G.

/?i(^'-^<' from a wEST-TEax. base

fluggj- (oHG. flucchi .MHG. vliicke

from WEST-TEUT. JItikkj-'). Thesource is the teut. \ff»g in e.

flee vb. UE. Jfe oe. ^/^« contr.

of '^•fleohan = osax. ohg. fliohan

MHG. vliehen G. fiehen\ GOTH.

f>liuhan str. vb. 'flee' points to

an ARY.AN \^tluk-\ c\>.flea and

///>/^/.

fleece (the ending (T^ for j)

WE.JIes oz.JIeos (and with vowel-

mutation /fw) from TV.MT. fetisaz

{jiiusis) ; cp. uu. r'//r.T, mhg. f/zVj-

(li'lilis) G. 7'Iil'SS.

fleet' 'a number of ships' me.

flete OK. yfr'^/" 'a ship'. — fleet -

'a creek, bay' ^^E. Jfet oe. yft-'^/

'a bay of the sea'. Both belong

to the vb. fleet me. Jlete 'float,

swim' ov.. Jli-oiaii float, swim' =-

oti. Jfjota, o?<.w.jJiota/t, V)\5. vlieten,

OHG. flio"^a7i G. Jficssen. teut.

\^fleiit flut fr. ARYAN pleiid-plud.

cp. flit and float.

flesh ME. y7^.yr/; OE.fa^sc shows

umlaut' and palatalization of the

base *fldski(z) -"jlaiski{z) =^ ohg.

fleisk G. fciscJi, du. 7>lecsch ; on.

yft'.y-^' means only 'pork', more

esp. ham and bacon'; perh.

cogn. w. flitch.

flicker vb. me. flikere oe. fii-

corian = du. flikkeren 'sparkle,

glitter'; a frequent, of a base

flik flak in y\%.flakcre,G.flackern'^

flight ' 'the act of flying' me.

flight ov..flyht from OE. fleogan =e. //;-.

flight- prop, 'the act of fleeing

ME. flight OE.flyht (= DU. vlugt,

OHG. OSAX. fliiht, G. fluchi) from

/f(?;? 'flee', e. flight oe. flyht, du.

7>l7igt have both meanings of

flight. Cp. flee.

flint 'a hard stone' me. oe.

flint 'a rock' ; cp. dan. flint, G.

flinte 'musket, flint-lock', sw.

flinta, DAN. y/zV// 'flint': perh. re-

lated to GR. vh'v^oc 'a brick',

flit vb. ME. flitte OE. "^flyttan =r

ON. flytja (sw. y^'Z/rtr, DAN. flytte) :

cp. the root imder fleet vb.

flitch UE.flicche oe. y?/r7<? =r on.

flikki: teut. base flikkja-, perh.

akin to fleckl or cogn. w.

float vl). me. y^f-z/c oe. flotian;

cp. ME. //r//^ 'a boat, a fleet' oe.

flota 'a boat,, ship, a fleet':

deriv. of the te\]t. \'~fliit under

fleet vb.

flock 1 'herd, flock' me. flok

OE. flocc = ON. flokkr, dan. yM,sw. yZ^r/;.

flock - 'a lock of wool' fr. ofr.

floe ^= h\v.floce?iS, whence also

OHG. floccho G. flocke, du. vlok.

flood ME. jDE. /fw/ = OSAX.yfM

DU. 7'/<?iv/, OHG. fluot G. y/z^/, ON.

yf<;i^, GOTH, flodtis: a commonTeut. word. GOTh. flodus from

ARYAN plotu-s is based on the

78 floor — foe

TEUT. \'~//o- from pre-TEUT. p/S-

in flow.floor ME. OE. flor = DU. vlocr,

.MLG. vlor, MHG. vluor (g. fliir^

'field, surface, tiall', on. flor 'the

floor of a cow-house': teut.

flbru-s from pre-TEUT. plorus

pldrus closely related to oiR.

Idr for "^'plnr 'floor, paved floor'.

florin M'^. florin: borrowed fr.

FR. florin (it. fiorino so namedbecause it bore a lily, from it.

florc 'a flower').

flounce changed fr. M^./roimcc

'a ])lait' : loanword fr. fr. froticcr

'plait , wrinkle" (prob. from a

LAT. type '^frontiare 'wrinkle the

forehead').

flounder sb. borrowed fr.SCAND.

s\v. fliindra, dan. flyndcr , on.

flydra.

flour ident. w. flozuer from

FR. flt'iir 'flower'.

flourish vb. me. flourisshe :

adapt, fr. ofr. fleuriss- stem of

fleurir 'flourish' (f.at. florescere

inceptive oi florcre 'bloom').

flow vb. ME. fliiwc OE. flozvan

str. vb. =- on. floa, DU. vloeicn:

rKVT.\'^flo- in /lood= pre-TEUT.

pio- in GR. ttX(Ij-o) 'I swim, sail',

TrXtOToq 'swimming', sailing.

flower ME. flour : borrowed fr.

afr. flour flor = fr. fleur (lat.

flos). Ident. w. flour.

fluke 'a flounder' me. floke oe.

flpc = on. floki; cogn. w. ohg.

flah G.flach, du. z^lak adj. 'plain

.

Cp. the xK^h'iisfplak in lat.

p>lac£}ita 'cake' and planus (for

placnusT) 'plain.

flute borrowed fr. fr. fliitc,

whence also uu. fluit\ cp. mhg.

vloitc G. flote 'flute' and ofr.

flauic, iT.flauio. Chaucer uses

the vb. floute 'play on the flute'.

flutter vb. MK.flotere oy.. flolorian

ir.\fflut under float. Cp. G.

flatternl

fly vb. ME. flic earlier flti^cn

OE. flcogan str. vb. = OViG.flioi^an

G. fliegcn, DU. vliegen, on. fljiiga.

GOTH, ^fliugan is inferred from

the factitive flaugjan 'carry awayin flight' and shows that the

common Teut. vb. was flcugan;

cp. LAT. pluma (for *pluhma}^

'feather'. — fly sb. m^ flic

earlier flc^c OE. Jleoge = OHG.

flioga G. flicge, du. vlieg (on. with

ablaut fluga 'fly') : evidently flymeans 'the flyer' from fly vb.

foal ME. file OE. fold —" synon.

ON. foli, OHG. folo G. fo/ilcn,

GOTH, fula: a common Teut.

term for 'the young of a horse

or an ass' from pre-TEUT. pjlon-;

allied to gr. jKoXog 'colt, younganimal, i.vv. pullus a young ani-

mal' esp. 'a chicken'.

foam sb. ME. fpme oe. fim =OHG. fcim : base faiina- for an

earlier '^'faina- = skr. pltcna,

OSLOV. pc/ni 'foam'.

fodder me. fodder oe. fnidor

= DU. 7'ocder , OHG. fuoiar G.

fitter, ON. fodr: cp. oe. foda

under food.foe ME. fp OE. icfd contr. fr.

an earlier gifilia = west-teut.

gafailio{n)-\ cp. the abstract oe.

fc'chd (ohg. gifchida G. fehdc):

fog forbid 79

OE. ~^efd sb. and fcehd sb. are

based on the adj. OE. J^efah =OHG. :^ifc/l', OE. /(ih = TEUT.

faiha- from a pre-XEUT. paiko-

adj.

fog: a Dan. loanword, D\'^. fogin snccfog 'a snow-storm' ; cp.

ON. fok 'spray, snow-drift', fjiik

'snow-storm' from fjiika str. vb.

'drift'.

fold vl). ME. fgldc OE. fdldan

{/calda/i) str. vb. ^= GOTYi.falpan,

ON. fa/da, OHG. faltan G. /alien:

TEUT. \ffalp = pre-TEUT. /// cp.

in osLov. pldq plesti 'braid', GR.

dinXudiog for "dinXdrio^ two-

fold', ^HR.pufa 'fold' (for '^pultd).

— -fold ME. -fold OE. -/"^r/^/

{-/{aid') = OSAX. ^/'c?/^/, DU. -Z'oud,

G. -/i?//, ON. -/aldr, GOTH, -/alps:

a common Teut. suffix for

the formation of raultiplicatives

corresponding to GR. -nXaaioq in

^inkdaioc (also dinaXro^ 'two-

fold').

folk ME. /(?//C' OE. /olc = OSAX.

y<?//^, DU. VOlk, OHG. /t^/t G. ?W/C',

ON. /olk. The primit. meaningis pcrh. 'a crowd of people',

whence i.ith. pulkas 'a crowd',

OSr,ov. pli'/ku 'an arm\''.

follow vb. ME. /olive /olOK<C OE.

/olg'hvi (b\-form /ylipiii) = ON.

/ylgja, DU. volgen, ohg. /olgeti G.

/olge/i : the common west-teut.

and Norse vb. for 'follow';

possibly a compound verbal

stem, the first member of whichis /all; cp. OE. /till-eodc 'he

followed', OE. OLG. /iilgangan,

OHG. /ola-gdi! 'follow'. Go fr.

OE. gdn would be the secondmember.fond ME. /ond prop, /onn-ed

partic oi /on/ie 'be foolish'; cp.

ME. sb. /iv/ (////) 'a fool': borrowedfr. sw. /dne 'a fool'; ICEL. /dni

'a buoyant person'.

food ME. /ode OK. /oda: teut.

\^/od /ad (cp. OHG. /atiinga

'food') fr. AR\ws pdI in jranTaD^ai

'eat'. Cj). also /ced, /odder./osier.

fool ME. /pi: adopt, fr. ofr. /ol

(= fr. /ou /ol) 'a fool'.

foot .ME. OE. /pi (plur. /ei) =:

OSAX. poi, DU. voei, ohg. /uoi^ G.

/ass, ON. /dir, sw. /oi^ dan. /od,

GOTH, /oius : TEUT. base /oi- from

ARYAN pod- changing with aryan

pod- ped- in the declension; cp.

GR. nod- in noSu, nom. sing, nov^

(aeol. tjok) ; UAT. ped-evi (nom.

sing. /t'i); GR. 77ftV/Ao)' 'sole'

—

TxsLoi^ (for '-'Tiedjoc) 'pedestrian',

SK.R. pad 'foot' and pada 'step,

print'.

fop vl>. borrowed fr. DU. /oppen

'prate, cheat' {fopper 'a wag',

/opperij 'cheating') : orig. a wordof G. slang.

for ME. OY.. /or prep. = goth.

/aura 'before, for', ohg. /ora o.

vor 'before', du. voor; cogn. w.

LAT. pro 'before', GR. t/oo 'be-

fore;.

forbear MK./or/>(re ov../orberaii

str. vb.; cp. hear vb.

forbid ME. /orbede oe. /orbcodan

I

confounded with WE../orbidde oe.

y/orbiddan; cp. /'/(/.

8o force — foul

force sb. ME. force fors: bor-

rowed fr. FR. force (lat. type

fortia 'strength' derived ir.fortis

'strong').

ford ME. OE. ford (me. also

fortJi) = DU. iwert^ osax. '^ford

in Hertford (prop, 'ford of an

army'), ohg. viud G. fiirt {Frank-,

Er-, Schwein-') ; cp. OE. Oxenaford

(lit. 'ford of the oxen')= Oxford.

TEUT. '^fordii- forpn- from the

xvxtT.sffar in fare; hence fordprop, 'passable, practicable pass-

age'; cp. AVEST, pcretn 'bridge',

LAT. portus 'haven', on. fjordr

'bay' ; also celt. -lat. -ritinn (for

'"prtorri) in Aiix'ustoi-itio/i, cy.mr.

r/iyd 'ford'.

foreign me. forcine: ada})ted

fr. ovK.forain : lat. type foraneus

derived fr. foras adv. 'out of

door'.

forfeit sb. ME.forfeie: borrowed

fr. OFR. forfait 'a fine' part, of

fotfaireforsfaire 'trespass' (med.-

lat, forisfactuni part, of foris-

facere 'trespass', lit. 'do beyond').

forge ME. forge borrowed fr.

FR. forge from lat. fabrica 'a

workshop'.

forget vb. ME. forgete oe. for-

gitaii str. vb. =i os,\\.fargeta?t, DU.

7>ergcten, mlg. zwrgeten, ohg. fir-

g(:"jiin G. vergessen. The comp.vb. is the remnant of a str.

verbal \'^^v/, whence e. get 'ob-

tain, reach'; cp. goth. higitan

'find', on. geta 'obtain'. Cp. getand the arvan \fghed : ghcnd in-

LAT. prae-hendere , or. /avdaroi

seize'.

fork ME. forke OE. forca = DU.

vork, OHG fiircha furka G.furke,

ON. forka: borrowed fr. lat.

furca 'a fork', whence also fr.

fourdie, .span, /wrca, it. forca.

forlorn 'quite lost' .afe. forlorn

OE. forloren part. oiov.. forleosan

'lose utterly'; cp. lose and G.

DU. verloren, dan. forlor cu.

former formed by adding the

compar. suffix -er to me. fort/ic

OE. forma ^= osax. formo 'first'

;

cp. first.

forsake vb. me. forsake oe.

forsacan str. vb. 'oppose'; cp.

sak e.

forth \w.. forth OY..ford ^^osax.

forth, OHG. '^ford G. /('/-/, goth.

compar. faurpis adv. earlier.

oteut. forp from older frpo prto

is allied to before dcnd further.iovtnigh.X.MK.fflurtemghtfourtcn-

uight from me. fourtene 'fourteen'

and night (old plur.) 'nights';

cp. OE. feowertyne niht and also

E. sennight = seven night. It

was usual to reckon by nights in

pre-hist. periods. — forty me.

fourty OE. feowerti^ = du. veertig,

G.vierzig, GOTn.fidwortigjus; cp.

OE. feower = four and OE. //g

= ten.

foster vb. ME. fostre short for

OE. fostrian hom fpstor 'nourish-

ment"; akin tofood: tevt. \^fod.

foul ME. foul OE. fill = DU.

vuil, OHG. />// g. fan/, on. />///,

GOTH, fi/ls; la- is suffix, and the

teut. \ffu is inferred fr. ox.

fiiemi 'rotten' and from the fac-

titive vb. ON. feyja 'cause to

found free/e

rot'. An Aryan verbal \^ puappears in skr. puy rot, stink';

cp. LAT. piiieo 'stink' — putcr 'de-

caved', GR. 7iv-itio cause to

rot', GR. 7IV0V — LAT. fUS 'pUSs'.

found ^ vb. 'lay the foundation

of ME. founde : adapted fr. fr.

fonder from i.ki . fjindare 'found'.

found- vb. 'cast metals' bor-

rowed fr. FR. fondre from lat.

fimdcre 'cast metals'.

fount '^m.fount fr. ofr. font =LAT. font-em.

four iME. fourfowcr oe. feoiver

{/eower}^= osax./iwar, du. g. merOUG. for, o^.fjorir. The oe. by-

form fyder- (in comp. ^.sfyder-

fete 'four-footed') and goth. fid-

wor (^fdur-') j)oint to a j)re-TEUT.

hdiSe.petworpetiir for qetwor qetur\

ident. w. skr. catur, lat. quattuor,

GR. rsnauosc (nlavfjec) , oslov.

cetyri 'four'.

fowl WE. fout earlier //m'^/ OE.

fugot = OSAX. fugal, DU. vogel,

OUG.fogal MHG. G. vogel, ON. fugl,

GOTH, ftigls: teut. base fug/a-.

fox ME. oe. fox = OHG. fuAsG. fuchs, DU. Z'i?.^, ON. /^ijc ; the

.y of the TEUT. base fuh-s- is

suffix as is shown by gotu.fauho,ON. foa 'fox' r::^ OHG. fo/ia MHG.?^<?^ 'she-fox' (and o^.focge 'she-

fox'?). Cp. vixen.

frail (me. /r^/^') borrowed fr.

OFR. fraile (fr. frcle) 'brittle' =:LAT. fragilis.

frame vb. me. frente oe. frem-man 'promote, do' (= o^.fremja,OHG. frennnan , oSAX. frcniniian

English Etymology.

'perform'): derived fr. ov.. franistrong, good', ident. w. from.franchise me. fraiinchise: bor-

rowed from Y^. franchise 'privi-

leged liberty' from VK.franchiss-,

stem of some forms of franchir'free' from fr. franc 'free'.

fraught part, of me. fraughtevb.^DU. bevrachten, G. befrachten;

cp. G.fracht onG. freht 'earnings,

gain'. Properly a compound

;

cp. OE. (ehi, OHG. eht 'property'

under owtt.

freak 'a whim, caprice' me. frek'quick, vigorous' oe. free 'bold,

rash' =T ON. fr'ekr, oho. fre/i

'greedy' G. frech 'pert', goth.faihu-friks 'avaricious' : teut.base freka-.

freckle from on. freknur plur.

'freckles'; cp. sw. friikne plur.

frdknar, fris. (Amrun) friakan'freckles'. Perh. cogn. w. GR.

77fp>f)'oc spotted'.

free me. fre oe. freo frl: teut.

base frija- = goth. freis, osax.

OHG. fri G. frei. The pre-teut.

priyo- is the base of cvmr. rhydd'free' and of skr. priyd-s dear,

beloved'; cp. the skr. verbal

\^pri 'rejoice, render favorable'

with goth. frijon 'love' underfriend and Friday.

freeze vb. .me. frese oe. freosan

str. vb.; cp. synon. on. frjosa,

DU. vriczen, oncfriosan G.frieren;

cp. GOTH,frius 'frost, cold': teut.

\^freus fruz from a pre-teut.

preusprtis, which seems to exist in

LAT. priirio for *prusio 'itch', if

'itch, frostburn' is the inter-

6

82 freight — frock

mediate meaning, and in skr.

\^prus 'spurt out'; pnisvd 'drop,

frozen drop, frost'. Cp. frost.

freight ident. w. fraught.fresh adj. me. fresh fresch oe.

fersc = OHG. frisc G. frisch, du.

versch 'fresh'; cogn. w. OSLOV.

presinii 'fresh' from Aryan prais-

kino-; cp. LiTH. pr'eskas 'sweet,

unsoured' with finn. rieska 'fresh,

unsoured'. The Rom. family of

IT. fresco, FR. frais comes fromAVEST-TEUT. frcska-.

fret^ vb. 'eat up, devour short

for ME. frete oe. fr'etmi str. vb.

= DU. LG. vreten, Ohg. frexifln

G.fressen 'eat up, consume'. Thecorresp. goth. fra'itaft (pret. fret)

'con.sume' shows that west-teut.

fr'etan is a compound of etan =eat] fra is a common prefix in

GOTH. (cp. fraught and fret).

fret 2 vb. 'oi-nament, variegate

iviE. fretie oe. frcBtwan 'adorn':

from o^.fmtwe plur. 'ornament'=OSAX. frataha 'ornament': source

perh. a Teut. compound fra \-

GOTH. thva 'arrangement'.

friar .ME. />-fr^: adapted fr. fr,

frirc 'a brother'.

Friday me. frlday oe. friiedcei

=; DU. vrijdag, OHG. friatag mhg.

vritac G. freitag , ON. Frjddagr:

really 'day of the Teut. goddessFrija Frijjo in imitation of lat.

dies Veneris {Frla and Venus

correspond). ON. T^r/^'-^ like OHG.

Frm is prop, 'the goddess of

love'; cp. SKR. //-/>'</ 'wife, loved

one' (oSAX. fri, oe. freo 'wife).

Cp. free.

friend .me. frend OE. freond =OSAX. friund 'friend, relative', du.

Z'riend, ohg. friunt mhg. vriunt (d)

G.freund, goth. frijonds 'friend':

teut. frijond- (formed like

fiend) is pres. partic. of an old

teut. vb. frijon 'love' == goth.

frijbn, ov.. frdoj^au'lovii . C'^.free.

frieze (of a column) fr. fr.

frise (=1 iT./r^^/i? 'frieze'), whencealso G. DU. fries.

fright ME. fright oe. fyrhtu

fyrhto; cp. the synon. goth.

faiirhtei ' 'fright' and o&Kyi. ohg.

for{a)hta mhg. vorht(e) G. furcht

'fright'. — frighten vb. ME. />-4'^/;/'^

oe. fyrhtan = goth. fatirjitjan,

OSAX. forhton, ohg. furihten

forahtan G. fiirchten.

fringe me. fringe: loanwordfrom ofr. "^fringe ^ fr, frange(source lat. fimbria 'fringe'),

whence G. franse, du. franje.

frisk vb. formed from the adj.

OFR. fi'isque = SCAND. friskr

'frisky, brisk'.

iriih. firth uy.. firth: a Scand.

loanword; cp. O^. fjordr (plur.

firdir) 'bay'; dan. fiord, sw.ffiird

'a firth': teut. base /<?r//-^-, aryan

pertu- cp. LAT. partus 'haven'. Forthe Aryan \fper cp. ford.fritter late me. fritoure: bor-

rowed fr. fr. friture 'dish of

fried fish', also 'a fragment' fromofr. /;-// 'fried' (source lat.

frigen); c^. fry.fro ME. fro earlier fra : adapted

fr. o:<s.frd 'from', ident. w. from.frock ME. frok: borrowed fr.

ofr. froc = med.-lat. frocus 'a

fro? furze 83

monk's frock'; source osax. hroc

'coat

.

frog UY..frogge o^. frogga; the

OE. parallel form frocca (mod.

dial, frock) points to the synon.

ON. fraukr. Prob. oe. forsc,

OHG. frosk G. frosch, on. froskr

show the same root, if derived

fr. TEUT. */ruhsqa-.

frolic borrowed fr. du. vrolijk

'merry' ; cp. nHG.vroloke?! 'rejoice',

prob. after mho. vro-sanc 'merry

song' supplanting an older

froleichen.

from iME. OE. from fram =^

OSAX. OBG. fram mho, 7'ram prep,

'forth, from' — adv. 'forth', OK.

fram adv. 'forward — frd prep,

'from' — adv. 'fro', goth. framprep, 'from' adv. 'further, forward'.

frost ME. frost OE. forst =: ON.

DAN. sw. G. frost, DU. vorst:

derived fr. \f frus = freeze.

froth sb. .ME.y/Y/Mt'fr. o^.froda.

froward adj. iviE._/r6W<7;7/ earlier

fraward: derived fr. fro.frown vb. me. froune shortened

fr. KR. rcfrogner.

fruit ME. friit (^fruit') fr. fr.

fruit = LAT. fructiis.

fry vb. iME. frie fr. OFr. frire

^^ hxr.frigere 'roast'; cp.fritter.

fry sb. ME.fri fr. ox. frjo (frd)'spawn, fry ; ident. w. goth. fraiza

seed':' pre-TEUx. pro-eiwo-.

fuel sb. late me. fouaile fr. okr.

*fouaillc: LAT. t^-Tpe focalia 'fuel'.

full ME. OK. ful(ll)^z::zGQn:H.fulls,

ON. fullr, DU. vol, G. Voll OHG.

fol(ll): TEUT. base fiilla- fr. an

ARYAN base p3l-no in skr. pttri.ia

'full'; cp. LAT. plenus, oiR. Ian

(orig. ^plonos) 'full'. Prop, partic.

with suffix -no- fr. an aryan

\fpie plb 'to fill' in skr. \fpurpr, LAT. implere, GR. TjiunXtjiM.

fuller sb. i\rE. fuller ov.. fuller

e

'a cloth-bleacher': adaption of

'LKi.fullo 'a fuller, bleacher'.

funnel late me. funel fr. fr.

fofidcfle; source h\T.infundil>ulum.

fur UK.firreforre fr. o¥K.fuerre

forre 'a sheath, a case'; source

TEUT. -GOTH. /^//r 'a sheath'; cp.

g. flitter ident. w. e. fodder.furbish vb. me. furbisshe fr.

OFR. fourbir {fourbiss-^ 'polish',

which rests on OHG. furb(j)an

MHO. viirben 'purify, clean' (teut.

\f furb = ARYAN \'^prp in gr.

TTfC^TTW?).

furlong see furrow.furnace me. fumeis forneis fr.

fr. fournaise = lat. fornax [for-

naceni) 'an oven'.

furnish fr. fr. fournir (stem

fourniss-). Source a teut. wk. \-b.

frumjan 'perform'; o^. performfurro^A^ me. furwe forwe oe.

furh: teut. base furh- also in

OHG. furha G. furche 'furrow',

DU. voor, ON. for 'drain'. A pre-

teut. prk pork is evident in lat.

porca 'a ridge between two

furrows', CYMr. rhych 'furrow',

ARMEX. herk. — furlong me. oe.

furlong lit. 'furrow-long'.

further me. further OE.furdor;

cogn. w. for and OHG. furdir.

furze ME. firse oe. fyrs earlier

fyres : Teut. base furisa- ?

6*

84 gab — gall

'

G

gab ME. gabbe 'talk idly, jest,

lie': borrowed fr. on. gabba,

whence also VK.gaber, iT.gabbare.

Cp. gabble gibber. — gabber'gabble', var. of gabble both of

which are frequent, verbs oi gab.

C\).Jabbcr andgibber.— gabble

var. of gabber.

gabel 'a tax, impost, esp. the

tax on salt': borrowed fr. fr.

gabelle (=-- span, gabela, it.

gabella, med.-lat. gabella gab(u)-

luj/i). Source a teut. sb. gabula-

in OE. gafol 'tribute'.

gable ME. gable : borrowed fr.

OFR. gable 'a gable', which is

of LAT. origin; cp. LAT. gabalus,

whence on. gafl 'a gable' (but

GOTH, gibla, G. giebel 'a gable'

akin to GK.y.scpa'krj 'head': Aryan

base ghebhald- ghebhlo-').

gad ME. gad: borrowed fr. on.

gaddr 'a goad, pike' ; teut. base

gazda- ident. w. lat. hasta from

an Aryan base ghazdha-; but gadin gadfly stands for goad.

gag ME. gagge 'suffocate'; prob.

imitation of the sound of

choking.

gage' ME. gage: borrowed fr.

FR. gage = SPAN, g'age, it. gaggio

(lat. type wadiuni). Source a

TEUT. sb. cp. GOTH. wadi\ cp. wedand wage.gage'"^ also gauge jme. gauge:

adopted from ofr. gauger later

jauger 'measure the contents'.

Source uncertain.

gain sb. ue. gain: borrowed fr.

ON. sw. gagjt = DAN. gavn 'gain'.

gain vb. late me. gaine: bor-

rowed fr. VK.gagner OVB.. gaagnier

gaaigner 'cultivate, gain': source

a TEUT. vb. (oHG. *tveidan/an —weideiion 'pasture').

gain- pref. me. gein oe. geyi

gin gedn {=^ G. gegen, on. gagn-^.

— gainsay me. geinseie 'contra-

dict'. Cp. against oe. ongeanes.

gait ident. w. gate^.

gaiter borrowed fr. fr. giietre

(ofr. guestre, perh. loanword fr.

MHG. wester 'a child's chrisom-

cloth'; cp. GOTH, wasti, lat. vestis

'clothing).

gale sb. a Scand. loanword; akin

to DAN. gal, sw. galen 'furious,

mad', NORW. galen "furious, wild,

mad' (of wind and storm).

gall' ME. galle oe. gealla ^=

OSAX. OHG galla G. galle, du. gal,

ON. gall. GOTH. *gallin- (hardly

*galzin-) from pre-teut. g/iol- is

cogn. w. GR. /oXrj /oXog, lat.

fel fellis 'gair (whence it. fiele,

SPAN, hiel, FR. fi^t). Many think

it allied with yellow so that

gall\\a'& named from its yellowish

color.

g;ill^ — garden 85

gall- 'a sore on the skin me.

galle OE. gealla 'a gall' (on a

horse) = du. gal 'a windgall',

MHG. G. galle 'a foot -disease

in horses'; perh. borrowed fr.

LAT-ROM. galla a gallnut, an oak-

apple' ^=- IT. galla, SPAN, agalla

'windgalls'. But a confusion of

galla with a teut. word of similar

phonology is possible, since in

sw. dialects too there exists a

grdssgaller 'a swelling on a

horse's hoof.

gair^ 'a gall-nut': borrowed fr.

PR. gale from lat. galla 'a gall-

nut, an oak-apple ?

galley me. galeie: adapted fr.

ER. galic galie (ri'. galea = med.-

LAT. galea 'a galley').

gallon ME. galoun: a fr. loan-

word: FR. gallon =^ IT. gallone.

galloon borrowed fr. VK.galon.

gallop ME. galope: borrowed fr.

FR. galoper; cp. also wallop.

gallows (the plur. used as

sing.) ME. galwes plur. oe. galga

gealga 'cross, gibbet'= ohg. osax.

galgo, DU. galg, G. galgen, on.

galgi, GOTH, galga : a commonTEUT. word, TEUT. galgan- from

kxy-AXi ghalghan-\ cp. lith. zalga

'pole

.

gamble appar. a frequent, of

an unrecorded me. *gafn(e)le,

commonly me. gamene oe. ga-

menian play at games . Deriv.

of game. For the change of ;/

to / cp. MHG. gamel gamen 'pleas-

ure. — game 'amusement' me.

game OE. gamen gomen = ON.

OHG. gavian (mho. i^ameti garnet)

play'; prob. ident. w. goth. ga-

-?nan 'communion of men'. Thepref. ga- is used collectively

;

for man cp. man.gander me. gander oe. gandra;

akin to oe. gps from a teut.

base gan-s in goose and cp.

g a n n e t.

gang ME. gang 'a going, course,

way, passage' oe. gang 'a going,

way, privy' = osax. du. g. gang

'a going, walk, way, passage',

ON. gangr 'a going, a crew'.

gannet me. '^'ganet oe. ganoi

'swan'; akin to du. gent 'gander',

ohg. ganar-o 'gander; cp. a

primit. teut. base gati- also in

teut.-lat. ganta 'goose'; see

gander and goose.

gantlet prop, gantlope 'a mili-

tary punishment' corrupted fr.

sw. gatlopp 'running down a

lane' (sw. gata 'a lane' and lopp

'a running' fr. lopa 'run =^ E.

leap).

gaol see jail.

gap .ME. gap : borrowed fr. ox.

gap 'opening, breacVi, chasm .—

gape vb. ME. gape adapted fr.

scand. gapa 'yawn' =r du. gapcn,

G. gaffen 'gape, yawn'.

gar see garlic and gore.

garb borrowed fr. ofr. garbe

'good fashion' from ohg. garawi

'dress' = oe. gearive 'preparation,

dress'. Cp. gear.

garden me. gardln fr. ofr. (Pi-

card.) gardin = fr. jardin, which

is of Teut. origin : org. garto

(gen. and dat. gartiii) G. gartcn,

gargle — gaunt

OSAX. gardo, goth. garda m. 'a

fold'; akin to yard.

gargle borrowed fr. Ofr. gar-

gonilkr 'gargle' fr. gargoiiille

'windpipe'.

garland me, gerkmnd: borrow-

ed fr. OFR. garlande F'R.guirlaftde,

whence du. g. dan, guirlande.

garlic ME. garUk garlick OE.

gdr-l(ac\ for lie = oe, l{ac cp,

leek. The first element of the

compound is oe. gar 'a spear'

{c'^.gore^. Hence garlic prop,

'spear-leek'.

garment short for me. gar-

}iC7)icnt: borrowed fr. FR. ^ar-

/lemcnt , deriv. of fr. garnir

'garnish'. Cp. garnish.

garner me. gerner: adapted fr.

OFR. gernier fr. grenier (it.

granaro = lat. type grand-

riuni)

.

garnet me. gernet: borrowedfr, FR. grc7iat (= span, granate,

IT. granatd) : source lat. grana-

ius 'having man}^ grains or

seeds'.

garnish vb. me. garnisshe:

borrowed fr. FR. garniss-. the stem

of certain forms of garnir (=IT. giiarnire^ 'avert, warn, garnish',

which is of Teut. origin: teut.

base tvarnjan. — garrison me.

garnison : borrowed fr. fr. gar-

nison ; deriv. of fr. garnir 'pro-

vide, fortify'. Cp. garnish.

garret me. garde: borrowed fr.

OFR, garite fr. giierite 'a watch-

tower': derived fr, ofr. garir

warir save, keep' fr, guirir

(== IT. guarirey Source a teut.

warjan = goth. warjan 'hold,

defend'.

garrison see garnish.

garter me, gartere: borrowedfr. ofr. gartier jartier fr. jarrc-

tiere: deriv. of fr, jarret 'the

small of the leg behind the

knee'.

gash ME. garse garfe : borrow-

ed fr. ofr. garser 'scarify'.

gasp vb. ME. gaspe oe. '^gdspian:

TEUT. base gaispon = on. geispa

'gasp'. The E. word is not

borrowed fr. Scand.

gate^ (cp. gait) 'a way, road'

ME. gate : borrowed fr. ON. gata

(ace. gotu) 'way, path, road' =sw. gata 'a street , lane', dan.

gade 'a street'; ident. w. ohg.

ga"i/i G. gasse 'a street', goth.

gatwb 'a street'.

gate'- 'door, gate, opening'

ME. gate ydte OE. leat (plur.

gatu j^eatii) = osax. du. gat 'a

hole, opening, gap', on. gat 'an

opening

.

gather me. gadere oe. gaderian

(= DU. gaderen, G. dial, gattern)

:

deriv. of oe. geador (cp. to-

gether). Prob. akin to oe. gade-

ling 'cousin, G. gatte 'husband'

from the same root as good.

gaud a show, ornament' me.

gaude: borrowed fr. lat. ^ati-

diu7>i. — gaudy 'merry, bright,

showy' fr. gaudzwd the suffix -y.

gauge see under gage'^.

gaunt prob. from Scand. ; cp.

norw. ^'«/^^/ 'a thin pointed stick;

a tall and thin man'.

gauntlet gibber 87

gauntlet borrowed fr. ofr.

gantelet, dimin. of gant = fr.

gant (= IT. guantd) 'a glove'.

Source a teut. (med.-lat.) wanins

the long sleeve of a tunic, a

glove'; cp. DU. want, dan. va/ife,

OK. vgttr 'a mitten'.

gauze borrowed fr. fr. gaze

'cushion-canvas, tiffan}'' = span.

gasa 'gauze'.

gawk (cp. go7vk) 'a cuckoo,

fool' ME.' gouke: loanword fromOi^.gaztkr (whence sc. gowk) =oug. gotih(hh) unG. gouch G.gatcch,

OE. i(ac 'cuckoo .

gay ME. gay : borrowed fr. fr.

gai {= IT. gajo) 'gay, merry'.

Source OHG. gahi 'quick, sudden'

G. gdhc—jah.

gaze vb. ME. gdse, prob. of

Scand. origin : sw. dial. g(7sa

'gaze, stare'.

gear me. ge're points to an OE.

*gcere or *gcero, ce being vowel

mutation of ^ = teut. ai. Perh.

akin to OE.^'-^/r 'spear [c\i.garlic

,

g ore)}

gem ME. gevime: adapted fr.

v\<. genmie {= vv. genwia). SourceLAT. gemma 'a swelling bud, a

jewel, a gem', whence also oe.

limm, OHG. gimma 'gem'.

gender me. gender : borrowedIV. OFK. gendre gefire fr. genre

'kind,

genus , style' (= span.

ginerc, it. genere 'kind'). SourceLAT. gencr- in genus 'race, stock'.

german germane adj. formerly

gennain ; borrowetl fr. fr. ger-

main (source lat. germatius).

gesture borrowed fr. med.-l.\t.

gesiura 'a mode of action' from

gerere 'carry, behave'.

get ME. gete borrowed fr. on.

geta\ OE. litan would be me. yite

ite\ cp. GOTH, gitan from a teut.

\r get,

pre-TEUT. ghed ghend-^

cogn. w. LAT. praehendere, gr.

/avddvi(v. Cp. forget.

gewgaw corrupted fr. me.

giuegoue prop, gouegoue (i)ron.

gugiV(): adapted of fr. joujou-

ghastly MF. gastly oe. gckstlic

fr. OE. gckstan 'frighten' and lie

= E. -ly\ cp. aghast.

gherkin = du. agurkje , dan.

agurke, G. gurke: borrowed as

orig. "^'agur/ke fr. POL. ogiirik^

BOHE.^L okurka fr. late GR. ayyov-

Qiov a cucumber, gherkin'.

ghost :me. gpst OE. gdst (gcest)

= synon. ohg. g. dan. geist,

OSAX. gest : a common Teut.

word with the same meaning

for which a/ima is used in Goth.

The orig. meaning of the word('excitement?) is not establish-

ed; yet ON. gezsa 'rage' (of fire

and passion) and goth. usgaisjan

'terrify' seem allied. For the

dental formative of teut. gaist

(pre-TEUT. ghaisdos) cp. the skr.

\f hid (from *ghizd) be angry',

hedas 'anger' with which agrees

E. aghast 'angry, excited'; cp.

also ghastly.

giant ME. giannt prop, geaimt

fr. FR. giant =rz: lat. gigant-em,

wlicncc also OE.OHG.^'/^''(7///'giant'.

gibber and with other var.

gabber gabble, frequentatives of

gab of which jabbrr and

giddy — gist

Jabble are the assibil. frequent-

atives.

giddy ME. gidy oe. gydiy.

orig. perh. 'having a demon,possessed of a demon': deriv.

oigod; cp. OE. ylfii 'deranged,crazy' prop, 'possessed of elves'.

gift ME. gift yift OE. gift plur.

gifta 'nuptials' =' du. ohg. gift

G. gift in viitgift 'a dowry'and in ohg. g. du. gift 'poison',

lit. that which is given, goth.gifts in fra- 'promise' with theabstract formative -/ from gifan= give. The initial g in E. me.

gift points as in give to Scand.influence.

gig me. gigge 'a whirling thing';

prob. Scand.: on. geiga "rove

at random' ; cp. Jig.

gild vb. short for me. gi/de

OE. gyldan: derived with vowel-mutation (teut. gul/>jd/i) fr. gold.gill' ME. gille: borrowed fr.

DAN. gjcelle, sw. gdl\ icel. gjplnar

plur. gills'.

gill'- 'one- fourth pint' me. ^///t'

:

borrowed fr. ofr. gelle 'a sort

of wine-measure' (lat. type^^//a

gillo a wine-vessel).

gillyflower corrupted fr. ofr.

giroflie fr. cloii. de giroflc; lat.

type caryophylliim 'a clove-tree'.

gimlet borrowed fr. ofr. gim-helet FR. gidelet; of Teut. origin,

dimin. of the form representedby E. ivimble 'a gimlet' cp.

wim h le.

gimp adapted fr. fr. guimpe(ofr. giiimplc fr. ohg. wimpal 'a

light robe' ^ e. wimple).

gini 'a trap, snare' me. (c. i 200)gin and gmn shortened fr. me.

engin -=l fr. engin 'a contrivance'.

Source lat. i/igeftium.

gin- 'a kind of spirit' shortenedfr. earlier fr. genevre (= fr.

genievre) 'juniper' (lat. jjiniperus

'an evergreen shrub').

ginger me. ginger.^earlier gingi-

vere from ofr. gengibre fr. gin-

getnbre (it. zenzero, mhg. ginge-

here from the synon. late lat.

gingiber = gr. liyylfifgig).

gingerly a Scand. loanword

;

sw. dial, gingla gdngla 'go

gently, totter': frequent, of on.

ganga 'go'. t

gird short for me. girde oe.

gyrdan = osax. gurdian , du.

garden, ohg. gurten gurtan G.

giirten, on. gyrda: all weak verbs

(teut. gurdjan), ident. w. the str.

vb. GOTH, bi-gairdan 'begird'.

girdle .me. girdcl oe. gyrdel^= synon. ohg. gurtil g. giirtel,

DU. gordel, on. gyrdill: deriv.

of gird. — girth me. gerth:

adapted fr. on. gjord 'a girdle'

{gcrd 'girth round the waist',

goth. gairda 'girdle').

girl ME. girl gerl; akin to lg.

g&re 'boy, girl' which is of late

occurrence (first record 1652).The / of the E. word (oe.

*gyrel , teut. base gurilcr-) is

dimin.

gist borrowed fr. ofr. gist =fr, git from OFR. gesir = fr.

g/h-ir 'lie'. Source lat. jacere

'lie'.

give listen 89

give ME. give fr. on. gefa\ ident.

w. 's\Y..yeve oe. yfan j^efan =^ osax.

g'cbaii, DU. gevcfi, OHG. geban G.

geben, goth. giban: a commonTeut. verb ; cp. also gir. gabhn'I take', LITH. gabinti 'bring,

procure', gobinti 'fQich'l C\).gift.

gizzard ME. giser: adapted fr.

FR. §-('sier; source lat. gizeria

'gizzard'.

glad ME. glad OE. glcEci 'shining,

bright, cheerful, glad' ; ident. w.

OHG. ^/<?/'G. ^/(///'smooth, shining',

DU. glad 'smooth', on. gladr glad,

bright'. TEUT. *glada- for aryanghladho-. agrees with . OSLOV. gla-

dtikii 'smooth', LAT. glaber (for

ghladhro-') 'smooth'. The meaningof the E. word is secondarywhen compared with the orig.

meaning smooth'.

glair ME. gleire: adapted fr. ofr.

glaire 'the white of an Q^'g =IT. chiara d'un ovo, whence also

G. eicrklar (med.-lat. clara ovt).

glance vb. a Scand. loanword;

cp. swED. glans , dan. glands

'brightness, splendor'.

glare \h.^\.^. glare] o^.'^gldrian

is unauthorized.

glass ME. ^/^-.y OE.^/^.y: a com-mon Teut. word, (not verified in

GOTH.) = DU. MHG. G. OSW.sw. dan. glas (oHG. glas glass

,

also 'afixber); but on. gler with

change from s to r, thus proving

the word to be primit. Teut.

i^glaza-'^glasa-). Perh. the OTeut.name of the 'amber' (lat. glesuni)

is cognate.

gleam me. glrm oe. glmn'splendor, brightness, gleam

;

akin to osax. gli-nio 'splendor

and to G. glim?ner; cp. ohg.

glimo gleimo 'glow-worm'. Anarvah sl^ghlt cp. in ir. gli (fr.

base^/«ev-) 'shining, clear' underglee.

glean vb. :sie. gl(;ne borrowedfr. OVK. glener (fr. glaner^ 'glean'.

glede ME. glide glede oe. glida

'a kite' = on. gledi: deriv. of

the teut. \f gild in glide (the

name of the bird means prop,

'the glider).

glee mirth, joy' me. gle oe. glco

with the by-form gliw = on. gly :

TEUT. base gliwa-, perh. akin to

IR. gli (base gleizc'o-') 'clear,

shining. Cp. gleam.gleed (E. dial.) me. glede oe.

gled (^glddix. glodi-') = T>v.gloed,

OHG. gluot G. glut, on. glod, GOTH.

"^glo-di- : TEUT. ^Tglo under glo7V.

glen of Celt, origin; cp. gael.

IR. gleatvi 'valley (cvmr. Corn.

glyn).

glide vb. ME. glide oe. glidan

= synon.osAX.^//Vrt:«, v>\i.glij(d)en,

OHG. glitaii g. gleiten, sw. glida,

DAN. glide glide, slide'. Cp.

glede.

glimmer vb. me. glimere = G.

glifmnern, dan. gli7nrc; akin to

sw. glimtna and osax. glhno

's])lendor under gleam.glimpse vb. ME. gliuise vb.

;

akin to glimmer.glisten vb. me. glistne OE. glis-

nian 'gleam' ; akin to oe. glisian

= ovvM.glisa 'shin c': teut. \^glit

90 gloat — goal

in glitter me. glitere (oe. *gliio-

riaii) vb. 'shine' = on.glitra, G.

glitzern. A corresp. strong vb.

is ON. gllta, OSAX. glitan = ohg.

glil.Zpn shine' (cp. o. gleissen andGOTH. glit7nunjan shine').

gloat vb. akin to G. glotzcti,

ICEL. glotta ; an oe. glotian is un-

recorded; cogn. w. UE.gloute(p^.

^gluiiaii) 'look sullen'.

gloom 0¥..glpm igldmung) 'gloom,

twilight'; the m is formative (as

in bloom, dooni); for the teut.

\fglo cp. glow.

glory me. glg-rk glgrie from ofr.

glorie = LAr.gloria; cp. fr. gloire.

gloss vb. akin to mhg. glosen

'glow'.

glove ME. glove short for glove

oe. glgf = ON. glofi 'glove'.

glow vb. ME. glpwe OE. glpwan

str. vb. ; cp. DU. gloeijen, ohg.

gluoen G. glilhen, on. gloa 'glow,

glitter, shine': teut. Y"^/(9 gle

under gloom and e. dial, gleed.

glue ME. glue borrowed fr. OFR.

glti 'birdlime'; source lat. gliis

glutem.

glum adj. from me. glommegloinbc vb. be gloomy ; as

gloomy shows, connected with

gloo7)i and s\v. gldmig 'languid

of look'.

glut sb. me. glut sb. borrowedfr. OFR. glut glout (it. ghiotto^ 'a

glutton'. — glut vb. me. glote

glide vb. borrowed fr. ofr. glotir

gloutir (cp. fr. engloiitir 'swallow

up') ; source lat. ^//////yr 'swallow'.

— glutton ME. glutoun glotoun:

borrowed fr. fr. glouton OFR.

glutoii\ source lat. glutio-gluttoncvi

'glutton'.

gnarl akin to oe. gnyrran.

gnash vb. me. gnastc 'gnash

the teeth'; oe. '^•gndstian is akin

to ON. gnista 'gnash the teeth'.

gnat me. g?Mt(it) oe. gmett:

TEUT. base gnatta-.

gnaw vb. me. gnawe oe. gnaganT= o.SAX. g?iagati, OHG. (g)7iagan

g. nagen, ON. gnaga\ cp. a by-

form with initial k: DU. knageii,

OS. HG. knagan 'gnaw; the G.

form nagen arose from gnagen.

go me. go OE. gdn = OSAX. gdn,

DU. gaan, ohg. gdn gen G. gehen.

The TEUT. \f ghai- (= oE. gd-,

OHG. ge-^ supplanted the aryan

\fi 'go' in LAT. ire, gr. Ikvm,

SKR. \^i. Since teut. gai- has no

old primit. noun-derivatives in

Teut. and takes the place of

the ARYAN-\/~z (the aorist goth.

iddja = OE. eode still remains)

and as it is inflected after the

;;«- conjugation, the supposition

arises that teut. '^gaim "gais

'^gaip are contracted fr. the

verbal particle ga and the

inherited hn iz ?/ = skr. cmi

est eti; cp. gr. £ii.u.

goad ME. god OE. gdd; ident.

with langobard. gaida 'spear':

TEUT. base gaidb- ^ pre-TEUT.

*ghai-td; akin to oe. gdr, ohg.

\ger 'spear' under gore, arvan

\fghi ghaim gr. yaloc. 'shepherd's

rod'.

goal borrowed fr. VK.gaule ofr.

I waule. Source teut. 7valu =^

:ON. voir, GOTH, walus 'a staff'.

goat gossamer Qi

goat ME. ggte o^.gdi^= du. on.

geit, OHG. gei-^ G. geiss, sw. get,

meaning of the adj. was prob.

'fit, suitalile from a root mean-

DAN. gcd, GOTH, goits a goat : ing fit, suit seen in gather,

cogn. w. LAT. hcedus fr. ARYANghaido-s.

gobble a frequent, with suff.

-le fr. FR. gober 'devour.

god MK. OE. god = 03AX. DU.

god, OHG. got G. gOtt ^ ON. gudgod. GOTH, giida- gupci- 'god' is

based on aryan ghu-to-, -to- being

a part, formative as in old, cold,

loud; INDO-TEUT. \'~ghu = SKR.

hti 'implore the gods' (skr. hutd-

part.). Therefore god is 'the

being implored'; in the vedapuru/iuia 'much implored' is an

ordinary epithet of the godIndra. god in godfather godson

together. — goodbye short

for orig. »God be by you«(Shakesp. »God buy you«).

goose -ME. OE. gps (plur. ges) :

Teut. base gans- = du. gans,

OHG. G. gans, ON. gas; akin to

gander a.nd gannet. An aryanghan-s- is represented also by

SKR. hansd-s m. — hansi goose',

N.PERS. ydz, LITH. zqsls, OSLOV.

gqsi , GR. y7]r, LAT. anser (for

'''hansel') , OIR. gt-is swan' (fr.

ghansi)

.

gore ^ ME. gp're 'a gore of cloth,

a garment' OE. gdrei 'a projecting

point of land' ; cp. du. geer 'a

goddaughter = me. god -\- com- gusset, gore', ohg. gero G. gehre

pound: used in reference to I 'a wedge, gusset, gore', on. ^^/rz,

the spiritual relation between nor'W. geire, odan. gere 'a gore

them; cp. gossip. of cloth or land': deriv. of teut.

goggle-eyed me. gogel-eied; the

first element of the compoundcan scarcely be a native E. wordand is traced to iR. Gael, gog-

shuileach 'gogglc-e}ed'.

gold .ME. OE. gold =OSAX. OHG.

G. gold, DU. goud, ON. goll gull

(for *golpa), GOTH. gulj>: ARYAN

ghltO- =-- OSLOV. zlato = RUSS.

zoloto from '^zolto. The orig.

meaning ofthe \fghel, from whichgold is derived (cp. lith. gel-tas

'yellow' and skr. hdrita and hari

'yellow'), is 'yellow ; cp. skr. hi-

ra/iya 'gold'- Cp. yellow.

gaiza- spear =Oi..gar a spear,

OHG. ger 'a spear. Cp. goad.

gore - 'mud, blood' me. gore

OE. gor 'mud' = ohg. on. gor

'mud', sw. gorr 'mud'.

gorge ME. gorge borrowed fr.

FR. gorge 'throat': source lat.

gurges.

gosling dimin. of goose.

gospel ME. gospel OE. god-spell

the word of God', as shown by

on. gud-spjall, OHG. got-spcKU).

Cp. spell.

gossamer me. gossomcr rei)re-

senting an OE. type '^gps-sumor

good me. OE. god= GOTH. gods, Summer of the geese'; cp. the

osax. god, du. goed, ohg. guot • G. names altweibersonwur, mdd-

G. gut, o\. godr. The orig. chcnsotmner.

Q2 gossip — grave

gossip ME. gossip earlier gossib

OE. god-sibb prop, 'relationship

in God' ; see the end of the

article on god. oe. sibb = ohg.

sippa, GOTH, sibja means 'relation-

ship'.

gouge from FR. gouge.

gourd ME. gourde: borrowed fr.

FR. gourde (orig." ofr. gouhourde

cougourde ; source LA.T. cucurbita

'a gourd'.

gout sb. ME. goute borrowed fr.

FR. goutte 'dropsy': source lat,

gutta.

gowk ident. w. gawk.gown ME. goune goun fr. ofr.

gone 'a gown', which is of Celt.

origin (gall. - lat. gunna 'fur-

coat').

grab vb. cp. sw. grabba, mlg.

grabben^x2i%^\ An ks.Yh^\^ghrbh

'to grasp' is found in ?>&s^.\fgrbh

'grasp, seize' — grapsa 'bunch,

tuft' and OHG. garba G. garbe

'sheaf'.

grace :me. grace fr. fr. grace

= LAT. gratia 'favor'.

grade borrowed fr. fr. grade:

source LkT.gradus a step, station'.

graft (Shakesp. graff) vb. me.

graffe 'graft' : deriv. of OFR. graffe

'a style for writing' (fr. greffe

'graft'?). Source lat. graphiicm

'a style for writing.

grail 'tine sand' fr. ofr. graile

'tine, small ^=. lat. gracilis.

grain me. grain grein from fr.

grain : source lat. graniim 'a

grain, corn'.

grammar me. gratmnire gram-niaire from fr. grammaire.

grange me. graunge: adapt, of

FR. grange (lat. type granea

granary' deriv. ofgrdnum'corn)

.

grant me. graunte vb. adapt,

fr. OFR. granter 'caution, secure

(source a lat. type *credentare

vb. — ^credentia sb.).

grape me. grdpe : loanword fr.

OFR. grape grappc 'cluster of

grapes'. The fr. word is con-

sidered to be of Teut. origin

(teut. *krappa>).

grasp ME. grapse perh. for

*grapse oe. *grdpsian : possibly

an intensive deriv. of oe. grd-

pian =^- grope.

grass ME. gras o^ grces gc^rs =GOTH. ON. OSAX. UU. OHG. G. gras

'herb, growth'. The final s is

formative, the ^^'x^gra meaning'sprout, grow'; cp. grow andgreen.

grasshopper .me. grashoppcr

orig. grashoppe oe. gcers-hoppa (=DU. grashupper lg. grashiipper)

:

'an insect which hops about in

the grass'. Cp. hop.

grate sb. me. grate : source

LAT. crates 'a hurdle'. — grate

vb. w^. grate vb. from OFK. grater

'scratch' (fr. gratter), which is

prob . ofTeut. origin (ohg. krazzon

G. kratzeti)

.

grave vb. me. grdve oe. grafan

'dig' = GOTH. OHG. graban G. gra-

bcn, DU. graven dig, O^. grafa:

TEUT. \l^grab = ARYAN ghrabh,

orig. related to OSLOV. grebq

'dig' and grobil grave'.

grave adj. from fr. grave

'stately'.

gravel — grizzly 93

gravel me. gravil borrowed fr.

0¥V..graz'ele, dimin. o{ 0¥K. grave

'rough sand' fr. greve 'strand'.

gravy earlier orthography ^"^r^rt"-

7y, akin to greaves!gray grey me. gray grey oe.

gnei ; akin to du. grauw, ohg.

grdo (infl. grdwer') G. grau, ON.

grdr, which represent a Taut,

base grdwa- grewa- (oe. grchj^

pointing to a hasegrdga-grega- ?).

graze vb. 'feed cattle' me. grdse

OE. grasian = G. grasen : deriv.

of TEUT. grasa- = grass.

grease me. grcse grc'fe : adapted

from OVR. gresse (fr. graisse) 'fat-

ness'. Source LAT. crassus 'fat.

great me. ^rfV oe. great; cp.

OSAX. A'^r^/, DU. groot, OHG. ^r^5

G. gross 'great': teut. graiita-.

greaves cogn. w. g. griebe ohg.

griiibo 'greaves'?

greedy me. gredy oe. gredi'^

grcBdi-^ --= oSAX. grddag, ohg. grd-

tag, ON. grddtigr, goth. gredags

'hungry' : derived from a teut.

gredu- 'hunger = goth, grains,

ON. grddr 'hunger'. Perh. akin to

the SKR. \fgrdh 'to be greedy':

PC&XK^ \f ghredh ghrdh.

green me. oe. grene : Teut. base

grotii- = O'iky.. groni, onG. gruoni

g. gruti 'green', on. grc^nn, sw.

DAN. gron : deriv. of the teut.

y/^gro in gr ow and grass. Theadj. orig. means 'growing.

greet vb. me. grete oe. gretan

= OSAX. groiian, du. groeten, on.

grceta , OUG. gruoyian G. griissen:

TEUT. type grotjan 'greet'.

grey see gray. — greyhound

ME. greihound formed after ox.

greyknndr 'greyhound'; cp. ox.

grey 'dog'?

griddle me. gredel 'griddle': a

CELT, loanword; cp. IR. greideal

'griddle' (fr. a lat. '^crdtella).

grief ME. gref {= odu. grief) :

adapted fr. ofr. gref 'heavy' —FR. grief 'injury' (source i.at.

grevis for gravis). — grieve vb.

u^. greve vb. 'burden, injure' fr.

OFR. grever.

grill vb. adapted fr. fr. griller

broil on a gridiron'.

grim ME. OE. gri7n (mm): teut.

base grifunia- ^ osax. ohg. gri^n

G. gj'ifnm, ox. grimmr: cogn. w.

OE. OHG. gram 'angry' G. gram.

grin vb. me. grinne gre?ine OE.

grciniian 'show the teeth, snarl,

grin'; cogn. w. gritid.

grind vb. me. grinde oe. grindan

str. vb. : teut. yfgr'end = aryan

ghrendh in lat. frendere 'gnash'.

gripe UY.. gripe o^.gripati str. vb.

= OikX.griJ)an, du. gi-ijpen, ORG.

grifan G. greifcn , GOTH, greipan

gripe, seize'. Outside of Teut.

cp. the related sfghrib in lith.

greibiic greibti 'seize' and lett.

griba will' — gribet 'to will.

grisly ME. grisly short for OE.

gryslic (cingrysiic) 'terrible, hor-

rible.

grist ME. grist short for OE.

grist lit. 'a grinding': deriv, of

grind.

grit 'gravel' me. gret OE. greot

= OHG. grio2, G. gries, ON, grjot.

grizzly fr. me. grisel 'a gray-

haired man': deriv. fr. fr. gris

94 o-udafeon

'gray'. Source a teut. grh- 'gray'

in G. greis.

groan vb. me. grpne oe. grdnian

'moan' : intensive deriv. of a

str. vb. "^^gri-nan == OHG. grinaii

G. gi'cmcfi 'weep', DU. grijnen.

groat sb.ME.^rfVc?: a continental

TEUT. word: MLG. ov>\}. grote, DU.

groot, G. groschen.

grocer borrowed fr. ov'R. grassier

(lat. type grossarms 'a wholesale

dealer', cp. fr. engros'^\\o\^ sale').

groin corrupted fr. ofr. gi-me

FR. grain 'the fork of a tree or

of a river, a groin'.

groom ME.^T^y'w'boy': borrowedfr. OFR. gramme gourme, whenceOFR. gromet "servant".

groove ME. grove 'a pit' =^ du.

groeve groef ohg. gruoba G. grube,

ON. grof, GOTH, groba; from OE.

grafan = grave.

grope vb. ME.grJ/>(' OE. grapian;intensive formation of gripe =OE. gj'ipan.

ground me. groiuid oe. gi-iind

orig. grilnd = osax. g. grand,

DU. grand, ohg. grunt, on. grtcnd

'meadow'—grunnr (fr. *grunpus)

'bottom of the sea, GOTH.grimdus

m. grundtmiaddjus 'foundation', lit.

'a ground-wall'.

group borrowed fr. fr. groupe

(= IT. grappa^

grove ME. grove oe. grdf 'grove';

TEUT. base graiba- graifa-. TheME. by-form gr{.ve greve 'grove,

wood' corresponds to OE. grcefe

= TEUT. base graibjon- ?

grovel vb. with the ^.dv. graveling

ME. graveli7ig{es) grufling{es) ; akin

to ME. agruf agraiive 'groveling'

and ON. a grtifu groveling' —grilfa vb. 'bow down'. The E. wordseems to be a Scand. loanword.

grow vb. ME. growe oe. grpwan= DU. groeijen, ohg. gruaan mhg.

griiejen, ON. groa, SW. dan. gro:

TEUT. \fgro, whence green andperh. also grass.

growl UY..growle from DV.grollen

= G. grolien.

grub vb. ME. grubbe 'dig': teut.

\fgrab under grave; cp. ohg.

grubilon (g. griibeln 'brood, pourover).

grudge vb. ME. grugge earlier

griicche (short for *grauc/^en ?)

:

borrowed fr. OVK. grouchergroncer

murmur'.

gruel ME. grjiel: borrowed fr.

OFR. gruel ^= FR. gruau (lat.

type gruteUuni , dimin. of med.-

LAT. grutum 'meal').

gruff borrowed fr. DU. graf= SA\'. graf, DAN. grov G. grab.

grumble loanword fr. fr. grom-

meler ; akin to mdu. grotnmelen,

frequent. of mdu. griwimcn

gronnnen 'murmur'.

grunt vb. me. grunte gronte

OE. grunnettan ; ident. w. G.

grunzen, dan. grynte, sw. grynta.

A more primit. stem appears in

OE. grunian 'grunt'. The \fgrunis imitation of sound; cp. lat.

gruuiiirc.

guarantee see warrant.guard vb. borrowed fr. fr.

guardcr, see ward.gudgeon borrowed fr. ^K.goujan

(me. *gugeon *gaugeauftl^.•

guess Gypsy 95

guess vb. AiE. gesse: prob. not

a native word, but borrowed fr.

the continent (du. lg. gisseti) or

fr. the Scand. (dan. gisse, sw.

giss(i). A native me. gesse wouldpoint to an OE. *getsiaft (cp.

bless OE. bletsiaii) = teut. base

''gotisoti ?

guest ME. gest borrowed fr.

SCAND. gcstr 'guest'; there was a

native OE. y^st pest, which was

supplanted by the Scand. loan-

word. SCAND. gestr OE. pst =OHG. OSAX. G. DU. gast represent

a TEUT. base gasti-z =^ lat. Posits

'enemy j.oSLOv. gosti'guest' : aryan

base gliostis.

guide vb. me. gide borrowedfr. FR. guider (ofr. also giiier =ME. gie vb.).

guild ME. glide OE. gyld\ cp.

uu. gild, G. glide.

guile sb. ME. gUe borrowed fr.

OFR. guile 'treacherv', which is

of Teut. origin; cp. zoile.

guilt sb. ME. gilt OE. gylt 'a

crime': teut. base gnlti; a \'"gult

is unknown elsewhere.

guise me. glse fr. ofr. guise

'way, wise', which is of Teut.

origin; cp. wise.

gulf adapted fr. fr. gol/c,

whence also G. golf. The Rom.group Span. it. gol/o 'a gulf, bay'

is based on gr. y.nhfnq -/.oXtio^

'bosom, lap, a deep hollow'.

gullet sb. 'throat' m^. gullet golet

borrowed fr. fr. goule 'throat'

= LAT. gula.

gum^ short for me. gpfne OE.

gp?/ia. 'palate'; cp. on. §d?iir, ohg.

guo?no 'palate'; cogn. with the

equival. lith. go?nurys: aryan\^gM {ghduT).

gum 2 ME. gonmie gwnme: bor-

rowed fr. fr. gonnne= it. g07nma :

source lat. gunimi (gr. y.6iif.ii).

gun ME. gunnc gonne ; the me.

word was first applied to a cata-

pult or machine for throwing

stones; perh. shortened for ofr.

mangonne, which is the base of

OFR. ME. mangonel 'machine for

throwing stones'.

gush vb. ^\^.gusche -\^xo-^.gousche\

akin to on. gusa vb. 'gush', Odu.

guisen 'gush': TEUT. \fgut in GOTH.

giutan, OE. "^eotan, ohg. gio"^an

G. giessen 'pour out'.

gut ME. OE. gut (plur. ME. guttes

OE. guttas) : Teut. base guttu-.

gutter ME. gutire gotire fr. fr.

gouttierc (ofr. goutier, lat. type

guttarium : deriv. of lat. gutta

drop').

Gypsy short for me. Egipgi(n

Egyptian ; cp. span. port, gitano

Gyi)sy' from Aegyptidnus \ mod.-

GRKKK /t'r/To'caus A'iyvnxnc.. TheGypsies were poj)ularly supposedto be Egyptians.

96 habergeon — hale

H

habergeon me. habergeon hmo-herjoim: borrowed fr. ofr. hauber-

g07i hauberjofi, dimin. of ofr.

haitberc\ see hauberk.habit ME. abit: adapted fr. fr.

habit garment, habit, a custom':

source lat. habitus 'condition,

habit, dress'.

hack vb. me. hakke OE. hacciati

{Jioicceait) ^= -DV.hakken, G. hacken,

sw. hakka, DAN. hakke; possibl)-

from the \/^ haunv haw seen in

OE. heawan = e. he7v.

hack''^; see hackney.

hackle hatchel sb. me. hekel

hechel; cogn. w. du. hekel, G.

hechel\ sw. hdcMa , dan. hegle

(goth. '*hakihi).

hackney me. hakeney. borrow-

ed fr. FR. haquenie 'an amblinghorse' (= ODU. hackeneye, span.

hacanea a hackney).

haft ME. haft oe. haft\ cogn.

w. DU. heft, on. hepti, ohg. hefti

G. heft: TEUT. v^ haf (cp. heavy)=- .KYCik-ii^sf kap in LAT. capio 'take'.

hag ME. hagge short for OE.

ha-r^tesse := mdu. haghetisse, ohg.

haga-zussa: the first part of the

compound is perh. ident. w.

haw, the second part still un-

explained.

haggard ' adj. adapted fr. fr.

hagard 'wild, lit. 'of the woods';

formed fr. ohg. haga with the

Fr. suffix -ard from G. -hart; cp.

hag.

haggard ^ adj. 'lean, meager'

(earlier spelling hagged) prop,

'hag-like'.

hail sb. ME. hail {haut) oe.

ha;iel {hagof) = du. g. sw. dan.

hagel, OYiG.hagal, o^.hagl: Teut.

bases hagla- and hagala-. Perh.

cogn. w. GR. y.ay'Krj^ 'a roundpebble'. A single pebble is

called stone' : e. hailstone OE.

ha-^elstdtt, = on. haglstcifin.

hail adj. (ident. w. hale adj.)

ME. heil 'healthy, sound' : Scand.

loanword (on. heill) superseding

the native oe. hal =^ E. whole.— hail vb. 'greet, salute' me.

heile, formed fr. the me. adj. heil,

which was borrowed fr. oti.heill.—hail (an exclamation of greeting)

me. heil from on. heill 'hale,

whole' (esp. used in greeting

as far heill 'farewell').

hair (earlier spelling hear heare

in the i6. cent.) me. hh- oe. hh-

hdr = on. Mr, osax. ohg. mhg.

hdr, 'du. dan. g. haar, sw. hdr;

Teut. base hera- Qieza-T). Orig.

allied are ON. haddr, OE. heard

(goth. *hazda-) 'hair'. Outside of

Teut. cp. OSLOV. kosmii kosa (Lith.

kasd) 'hair' — cesati vb. 'comb'.

hale adj. (ident. w. hail adj.)

fr. ON. heill sound'; cp. zvhole.

hale haul vb. 'drag' me. hale

OE. {^eholian and) ^ichaliatt =OSAIL. halon, OFRis. halia,DV. halen,

OHG. holSn (Jialbfi) G. holett. The

half — hamper 97

TEUT. \fhal hoi answers to lat.

calare, GR. Y.akH\' 'summon'.

half ME. half oe. healf=^ goth.halts , ON. hdlfr , ohg. g. halt,

OSAX. DU. sw. half, DAN. halv:

Teut. base halba-,

perh. cogn.

w. SKR. klpay 'arrange, divide'.

halibut holibut me. halibut;

from jME. holy 'holy' and buite 'a

plaice'; cp. du. heilbot 'halibut',

sw. helgflunih'a, dan. fullefiynder;

the fish is so called because it

is excellent eating- for holydays;

cp. SCAND. heilagrfiskr, lg. heilige

butt and heilbutt.

hall ]\IE. halle oe. Iieall = on.

hall hgll, osAX. halla, du. hal. teut.

\fMl hel in oe. hela/i 'hide' =DU. helen, ohg. hela/t g. hehlen;

cp. ARYAN \^^^/ 'conceal, cover'

in LAT. celare occiderc, gr. V"xaAin KaXvnra) hide' — xaXvjjtj 'hut',

OIR. celim 'I hide'; skr. fala

'house'.

hallow vb. ME. hdhve short for

OE. hdl^ian: from OE. hdlii ^=

E. holy. — hallowmass 'feast'

shortened from All Hallorvs

Mass 'mass of all saints';

halloivs' is the gen. of halloics,

plur. of ME. hal{o)we 'a saint' =OE. hdlga 'a saint" from oe. hdlii

'holy'. Cp. holy.

halo borrowed fr. lat.-gr.halos 'circle around the sun or

moon'.

halt adj. me. halt oe. healt =GOTH, halts, on. haltr, oSAX. halt,

OHG. halz: Teut. base halta-,

pre-TEUT. ^ohlo — hlotlo in lat.claudus halt', gr. y.Xaiiao6^

English Etymology.

'brittle'. — halt vb. :me. halte oe.

healtian (= ohg. *halzen mhg.halzen 'limp') from oe. healt =halt adj. 'lame'.

halter me. halter oe. halftre =:

MDU. halftcr DU. halster , OHG.halftra g. halfter; closely allied

to oe. hylf m. ^= e. helve'handle', ohg. half. From the

same root are derived with

w-formation me. haltne 'handle',

ohg. halmo mjioh- 'rope fastened

to the yoke to guide the oxen'.

halyard halliard 'a rope for

hoisting sails' shortened fromhale-yard, because the ropeshaul the yards into their places.

Cp. hale vb. and yard.ham aiE. hamme oe. hainm lit.

'bend of the leg'; Teut. basehamma- from an Aryan kaimid-

k?tdmd- in gr. •Avr-f.irjl oiR. cnd'mi

(base kndmi-) 'bone'.

hame 'horse-collar' :me. hdme(oe. *hama) = du. haam, g.

hatnen: Teut. base haman- cogn.w. GR. y.rjuoc, LAT. cdtmis 'muzzle'.

hamlet ime. hattielet; formedwith dimin. suffix -et from ofr.hamel (= Fr. hameati) : sourcea Teut. word OFRIS. ham = e.

home (with dimin. suffix -eC).

hammer me. hamer oe. hamor= ON. hamarr , osax. hatnur,

ohg. hamar G. haj/wier; on.

hamarr denotes also 'rock,

cliff', pointing to relationship

with OSLOV. kamy 'stone'.

hamper vb. :me. hampereha/nprc vb.

hamper sb. borrowed fr. ofr.

7

hand — hard

hanapier, orig. 'a vessel to keepcups in from ofr. hanap (Lat.

type hanapus) goblet'. The Fr.

hatiap is of Teut. origin; cp.

OE. /map, OHG. hnapf G. napf,

]\ILG. DU. nap.

hand jvie. oe. hand hgmi ;=

GOTH, handiis , on, hand, ohg.

hunt g. osax. du. hand: prob.

derived fr. teut. goth. hinpan

'catch' (cp. hound and hunt).

— handle vb. me. handk oe.

handlian ^^ du. handclen , ON.

hgndhi, ohg. hantalon g. handeln \

frequent, vb. derived fr. hand.— handle sb. me. handd oe.

handle from handle vb. — hand-cuff 'a Cliff iox the hand adoptedfr. me. handcops 'a handcuff' from

oe. handcops 'a handcuff' from

oe. hand 'hand' and cops 'a fetter'.

— handicraft with unorig. in-

serted / (after handi^vorJi) from

OE. handcrceft. — handiwork me.

handiwerc OE. hand-y^cieorc from

OE. hond and ~^cii.'(orc ident. \v.

lueorc. The i is due to the prefix

OE. le.

handsome :\ie. handsom prop,

'easy to handle'. — handy me.

hendy OE. hendij^ in listhendi'^'^

Akin w. GOTH, handugs clever',

DU. handig 'handy, expert'; perh.

not derived fr. hand, but akin

to GR. -/.si'Tc'di 'prick, spur'; cp.

OHG. hantag 'sharp'.

hang vb. to. hange oe. hangian

:= OHG. hangen G. hangen: deriv.

of a str. vb. teut. *hanhan =^

GOTH. OHG. hahan = OE. hpn

(for '^)wh<ifi); cp. hiinge?-.

hanker vb. akin to du. htinkeren

(dial, hankereii) long after'; prob.

akin to hang and hunger.hap sb. ME. hap borrowed fr.

SCAND. happ 'chance, good luck';

cp. OE. lehccp 'fit'. — Hencehappen vb. me. happene ex-

tended for ME. happen (cp. SWED.happa^. — (Z"^. perhaps.

harass vb. loanword fr. fr.

harasser 'vex'.

harbor sb. me. herberwc, earlier

(i2. cent.) herJyerge inn, lodging,

guest house": Scand. loanword,

cp. ON. herberge 'inn, lodging' =OHG. heri-b'erga 'guest house'

(prop, 'sheltering place f^r the

army") G. herberge, du. herberg.

The first part of the compoundis oe. here = ohg. osax. heri,

GOTH, harjis 'army • The second

part is derived fr. a lost str.

vb. TEUT. bergan 'shelter'. —harbinger me. herbcrgeoiir 'one

who provides lodgings: deriv.

of OFR. herberger vb. 'lodge,

quarter' which is a deriv. of

OFR. herberge (= fr. auberge).

This is ident. w. ohg. heribcrga

(see harboi-).

hard adj. me. hard oe. heard;

perh. the me. phonology points

to its being borrowed from on.

hardr. Cp. OSAX. du. hard, ohg.///';-// hart G. hart 'hard, solid,

heavy, painful', on. hardr, sw.

hard, dan. haard, goth. hardus

'hard, severe': Teut. base hardii-

= ARYAN kartii- in GR. y.oarvg

{yM(jTa). — hardy adj. jSIE. hardy

borrowed fr. fr. hardi which ic

hards — hasp 99

of Teut. origin ; cp. ohg. harti

herti under hard.

hards sb. 'the refuse or coarse

part of flax' me. herdes OE.

heardan plur. 'hards of flax;

akin to OE. heord, on. haddr

'hair' ?

hare me. hare oe. hara =OHG. /laso G. hase\ for the

rhotacism in E. cp. on. here:

Teut. base hasan- hazan-\ an

ARYAN kaso- is represented in

the synon. skr. (aga, opruss.

sasins 'hare'. The Aryan nameof the animal points perh. to

the OE. adj. haso hasu gray'.

hark vb. ime. herke (oe. *hircian

*hyrciatt) from a Teut. base

*hauzu/dn = ofris. herkia, mlg.

horken g. horchen aiHG. hdrchen

late OHG. horechen from *hdrah-

hon: derived fr. the teut. \fhauzin GOTH, hausjan = e. hear. —harken vb. ime. herJme short for

OE. hiraijati hyrcnian] an E.

derivative of the verb hear; cp.

ta/k and tell , lurk and lower.

harlot ME. harlot a disorderly

person' (of either sex) : loan-

word fr. OFR. harlot 'vagabond'.

harm me. harm, oe. hearm =OSAX. harm ohg. hara?n 'insult,

mortification'; cogn. w. OSLOV.

sramil (fr. "^sormii) 'shame, dis-

grace'.

harness me. harneis; borrowedfr. OFR. harneis armor', whencealso g. harnisch.

harp ME. harpe OE. hearpe; cp.

synon. on. harpa, du. harp, ohg.harp/a harfa G. harfe. The Teut.

word occurs first in the 5'^ cent,

as LAT. harpa ; fr. harpe is of

Teut. origin.

harpoon adopted fr. fr. harpon,

whence also DU. harpoen (g. har-

pune^. Source lat. harpago(nem).

harrow sb. me. harwe (point-

ing to OE. *hearwe or *hearge);

perh. akin to the synon. G. harke,

DU. hark, ON. hcrji, dan. harv,

SW. harf 'harrow'.

harry vb. me. herie herien oe.

heryan herigan 'overcome with

an army' (= goth. ^harjon, on.

hcrja 'go on a plundering ex-

pedition', ohg. herio7i g. ver-

heereti)'. derived fr. teut. harja-

'army' under harbor.harsh adj. late me. harsk: a

Scand. loanword; cp. dan. osw.harsk 'rancid.

hart sb. jme. hert oe. heort

(heorot) = DU. hert, ohg. /?/r?/!-

hirz G. hirs now hlrsch, on.

hjgrtr, sw. hjort , DAN. hiort:

Teut. base *h'crut- from Aryankerud-, cogn. with lat. cerz'us

hart' and GR. y.eQun^ (lit. 'horned'

from AtQag 'a horn'), kymr. carzc

hart, PRUSS. sirwis, OShOX. surna

'roe'.

harvest ;me. hervest oe. hcprfest

= DU. herfst, ohg. herbist G.

herbst: related to lat. carpere

'pluck', GR. Y.an-nog 'fruit', y.oni-

TTiov 'a pruning-knife', skr. krpaiia

'sword', lit. kirp-ii shear'.

hash sb. from fr. hacher vb.

'hack' (of Teut. origin , cp.

hack vb.).

hasp MK. haspe oe. ho'ps (for

lOO haste hawk

*hcesp) = DAN. SW. G. MHG.haspe, ON. hespa 'hasp'.

haste vb. ME. haste', loanwordfr. OFR. haster (fr. hater), whencealso DU. haasten, o. hasten 'make

haste'. The fr. vb. is prob. a

Teut. loanword.

hat sb. ME. hat (plur. hattes)

OE. hat (plur. hcettas) = on.

hgttr 'hood, cowl', sw. hatt, dan.

hat 'hat' : Teut. base hattii- cogn.

w. hood sb. and perh. also

with LAT. cassis (for *cat-tis)

'helmet'.

hatch vb. me. hacche; cp.

MHG. hecken 'produce youngfrom eggs by incubation' G.

aiishecken 'hatch', sw. hdcka

'breed', dan. hcekkebimr 'breeding

cage'.

hatch sb. 'halfdoor' me. hacche

OE. hcBcc'i cogn. w. DU. hekl

hatchel see hackle sb.

hatchet sb. me. hacchet: loan-

word from FR. hachette, dimin.

of FR. hache 'axe': source a

teut. hakka cp. hack vb.

hate vb. me. hate older hdtieu

OE. hatian = GOTH, hatan, DU.

haten, osax. haton, ohg. hai^'Z^on

G. hassen. — hate sb. me. hate

influenced by the vb. hate;

earlier ]ME. h(te OE. hete =osax. heti, DU. haat, ohg. hai^

G. hass, ON. hatr, sw. hat, dan.

had, GOTH, hatis. The teut.

\P hat 'hate' is perh. ident. w.

the Teut. \^ hap in OE. heado-

war' ^ OHG. hadu and G. hader

'quarrel'.

hatred me. hatride{n): abstr.

noun from the vb. hate', cp.

ki/idred.

hauberk me. hauberk borrowedfr. OFR. hauberc; source ohg.halsb'erc prop, 'neck-defence'.

haughty adj. me. hauteifi 'arro-

gant' from OFR. hautain', source

OFR. haut = LAT. altus 'high'.

haul see hale vb.

haunch sb. me. haunche.: loan-

word from FR. hanche (ofr. hanke

of Teut. origin ; cp. ohg.aIlka ?)

.

haunt vb. me. haunte borrowedfr. FR. hanter 'haunt, frequent'.

have ME. have oe. habban =OSAX. hcbbiati, du. hebben, v ohg.haben G. haben, ON. hafa, GOTH.haban: Teut. base habai-^ ident.

w. LAT. haberel Aryan base

khabhey ?

haven me. have?! late oe. hcefene,

prob. a Scand. loanword; cp.

ON. hgf7i 'haven';perh. allied to

OE. hcef, ON. haf 'ocean'.

haversack borrowed fr. fr.

havresac 'a knapsack' from G.

habcrsack hafcrsack 'a sack for

oats'.

haw ME. hatve oe. haga 'an

inclosure' = ON. hagi', cp. ohg.

hag 'an inclosure' G. hag 'a hedge',

DU. haag 'a hedge, garden'. Acorresponding Aryan \f kagh is

evident' in cymr. cae, corn, ke

'hedge'. — Hence hawthornOE. hagii-porn. Cp. hedge.

hawk ME. hank oe. heafoc; cp.

OSAX. *habuc in the proper nameHabuc-horst , DU. havik , OHG.

habuh G. habicht with secondary

hawser heart lOI

/, ON. haukr (for hgdiikf) , sw.

//ok, DAN. Mji^; GOTH, '^habuks

with formative -ka- as in ahaks

'dove'. The \Phaf is seen in

0'&. hebban E. heave orig. 'take,

seize' as in lat. capere.

ha\vser 'a tow-rope' borrowedfr. the OFR. vb. haulser 'raise,

tow a boat' (Lat. type altiare

'elevate, raise').

hay HIE. hey oe. hej^ hii : Teut.

base hauja- = goth. hawi

(gen. hattjis) 'hay, grass', ohg.

hcwi houwi G. heu, on. hey, S\v.

DAN. ho, DU. /^(?(?/; orig. verbal

adj. ofthe Teut. verbal \fhau seenin hew. Hence hay 'grass to behewn' (orig. hauja- sc. grasa-').

hazel jME. hdsel oe. h(Bsel =DU. hazel, ohg. hasala G. ^rt'j'i?/,

on. ^^/: from pre-TEUT. koslo-,

hence in Lat. with rhotacism

corulus for '^cosulus 'hazel' ; cp.

also OIR. coll 'hazel' for *cosl}

he MK. OE. he = osax. he.

head short for me. hal fuller

form hcveil OE. h{afod^= on. haufup

{hpfuf), GOTH, haubip , osAX.

hobid, DU. hoofd, ohg. houbit G.

haupi: Teut. base haubida- hau-

buda- is closely allied to oe. hilfe,

ohg. hiiba g. haube 'cap, hood'.

This z?-root (aryan kap-T) maybe connected with lat. caput,

if this, is traceable to an hypo-

thetical *cauput *c6put. — headvar. suffix of -hood.

heal vb. ME. h{l^ oe. Juklan;

cp. the synon. osax. helian, du.

heelen, ohg. heilan G. heileti, on.

hcila, goth. hailjan 'heal' : deriv.

of the Teut. adj. haila- ^= E.

whole (cp. also hail adj. — hale

adj.). — health me. helthe OE.

/^^^^^ 'healing, cure' = ohg.

heilida : an abstract formation

from the adj. hdl 'whole, hale'

(see whole^.

heap ME. hep OE. heap 'heap,

troop, crowd' = OSAX. hop, DU.

hoop, OHG. houf 'crowd, troop'

g. haufe 'crowd , troop,

pile'

{QOTYL.^haups). oslov. kupil andlith. kaupas 'heap' are prob.

allied.

hear vb. me. here oe. heran

(west-sax. hyran) = osax.

horian, du. hoorefi, ohg. horan

G. horen, on. heyra, sw. hora,

DAN. hore: all with rhotacism

versus goth. hausjatt 'hear (cp.

hark diXid hear ke/t). The teut.

\fhauz == ARYAN kous maybe connected with gr. d-xovio

for d-y.ov(ifo (with prefix a- =SKR. sam) and with teut. ausS

'ear' = ear.

hearken var. o{ hark en; cp.

h a r k.

hearse sb. me. herse herfe orig.

'a triangular harrow' , then "a

carriage for a dead body':

adopted fr. ofr. herce 'a harrow'

= FR. herse 'a harrow'. Source

LAT. hirpex — hirpice?n 'a harrow'.

heart me. herie oe. hcorte;

equivalent to osax. hcrta, on.

hjarta, goth. hairto (ohg. herza

G. herz by the second sound-' shifting) : Teut. base herton- or

hcrian- = Aryan base kerd krd

in LAT. cor cordis, GR. /(igdln

I02 hearth — heel

and x/jp for ""yirj^id, IR. cride,

OSLOV. sridicc 'heart'.

hearth me. herth oe. heorp =DU. heerd, OSAX. herth, G. herd:

a TEUT. \f her 'burn' (cp. lat.

cre-niare 'burn?) may be as-

sumed as the base of E. hearth

and GOTH. hauri'coSiV pkir. hanrja

'fire', ON. hyj-r 'fire'.

heat sb. ME. hcte oe. hdto, the

abstract sb. from the adj. oe.

hat {= E. hoi) formed by vowel

mutation (goth. *haitei f. heat').

— heat vb. me. hcte oe. hcktan:

a factitive vb. from the adj. oe.

hat = e. hot (goth. ^haitjan

from *hatts) ; cp. G. hetzen.

heath me. heth oe. hckp =OHG. heida G. heide 'heath',

GOTH, haipi 'a waste', ON. heidr.

Hence heathen me. hcthcn oe.

hceden corresponding to on.

heiditm, du. mhg. hciden G. heide.

In GOTH, we find only a femi-

nine haipno 'a heathen woman',

whereby the existence of the

common Teut. masculine haipina

is secured for the fourth cen-

tury. It seems to be a trans-

lation of the synon. lat. paganus

occurring in the latter half of

the fourth century of the Chris-

tian era.

heave vb. me. h{ve earlier

hebbe oe. hebban str. vb. = on.

hefja, OSAX. hebbian, du. heffen,

OHG. hejfan hcvan G. heben,

GOTH, hafjan 'lift, raise' : aryan.

yfkap in LAT. capio seize'. Seeheavy.

heaven me. h(ven oe. heofon

= OSAX. h'eban (lg. ha:veii) with

a by-form himll, ohg. hi7?iil, du.

hemel, G. sw. dan. hitinriel: the

/-suffix stands by dissimilation

for the older /i-suffix after goth.

himins, ON. hbnhw, whilst in the

Saxon forms the orig. 7)i is dis-

similated to b. The commonTeut. word is prob. a deriv. of

a more prirait. teut. haiman-

'clearness , brightness' (oeris.

hchnlieht 'bright as the sky'):

TEUT. \/^ hai in G. heiter, OE.

hd-dor 'serene'. Cp. hoar.

heavy me. hevy oe. hefii=

OHG. hdng, ON. hgfugr 'heavy':

deriv. of the TEUT. sf hxif in

heave.

hedge me. hegge oe. hecg (oe.

also hc-^e me. heye haye): Teut.

base hagja-\ cp. ohg. hecka G.

heeke, DU. heggc heg. C'^. haw.heed vb. me. hede oe. hedan

= OSAX. hodian, ohg. huoten G.

hiiten, du. hoeden. The teut.

\fhdd from aryan M^/z {kodh})

or /^d/ is regarded as orig. cogn.

w. LAT. cassis (for *eat-tis) 'hel-

met'; cp. hood sb.

heel sb. me. he'/e oe. y^^'/a A^/if?

shortened from *h(ihi/a = east-

fris. he/a (whence DU. hieb),

dimin. of OE. hob 'heel'; a Teut.

base hanha- cp. in on. hckll 'heel',

DAN. /^(?/, sw. hill, and in E. hough.

heel vb. 'incline' shortened

from ME. helile oe. hildan hyhian

= ohg. heldan w. vb. 'incline':

Teut. base halpjati derived fr.

the Teut. adj. halpa- 'inclined'

heifer — hen 103

in OE. nidcrhcald 'bent down-wards'.

heifer ime. haifer (heck/re) OE. 1

heahfore heahfre (^'hcegfre ?) 'a

young cow': apparently a com-pound, but of obscure elements,

the first element seems to be

heah- hce-y- = teut. haha- haga-

cp. G. dial, hagen hegeVhviW., ox';

the second element is perh. OE.

fearr 'bull, ox' (gr. tzooic heifer).

height 'MS.Jieghte earlier heghthe

OE. hehpo hyhpo = goth. hau-

hipa 'height', on. hdd: abstr.

formation from the teut. adj.

haiiha- = high formed with suff.

ipa {ci. length, strength^.

heinous me. heinous from ofr.

hdinos := FR. haineux 'hateful'.

heir me. heir eir from ofr. heir

eir = LAT. heres 'an heir'.

hell ME. he/Ie oe. he//; cp.

GOTH, ha/ja, OSAX. /le//— he/lia,

oug. hella G.hd//e: common Teut.

Christian name for 'Hades, in-

fernum"; ON. /ic/ shows that the

older orig. word was also used

in pre-Christian times for heathen

'infernum'. Cp. also ON. Hel

'goddess of death'. Usually con-

nected with \^ /le/ Iial 'conceal'

(cp. hal/), hence /i^// 'the hid-

ing place, the unseen place".

helm sb. me. he/me oe. /ie/tfia\

cp. on. lya/m 'a rudder'.

helmet dimin. of me. oe. /le/m.

In the form /ielma- helmet' com-mon to the Teut. langs.; cp.

GOTH. Iii/nis, ON. /ijalmr, sw. dan.

hje/m, OSAX. DU. G. he/tn with

the same meaning that mav be

derived fr. the verbal \^ lie/ in

OE. OHG. /I'e/an, goth. hi/an 'hide,

conceal' (aryan \'~ /ie/ in lat.

ce/are , occu/ere , skr. (arman

protection').

help vb. ME. Iie/pe oe. /ie/pan

= GOTH, hi/pan, on. /ija/pa, sw.

hje/pa, DAN. lijalpe, osAX. hie/pan,

DU. LG. he/pen, ohg. he/fan G.

he/fen. teut. \f }ie/p from pre-

TEUT. \f/ielb- (lith. szelpti vb.

pasza/pa 'help' pointing to an

ARYAN yf/ielp).

helve sb. me. Jie/ve oe. he/f

hylf: Teut. base }ia/bi-\ cp. mlg.

mdu. he/ve, ohg. Iialba he/ba mho.

help haIp 'a handle. Si^e halter.

hem sb. me. /letn (plur. /icmmes)

OE. hem (plur. /lemnias): Teut.

base havija-.

hemlock me. hcm/idi limn/o/i

OE. hnn/ic hym/cc\ the second

part of the compound seems to

be explanatory (cp. lee/i), the

first part ]H)ints to a Teut. base

*/iauvii- ?

hemp ME. hemp oe. Jiancp; cp.

ON. hampr, DU. /lennep, OHG. Jianaf

G. Iianf: ident. w. the synon.

LAT. cannabis, GR. vAvva^iii^ TheTeut. word cannot be borrowed

from GR. or lat. Perh. the

Teutons adopted the word and

the thing from the Scythians

whence the word came also to

Greece.

hen me. oe. lien (stem /icnn-):

the fem. of oe. /uum 'cock' =OHG. henna G. henne (goth.

^han/b-) derived fr. hana m.

'cock'). ON. hdna (sw. hona

I04 hence — hidei

'hen') points to goth. *honJd.

The common teut. masc. hanan-

(goth. oe. hana, ohg. hand)

orig. meant 'singer', primit. re-

lated to LAT. canere 'sing'.

hence me. hennes with secon-dary -s (as in thence, once) for

an earlier henne, which by syn-

cope stands for late oe. heonane

mostly oe. heonan = OSAX. ohg.hinan (g. von hi/men). An origi-

nal stem hi- 'this' is evidentalso in here and hither.

herald :\ie. herald (Jieraud):

borrowed fr. fr. hiraut (lat.

type heraldus), which is of Teut.origin (heri-waldl).

herb me. herbe adopted fr. fr.

herbe: source lat. herba 'grass'.

herd' 'a flock' short for me.

Jierde oe. heord = goth. hairda,

on. hjprd, sw. dan. hjord ohg.h'erta G. herde, teut. herdo- fromARYAN kerdha is cogn. w. SKR.

fdrdhas (drdha-s 'troop'; also

OSLOV. creda 'herd, flock', LITH.

kerdzus 'shepherd'. See herd-.— herd^ 'shepherd' now usually

compounded {shep-, cow-, swine-,)

me. herde oe. hyrde (Jiiorde),

GOTH, hairdcis, on. hirdir, OHG.hirti G. hirte: with formative ja-

from TEUT. herdo- 'herd, flock'.

here isie. here oe. her = goth.ON.' OSAX. her ohg. hiar g. hier:

adv. of place (formed like goth.aljar 'elsewhere', par 'there' cp.

there^ from the pronom. stem///- in GOTH, hi-mma daga 'to-

day' und hi-na dag 'till to-day

(cp. hence and hither). The

stem hi- is cogn. w. lith. szis,

OSLOV. si 'this one', lat. ci-s

ci-tra 'on this side'.

heron me. heiroun from ofr.

hairon = fr. hiron.

.. herring me. hering oe. hcering

= ohg. hdring mhg. hceritic G.

hering, du. haring. westteut.hdring is the source of fr.

hareng.

hest 'a command' me. histe

Mst with inorganic / from OE.

hcks 'a command' ^= teut. haisi-

orig. hait-ti : teut. \fhait in

OE. hdtan 'command'. See behest

and hight.

hew vb. ME. hcwe OE. hec^wan

= OSAX. haiiwan, OHG. houwanG. hauen, du. houwen ; on. hgggva

points to GOTH, '^haggwan in

place of TEUT. hawwan. Theverbal \f^hawiv haw (cp. hay)is allied to the Aryan sfkow in

OSLOV. /^^?/rt'— kovati 'forge', lith.

kauju 'I strike' — kiijis 'hammer'.

heyday orig. hey day = e.

high day.

hiccough hiccup, also hick-et

looks like a dimin. of hick or

hik 'a catch in the voice', imi-

tative of sound?hide^ sb. me. hide oe. hyd (by

vowel mutation fr. aTeut, base hu-

di-); synon. in all Teut. languages

except Goth.; cp. ohg. hiit o.

hatit, ON. hud, dan. sw. hud,

DU. huid. ARYAN ktiti-s answers

to LAT. ciitis 'skin'; cp. gr. y.vro^

'skin, hide'. The \/~ku appears

in LAT. scii-tutn 'shield', GR.

6av-xq^ 'skin, hide' with a prefix s.

hide^ hipi 105

hide- sb. 'a measure of land'

OE. /lU conir. of OE. ///^zV/ 'enough

land for a household'; prop.

'^hlwida- 'family' allied to hind'^.

hide vb. ME. hide oe. hjdan:

Teut. base hiidjan, perh. cogn.

w. CYMR.^//r/^/ 'hidden, concealed'

and GR. y.ftd^co 'hide': Aryanx'^Md/i?

hideous by change of suffix for

]ME. hidons adopted fr. ofr. hidoiis

= FR. hideiix: source a lat. type

hispidosus, extension of lat. hispi-

dus 'rough, shaggy, bristly'.

hie vb. 'hasten' me. hie earlier

hi'^e higen oe. higian. Teut. base

hi-gai- perh. a reduplication of

an ARYAN \'^M in lat. ci-to

'quickly', gk.yuhv go'? Or cogn.

w. SKR. iigh}-a 'quick'?

high adj. aie. heigh earlier heh

oe. h{ah = GOTH, hdiihs, on.

hdr, DU. hoog, osax. ohg. hoh,

G. hoch: teut. hauha- from anARYAN kouko-. oteut. possessed

a sb. formed from the adj.

meaning 'hill (base kouko-s);

cp. ON. haugr 'hill' (whence E.

how in proper names) and with

ablaut G. hilgel; cp. lith. kaii-

kara 'hill'.

hight vb. ME. highte heghte OE.

heht (JiihtT) 'was called : pret.

to OE. hdtan r= goth. haiiafi,

G. heiss^n.

hill ME. //// (plur. hilles) OE.

hyll (plur. hyl/as): Teut. basehulli- or hulja- cogn. w. goth.hallus 'rock' and on. hallr 'hill';

an ARYAN sf^kol cp. in lat. coUis

'a hiir, admen 'a top', lith. katnas

kalva hiir, GR. •aoXu)Voc.

hilt MS.. OE. ///// = ON. hjalt,

OHG. h'elza 'a sword-hilt'.

hind ^ ME. hinde oe. hhid =ON. DAN. sw. hind, DU. hinde,

OHG. htnia G. hindin. goth. *hindi

(gen. *hifidjds) is perh. connected

with GR. y.f^i-dc 'youngdeer'.

hind^ 'a peasant' ME. hine OE.

hina 'a domestic'. Cp. htde^.

There is a Teut. base hiwa- in

goth. heiwa-fra2ija 'husband',

OE. hiwrceden 'family, household'

= OHG. hirdt 'marriage G. heirat.

hind in behind and hind-feet

akin to the oe. adv. hindan 'at

the back of— hinder 'backwards'

^= GOTH, hindar prep, 'behind',

G. hinter prep, 'behind'. — hin-

der vb. ME. hindre oe. hinderian

= ON. hindra OHG. h.intircii hin-

taron G. hindern. — hindmostcorrupted fr. hind7?iest (confused

with fnost) = GOTH, hindufnisis

'hindmost'.

hinge me. henge\ oe. "^hencge

(for TEUT. *hangjdn-') is not re-

corded: deriv. of the teut.

\fJmnh hang (see hang~)\ cp.

MLG. mdu. henge 'rack for hang-

ing up things'.

hint sb. shortened fr. me.

hinted part, of hinie (Jiente) =OE. hentan 'seize, hunt after'

ixom. \'^henp seen in hunt}hipi sb. MS., hipe o^. hype; cp.

GOTH, hilps (nom. plur. hiipeis),

DU. heap, G. hilfte AfflG. huf (plur.

hilffe) OHG. huf (plur. huffi):

TEUT. hiipi- from ARYAN ku/>i-.

io6 hip^ hog

hip- sb. 'the fruit of the dog-

rose' ME. hepc OE. heope = OSAX.

hiopa, OHG. hiufo mhg. hiefe.

hip vb. ME. hippe OE. *hyppan

= l\fflG. hupfen hupfen o. hup/en;

allied to OE. hopfian = e. hopvb.; o^. hoppcttan, G. hopfen, on.

hoppa.

hire vb. me. /?/?-(? oe. hyrian

vb. = DU. huren, OFRis. ///nz,

sw. A>7v?, DAN. hyre mlg. hiiren,

G. heuern 'hire, rent': West-Teut.

base hierjon.

hiss vb. me. /^/Vj-^: prob. an

onoroatopoetic word as ODU.

hisschen 'to hiss'.

hit vb. iviE. hitte: adopted fr.

ON. hiita, DAN. hitte; perh. cog.

w. GOTH, hinpan 'catch'.

hitch vb. me. hicche 'move'

;

OE. ^hyccanl

hither :me. oe. hiiter: derived

from a Teut. pronoun hi- 'this'

in here and hence; cp. goth.hidre, on. hedra 'on this side

;

cogn. with LAX. ci-tra 'on this

side'. For the suffix cp. thither.

hive ME. hive oe. hyf: Teut.

base Mibi- in mlg. hiive 'hive',

DU. huif; cogn. w. lat. cupa

'bowl?hoar adj. i\ie. hdr oe. hdr =

GOTH. *haira-, on. hdrr 'hoary',

OSAX. OHG. her g. hehr 'distingui-

shed', also 'venerable'. The orig.

meaning of the adj. was prob.

'venerable', on. and E. have the

meaning 'gray with age'. A teut.

\^hai 'glitter, shine' is supported

b}' heaven and ON. A^zV/ 'clearness

of the sky' ; teut. hai from Aryan

koi is cogn. with skr. kc-til-s

'light, lustre, torch'.

hoard me. oe. hard = osAx.

hord {Jiortli) , goth. huzd, on.

hodd n. — hoddr m., OHG. G. hort.

TEUT. hozda- from aryan kuzdho-

for kiidhto- part, 'that which is

hidden'; cp. gr. y.evdw underhide vb.

Hoarhound me. hgrJioune oe.

sio hare hilne 'the hoar hound'

;

OE. hilne is a plant-name.

hoarse me. horse prop, hps, OE.

has pointing to goth. '^haisa- ^=

OHG. heis heisi ^mG. heis heise;

the r of mhg. g. heiser seems to

be the same r as in E. "hoarse

= j\iDU. hcersch (mod. DU. heescli);

perh. originating from the OE.

dat. hdsre (fnid hdsre stefne)

transposed to hdrse ^^ jsie. horse}

hobble vb. ME. hoble for *hopple;

frequent, of hop vb.

hobby sb. 'a toy like a horse,

ambling nag, a favorite pursuit';

ME. hoi)in 'a nag': borrowed fr.

OFR. hobin 'a little horse'?

hock corruption of Hochheim:

the name of a German town onthe river Main, famous for wine.

hoe sb. from fr. houe 'a hoe'

:

source ohg. houwa = g. haue

hoe'.

hog ME. hog (plur. hogges') OE.

hocg (plur. hoggas) : a Welshloanword, cp. w. h7cich 'a sow'

(bret. corn, hoch pig'). — hogs-head cp. the equiv. mlg. hukes-

hovet huxhovet du. okshoofd (earlier

also hokshoofd') G. oxhoft, sw.

oxhu/vud, DAN. oxehoved: origin

hoist hood 107

and history of this compoundare unauthorized.

hoist vb. earlier hoise akin to

the equivalent lg. hisscn , du.

hijschen, dan. heise, sw. hissa,

G. hisse/i, FR. hisser, it. issare.

hold vb. ME. hglde OE. hdldan

{Jh;aldati)= OHG. haltaii (Jmltka/i)

G. halten , OSAX. GOTH, haldan,

DU. houden, on. halda : a commonTEUT. vb. Cp. behold.

hold sb. (the hold of a ship)

prop, //t?/^: ident. w. hollow andhollow ; cp. DU. ^(?/ 'a hole, cave'.

— hole sb. ME. hole hoi oe. hoi

'a cave' = on. holr, ohg. mhg.hoi G. /r^>^/, DU. hol\ the E. ME.

OE. OHG. MHG. adjectives are

used as substantives: teut.

\fhel 'conceal' in oe. helati, G.

hehlcn. — hollow me. holwc oe.

holh (gen. hohoes) ; cogn. with

equival. ohg. mhg. hoi, on. holr:

teut. '\j'~*hul connected with

the teut. sfhel in oe. ohg. helatt

'hide, conceal' {c^iJiell, helmet).

holiday prop, holy day.

holly ME. holi?i OE. holeyi; akin

to the equivalent du. g. htdst

MHG. huh, ohg. hulisy whence fr.

houx; pre-TEUT. \'~kel- in w.celyn , corn, celin , bret. kelen,

IR. cuilcann 'holly'.

hollyhock for me. holihoc prop.

holy hock': oe. hocc means'mallow'.

holster borrowed fr. du. holster

'a case for a pistol' (g. pistolen-

hol/tcr) ; ident. w. on. hulstr 'a

case, a sheath', goth. hulhti- 'a

veil'; from teut. huljan andsufT. -stra fr. -s-tra (oE. heolstor).

holy JNiE. holy oe. hdlii earlier

hdlei = OSAX. helag, ohg. heilag

G. du. heilig , ON. heilagr , DAN.hellig , sw. //<?/4'- (goth. hailag

in a Goth, runic inscription).

Common teut. hailaga- from

common teut. haila- cp. wholeand ^<?/^.

homage me. homage: borrowedfr. OFR. ho?nage = FR. hotumage;

source a lat. type homatiami 'the

service of a vassal or man' (lat.

ho7no 'man').

home ME. hpm oe. ham = osAX.

hem, on. heimr, ohg. G. du. //<7w

'home ; GOTH, haims 'a village'.

Teut. base haimb- (/laimi-) from

a pre-TEUT. kaimd- (kaimi-) =LITH. kemas — PRUSS. caymis 'a

village', GR. Y.Mf.iri 'village

.

hone ME. hone oe. hdn\ Teut.

base haino- = ON. hein, SW. hen

'hone'. Cp. OE. hcknan 'to stone'.

honey me. himi oe. hm'r^ huncy.

Teut. base himang = on.

hiinang, du. hotline, OHG. honang

G. honig 'honey. Origin un-

certain; perh. cogn. w. OR. y.oric

'dust'?

-hood a suff. used to form

abstract nouns ; orig. an in-

dependent sb. dying out in me. :

oe. had 'state, quality' = goth.haidtis, ohg. mhg. heit 'manner

(g. -heit only suffix). Cp. its var.

-head.

hood sb. 'covering' me. oe.

hod = DU. hoed , OHG. hiiot g.

hut. Closely allied to hat and

io8 hoof host'

to the TEUT. \l^had hod vn heed.

hoof ]\IE. OE. hgf= OSAX. ho/,

DU. hoe/, ON. ho/r, ohg. huo/ G.

hu/: Teut. base hS/(^- from Aryan*koJ>o-, whence osLov. kopyto

'hoof'. Others derive teut. hb/a-

from Aryan kdpho and compareit with SKR. (aphd , avest. sa/a

'hoof.

hook ME. OE. hoc = niDU. hoeh

'hook'. The kindred forms havea diff. vowel and answer to OE.

haca, ON. ha/^i, ohg. hd{c)ko G.

hake. OHG. hdg(g)o points to

GOTH. ''^'hcg(g)a 'hook'. G. haken

being 'a kind of plough', goth.hoha 'plough' may also be com-pared, so that the stem may behoh heg hak.

hoop sb. ME. OE. hop = DU.

hoep, OFRis. hop, north-fris. hfp

'hoop', MLG. hop; TEUT. base

hb/>a-.

hoop vb. ME. houpe adopted fr.

FR. hoiiper 'hoop unto'; of Teut.

origin, cp. OE. hwopan =^ GOTH.hwfpati vb. 'boast, glory'.

hoot vb. ME. hoiite borrowedfr. osw. hitta 'hoot'.

hop vb. ME. hoppe OE. hoppian

= DU. hoppen , on. sw. hoppa

DAN. hoppe, G. MHG. hop/en. Cogn.w. hip vb.

hop sb. ]VIE. hoppe = du.

hop, G. hop/en late ohg. hop/o,

med.-lat. hupa (for *hiippa).

Its origin is obscure.

hope vb. me. hope oe. hopian

= mdu. hopen, mhg. g. hoppen.

The labial in oe. hopia7i (goth.*hupdii) is a substitute for a

guttural (base *huqon) as shownby the oe. abstract noun hyht

'hope' (base huh-ti-s) : teut.

\Phuq hup. — hope sb. me. hope

for OE. td-hopa = oSAX. to-hopo

sb. 'hope'.

horn me. oe. horn =; on.

ohg. g. du. hortt, goth. hailrn:

common Teut. (in a runic

inscription) horna 'horn' cogn.

w. LAT. cornu and IR. cymr.corfi, with other suffix GR. y.s(j-ag

horn'; cp. also E. hari prop,

'horned' and skr. crn-ga 'horn'.

hornet oe. hyrnet = ohg.hornai^ hurnnz, G. hornisse. Thesynon. Slav, and Lat. wordsfor 'hornet point to GOTH.*haurzniiis with an ARYAN. \i^ krs

(iND. (rs) : LAT. crdbro 'hornet'

for '^crdsi'o, osLOV. srnkni, LITH.

szirszofie 'hornet'. The Aryanstem is krs for 'hornet', cp.

OSLOV. sriisa, lith. szirszu. Du.preserves a trace of this inner

i' in horzel 'hornet' (goth. '^haiir-

suls) — horzelen vb. 'hum'.

horse me. oe. hors = osax.

hors— hem, du. ros, ohg. ros (gen.

rasses) G. ross (whence it. rozza,

FR. rosse a jade'), on. hross,

also hors, sw. dan. dial, hors

'a horse' : Teut. base hrossa-.

hose me. hose oe. hdsii =DAN. G. hose, DU. hoos, OHG.

ON. hosa (goth. ^''hilso). TheTeut. words found their wayinto Celt. (corn, hos 'ocrea,

cuisses') and into Rom. (ofr.

hose).

host^ sb. 'army' me. host gst'.

host 5 hull 109

loanword fr. OFR. Jiostc 'army'

(source LAT. hostis— hosteni).

host^ sb. 'entertainer ]me. kosie:

loanword fr. ofr. hosic (= LAT.

hospHeni). Hence hostess me.

hpstesse from ofr. hostesse andhostler me. hostUr 'innkeeper'

from OFR. hosteller 'innkeeper'.

host^ sb. (in the mass) me.

hoste pste : source lat. hosiia,

FR. hostic.

hot adj. ME. hot OE. hat: Teut.

base halta- = on. he/tr, DU.

heet, OSAX. het, ohg. heiT, G. helss

'hot'; the TEUT. -y'^ hit cp. in

GOTH. heltS 'fever and in on.

hlti, OSAX. hlttla, G. hitze 'heat';

cp. hrat sb.

hough sb. ME. hough (/uf) oe.

hph 'the heel'; hence the dimin.

heel. Teut. base hanha- in on.

hctll 'heel'.

hound ME. hound oe. hiitid

hu)id =^ GOTH, hiinds, on. hundr,

DAN. SWED. hund, DU. hond,

OSAX. G. hund OHG. hunt: Teut.

base hunda- prop, 'the hunter',

derived fr. the teut.-goth. vb.

hinpan 'seize, capture' (oE. hup

'bootv') ; see hunt.

hour ME. houre cure borrowedfr. OFR. {h)ure {h)ore (= fr.

hew-), whence also du. tiur, g.

uhr (dial. auer). Source LAT.

hora.

house me. hous oe. hus: Teut.

base husa- in goth. gud-hus

'house of God', osAX. ohg.hiis G. haus, du. huis, ON. hus.

housings earlier houss (of a

horse), borrowed fr. fr. housse ?

hovel ]ME. hovel 'small hut':

dirain. with suffix -el from OE.

hof = ON. hof 'a temple, a

hall'; cp. G. hof 'a yard'. —hover vb. intensive derivative

of ME. hove vb. 'tarry, wait'; cp.

ofris. hovia 'receive in one's

house : derived fr. teut. hofa-

'hall, yard'.

how ME. how oe. hu (for

*huiu *h7iiip) : Teut. form hwo in

osAX. hwo 'how', OHG. wuo ; du.

hoe for hwo, ofris. ////: formedfrom the Teut. stem hwa- in

who; cp. gr. TTfct,'.

how in local names cp.

high.

howl vb. jme. houle; cp. du.

huilen, G. heulen.

huckster me. huckstire (oe.

'^huccestre) ; orig. 'a female re-

tailer ; akin to mhg. hucke hocke

'a retailer'; derived from mhg.hocke7i vb. 'squat', ox. hokkinn

'bowed, bent. Cp. du. heukcn

vb. 'huckster, retail' — heuker

huckster, retailer'.

hue ^ sb. ME. hewe hew oe.

heow 'appearance': ident. w.

goth. hmi (g. hiujls) 'form,

appearance', sw. hy 'skin, com-plexion'.

hue'"^ sb. 'outcry' JIE. hii derived

fr. FR. huer 'hoot, hiss'.

huge adj. me. huge (Jiouge):

loanword fr. ofr. ahuge 'huge'.

hull liusk' me. hule oe. hulu

'hull, husk'; cp. synon. G. hi'tlse

OHG. hulsa for *hulisa (goth.

*hulisi or *huluzt) : formed from

the \^hel hul (g. hiille) under

no humble — hutch

hell, hollotv and holster. —hull 'body of a ship' ident. w.

hold sb.

humble adj. me. hutnl'le bor-

rowed fr. FR. humble (= lat.

hufiiilis)

.

humblebee sb. me. hofnbel-be;

an equivalent OE. *hufnbol is to

be assumed for ohg. hufubal

G. hummel, DU. hommel 'humble-

bee'.

humor me. humour from ofr.

humor = fr. humeur.

hundred me. oe. hundred

{hundrep), ident. w. osax. huu-

darod, G. hundert, on. hiuulrad;

the word is appar. a comp., the

second part of which belongs

to GOTH, rapjmi vb. 'count'; the

first part GOTH. OE. hund is

cogn. w. LAT. ceiiiuf/i, GR. ey.avov,

SKR. (atdm.

hunger me. hu?iger honger oe.

hungor ; cp. synon. osAX. ohg.

hungar G. hunger, on. hungr;

GOTH, hiihrus (for *hunhrus)

'hunger' with the derived hug-

grjan 'hunger : common teut.

hunhru- hungru- hunger' from

ARYAN, htikrti-l cp. LITH. kankli

'torture' with on. hd vb. 'torture'

(from TEUT. *hanhd7!).

hunt vb. ME. hunte OE. huntiau:

a secondary verb from a primit.

vb. shown in goth. frahinpan

'take prisoner'. From the sameroot E. hound and hand.

hurdle me. hirdel oe. hyrdel,

dimin. of an OE. *hyrd ==. ohg.

hurt (plur. hurit) G. hilrde; cp.

ON. hurd 'door', goth. haiirds

door'. The meaning 'door' is

developed from the commonmeaning 'wickerwork'. Teut.

base hurdi- = aryan krti in

LAT. crates, GR. y.vgT/] 'a fishing-

basket' — y.dpraXng 'a (woven)

basket'; cp. skr. hrt 'spin' —ert 'bind, connect'.

hurl vb. ME. htirle earlier

hu/tle vb.

hurricane sb. akin to the

synon. dv. orkaan, dan. sw. g.

orkan, FR. ouragan, IT. iiracano,

SPAN, huracan 'a hurricane' ;,after

the discovery ofAmericaadoptedfr. Caribbean hurakan 'a hurri-

cane.

hurry vb. me. hurie horie vb.

'hasten'.

hurt vb. ME. hurte hirte vb.

'offend' borroweti fr. ofr. hurter

(fr. heurter^.

husband sb. me. husbonde oe.

(about lo^o) husbonda: a Scand.

loanword, cp. on. husbondi, sw.

DAN. husbonde from hus 'house'

and ON. bondi bundi 'husband.

husk ME. huske OE. *htlseca 'a

small house' (?); cp. G. gehduse.

hussy short for housewife.

hut ME. hutte from fr. hutte.

Source OHG. hutta = G. hiitte.

hutch sb. 'a box' me. hucche

prop. hucche (whence me.

whicchc') : loanword fr. fr. huche

trough, bin'.

I — inquest III

I ME. / earlier ich ic OE. ic =DU. ik, OSAX. ic, OHG. ih G. ich,

GOTH, ik : common teut. ik ek

from ARYAN. egom\ cp. lat. ego,

GR. lyil, SKR. ahdm, aslov. azii,

lATn.az. The oblique cases were

formed in all Aryan languages

alike from a stem me--, cp. meand mine.

ice ME. OE. is ^= OHG. ts G.

eis, ON. tss, DU. /y^ (goth. *eisa-')

:

a common Teut. word, not

found elsewhere. — icicle

'ME. isikel: prop, a compound,OE. is-ycel (isesycel)

;peel is

dimin. 'a small piece of ice'

(cp. MLG. isjokel 'icicle', on.

ioklilt).

idol ME. idgle borrowed fr. fr.

idole (lat. idobivt, gr. fiOVoAoi-

'an image, likeness').

idle adj. me. oe. idel 'empty,

vain , useless' = oSAX. ulal

'empty, useless', ohg. ital 'empty,

vain, boastful' g. citel 'vain', DU.

ijdel 'empty'.

if ME. // OE. lif = OSAX. ef

of, DU. of if 'whether, but',

OHG. oba with the older by-forra

ibu 'if, whether' G. ob 'if, as if,

even if, whether', on. if ef 'if,

GOTH, -ihaii) 'whether, perhaps .

Prop. dat. instr. of on. ifi efi

m. and if ef n. 'doubt', ohg.

iba f. 'doubt, condition'.

ill ME. /// ilk: Scand. loan-

word from ON. illr; the native

E. synon. is evil (oe. yfel).

imp sb. ME. OE. impe 'graft,

scion' with the vb. IME. impe

OE. itnpian 'graft'; cp. OHG.

itnpfon G. impfen, dan. ytnpe,

sw. ymipa. Source a lat. type

impiitare, whence also fr. enter,

DU. enteti vb. 'graft'.

impair vb. me. empeire bor-

rowed fr. ofr. empeirer ^ fr.

empirer (lat. type impeiorare

'make worse').

impeach vb. prop, 'hinder'

for ME. apcche vb. 'hinder' bor-

rowed fr. fr. empccher (lat.

type itnpedicare 'fetter' irom.pedica

sb. 'fetter').

imply cp. ply.

in prep. :\ie. in oe. in =OSAX. G. DU. GOTH, in, ON. /,

sw. DAN. /. Orig. related to

LAT. in, GR. av{i), LITH. i,

LETT. C.

inch sb. me. inche OE. ync'e:

early loanword from lat. uncia

'an inch', also an ounce'.

ingot ME. ingot = fr. lingot

ingot} Source and history doubt-

ful.

ink ME. enke from ofr. enqiie

(fr. encre, DU. i7ikt, lg. inkci) :

source lat. encaustum 'the purple

red ink'.

inkling sb. from the vb. me.

inkle 'hint.

inn ME. OE. /// inn sb. 'house,

lodging - house' = on. inni

'inn'.

inquest me. enquc'ste from ofr.

112 ire — jail

enqueste {= fr. enquete). Akinto inquire vb. ]ME. enquere from

OFR. ciiquerrer {^= fr. eiiquirir

'inquire') ; source lax. i?tqtiirere.

ire ME. ire 'anger' from ofr.

ire (lat. ird).

irk vb. ME. irke 'tire' with the

adj. irksome extended fr. me.

irk 'distasteful'.

iron ME. OE. iren oldest oe. form

ise?'n = GOTH, eisarn, OSAX. ohg.

tsarn G. eisen, DU. ijzer, on. isarn

(jam): Teut. base isarna- perh.

borrowed fr. a Celt, isarno- {=OIR. lam 'iron'); gall. Isarno-

doriim a placename.

island me. ilond oe. i~^lond

(i'^land) island'; the first part

of the compound represents

the oe. ii ii 'isle' (cp. on. eyland,

OFRis. DU. ^'/AzWisland'), blendedw. OFR. isle. The word starts

from a 'XWJT.aujo- {inScandin-avia

Bat-avid), which is a derivative

of TEUT.-GOTH, ahwa 'stream,

flowing water' ohg. aha = OE. ia

= LAT. aqua 'water'.

isle ]\rE. Ue borrowed fr. FR.

lie (source lat. insula) 'an isle'.

Cp. island.

issue ME. issile from ofr. issue

'end, event' (derived fr. issir =LAT. exire).

it ME. it earlier me. oe. hit

neuter to E. he (OE. MS., he).

itch vb. ME. icche for ~^icche oe.

lyccan : Teut. base jukjan =DU. jeuken, oSAX. jukkian, ohg.

juckan G. jiccken. teut. sf juk.

ivory ]me. ivory (ivoire) borrowedfr. OFR. ivorie— FR. ivoire, whencealso DXJ.iz'oor. Source 'LA.T.eboreus

'made of ivory' — ebur 'ivcyy'.

ivy ME. iz'y oe. ijil short for

"^ff-hii if-hei = OHG. eha-hewi

mhg. ep-hou (g. epheii) with the

by-form OHG. ebah: perh. akin

to GOTH, ibuks 'backwards' ? It

is uncertain, whether the 2"*^ ele-

ment of OHG. eba-hewi ^ OE. iji'^

is ident. w. hay.

iwis 'certainly' me. iwis oe.

lewiss = OHG. ^i7iiis G. gezciss,

DU. gewis'. Teut. base ga-wissa-

prop. part, of the Teut. vb.

witan 'know' (cp. wot).

jabber variant of e. gabber.

jacket from fr. jaquet; cp.

me. jakkc = OFR. jaque (g.

jackt). ^

jade UE.Jdde 'old horse'. Source

and history unknown.

jail with the by-form gaol]ME. gailjaiole gaihgl borrowed fr.

OFR. gaiole gaole (fr. geole) 'a

prison, bird-cage'. Source lat.

caveola from cavea (= E. cage,

G. kdfig).

jamb journal 113

jamb from fr. jambe 'a leg',

also 'a jamb' (source lat.

gat/ibd) .

jar sb. 'an earthen pot' from

FR. Jarre.

jaundice ism.jaundis jaunis from

FR. jaunisse prop, yellowness';

source FR. jaune 'yellow' =LAT. galbmus 'greenish yellow'.

javelin sb. from fr. javelin:

of Celt, origin , cp. cymr. ga-

fiach (whence OE. gafeloc) 'spear'.

jaw ME. chaul (choul) earlier

chavel oe. (plur.) c€dfias\ akin to

OSAX. kdflos plur. 'jaw' and with

other formatives on. kjaptr, G.

kiefer 'jaw' : teut. \^ kef kef fr.

an ARYAN geph, perh. cogn. w.

AVEST. zafra 'mouth, jaw'.

jay ME. jai from fr. geai (ofr.

jai gai).

jealous ]ME. Jeloiis gelous from

OFR. gelous (fr. jaloux, whenceDU. jaloes).jelly sb. late me. gelU from

FR. gelce.

jeopardy sb. me. jiiperdi orig.

jilparti 'hazard, hazardous feat

borrowed fr. fr. jeu parti 'risk,

hazard' (orig. 'a game, in which

the chances are equally divi-

ded').

jest prop, 'a merry tale' me.

geste (also gcste) 'a story' from

OFR. geste romance'.

jet sb. (a mineral) short for

me. git contracted fr. geyH:

loanword from ofr. gaiet {jaet

jet) : source lat. gagates.

jew ME. jew earlier gl7a bor-

rowed fr. OFR. Giu Jui: source

English Etymology.

LAT. Judaeus. In oe. we find

Judeas plur. 'the Jews' from the

Latin.

jewel :me. jouel juel from ofr.

joiiel (whence G. jiiwel, du.

juweei) = FR. joyaii. Source

a LAT. type gaudiale from gau-

dium.

jig sb. me. gigge 'a fiddle' from

OFR. gige {= MHG. gige G. geige)

'a fiddle'.

jingle ME. gingle.

job sb. cp. ME. gobet 'small

piece' and OFR. gob 'a mouth-ful'.

jockey ident. w. Jackcy. dimin.

of Jack.

jog yb. ^lE. joggc vb. gohastily'.

join vb. JiiE. joine borrowed fr.

FR. joindrc {= LAT. jungere).

— Hence e. me. joint sb. from

FR. joint.

joist sb. ME. giste 'joist' from

OFR. giste (== FR. gtte ? derivative

of FR. gdsir 'lie').

jolly iME. joli earlier jolif:

loanword from fr. joli (ofr.

jolif)-

jostle justle vb. intensive for-

mation from ME. jouste 'tilt' =OFR. jouster (me. jouste 'tour-

nament' fr. OFR. jouste = :mhg.

tjOSti^.

journal from fr. journal. —journey me. journe journie 'a

day's travel, a day's work' from

FR. journie 'a day, a day's work'

(it. giornata, lat. type diur-

natd).

114 joy kettle

joy WE..Joie from YK.j'ok (source

LAT. gaudia r= gaudiufii).

judge sb. short AIE. jilge from

FR. jiige (source lat. judex —judiceffi) 'a judge'. — judgevb. liiE. Ji/ge from FR. jnger ^=

LAT. jiidicare.

juice ]ME. Jiise j'l/fe from fr.

y/« (source lat. jus) 'juice'.

July ME. Ju/i from lat. Julius.

— June aie. jilne earlier jiinie

from ofr. gU7iiel (fr. y?^m) ^LAT. Junius.

just ME. yV/i-/ (short for jilstl)

from FR. y>/5-/<? (= LAT. Justus').

— Justice IME. justice orig. Justice

^= 'EK. Justice: source LAl.Justitia.

— Justify vb. ME. Justifie from

FR. Justijicr.

K

keel sb. ident. \v. on. /Cy'c'/r

(Teut. base kelu-) "keel of the

ship' = synon. dan. kjol, sw.

kol, G. DU. kiel. Source and

history unknown.

keel vb. 'cool' me. kele oe.

celan: Teut. base koljan derived

fr. the adj. teut. kolu- = E.

cool.

keen adj. me. kene 'sharp, bold,

brave' oe. cene orig. ccmi 'bold,

brave, wise' : Teut. base koni-

= OHG. kuoni G. kiihn, DU. koen

'bold , daring ; the original

meaning is evident in on. kditir

'wise', which points to the TEUT.

\f kan 'know' in can, ken andknoii.'.

keep ME. kepe OE. ccpan ccepan

'keep' : from a Teut. base kop-

jan; no \f kop exists in the

other Teut. languages.

keg sb. Scand. loanword : ON.

kaggi 'a keg'.

ken vb. 'know' me. kennc bor-

rowed fr. ON. kenna vb. 'know'

r= G. kennen, GOTH, kannjan;

causative of teut. kunnan 'know'.

Cp. can vb.

kennel 'a house for dogs'

ME. kencl: adopted fr. oner, kenil

{chcjiil)] source onfr. ken (fr.

chieri) 'dog' with suff. -// (lat.

type '^candle from canis 'dog').

kerchief sb. earlier spelling

cu7-chief ME. coverchef'. borrowed

fr. OFR. covrechef lit. 'a head-

covering', ofr. cozn-ir (= fr.

couvrii-) 'cover' and chef 'head'.

kernel me. kirnel oe. cyrnel

(Teut. base kurnila-) : dimin. of

corjt (with the Teut. dimin. suff.

-iUi)

.

kettle ME. ketel borrowed fr.

ON. kctill =r GOTH, katils, ohg.

ke7,yl G. kessel, du. ketel; corre-

sponding to OE. cetel ME. chetel,

which was superseded by ON.

ketill. The Teut. word was

cey kitchen "5

early borrowed fr. lat. catimis kindred and mankind. —'kettle', whence also ohg. ke-^-^in. kind adj. 'natural, loving' me.key sb. ME. keie oe. cczj^ cceie

= OFRis. kei 'a key': Teut. basekaigi ?

kid sb. ME. kid borrowed fr.

ON. kid; cogn. w. ohg. kizzin'

chiizt G. kitze 'a young goat' ; a

native E. word cogn. w. scand.kid would begin with ch.

kidney sb. me. kid-nere (oE.

*cyde?teore *cydneoral); the

second part of the compoundis ME. nere {= ox. nyra, DU.nier, oHG. tiioro G. nie7-e 'kid-

ney'). The first part is ob-

scure.

kill vb. ;\IE. kille; a corresp.

OE. *cyll(Tn is wanting: Teut.base kuljan akin to oe. cwellan

= me. qiielle vb. 'kill', on.

ki7ide OE. lecynde 'natural, in-

born' : derived fr. kind sb. —kind sb. 'nature, sort' me.kinde OE. j^e-cynd 'nature'.

kindle vb. me. kindle: derivedwith intensive -/ from on. kyndavb. 'kindle' ? (on. kyndill 'a

torch' ?)

kindred ivie. kinrcde (oe. '"cy7i-

rcedefi): composed of ki?i =OE. cynn 'kin' and OE. rceden {=GOTH. garaideins) a suffix meaning'state, condition (cp. haired).king ME. late oe. king oe. cyng

a late shortening for the commonoe. cyning: Teut. base kuninga-^^

OSAX. OHG. kuning G. konig, DU.

koning; cp. ON. konungr (but

GOTH, rciks 'king').

kvelja, OSAX. quellian. Therej

kirtle sb. me. kirtel oe. cyrtel

was a primit. str. vb. OE. cw'elan ' from a teut. base '^kurtil (= on.

'die', OSAX. OHG. (juclan 'smart' ; kyrtill) : prop, 'a sliort under-cp. G. qua/.

kiln sb. ]\ffi. ki/ne oe. cy/n =older cyletie cyline 'furnace': early

loanword fr. lat. ciilhia 'kitchen',

whence also oiR. cuile 'kitchen'.

ON. kylna 'kiln' is an oe. loan-

word.

kin sb. iiE. ki/i oe. cynn orig.

'a tribe': Teut. base kunja- =on. ky'u, OSAX. kunni, ohg.chutmi MHG. kunne race', goth.kuni; deriv. fr. the teut. \f ken'produce' in ohg. g. kind 'child',

oe. cennati vb. 'produce', answe-ring to an ARYAN V" gen in lat.genus, gerzs-gentis, GR. yivog— yovi^—yiyoum, si\K.\^jan. Cp. kind,

garment from lat. curtus 'short'

(cp. G. kurz and see short andshiri).

kiss sb. ME. kiss with the

vowel accommodated to the vb.

kiss for oe. coss = osAX. kus

cos, DU. kus, OHG. kus G. kuss,

ON. koSS, DAN, kys, SW. kyss, GOTH.

*kussus. — kiss vb. ME. kisse

oe. cyssau = osAX. kussian,

DU. OHG. kussen G. kilssen, on.

sw. kyssa, DAN. kysse.

kitchen sb. me. kicchen oe.

cycene from a wkst-teut. basekukina = DU. keuken, ohg.

kuchina chuhhina G. <^//r//^ : anearly West-Teut. loanword from

8*

ii6 kite — knuckle

late LAT. coqmna (class, culina

see under kilii) or rather from

a common Rom. and vulg. lat.

cocina 'kitchen' (cp. fr. cuisine,

IT. cucina, span, cocina). Cp.

cook.

kite sb. ME. kite oe. cyta 'a

kite' : Teut. base kutjan-.

kitten me. kitoun answers to

the synon. fr. chatton 'a youngcat' (perh. the E. word points

to ONFR. ^ketonT)

knave me. knave oe. cnafa ^=-

OHG. knalw G. knabe 'boy'; iden-

tical with oe. cnapa me. kndpe

'boy' = OSAX. knapo, ofris.

knapa. ON. knapi 'boy', germ.

knappe points to a teut. knab-

ban-. Perh. cogn. w. knight}or. w. GALL, gnabat 'son'?

knead vb. me. kncde oe. cn'edan

= MLG. DU. kneden, ohg. knetan

G. kneten: teut. y" kned =ARYAN \'^ gnet in Russ. gnetate

press'.

knee vb. me. kne oe. ctieo= osax.

knio, DU. G. >^/z/V OHG. c/iniu kneo,

GOTH, kniu (gen. kniwis): Teut.

base knetva-, cogn. w. the synon.

LAT. genu, GR. yovv, skr. janu.

'knee'. —• kneel vb. me. cnele oe.

^cniowliatt = du. kniclen mlg.

knelen, sw. chniile 'kneel', dan.

kncelc ?

knell vb. me. knille oe. cnyllan;

cogn. w. MHG. knellen in er-, G.

knallen.

knife sb, me. knif oe. (aboutlooo) cnif. The occurrence in

late oe. favors Scand. origin

:

on. knifr. On the continent,

there is an equivalent du. knijf,

LG. knif, G. dial, kneif.

knight sb. me. knight oe. cnihi:

Teut. base knehta- ^ du. g.

knecht OHG. kn'cht, ofris. kniuht;

cogn. w. knave'}

knit vb. me. knitte oe. cnyttan :

deriv. of oe. cnotta (by vowel-

mutation) (= ON. kniitt-) =E. knot; OE. cnyttan is ident.

w. LG. kniltten ?

knob sb. ME. knobbe; allied to

MHG. kniibel 'knuckle', du. kfwbbcl

'knot, lump, callosity', o. knopf

'button, bud', ON. knappr.

knock vb. me. knocke oe.

*cnoccian; ident. w. oe. cfiucian,

ON. knoka: a sound imitation,

closely allied to knack.

knoll sb. IME. knol OE. cnoll =DU. kno/ 'a turnip', G. kno//en.

knot sb. me. knotte oe. cnotta

= MHG. knotze, DU. knot; cogn.

w. OHG. knodo knoto G. knoten

and ON. kmltr 'a knot' — knuta

f. 'dice' — kngltr (goth.

''•'knaitus) m. 'ball'.

know vb. ME. knowe oe. cndwan

str. vb. = ohg. chjiaan 'know',

ON. knd vb. 'know how to do':

TEUT. sf knc kno (akin to canand kccii) = Aryan y~ gen

g/io in LAT. gignosco ignotus

igftavus ignarus , gr. yiyviooy.oj,

SKR. sj'^jna. — knowledge sb.

ME. kngwUche derived fr. the

vb. jME. kngwUche, intensive for-

mation of ME. kngwe = E.

know (oe. *j^ecndwlckcan is

wanting).

knuckle sb. me. knokel oe.

labor — lake 117

'^'cnucel\ cogn. w. G. knochel,

OFRTS. knokie, DU. knokkel, iiLG.

dimin. of a simple word, seen

in G. knochen 'a bone', DU. k/iok

knokel, DAN. knogle knokkel: 'a knuckle, a bone'

labor sb. me. labour adoptedfr. FR. labour = LAT. labor(em)

'labor'.

lace sb. mk. Ids : borrowed fr.

FR. lace— OFR. las {lags) : source

LAT. laqueus 'noose, snare' (=IT. laccio). See latehe t.

lack sb. am. lak oe. */«« =ODU. lac DU. lak 'blemish, stain,

lack'. — lack vb. jie. lacke

from the sb., but earlier me.

lake (oE. *lacia>i) = ODU. laken

'be wanting', ofris. lakla. Teut.\^ lek in leak.

lacquer lacker sb. adoptedfr. FR. laque 'varnish'? cp. G.

lack, IT. lacca.

lad ME. ladde borrowed fr. IR.

lath 'a youth, champion'; cp.

lass.

ladder me. Idddre short for oe.

hlddder: Teut. base hlaidrjo- =^

DU. ladder leer, OHG. leitara g.

letter ; GOfH. '^hlai-dri (gen.

'^hlai-drjos'): teut. s^hlai hli in

lean vb., ARYAN \f kit in gr.

y.}.T-/.iui 'ladder'. The Teut.

suffix -dr- in ladder answers to

a gr. -void.

lade sb. ME. lade oe. hladan

== OSAX. hladan, DU. G. laden

OHG. (hjladan, ON. hlada, goth.

hlapan 'load, lade': teut. \fhladMap from an aryan \f Mat; perh.

cogn. w. \(^klad in OSLOV. kladq

I lay'. — The vb. OE. hladan

ME. lade signifies also 'draw

water', hence E. ladle me. Iddel

OE. hlcedel.

lady ME. lady earlier lafdi

Idfdi-^ OE. hkefdiie 'a lady,

mistress'; cogn. w. lord oe.

hldford. The first part of both

words is oe. hldf = e. loaf

,

the second part in oe. hkef-

dij^e is connected with goth.

deigan vb. 'knead' (see dougH).

Therefore oe. hkkfdi-^e (teut.

'"hlaiba-digjo-) meant orig. 'the

kneader of bread'.

lair :me. leir oe. leier 'lair,

couch, bed' = osAX. legar

'couch, sick-bed', du. leger 'a

couch, bed, lair', ohg. legar G.

lager (for leger^ 'a couch, bed,

place of lying, storehouse',

GO fH. ligrs 'a couch' : Teut.

base legra- from \^ leg in lie

and lay.

laity si), from the adj. lay.

lake me. Idke 'lake' oe. lacu

'lake' and 'stream': early loan-

word fr. LAT. lacus 'a lake,

pool". OE. lagti 'sea, ocean' is

n8 lamb — laT

the genuine E. correspondenceof the LAT. word and of ir.

loch 'lake'; cp. loch.

lamb sb. ME. OE. lamb Igmb

= OSAX. lamb, DU. lam, OHG.

lamb G. lamm, goth. on. lamb:

Teut. base lamba- {lambaz- in

the plur. OE. lombru me. lonibrcn,

lambiz- in the plur. ohg. kt/ibh-

G. liimtiier^.

lame adj. me. hhne OE. lama

= OSAX. lamo, DU. lam, ohg.

MHG. lam (gen. lames) g. lahm,

ON. lami, sw. DAN. lame. Thecommoner meaning bruised,

maimed' is prob. the orig. one,

though the meaning 'lame' is

very old (goth. used halls cp.

hall). Cp. OSLOV. lomi/i vb.

'break, bruise', ON. lama 'bruise' ?

lammasME. lammasse shortened

fr. late OE. hldmrntrsse, commonlyOE. hldf-mcBsse'. lit. 'loaf-mass'

from lildf 'loaf, bread' andmasse 'mass'. See loaf.

lamp short for me. laumpe

adopted fr. fr. lampe, whencealso DU. lanip, dan. g. lampe, sw.

lampa. Source lat.-GR. lampas

'a torch, lamp' (== it. lampa).

lamprey sb. me. laiimpreie bor-

rowed fr. OFR. lampreie {;= FR.

lamproie), whence also du. lajti-

prei. Source lat. lampetra

'lamprey' in a vulgar form lajji-

preda (= it. lamprcda), whencealso OE. Icmpedu lampreta' andperh. the synon. pride (oE.

^pride short for *la7?iprulel).

lance me. laiinge borrowed fr.

FR. lance, whence also du. lans.

G. la?ize. Source lat. lancea

{= IT. lancict); cp. launch.

land sb. me. oe. land (Igml)

= OSAX. DU. G. on. sw. dan.

la?id from a Teut. base landa-;

cogn. w. IR. land lann , cymr.

llan, CORN. Ian (from '^laTidha)

'open space, surface', bret. Ian

'heath', oslov. ledina 'heath,

untilled land' (russ. IJada Ija-

dina). — land vb. me. lande =du. g. lande?i, dan. lande, sav.

landa from land sb. — land-

scape borrowed fr. DU. land-

schap 'a landscape'.

lane sb. me. oe. lane (lone) =ofr;s. lona lana, du. laan a

lane, a narrow passage': ^Teut.

base lanon-.

language me. langdge adoptedfrom FR. langage: deriv. of

FR. langue = lat. lingua 'tongue,

speech'.

languish vb. me. languisshe

from FR. languiss- stem oi languir

'languish (lat. langicere 'be

weak).

lank adj. me. lank oe. hlanc;

perh. cogn. w. G. schlank, which

points to a teut. slanka- : aryanklang- s(k)lang ?

lantern me. lanterne humterne

borrowed from fr. lanterne:

source lat. laterna lanterna,

whence also G. laterne.

lap sb. ME. lappe 'lap, border'

OE. Iceppa a loosely hanging

portion'; cogn. w. DU. lap, ofris.

OHG. lappa G. lappen 'rag, tatter'

and lith. /^/^/.f 'patch' (lat. labarc

'hang down, fall'). See limp adj.

lapwing — lath 119

lapwing vb. accommodated to

tving for me. lapivinke, shortened

fr. OE. hlcapwince lit. 'the bird

which turns about in running';

cp. leap for OE. hlcapan 'run'

and wink.

larboard earlier Icrboard andleerboard (cp. starboard)'^ perh.

from ME. ler 'cheek? In Scand.

the planks in a ship's side have

different names as au7-~, skaiit-,

soI-bard.

larch sb. me. *lerc/i oe. '^lerc

*leric = aiHG. lerche G. liirche.

Source lat. larix {laricem).

lard late me. lard from the sy-

non. FR. lard =^ lat. larda

{laridus adj. 'fat).

large me. large large, wide,

liberal, generous' from fr. large

= LAT. largus.

lark ME. larke contracted fr.

OE. Idwerce earliest form Idwricce:

Teut. base laiwrakon- = OHO.

Icrahha (from ^lewrahhd) G. lerche,

DU. lecuwerick , inilg. lewerke.

Formation and origin quite ob-

scure.

lash sb. ilE. lasshe 'the string

of a whip' OE. Icesce =^ du. lasch,

MLG. lasche 'a stripe'.

lass ME. lasse: perh. for *ladse

and cogn. w. lad ME. laddel

last adj. ME. last(e) earlier

latsi(e) shortened for oe. latost

'latest': superl. of OE. Icet = late.

last sb. the shoemaker's woo-den mould of the foot' ident.

w, OE. last sb. foot-track, foot-

print'; the E. meaning agrees w.

G. leisteti, DU. leest, sw. last, dan.

Icest 'the shoemaker's last'. Theorig. meaning is evident in ON.

leistr 'foot below the ankle, a

short sock'. Cp. the aryan\j'^ Its lais 'go' in lat. delirare

go mad.last vb. ME. Idste short for OE.

Icestan 'perform, stand by, carry

out' = OSAX. lestian, OHG. G.

leisten, goth. laistjan: derived

fr. a TEUT. laista^ 'foot-mark'

under last sb.

latch vb. ME. lacche oe. Iceccan

le-lcBCcan 'seize, catch hold of.

— Hence latch sb. me. lacche

'a catch, fastening'.

latchet sb. iiE. lacchet from

ONFR. *lachet= FR. lacet a dimin.

of FR. lacs 'a snare, noose'; see

lace.

late adj. me. lat (late adv.)

OE. la-t 'slow, late' = osAX. lat,

(lg. late adv. 'late'), du. laat,

OHG. lai (^^) G. lass, ON. latr,

GOTH, lats 'slow, slothful' : an

OTEUT. adj.-stem lata-, belonging

to the ARYAN \'~ lad in lat.

lassiis (from *lad-tus, an old part.)

'weary'. Cp. let vb. and last

adj.

lath :me. lappe oe. hetta (Jceppa)

r:rr OHG. latta G. lattc, DU. lat.

Though OE. // corresponds here

to OHG. // (regularly oe. // =OHG. tt), the word is still ge-

nuine Teut., since it is allied w.

G. laden "board, plank, lash,

shutter', whence fr. latte (=SP.\N. lata, IT. lattd); akin to "\v.

Hath 'a rod. staft', IR. slat, bret.

laz 'rod, lath' (Celt, base sla/ta-').

I20 lather lay

lather me. lather short for OE.

Uado}- = ON. laiidr (mod. icel.

Igdr^ 'froth, foam: Teut. base

lau-^ra- derived from the aryan\'^law in LAT. lavare', as for the

Teut. suffix cp. gr. Xovtqov

'bath' and gall, laiitrum 'bal-

neum'.

Latin adj. me. Latin adopt,

fr. FR. lathi (= span. it. latino,

DU. laiijn, G. lateiii)\ source lat.

Latinus, whence also OE. Iczdefi

'Latin'.

latten sb. 'a kind of brass or

bronze' me. latoun borrowed fr.

the synon. ofr. laton = FR.

laitou, SPAN, laton.

lattice sb. ME. latis adopted fr.

FR. lattls 'lathwork, lattice-work'

formed from fr. latte 'a lath';

see lath.

laugh vb. ME. laghe laughe

e?ix\\eT lahhe OE. hlehhan hlyhhan ^=

OSAX. hlehhian, du. g. lachen ohg.

lahhen {h)lahhai?, ON. hlceja (for

*hlahja), goth. hlahjan 'laugh'.

TEUT. sfhlah= ARYAN klok, prob.

onomatopoetic. — laughter sb.

ME. laughter oe. hleahtor = ohg.

hlahtar g. geliichter, on. hldtr

from the TEUT, \f hlah with the

suftix pra- tra-.

launch vb. me. launche com-

monly launce: adopted fr. onfr.

(Picard.) lancher = fr. lancer

'hurl, cast, dart, thrust'; deriv.

of FR. lance = E. lance.

laundress extended with suftix

-ess fr. :me. laundir lavendire from

OFR. lavandiere 'washer woman'

FR. lai'andiere laundry - maid'.

Source lat. lavandus 'to be

washed' (it. lavanda 'a washing').

laurel inie. laurLh- (with the by-

forms lor^r lorit) from fr. lauricr:

source lat. laurus 'a laurel tree'.

lave vb. ME. lave oe. lelafian

= ohg. lapon G. Men 'refresh'.

The WEST-TEUT. ladSn is perh.

a loanword fr. lat. lavare (=FR. laver).

lavender me. lavendre (with an

inserted e. ;) borrowed from

FR. lavande = IT. lavanda laven-

tola, whence du. g. lavendel.

Source lat. lavare wash' (la-

vender was laid in freshly washedlinen). *

law ME. lawe oe. lagu 'law',

which about goo was borrowed

fr. an early scAND.*/«^« = ON.

log nom. plur. law' (sw. lag, dan.

lov 'law). Cogn. w. lat. lex —legem fr. aryan \f legh 'lie'; cp.

G.gesetz, satzung for the meaning.

The genuine E. word for 'law'

was OE. (k = OHG. ewa.

lawn 1 sb. 'a grass plot' me.

lau/ide lande: borrowed from FR.

lande 'a grassy plain', which is

of Celt, origin (cp. IR. lann

under land).

lawn 2 sb. 'tine linen' orig.

'lawn linen": so called from fr.

Laon a city N. W. of Rheims;

cp. Arras and Cambric.lay vb. ME. Icie lein earlier

li'ggc OE. lecgan wk. vb. (3 sing.

OE. leyl> ME. lei-th): Teut. base

lagjan = goth. lagjan, osAX.

leggian, OHG. leckan G. legen, du.

leggen, on. leggja: causative for-

lav — learn 121

mation of the \f leg 'lie' in lie\

hence lay 'cause to lie down'.

lay sb. 'a song' aiE. lai from

OFR. FR. lai.

lay adj. me. lai from ofr. fr.

lai 'secular, belonging to the

laity'. Source lat. la'icus, whencealso OE. Imved (g. laie 'a lay-

man). See leivd.

lazar sb. me. Idzai- fr. ofr.

lazarel Source the biblical prop,

n. Lazarus; 'the lazar-house' is

in G. lazaret= it. lazzarctto, fr.

lazaret.

lazy from fr. /as = lat. lassiis.

lead vb. ME. Icde {lede) OE. Icedan:

Teut. base laidjan = OSAX.

Icdian, DU. leiden, G. leiten, on.

leida 'lead': prop, factitive of the

str. vb. TEUT. lipan = OE. lidan

'go, travel', osax. lithafi, goth.

leipair. .teut. \f lip under lode-

star.

lead sb. short for .aie. led oe.

lead = DU. load 'lead a weight',

G. lot 'a lead-weight': Teut. base

*lauda- cogn. w. synon. oiR.

liidide (base laudio-^.

leaf ME. Icf OE. leaf = osax.

lof, DU. loof 'foliage', ohg. loub

G. latib leaves, foliage', ON. lauf

'leaf', GOiH. laufs (plur. latibos)

'leaf: Teut. base lauba- orig.

the single leaf (used as a col-

lective; sb. 'the foliage').

league sb. 'an alliance' adoptedfrom FR. ligue 'a league': source

lat. ligare 'bind'.

league ,sb. 'about three miles'

late ME. /(W borrowed fr. OFR.

legue = FR. lieu: source a lat.-

GALL. leuga leiica 'a Gallic mile',

whence also late oe. leowe 'leuga'.

GALL, leuga corresponds to BRET.

leo, IR. leige 'a 'league'.

leak vb. me. leke oe. Iccan (the

factitive leccan 'wet' from a base

lakjaii) = on. leka drip, leak

as a ship', du. lekke/i, ohg.

lechan G. lecken vb. — Icck adj.

'leaky'. — teut. yf lek lak see

under lack vb.

lean adj. me. lene oe. hldnc

from a Teut. base hlai-ni 'lean'

(with suffix -7ii as in clean^

green).

lean vb. aiE. Icne oe. hkman'cause to lean': Teut. base hlain-

jan = OHG. leinan : factitive of

oe. hlionian 'lean' = oSAX. hlinon,

OHG. hlinen 'lean'; cp. G. lehnen,

DU. leunen. The teut.V"/^// (cp.

ladder^ corresponds to an

ARYAN \fklt\ cp. LAT. inclpidre

'incline', GR. •aXIvm 'I lean' — vXi-

rrc 'hiir, lat. cli-vics 'hill', GOTH.

hlai-w (oE. hldiv) 'mound'.

leap vb. ME. l{pe oe. hlcapan

str. vb. 'leap, run' ^= du. loopen,

OSAX. hlopan, OHG. louffan G.

laufen, ON. hlaupa, GOTH, hlaupan

'leap, run': T'EXST.\/^hlaup, perh.

cogn. w. LITH. klupati vb. 'stag-

ger, stumble'.

learn vb. short for jme. Icrne

OE. leornian: from a base Icrnon

teut. liznon = ohg. lirnen Urncn

G. lernen 'learn'; cp. osax. llnon

from a base Ihndn. Akin to

the primit. str. vb. GOTH, lais

'I know' and the deriv. oe. ohg.

leisure

lis-t, GOTH, lis-ts 'art, cunning'.

See lore for the teut.-v^A/Zs liz.

lease ^ vb. 'let tenements' bor-

rowed from FR. laisser.

lease 2 vb. 'gather, pick, glean'

ME. Icse OE. lesan 'gather' = OSAX.

I'esan,- DU. lezen 'gather, read',

OHG. lesan G. lesen 'gather,

read', on. Icsa 'gather, pick',

GOTH, lisau 'gather'; cogn. w.

LITH. Icsli 'pick up'.

least ME. lest OE. Icest shor-

tened fr. Icesest (by-form Iccresi) :

Teut. base laisista- superl. to

the cornpar. teut. laisiza- =less.

leather me. lether oe. I'cder =ON. letlr, DU. leder, OHG. ledar

G. leder 'leather': Teut. base

lepra- = pre-TEUT. letro- in IR.

lethar, cymr. lledr, bret. lezr

'leather'.

leave vb. me. Ic've oe. Ice/an

tr. 'leave — intr. 'remain': Teut.

base laibjaii; cp. OSAX. far-

lelrian 'remain', OHG. mhg. leiben

'leave', on. lei/a 'leave': causat.

of a str. vb. Itba/i. in oe. belifan

me. belive , osAX. hillban, du.

blijvefi , OHG. biliban G. bleiben,

ON. Ufa (orig. str.), GOTH, bi-

leiban 'remain'. For the root

see live.

leave sb. me. l(ve {leve^ 'per-

mission' OE. leaf 'permission';

cp. OE. dlifaii dlefan 'permit',

OHG. rrlouben G. crlauben.

leaven me. kvain froni FR.

levain 'ferment'. Source lat.

levamen.

lee ME. Ic from on. hU (»sigla

a hl6« 'to stand to leeward')'

prop, 'shelter, protection' (oe.

hleo, osAX. hleo 'shelter'). Cogn.

w. on. hly 'warmth' — hlyr 'warm;

and G. laii- ohg. hlao\ cp. luke-

wartn.

leech 1 'physician' (Shakesp.)

ME. leche OE. lece Idee 'physician'

= GOTH, lekeis, OHG. lahhi 'phy-

sician': Teut. base lekja- Idkja-.

Pei'h. allied to oiR. liaig (gen.

Ugd) 'physician'.

leech- 'hirudo' me., '^liche (not

recorded) OE. /^irV hirudo': prop,

'physician' and ident. w. leech^.

Cp. ODU. lake 'leech'?

leek ME. lek OE. l^ac :is= du.

look, OHG. IoilJi g. lauch, on.

laiikr leek': Teut. base lauka-

pre-TEUT. lougo-. ,

leer me. le'r oe. //leor 'cheek

= OSAX. /illor, ON. /ilyr 'cheek':

Teut. base hleuza-. If the orig.

meaning was 'ear', listen might

be allied.

lees 'dregs of wine' from fr. lie

'lees : base a late Gallo-Latin

lia for ^liga 'sediment' (aryan

\f legh in lie).

left ME. left lift allied to the

synon. ODU. lucht luft, lg. lue/it,

NFRis. leeft; the orig. meaning

was perh. 'faint, weak' in oe.

lyft 'inanis': Teut. base lufti-1

liifnfti-l perh. allied to OHG.

lenka 'the left hand' G. Ii7iks 'left'?

legend me. legende from ofr.

Ugeiide.

leisure me. lisiire (commonlyIcistfr) fr. OFR. leisir == FR. loisir.

Source LAT. liccrc.

leniman liei 123

lemman 'sweetheart' jME. lenwian

shortened fr. an earlier Icfinan:

prop, -olief nian«.

lemon from fr. limon; cp.

lit/i c'

.

lend vb. ]ME. line OE. Icznan

vb. lend' from OE. Idn 'a loan';

cp. loan.

length :me. lengthe oe. lengp

from a Teut. base lafigipo- =ON. lengd: abstract formation of

TEUT. langa- ; cp. long.

lent :me. /^v;/^ lentcn oe. Icnj^ten

'spring' = OHG. lenzin with the

by-form lengiyn Icngizo Icnzo G.

/^«s 'spring', DU. lente. ohg. /V/zz/;/

(= oe. lenpeti) points to a teut.

langa-tina- 'the long day'; for

the second element cp. goth.sin-teins 'daily, SLOV. dim, skr.

dina day'.

lentil ME. lentil fr. fr. lentille;

source the synon. lat. Icnticula

(Jens — leniis lentil').

leper me. lepre 'leprosy' fr. fr.

lepre 'leprosy' (lat. lepra).

less me. lesse lasse oe. IcBssa

smaller' fr. a Teut. base laisiza?i-

= OFRIS. lessa\ the adv. e. less

me. les OE. Ices answers to OSAX.Ics (teut. laisiz). For the superl.

cp. least. A primitive adj. laisa-

is lith. Icsas little, small'.

-less suffix = ME. -l(s OE. -leas:

prop. adj. meaning loose.

lesson ME. lessoun fr. fr. Icfon:

source LAT. lectio{ncvi).

lest 'that not' ME. leste shor-

ten etl for the list the oe. py Ices

pe 'for the reason less -that';

for OE. Idis = ME. les cp. less.

let^ vb. ME. lete OE. litan Icktan

str. vb. := GOTH, letan, on. Icita,

OSAX. latan, ohg. Idi^y.i7i G. lassen,

DU. laten'. TEUT. \/~/i?? /cw" 'permit'.

let- vb. 'hinder' MR. lette OE.

lettafi fr. a base latjan 'to makeslow' (teut. lata- 'slow' see un-

der late^ = GOTH, latjan 'tarry'

ON. letja, OSAX. lettian, OHG.lezzan (g. verletzeii), DU. letten.

letter me. lettre fr. fr. lettre

(lat. littera).

lettuce late me. letii(e\ allied

to FR. laitue = lat. htctitca

(whence OHG. lattiiJi).

levy fr. FR. levie (fr. lever =LAT. lei'are^.

lewd me. litved oe. Icewed 'un-

learned' fr. LAT. la'iciis cp. lay'-''.

lick vb. ME. likke OE. liecian =OSAX. likkon, OHG. leckon G.

Iccken, GOTH. *likkdn. teut. likkon

belongs to the Aryan \f Ugh'lick' in GOTH, laigon, gr. Xuyu)

"lick' — XiyvsrVM 'taste secretly',

SKR. s^rih lih 'lick', Oslov. //i(j:

{liiati') and lith. /,t\s«> 'lick', lat.

////^-i? and perhaps lat. lingua

LITH. I'eziivis 'tongue', oiR. /^'/w

'lick'.

lid sb. {eye-lid') me. //V/ oe. ////^/

'cover, lid' = DU. lid lid, cover',

OHG. /// (older hlit) G. //V/ (in

augenlid 'eyelid'), on. lid 'cover,

gate'. Cp.the teut. \P hlid \\\

the str. vb. oe. osax. hlidan

cover'.

lie' vb. 'speak falsely' me. lie

earlier lie li^e oe. leogan =OSAX. OHG. liogan, DU. liegen, G.

lilgen , ON. Ijuga, GOTH. liugan

124 like

str. vb. 'tell a falsehood'. TheTEUT. \f Ictig answers to an Aryan

\f leugh - high in OSLOV. litzq

{Jiigati) vb. lie' — luza sb. lie'.

lie^ vb. 'rest, repose' me. Ik

liti OE. licgan = OSAX. liggian,

DU. l/ggen, OHG. licken G. liegejt,

ON. liggjd, GOTH. ligan str. vb.

'lie'. The str. vb. teut. Ugjan

is derived fr. the Aryan sf legh

in GR. Xey.T^ov Xh/og 'bed' —dXo/oc wife' — Xi/(o 'bedridden

woman' — Xo;(S(.o 'bear'— ^^6/oc

'ambush, lair', LAT. lectns 'bed',

OSLOV. legq (Jc'zati) 'lie'. Cp. lay

and lair.

lief adj. ME. Iff OE. If'of (cp.

lemmaii) = oSAX. liof, du. lief,

OHG. Hob ijiub) G. lieb 'dear, lief,

ON. Ijiifr, GOTH. Frufs dear : Teut.

base leuba- adj. 'lief from the

TEUT. \flub in love.

liege ME. lege (by-form ligc) fr.

OFR. liege lige fr. lige.

life ME. OE. /// = OSAX. lif,

ON. hf, OHG. lib 'life' (g. leib,

DU. lif 'body) ; allied to the

TEUT. \f lib in liz!e', a lost str.

vb. Itban cp. under leave vb.

Outside of teut., gr. kma^HO'remain' points to an aryan \f lip.

lift vb. ME. lifte fr. scand. lypta\

cogn. w. loft.

light sb. ME. light OE. leoht =OSAX. OHG. lioht, DU. G. Hcht

light. The dental of the wordis formative as seen in goth.

liuh-ap 'light; cp. the Aryan

\f Ink: leak in lat. luceo 'shine',

GR. Xhvy.6c, 'white', skr. rue 'shine'.

— Hence lighten vb. me.

light(e)ne (where the /i is

formative) 'become light andlightning verbal sb. 'an il-

luminating flash' (with the suffix

-i/ig).

light adj. ME. light OE. liht leoht

= DU. ligt, OHG. liht G. leicht,

ON. Idttr , GOTH, leihts: Teut.

base linhta- for lenkto-1 Perhapscogn. w. GR. IXayvQ 'small', lith.

lengjcms leng7cias light . See lung.

Hence also lights 'animal's

lungs'. — light vb. 'alight,

descend' me. lihte OE. Uhtan lit.

'make light, relieve a horse of

his burden' fr. OE. liht = light.

— lighten vb. ident. w. Vightvb. (w. formative -en). — light

in the phrase "to make light of

somebody' represents me. lite OE.

lyt 'little, smair, which is cogn.

w. little.

like vb. ME. like oe. lician wk.

vb. 'please' = goth. leikan (pret.

leikaidci) 'please', du. lijken "suit',

ON. lika 'please': deriv. of like

adj. or cogn. w. oiR. ligach

'beautiful'— lig 'color, splendor'?

like adj. me. lik earlier ilik OE.

^elic = GOTH, galeiks, ON. glikr,

OSAX. gillk, DU. gelijk, OHG.

gilih (hh) G. gleich. The Teut.

adj. ga-lika- is a comp. of the

particle goim. ga- and a sb. lika-

"body', the comp. meaning having

the same body'; cp. goth. leik,

OSAX. ON. lik 'body', oe. lic-hofna

'body , G. leiche — leichnam

'corpse . Cp. -ly , which andsuch. — Hence liken vb. me.

likne compare'.

lily — lion 125

lily ME. lUic OE. Ulie (plur.

lilicvi) ^= OHG. lilia o. Ulie, DU.

lelie: source lat. plur. lilia 'lily',

whence also OSAX. ///// 'lily'.

limb j\iE. lini oe. Ihn (plur.

leomii) = ON. limr 'limb' : Teut.

base li-via- cogn. w. goth. li-piis,

OHG. li-d, OSAX. li-t/i , oe. //•/

'limb'; cp. also lith. lejiiif

'stature, growth': ARYAN \j^ll.

lime^ sb. 'viscous substance,

bird-lime' me. oe. lifn 'cement,

glue' = DU. lijfn, G. Icim OHG.

lim, ON. lim 'glue': teut. lima-

is allied to teut. laima- (seei

loavi). LAT. llmus 'slime' cor- 1

responds to lime in form, to

loam in meaning. \(" lai li is|

attested by ON. leir (Teut. base

lai-z-a-^ 'clay, loam' and lat. li-no\

'rub over, daub'.

lime sb, 'the linden-tree', cor-

rupted fr. earlier line-tree for

lind-tree\ see linden.

lime'^ sb. 'a kind of citron'

borrowed fr. fr. lime 'a lime';

idcnt. w. lefnon.

linch-pin earlier lins-pin me.

Ims OE. lynes = osAX. lunisa,

DU. Inns lens, G. liinse', allied to

OHG. luning and ohg. imG. lun

'linch-pin'. The primit. base

luni-, if fr. an ARYAN Ini- , is

perhaps ident. w. SKR. d/ti 'linch-

pin'; cp. oe. d-lynnan 'loosen'.

lindentree me. linde oe. llnd

'lime-tree' = ohg. linta G. DU.

linde, ON. sw. DAN. lind: Teut.

base Undo pre-TEUT. lenta-, if

allied to gr. f-Xdrrj 'fir-tree' or

LITH. lenta 'board'.

line ME. OE. line = du. UJn,

OHG. lina MHG. j\n.G. line G. leine,

ON. lina 'cord, rope': Teut. base

lin-jbn- prop, 'the thing made of

flax ; cp. linen.

lineage aie. li?tdge adopted fr.

lignage: source lat. linea a line .

linen adj. and sb. (orig. only

adj.) ME. OE. llfien adj. = osAX.

OHG. linin G. leinen linjtefi, DU.

Ii7ten 'made of flax' : deriv. of

OE. lin 'flax' = OSAX. ohg. lin,

GOTH, lein sb. 'linnen'; cogn. w.

LAT. linum , GR. Xivof , OSLOv.

Itmi 'flax'.

linger vl). extended fr. me.

letige vb. 'tarry' w. the frequent

suffix -cr; OE. lengan prolong'

fr. long.

link sb. 'ring in a chain' fr. anunrecorded me. '^lenk *link:

SCAND. loanword fr. an orig.

hlenk- cp. ON. hlekkr {lor '^'hienki-),

sw. liink, DAN. IcEuke link'. Therewas a genuine oe. hlence 'link'

fr. a base hlankjon-', but the

guttural of link shows that the

word may not be the develop-

ment of oE. hlenee.

linnet sb. jme. Unet adoptedfr. FR. linot{te) 'a linnet' fr. fr.

lin 'flax' so called from feeding

on the seed of flax or hemp

;

cp. G. luinjiing 'linnet' fr. hanf

'hemp'. Cp. oe. linece 'carduelis'

and Unetwige 'linnet'.

linseed short for me. lln-sed

prop, 'flax-seed ; cp. linen.

lion me. lloun earlier leun : bor-

rowed in the 12''' cent. fr. fr.

Uon; source lat. lcone?n (leo^.

126 hp loath

lip ME. Uppe OE. lippa = OSAX.

*Uppia, DU. ///, MLG. uppe (whence

G. uppe) ; cogn. w. the synon.

OSAX. lepur = OHG. leffur andOHG. lefs 'lip'. LAT. labium 'lip'

with the Teut. group points to

an ARYAN sfleh lab.

lisp vb. (Scotch wlisp) me.

lispe {lipse^ formed fr. the adj.

OE. wlisp wlips 'lisping' = OHG.

lefs (for ^wlc/s) 'stammering';

akin to DU. lispen, G. lispeln 'lisp':

TEUT. Y"?£'/^i" pre-TEUT. w/^i-.

list ^ sb. ME. list short for OE.

list = DU. lijst^ G. leiste 'list,

border' OHG. lisle 'border'. —Ident. w. list^ 'catalogue' fr.

FR. liste, which is of Teut. origin

(OHG. Ihta 'border, strip').

list vb. ]ME. lisle OE. lystan 'desire'

derived fr. licst.

listen vb. ME. listene earlier

form lisle OE. hlyslan 'hear'; allied

to OE. hlos-nian , OHG. {h)losen

'hear, on. hlera (goth. *hluzaii)

'listen'. An aryan \fklus 'hear'

is evident in skr. ^rus-ti 'obe-

dience', OSLOV. slysati vb. 'hear',

LITH. klausyli 'hear', ON. hhis-t

'ear ; cymr. dust 'ear'. Cp. leer.

litter ME. littre fr. ofr. litiere

(fr. litiere) 'a horse-litter' (lat.

type lectaria fr. lectus bed').

little short for ;me. oe. litel

= GOTH, leitils 'small', on. //////

'little'. Relation to the synon.

DU. luttel, OSAX. luttil, OHG. luzzil,

OE. lyttel 'little' is obscure.

live vb. ME. liz'e earlier formlivie libbe OE. libban {lijiari) wk.

vb. = GOTH. Uba7i, OHG. I'ebm

G. leben, DU. leven, oSAX. libhian;

cogn. w. oE. belifan ^= ohg.

biliban G. blciben: TEUT. \'~ lib see

under leave vb. and life.

liver ME. livre oe. lifer = DU.

lever, ohg. libara I'ebara G. lebcr,

ON. lifr. Connection of teut.

libro- w. the synon. GR. rj-nao,

LAT. Jecur , SKR. yakrt and the

two assumed stems '^lik and *ljek

is doubtful.

livery me. liveri fr. fr. livrde.

lizard me. lesarde fr. fr. lizard

'lizard' (= LAT. lacerta).

lo interj. me. Ip oe. ld\ a pre-

historic OE. *ldw for TEVT.^laiw

is warranted by ohg. Ihv-es 'lo'!

Perhaps teut. lai-wa- is con-

nected with lai-pa- in loath.

loadstar see lode- star.

loaf ME. Igf OE. hldf: Teut.

base hlaiba- in GOTH, hlaifs

bread', on. hleifr, OHG. leib G.

laib; akin to LiTH. kl'cpas 'bread'.

See lady, laf/imas and lord.

loam ME. lorn OE. ld?/i = OHG.

leim G. lehvi, du. Iee7n: Teut.

base lai-ma- fr. the aryan \^ li

under lime.

loan ME. Ion fr. on. Idn 'a loan'.

There was a genuine oe. Idn

fr. a TEUT. laihniz; cp. OHG.

Wian 'a thing granted' and ON.

Idn fr. a teut. laih'ia-(zf): TEUT.

\f lihiv (goth. lei/miati 'lend',

OHG. lihan G. leihen , OE. leon

pret. Idh 'lend, give ) = aryan\^ liq in LAT. linquere 'leave', GR.

Ldn^iv, sw. ric leave'.

loath adj. me. loth oe. lap

'hateful' = ON. leidr 'loathed',

lobster — lore 127

OHG. kid 'odious', OSAX. leth]

cogn. w. OHG. lidan G. leide?i

'suffer. Perhaps there was an

ARYAN \f li lai cp. lo.

lobster me. lopstre oe. loppestre

earlier lopust 'lobster': adoption

fr. LAT. loaista 'lobster, locust'.

loch OE. loh lake' : a Gaelic

word; cp. GAEL. IR. loch 'lake'

(ident. w. lat. lacus , oe. lagu

'sea' under lake).

lock 1 sb. fr. the vb. me. Idke

louke OE. Ittcati 'lock, enclose' =GOTH, galukan 'shut up", ohg.

lichhan, DU. liiiken.

lock- (of hair) ME. lok (plur.

lockes) OE. locc (plur. loccas) =DU. lok, ON. lokkr, OHG. lok G.

locke : Teut. base lokka- cogn. \v.

GR. Xvyltco 'I bend.

lode-star me. Igde-sterre con-

tains OE. "^eldd "way, course' (cf.

ON. leidarstjarna = G. leitsteni),

which is cogn. w. lead vb. ^=

TEUT. laidjan 'guide, lead'. Cp.

ME. Ipdesjnan 'pilot' and E. lode-

stone.

lodge vb. ME. logge vb. adoptedfr. FR. loger; e. lodge me. logge

'lodge, tent' fr. fr. loge orig. 'a

small house'? Source a lat.

type laubia fr. ohg. louba 'an

arbor' (g. lanbe 'a covered hall';

allied to leaf).

loft ob. ME. loft 'an upperroom' borrowed fr. ON. /i^/ 'upper

story, balcony', which has also

the meaning 'air, sky' = goth.

luftus, g. luft, OE. lyft 'air'.

Hence lift vb.

loin late me. loifie : adopted fr.

ofr. log/ie now longe (lat. type

"^lumbea fr. LAT. lumbus loin').

loiter vb. me. loitre.

loll vb. me. lolle.

lone short for alone.

long adj. me. oe. long (Jang)

^= OSAX. la/!g, DU. OHG. G. lang,

ON. langr, goth. laggs; cogn. w.

synon. lat. longus (whence it.

lungo, fr. lofig) ; cp. ling er. —long vb. ME. lotige OE. langian

'long after, long' ^= osAX.

langoian, G. verlangen 'wish for'.

look vb. ME. loke earlier Igkie

OE. Ipcian = OSAX. lokon (ohg.

hiogen G. lugen). The early

history of the teut. \f^ lok {log)

is obscure; cp. skr. laks 'notice,

perceive' and cymr. llygat corn.

lagat 'eye'.

loom sb. ME. Igme oe. ^e-lgma

{andhhnd) 'a tool, implement';

perh. akin to OE. ^elmne = ohg.

giluomo gilamo 'frequently', ohg.

gastluomi 'hospital'.

loose adj. ME. Ids (Jous) bor-

rowed fr. ON. Ipiiss ^= goth.

latis, OE. leas (cp. less), DU. los,

OSAX. ohg. los G. los. Thecommon teut. adj. laiisa- is a

deriv. of the \^lus 'be loose'

under lose.

lord ME. lord short for Igverd

OE. hldford prop, hidf-weardloaf-ward' — 'keeper of bread'

(cp. OE. /^/(t/ under loaf)', the

masc. corresponding to the

fem. formation lady = OE.

hldf-dij^e. Both compounds are

peculiar to English.

lore IME. lore oe. Idr infl. hire

128 lose — lump

= OHG. OSAX. Icra, G. lehre, DU.

leer : Teut. base laizo-, whenceGOTH, laisjan, OE. Idran, OHG,

leran G. lehren, DU. leeren 'teach'.

See also learn for the teut.

Y'" Uz laiz.

lose ME. /f/iv mostly forlese oe.

forleosan str. vb. = goth. /ra-

liusan, osAX. oho. farliosafi G.

verlicren str. vb. lose'. An aryan

V^ //^^ (cp. loose) may be an

extended form of v^ lu in -gr.

Af'oj "I release', lat. lucre. —loss sb. me. oe. los 'destruction'.

lot ME. lot OE. hlot = DU.

lol; ident. w. oe. /ilyt = goth.

hlauts, OHG. Ib-^ G. loos : Teut.

base hlmiti- : teut. \/^ hlut hlaiit

in ON. Jiljota str. vb. 'get by

lot', OE. hlcotati, OHG. {h)lio"i^an.

loud adj. ME. /<?«^/ OE. /^/z^^/

= OSAX. >^/z/c/, DU. luid, OHG.

(-^)/z2/ G. laut\ the Teut. base

hlii-da- (cp. ^(?/^/, <?A/, coiitli)

was orig. a part, with suffix -to

(lat. -//<!.f, GR. -roc, SKR. -tas);

pre-TEUT. klu-to-s (sKR. (rutds,

GR. xA-tTo't,', LAT. incliitus 'famous')

fr. an ARYAN y" /^/« in skr. /tz/

hear, GR. x/.i)W — v.Xhoq.

lough 'lake' fr. ir. gall. loch\

see loch.

louse ME. Ions (plur. lis) OE.

/«5- (plur. lys) = DU. ///«, OHG.

l/7s G. /az/.y, ON. Ms (plur. lyss)

:

Teut. base li7s-, derived perh.

fr. the TEUT. \^ lus 'destroy'

under loose and lose; cp. GR.

(p&siQ 'louse' — (pdil{j(<) 'I de-

stroy'.

lovage fr. FR. livcche mixed

w. ME. luvestiche oe. lufestice.

Source of the whole group LAT.

ligusticutn 'lovage'.

love ME. love oe. liifu =:

GOTH, lul^o , OHG. li/da 'love':

Teut. base lubon- allied to the

TEUT. adj. letcba- = lief. AnARYAN sf lubh 'desire' is evident

in LAT. lubido, skr. lobha 'desire'

and SKR. V" lubh 'to desire'.

low adj. ME. low earlier Idg

late OE. lag: borrowed fr. on.

Icigr 'low' (sw. lag, DAN. lav)

= DU. laag, which are derived

from the teut. \f leg lag 'lie

.

Hence low prop, 'lying flat'.

low vb. ME. Ipwe OE. hlgwan

'low' ; cp. DU. loeien, ohg. luoien

low': TEUT. \f hid,

pre-TEUT.

kid in LAT. cla-mare 'cry.

lower vb. ME. loiire ^=- arao.

luren G. lauern 'lurk ; cp. lurk.

luck found since the 15*'' cent.;

ident. w. DU. luk geluk 'good

fortune', mhg. gelilcke G. gli'ick,

OFRis. luk. Akin to G. lockeii,

DU. locken 'entice, allure'.

lucre ME. lucre fr. fr. lucre =LAT. lucrujH.

lug vb. ME. lugge 'drag, lug'

;

cogn. w. sw. lugga.

lukewarm fr. me. leukc (liikc)

earlier hlcuk; perh. contr. fr.

an unrecorded OE. ^hleowoc

'lukewarm' ; cogn. w. me. lewe

OE. hleowe 'lukewarm' = ON.

hlyr 'warm' (ohg. hlao G. lau

'lukewarm').

lull me. lulle = DU. lulle/i,

DAN. lulle, sw. lulla.

lump sb. ME. luffipe lonipc;

lung — magpie 129

ident. w. du. lotiip 'a lump', G.

lumpen 'rags'.

lung jNIE. lunge longe OE. lungen

= ON. lunga, DU. long, ohg.

lunga G. lunge 'lung': Teut. base

lungon-j-, allied to an ARYANadj. bnghu- 'light' = gr. slaxvc,

SKR. laghu 'light'. Cp. lights

as synon. with lungs. See

lighi for the ARYAN V" ^^f^g^-

lure sb. ivee. Im-e fr. fr. leurre

'bait'; source a teut. lopra-

= MHO. luoder 'bait' (o. luder^.

lurk vb. ]ME. lurke: derived fr.

iviE. louren (== lower) as harkfr. hear, talk fr. /<?//.

lust sb. ME. OE. //^^/ 'desire'

= OSAX. DU. G. ON. lust, GOTH.lustus 'desire': a common Teut.

formation, prob. allied to the

ARYAN \^ las 'desire' in gr.

XiXuloi-iai, SKR. Y^ las for lals

'desire", lat. las-civus.

lute sb. ]\IE. liite: borrowed fr.

OFR. lut leut = FR. luth; ident.

w. DU. lull, g. laute, IT. liuto

leuto, SPAN. laud. Source arab.al lid 'lute'.

-ly adj.-suffix aie. -ly -It earlier

-lich(e) OE. -lie = osAX. -lik,

DU. lijk, OHG. -Iteh g. -lieh, on.

-///5r, GOTH, -leiks. Orig. the

same as lika- 'body' discussedunder like (goth. waira- leiks

'manly' prop, having the bodyof a man').

lye sb. ME. liie oe. Icah (infl.

le'age); cp. synon. DU. loog, ohg.louga G. lauge , ON. /^«^ 'warmbath': prob. connected with the

ARYAN \'~ lou lu 'bathe' (cp.

lather).

M

mace 'a big club' borrowedfr. OFR. mace fr. masse: source

a LAT. type *t?iatea 'a beetle'.

mackerel me. makcril adoptedfr. OFR. maquerel (fr. maquereaii)

= DU. fnakreel, whence G. mak-relc : source MED.-lat. macarellus

?naquer^llus 'a mackerel'.

machine (= g. masc/une, du.

machine) fr. fr. machine: sourceLAT. machina gr. (.iti^uvi'i 'a

device'.

mad adj. :me. mad of. '^cnukd

prop, lemceded: part, of oe.

F.NGLisH Etymology.

letncedan 'drive mad', deriv. fromthe OE. adj. ^e7ndd 'mad' =OSAX. gimed 'foolish', ohg. gimeit

'foolish', GOTH, ga-fnaids "frail,

feeble'.

madder sb. me. '^maddrc oe.

madre (mcedre'i) = on. madra,

OHG. mdtara; cogn. du. lg.

mede 'madder' ?

maggot lateiME. maggot maggat;

prob. fr. CYJIR. maceiad jnacai

'a maggot'?

magpie sb. 'a bird'; magshort for Magot = FR. Margot

y

I30 maid malt

'Marguerite', also 'magpie';pie

= FR. pie fr. LAX. pica 'a

magpie'; see pie.

maid me. 7?iaidc oe. 7nceyien

= OHG. magatin: Teut. basemagadina- is diminutive of a

TEUT.-GOTH. tfiagap- 'a girl,

virgin' = OE. niceiep , OSAX.jnagath, DU. ?//«>/, OHG. magadG. magd — mddchcn. Allied to

the Teut.-Goth. base tiiagu- 'boy'

= ON. mggr 'boy, son', oe.

magu.

maiU sb. adapted fr. fr.

7)iaille 'mail' (also 'a mesh of a

net') : source lat. macula 'a

spot, hole, mesh of a net'.

mail 2 sb. me. male 'a bag,

wallet' borrowed fr. the synon.

OFR. viale = FR. malle (ohg.malha 'a leather bag').

maim vb. me. f/iaifuc prop.

mai/ie borrowed fr. ofr. f/iehaigner

'torment'.

main sb. me. f/iaift oe. mcej^eti

'strength' ^= OHG. magan megin,

OSAX. ON, i?iegin 'strength' : teut.

\fmag in ?/iight and tnay.

main adj. borrowed fr. ofr.

maine magne 'chief' (lat. magims'great').

maintain vb. me. maintene

adopted fr. fr. tnaintcnir (lat.

type maimtencre 'hold by the

hand').

maize sb. = fr. tnais, g.

tnais; adopted fr. span, maiz.

Columbus is said to have im-

ported the Haytian name mahis

and the cereal to Spain whence

it was adopted by the other

mod. languages.

make vb. me. 7ndke oe. macian= OSAX. ?nakon , DU. makeft,

OHG. tnahlidn 'make, also fit or

fasten together' G. machen:

Teut. base makon 'join, belongtogether'. Cp. with GOTH. *makdnthe on. comparat. makara 'moresuitable, fitting', oE. ymcBC 'fit,

suitable', ohg. gimaJi 'con-

venient, comfortable' G. gemach;

OE. letHceccea 'husband, wife' (e.

make companion, spouse', e.

match 'spouse'),

malady sb. ]\ie. maladie bor-

rowed fr. OFR, maladie fr. fr,

malade (source male 'ill, bad'

and aptus 'disposed'),

male adj. jME. mdle adoptedfr, FR, fndle (source lat. dimin.

f?iasculHS.

malice sb. ls\s.. jnalice borrowedfr. FR. vialice (source lat. ma-litia 'ill will'), — malign adj.

adopted fr. fr. fmili/i (f. maligfie')

'malignant' (source maligniwi i. e.

?nale genus 'ill-born).

mall sb. me. malic melle mail

borrowed fr. fr. inail 'a mall':

source LAT. malleus 'a hammer'.— Hence mallet sb. me. maillet

borrowed fr. fr. fnaillet a mallet',

mallow ME, mahve oe. mealwe

= DU, vialuwe: borrowed fr.

LAT. malva , whence also fr.

mauve, SPAN, it, malva, G. nialve.

Cp. viajive.

malt sb. ME. malt oe, mealt

r=: OSAX. ON. j/ialt, DU, moui,

G, f/ialz. The Teut. base ?nalta-

many 13^

fr. a TEUT.\^fne/f in OE. mUtan'dissolve, melt' with which is

allied the on. adj. 7naltr 'rotten'

= OHG. inalz 'melting away,

soft' so that *malt is perh. the

adjectival neut. sb. meaning 'that

which is soft'. Cp. melt.

man sb. aie. oe. man mo/i{?tn)

= OSAX. OHG. DU. MLG. manG. manii, OX. madr, GOTH, maiwa'mankind, man'. In OE., man tngti

{ii = nn) denotes 'man' and'woman' (cp. OE. wifmon = E.

woman), goth.-teut. maiin- is

based on older ??ianw- manu- (as

chin is based on an aryankcnw- genu-), ixdo-eur. manu'mankind' appears in skr. as

Manu, but it signified also the

'father of mankind'; cp. also

SKR. mamis and matiusa 'homo'

and OSLOV. mqzt 'man'.

mane sb. me. indtie oe. manu ==

OHG. jnafia G. mdhne, DU. maan,

ON. mgn, sw. dan. i?ian. TheTeut. base nianb- 'mane' showsa later development of meaning;the older meaning was 'neck'; cp.

ON. men, OE. niene, OHG. menni'necklace', cogn. with lat. monile

'necklace', ocelt. ^iavid/.i]g =oiR. muince 'necklace . In lieu

ofARYAN W(^7//<? 'neck' occurs skr.

7nanya 'nape', closely allied to

oiR. ihuin muindl 'nape'.

mange sb. shortened fr. the

adj. :me. *maungt' which is bor-

rowed from the FR. part. ma7igi

lit. 'eaten ; cp. fr. ?nangaison

mange'. — manger sb. me.

viaungir borrowed fr. FR. man-

geoire 'manger, stable' (fr. ma7i-

ger 'eat = lat. 77ianducare).

mangle vb. ME. wa«^^/^ frequent,

and weakened for *7?ui7ikele fr.

ME. ma7ike OE. J^e77iancian , whichwas prob. formed from an adj.

OE. *7nanc=^'D\j.7/iank: loanwordfr. lat. 7na/tcus adj. 'maimed'.

mangle sb. borrowed fr. du.

77ui7igel (= sw. G. 7na7iget)\ dimin.

of a simple word represented

by G. 77ia7ige 'a mangle' = IT.

77ianga7io 'a machine for smoothinglinen, a war-engine' fr. lat. 77ia7i-

ga/itwt = GR. udyyavov 'a war-

machine'.

manikin 7na7taki7i borrowed fr.

FR. 77ia7i7iequi7i = DU. 7/ian/ieken\

cp. G. 7nd/mche77, DU. t/iannetje:

all diminutives of man.mankind sb. me. 77iankinde

earlier 7nan-kin OE. 7no7i-cy/tn.

See 7na/t and kin, also kind.

manner me. ma7i47-e borrowedfr. OFR. 7na7tei-e = fr. 77ta7iierc.

mantle me. 77ia7iiel (a form

77iau7itelv& unrecorded) ^= du. sw.

dan. mantel', on. mgttull and OE.

7nentel rest on a lost lat. 77ia/itu-

luin 7/iantilu7n (fr. LAT. 77ia/itu77i =FR. 7na/ite, it. 7nanto a cloak'),

whence also G. 77iantelonG. 7nantal•.

cogn. w. FR. 7/mnteau, ir. manttllo

(lat. type *7nantellu7ti).

many me. 7fia7u 7na7iy oe. 7!U7tii'^

7/i07iey. Teut. base 7tuinaga- =OSAX. OHG. 77Ul7iag G. 7/ia/ich, DU.

77ienig, ON. 7/iargr. Cogn. w. oiR.

7/ie>iicc IR. 7ni/iic 'frequently' (base

7nenccci-'f) and cy:sir. mai/it, bret.

7nent (celt, base t7ia7tti-).

y'

132 map — marsh

map sb. borrowed fr. fr. mappe= IT. LAT. viappa prop, 'a nap-

kin, table-clotli'.

maple sb. me. vidpel oe. *mcspel

*mapul in mapoltreo viapidder 'a

maple-tree': perh. ident. w. ohg.

tna-i-piltra (g. mass/wider), which

points to TEUT. fftatlu-, whilst

the E. word points to a base

mapIII-.

mar vb. me. t/urre oe. d?/ierran

dmyrran wk. vb. 'to hinder, ob-

struct' = GOTH, marzjan 'oflfend',

OHG. marren, DU. marren 'tarry':

TEUT.-ARYAN \fmarz mars.

marble me. marble mdrbre fr.

FR. fiiarbre; source lat. marmor.

march sb. me. ?ndrche 'march,

boundary' fr. fr. marche 'bound-

ary'. The Fr. word is of Teut.

origin; cp. GOTH, marka, OE.

mearc, OSAX. OHG. marka 'bound-

ary' which are primitively related

to LAT. margo 'border, edge',

AVEST. merezu 'border', IR. mruig

'shire' (Celt, base mrogi-). Cp.

mark.march vb. fr. fr. ?narcher.

March (the month) me. (since

the 12"' cent.) March fr. fr.

mars} Source lat. Martins me?isis

(whence ohg. me/ zo g. mdrz, lg.

merte)

.

mare me. mire oe. mire myre:

Teut. base tnarhjon- (= ohg.

merihJia G. mdhre, DU. merie, on.

merr^, deriv. fr. teut. tnarha'

'horse' in oe. mear/i, ohg. mara/i,

ON. marr horse' (see fnarshaf).

There is a pre-TEUT. marka- in

the Celt, languages; cp. gall.

fnarca , ir. gael. marc, cymr.CORN, t/iarch 'horse'.

miargin me. fndrgin(e) fr. lat.

marginetn (nom. sing. lat. margo= FR. marge).

mark^ sb. 'line, dot, cut' me.

marke OE. mearc = DU. on. mark,

aiHG. marc (gen. markes) g.

marke (gotk. marka 'boundary').

— Hence mark vb. me. markeOE. mearcian = on. marka, osAX.7narkon; cp. DU. G. j/ierken =--

GOTH. *markjan.

mark'- sb. 'a unit of weight,

a coin' me. mark late OE. marc:

borrowed fr. ON. mprk, whencealso DU. G. mark (med.-lat.

marca).

market sb. me. market late oe.

(ii^'^cent.) markit marcdt: bor-

rowed fr. OFR. "^market FR. marcM(it. mercatd) ^= lat. mercatns

'market', whence also ohg. markdtmerchdt G. DU. markt. See mart.maroon adj. 'chestnut-colored*

borrowed fr. FR. marron ^= it.

marrone 'a chestnut'.

marrow me. marow mary oe.

mearh mearg = oSAX. marg,

OHG. mar{a)g G. mark, DU. tnerg,

ON. mcrgr: Teut. base mazga-

= ARYAN *?nazgko- in oslov.

mozgii, ZEND mazga, skr. 7?iajjau

'marrow'. The root is skr. 7}iajj

'immerge' = lat. mergere.

marry vb. me. marie vb. adopt-

ed fr. FR. marier: source LAT.

maritare 'marry'. — Hence mar-riage ME. maridge= FR. mariage.

marsh me. 7?iersh oe. mersc

earliest form merisc = mdu.

marshal mastiff 133

maersche , lg. G. marsch, dan.

marsk: Teut. base mariska- =]MED. - LAT. mariscus 'swamp',

whence ofr. niaresc fr. marais.

Source TEUT. 7nari- 'ocean (=LAT. f/iare) in OE. mere, OHG. meri

G. f/icer, ON. fnarr, GOTH. tnarei.

marshal aiE. ?/uir(e)schal adopt-

ed fr. OFR. ffiareschal = fr.

mar^chal, span. ?fiariscal, it. ma-r/j'^a/(? 'a marshal, farrier'. Source

a teut. marha-skalkaz 'horse-

thane' = OHG. marah-scalc (ohg.

marah 'a horse' = E. fnare andOHG. scalch = OE. scealc jme.

schalk, ON. skdlkr , OSax. skalk,

GOTH, skulks 'servant'.

mart sb. short for inarkct.

marten short for martern orig.

martrc aie. j/iartre adopted fr.

FR. inartre (=^ it. martora, span.

martii). The Fr. word, whichsupplanted a genuine OE. mearp,

is of Teut. origin: on. mgrdr,

OHG. viardar G. niarder , DU.

inarter] OSAX. "^marthar inferred

fr. the adj. marthnii.

martin sb. borrowed fr. fr.

viartin, orig. the proper nameMartin, wliich was applied to

various birds and animals; cp.

robin- red-breast.

martyr sb. me. ;nartir OE. mar-

tyr = OSAX. martir, OHG. martyr,

GOTH, martyr (with suffix DU.

martelaar, ohg. martirari G. 7ndr-

tyrer^ : fr. lat.-gr. martyr 'a wit-

ness'.

marvel vb. me. merveile bor-

rowed fr. FR. fnerzieil/er; source

LAT. mirabilia 'wonderful thinars'.

mash vb. masche vb. 'mix' (oe.

(^7?idscia7iT) = G. fneischen: prob.

cogn. w. OSLOV. mezga 'sap of

trees' (osLOv. s<if := teut. skl^.

Cp. 7?iix.

mask sb. borrowed fr. fr.

masque, whence also G. DU.

DAN. maskc SW. mask.

mason ime. tndsoun adoptedfr. FR. ma(on ; source a type

matio 'a maison' = OHG. fnezzo

G. steiitfnetz 'a stone-mason'.

mass^ sb. 'a lump of matter'

late ME. ?nasse borrowed fr. fr.

masse (== it. tnassa^ : source

LAT. massu 'a lump, a mass',

whence also OHG. tnassa G.

masse.

mass^ sb. 'the eucharist me.

masse OE. mcesse; evidently

identical w. osAX. tnissa, DU.

mis, OHG. messa missa G. messe'.

a Christian word from ivied.-

LAT. ?nissa 'mass' = fr. ?nesse

(whence me. messe).

mast ME. mast oe. fncest =DU. LG. G. SW. DAN. mast, ON.

mastr. In accordance with

Grimm's law, the Teut. base

masta- is based on pre-TEUT.

mazdo- = LAT. mains (for *madus)

'a mast'.

master sb. me. maister late

OE. mceiester borrowed fr. ofr.

maistre fr. maitre (= it. maestro) :

source LAT. magister , whencealso OSAX. mhtar, DU. meester,

OHG. mcistar G. meister. Seemister.

mastifFME. wi'ji-/'//"wrt'iV//"adopted

fr. OFR. mcstif prop, an adj. fr.

134 mat — mayi li-

the sb. OFR. 7)iastin (fr. matui)

'a mastiff'.

mat ME. matte oe. tneatta =DU. vtat, OHG. matta g. tnatte,

IT. viatta borrowed fr. lat.

matta 'a rug', whence fr. /lattf.

match' sb. me. macche oe.

-^cmcrcca 'a companion' ident. w.

OE. lemaca sb. = E. make.match- sb. 'the wick of a

candle, a match' me. macche

borrowed fr. fr. fnlxhe 'match

of a lamp' : source lat. jnyxa

'the nozzle of a lamp'.

mate sb. 'a companion' jie.

7ndte = DU. maat, OSAX. '"'gwiato,

OHG. gima7,%o mhg. gemai^i^e, oe.

''"lemdta (wanting) " would bederived from oe. mete = meat;hence mate prop, 'mess-mate'.

mate adj. me. mdte mat 'con-

founded, dejected borrowed fr.

OFR. fr. tmit (= SPAN. ?nate,

IT. 7/iattd). Source the Arab.-

Pers. expression in the chess-

play sc/idh mat 'the king is dead'.

matins, mattins 'morning

prayers' me. matin{e)s: borrowedfr. FR. matins plur. of matin

'morning': source lat. matutinus

'belonging to the morning'; cp.

LAT. hora matutina in ohg. mettina

G. 7nette 'matutinal service'.

matter sb. me. matere adoptedfr. FR. matiere] source lat.

materia 'materials'.

mattock jNIE. nmttok oe. mattoc

prob. fr. CYMR. viatog 'a hoe';

but OSLOV. 7/iotyka and LITH.

matikas 'mattock* point to a Teut.

word.

mattress me. materas (= du.7natras) borrowed fr. ofr. 77iate-

ras = FR, 77iateias = med.-lat.

7/iat7-atiu7n\ source ARAB. 7nat7-ali

prop, 'a place where somethingis thrown'.

maudlin adj. corrupted fr.

ME. Majuielei7i = Magdelai7ie =r

OFR. Magdeleine, lat.-gr. Mag-dale7ia. Ma7'ia Magdalena wasconsidered a type of sorrowing

penitence.

maul vb. me. 77ialle 'strike with

a mair formed fr. the me. sb.

77ialle 'a mall' borrowed fr. ir.

7nail 'a mall', whence also niall-

Maundy Thursday :me. 77iau7ide

thursdai fr. ofr. mandi (= OHG.MHG. fnanddt^ 'the ceremony of

Christ's washing his disciples'

feet': source lat. 7na7iddtu7n ac-

cording to John XIII 34.

mauve 'mallow color' borrowedfr. fr. 7/iauve 'a mallow' = lat.

77ialva\ ident. w. 7n allow.

maw me. 77iawe oe. »;aga

'stomach' = ohg. mago 'sto-

mach' G. 7/iagefi, DU. 7/iaag, ON.

77iagi 'stomach'.

may vb. me. mai oe. mce"^ =OSAX. OHG. G. DU. mag, ON. 7nd,

GOTH. mag. TEUT. \'^ 7fiag (7/!Ug)

fr. ARYAN magh is closely allied

to OSLOV. mogq 7/iosti 'be able'.

May me. 77iay 7nai fr. fr. Mai(lat. Mains 7ne7isis).

mayor sb. me. 7nai/'e adoptedfr. FR. 7/iai/-e: source LAT. 771ajor

'greater'.

me — mean 135

me pers. pron. dat. and ace.

ME. OE. me fr. a Teut. and ARYAN

stem nu- in GOTH, mis 7)ii-k,

G. mi-r 7in-ch, lat. mihi me \ GR.

Lioi tuoi us I- lie; skr. mahyam

me dat., imim 7/id ace.; base

t/ia-

.

mead^ sb. me. fn(de oe. f/ieodo

= DU. :mlg. 7)ieiie ohg. ;;/t'/^

w/V« g. met, ox. mjgdr: base

teut. w^^/w i= ARYAN *tfiedhu; cp.

SKR. mddhu 'honey, sweet drink',

OR. i-iBtyv 'wine' (allied jiisSim

'I am drunk', a,-';!^/; 'drunkenness'),

OSLOV. 7;iedu 'honey, wine , lith.

midiis 'mead' — mediis 'honey', IR.

mid.

mead- sb. 'meadow' (now in

poetry) ME. imde OE. mdd (gen.

vickdwe^ = DU. mat iiLG. tnade

olg. mdtha iridda, ofris. meth,

G. viatte, GOTH. *tnedwa: based

on a TEUT. V" imip med, con-

nected w. LAT. f/ieto 'I mow,

reap' and showing a shorter

form me in E. moiv. But the

GOTH. ''^me might represent

the root and twd the suffix. —meadow iiE. medwe oe. mckd

gen. mdd7ae. A/ead and meadoiv

are related as shade and sha-

dow. Cp. mead.meagre adj. me. mcgre bor-

rowed fr. FK. maigre (= span.

IT. 7nai]rd): source lat, macei:

'lean, thin, meagre', oe. tna'^er

{= DU. MLG. G. mager ohg. magar,

ox. magr is common Teut.).

The Teut. forms with i-Ai".

macer, GR. ua/.tdvoy tall , uur.-

oog long" have prob. come fr.

an ARYAN v'" "^^^^'^ 'thin, long'.

lith. mdzas 'small' and ohg.

magar might point to a common

V" magh. Perh. the Teut. group

comes fr. vulg. lat.-it. magro.

meali sb. 'flour' me. m(le oe.

mclo (gen. 7nelwes) = OSAX.

m'elo, DU. DAN. meel, ohg. melo

(gen. melawes') o. w^/?/, on. wyV)/:

Teut. base "^'m'elwa- 'flour meal'

lit. 'that which is ground' from

a Teut. and ARYAN \'" mel 'grind'

seen in osAX. ohg. goth. imdan

DU. 7nalen G. 77iahlen, ON. 7nala

'grind'; cp. LAT. /wf/t', GR. fivXXc,

osLOV. 77/e//a (7;/teti), LiTH. f7/a/u

(md/ti), OIR. f//e/i7/i 'grind'; cp.

7nill.

meal'- sb. 'a repast' mk. w<"7

= OSAX. 7Hdl, DU. 77iaal, G. 77iahl,

ON. w«7, OHG. *///«/ wanting with

this meaning; ident. w. goth.

77iH time', oe. 7>i(bI 'time'.

mean adj. me. 7naie oe. J<e77i(kne

fr. a Teut. base ga-7nai7ii- =GOTH. ga7naitis , OSAX. gi77ieni,

ohg. gi/tiel/ii G. ge7nein, DU.

ge7nee7i\ cogn. w. lat. <rw//-

7/uinis for co7/i-i7ioi/ii-s\ cp. lat.

//««i- with GOTH. rt^/^J- = ARYANoi/io-s.

1 mean vb. me. wr'//^- oe. 7/id/ia/i

= OSAX. 7timia7i, DU. i7iee/ieii,

OHG. 77ieinett inei/tari g. 7/iei7ien,

oyi.7/iei/ia, GO-m.*7nai7iJa7i; OSLOv.

! 1/ieiijq 7/te7iiti is closely allied.

Connected with v^ w^?// 'think' in

>/ii/i dl

mean adj. me. ;//<•>/<• adj. 'middle'

contracted fr. '^7iiej(n =^ ofr.

136 mercy

meyen FR. moyen 'intermediate':

source LAT. mediamis.

measles sb. me. mesel sb.

leper' — adj. leprous': loan-

word fr. OFR.w^^^/=LAT. jniselliis.

measure sb. me. fn^'silre bor-

rowed fr. FR. mesiire (= SPAN.

mesura , it. misiird) from LAT.

menstira.

meat me. mete oe. tnete fr, a

Teut. base mati- = OSAX. meii,

DU. 7fief (in -wurst), ohg. wa;,

ON. matr, GOTH, fnats 'food'.

medal borrowed fr. FR. jh^-

daille {= SPAN, medalla , IT.

medagUii); source a lat. type

metallea fr. LAT. metaUum.

m.eddle me. medle {tncle^ 'mix'

borrowed fr. OFR. medler inesler

= FR. meter : source a lat. type

miscnlare 'mix' fr. lat. miscere

'mix', — medley sb. me. medle

adopted fr. OFR, medle mesle

(fern, medlee = fr. trieI^e') part,

of OFR. medler 'mix'.

miedlar sb, me, medlc-tre fr.

OFR. meslier mesle 'medlar-tree':

source lat. mespilmn 'a med-

lar'.

meed sb. me. oe. med (oe.

once f/ieord) =^ osAX. ' tneda,

DU. miedc, OHG. «?<?/«; wzV/Za G.

tniete 'hire' ; GOTH, tnizdo 'reward'

(the z of which was lost in

Teut. witli lengthening- of / to

e) fr. an aryan mizdho- in gr.

fiialfog 'wages, pay, hire', OSLOV.

mizda , avest. mizda 'wages',

OIND. midhd (for mizdho) 'contest,

match, booty' (perh. orig. 'a

prize' by inference fr. the skr.

adj. midhvds 'spending lavishly').

meek adj. me. mek (late oe.

*mdoc) borrowed fr. the equiv.

on. mjukr = sw. ?/iJuk, dan.

fuyg 'soft', cp. DU. muik 'soft',

GOTH, fuiiks (inferred fr. muka-

7nddci 'meekness').

meet vb. me. mete OE. metaii.

vb. = OSAX. motian, DU. moeten,

ON. mcita, GOTH, gamotjan 'meet'

:

TEUT. \f7)lbt.

meet adj. mk. mite oe. lemdte

= OFRis. mete, mlg. tnate, ohg.

gimdi^i; cp. mete.

melt vb. me. melte oe. meltan;

for the V" ^'^'^^^ ^^^ »/<?//". AnAryan V" meld is evident in» skr.

mrdii 'soft, tender', GR. /.UXdaiv

'cook'.

menace sb. me. menace mandce

borrowed fr. fr. 7nc>iace (lat.

minacia') 'tlireat'.

mend vb. tnende short for

atnende borrowed fr. fr. amc?ider

(lat. etnendare'). See af/iend.

menial (prop, adj., but also

used as sb.) me. meineal formed

with the suffix -al fr. me. meini

maini 'a household'. This is

borrowed fr. OFR. inesne meistiee

answering to a LAT. type *;;/(?«-

sionata.

merchant me. marchaunt mar-

chaund borrowed fr. OFR. mar-

chant = FR. marchand: source

LAT. mercari 'buy' (cp. market).

mercy me. mer(i borrowed

from FR. tnerci (source med.-

LAT. fnerces 'mercy, pity' extended

fr. LAT, merx 'traffic'). See

market, merchant.

lid 137

merge vb. adopted fr, lat.

inergcrc 'plunge under water'.

merit inie. merit fr. fr. mirite.

mermaid me. mer-tnaide; OE.

7/ierc 'ocean' me. i/nye agree

with OHG. OSAX. jricri, GOTH.

marei 'ocean'; cp. marsh.merry adj. me. mirie OE. rny7-^e

from a Teut. base niurgi- 'short'

in OHG. murgfari 'of short life',

Swiss 7nurg 'mannikin'; cp, goth.viaurgjan 'shorten'. The adj.

TEUT. ?niirgu- 'short' = IE.

mrghu- corresponds to gr. /J^pa-

yvc 'short' (for ""aga/vc).

mesh sb. me. fnesche oe. mcesce

^= on. mpskve, ohg. mdsca G.

maschc \ the Teut. base *?/tesgen

belongs to the IE. tnezg in lith.

mdzgas 'knot' from the vb. mezgii

{megsti) 'knot, weave nets'; hencemesh may be traced to a teut.

\^ mcsq (aryan mezg 'braid).

mete vb. me. mete oe. m'etan =osAX. fiictan , DU. mete?i , ohg.

inc"i^an G. nicsscn, on. vieta, GOTH.mitan with which is allied GOTH.mitbii 'think over', ohg. m'e"i^dn

moderate'. The teut. \Pmet is

based on the ARYAN \fmed in

GR. utdnuui I devise' — ut-dntv

'counselor' — jnhdiurog a corn-

measure', LAT. modtis 'manner'

— tnodius 'a corn-measure', goth.

mitaj>s 'measure'.

mess sb. me. messe borrowedfr. OER. fnes fr. tnets (source

lat. missus fr. tnittere) "send' andin MED.-lat. put, place').

message me. message borrowedfr. FR. message: lat. type missatica

an extension of lat. fnissus. —Hence messenger (with the

insertion of 7i as in passenger)ME. messagir formed fr. messagewith the suffix -er denoting 'the

agent'.

metal me. metal borrowed fr.

E'R. mital.

mete vb. 'measure' ]\ie. tucte

OE. metan sw. vb. 'measure' =GOTH, mitan, G. messen ohg. mc'^z^an,

DU. meten.

mettle ident. w. tnetal but

meaning now 'spirit, ardor'.

mew vb. onomatopoetic like

DU. maauwen, g. maiien; imitative

of a cat's cry.

mew ME. tniw oe. 7ndw ; cp.

DU. meeuw y on. md-r, G. moive:

TEUT. base maiw-.

mickle me. mikcl michel 7iutkel

7/iuchcl, oe. 7/iicel 77iycel = goth.771ikits , ON. i7iikill 77iykill , OSAX.1/iikiI, ohg. 77iihhil\ cp. 77itich.

mid- adj. me. 7/iid oe. i/iid 7nidd

= OSAX. 77uddi, OHG. 7Tiitti g. 7nit-,

ON. midr, goth. 7nidjis. In mod.E. and in mod. G., the adjectives

E. 77iid- = G. 7/iit- are only used in

compounds as e. 77iidday, 77udle/it,

77udsu7ti7ner, 77iidwinter \ g. t/iittag,

77iitte7-nacht, 77nttwoch (orig. dat.

sing.). The teut. stem 77iidja-

answers to aryan 77iidhyo; cp.

GR. usnoc (for "n£djo.s-) , skr.

7/iddhyas, LAT. 77iedius. — middleadj. and sb. me. oe. 7niddel =DU. 77iiddel, ohg. 7nittil G. 7nittel;

with formative -/ from the adj.

771 id.

138 midge — milt

midge me. migge oe. f?iycg fr.

a Teut. base mugjo- = OSAX.

muggia, DU. 7nug, OHG. tnucka G.

milcke. From ON. my it may be

inferred that the West-Teut.

guttural is secondary.

midst formed with excrescent /

from ME. in niiddes equivalent to

am id.

mien borrowed fr. fr. mine fr.

IT. 7>iina = OIT. me}ia 'fashion,

carriage ofman': sourceMED.-LAT.

minarc 'conduct, lead'.

might ME. might oe. miht meaht

^=^ OSAX. OHG. maht, du. magt,

G. macht, ON. mdttr, GOTH, mahts.

The common teut. *t?iahti is an

old verbal abstract from goth.

magan (like OSLOV. most! from

*mokti from mogq 'clean'). See

tn ay.

miilch adj. me. inilche oe. '^myIce:

deriv. of milk\ cp. the equiv.

adj's. ON. milkr mjolkr , OHG.

m'elch G. tnelk, oe. t/i'elc.

mild adj. me. oe. milde =OSAX. mi/di , DU. G. mild OHG.

milti , ON. mildr , GOTH, mildcis.

Cogn. w. oiR. meldach 'agreeable'

or blaitli 'soft, smooth' (base

mlati-) ? or oSLOV. mladii 'young,

tender', lith. mildiis 'pious' ?

mildew me. mildew oe. miled{aw

= DU. mceldainv, OHG. mili-tou

G. 7iiehltau\ the first part is prob.

fr. OE. mele= GOTH, milip 'honey;

cp. ON. mihka 'a honeyed drink';

the second part see under dew.

mile ME. mile OE. mil = DU.

mijl, OHG. mlla tuilla (for ^milja)

G. meile: borrowed fr. lat. mtlia

(passuum) lit. 'thousand paces',

(whence also FR. milk, it. miglid).

The more frequent plur. milia

was adopted in Rom. and G. as

a fem. sing, (omitting passimni).

milfoil ME. milfoil fr. fr. mille-

feuille = LAT. inillefolium.

milk ME. milk oe. t/ieoloc mile

^= OSAX. miluk, DU. melk, ohg.

miluh G. milch, on. mjolkr, goth.

miluks. It is remarkable that a

common Aryan or at least a

West -Aryan term for 'milk' is

wanting, although the \f melg ^=

teut. fftelk 'to milk' occurs in all

the West-Aryan languages. Froma common Indo-Eur. vb. : oe.

melcan, DU. melken, ohg. melchan

G. melken, goth. ''^milkan. Cp. lat.

mulgere , GR. af.iBXy^iv , oSLOV.

mlcsti (pres. mliizii), lith. t7ulsti.

(pres. ynilzii) OIR. mbligim {inlicht

and melg 'milk'). — milk vb.

ME. 7nilke oE. meolcian {= ofris.

melka, ON. ?njdlka) fr. oe. meolc.

raiill ME. 7nille earlier milne oe.

myIn (whence ON. mylnci) = DU.

molen mculen , OHG. tnuli{n) G.

mfihle; borrowed fr. late LAT.

common ROM. fnolina 'mill' (for

class. LAT. mold), whence also

IT. mulino, FR. moulin.

millet fr. FR. millet; source lat.

milium 'millet'.

milt ME. oe. milte = du. milt,

ORG. milzi G. f?iilz, ON. milti: from

the TEUT. sfmelt seen in malt.

E. and DU. milt soft roe of fishes'

is a corruption of milk (sw.

mjolke 'milt' fr. mj'olk 'milk', dan.

139

fiskcmclk 'soft roe of fishes', lit.

'fisli-milk).

mince vb. me. mince oe. min-

sian wk. vb. 'make small' deriv. fr.

OE. ?nin(nii) = DU. min 'smaller';

cp. FR. tninccr 'mince' from mince

'small' of Teut. origin.

mind sb. me. minde oe. "^e-mynd

'memory, mind': Teut. base

ga-mundi- = goth. ga-munds

'memory' from goth. ga-munan= OSAX. (far)munan "despise",

ON. viuna, OE. letnundiT, cp. GOTH.

miins 'purpose , desire , mind',

ON. mimr 'mind , desire , love',

OE. jnyne 'memory, love'. Allied

to ON. m/w« 'remembrance, mind',

OSAX. ?ninna , OHG. minnia andOHG. minni G. minne 'love', orig.

'remembrance'. All belong to

the common Aryan and teut.

\fmen man 'think'; cp. GR. /.tkroc

'courage, mind, jiiiuv7J(yy,(o I

remember', lat. mejuini reminiscor

mens moneo, skr. \/^?nan 'think,

believe'.

mine possessive pron. me. oe.

tnin = OSAX. OHG. min, DU. mijn,

G. 7neiti (also OHG. min G. meine/'),

ON. minn, goth. mcins: derived

fr. the stem me- of the pers.

pron. cp. me and for the suffix

cp. SKR. makina 'mine and thine.

mine sb. uv..mine = du. fnijn, G.

DAN. f/iinc: borrowed from fr.

tnine {= span. it. mimi): of Celt,

origin; cp. IR. Gael. 7nfin 'metal',

BRET, men 'stone, metal, cymr.

mwyn 'metal : CELT, base jncna

mcina ?

mingle a frequent, vb. from me.

mingc menge OE. fnengan = OSax.

mpigiajt, DU. fnengen, ohg. menganG. viengen, goth. *maggjan. Cp.am fig.

minnow 'a fish' me. minowe oe.

*mynwe (and wjv/^'capito )= OHG.

mimiwa 'capedo'; cp. westphal.mane, hess. mcvhn} Etymologyunknown.

minster me. minster oe. mynster

fr. a base munistirja- = du.

munster , OHG. munistri prop,

'monastery' then convent-church'

G. fniinster : after lat.-gr. fnona-

sterium, whence also fr. nioutier

'monastery, convent'.

minstrel me. miftistral menestral

borrowed fr. FR. minestrel: source

LAT. ministerialis 'an artisan, jester,

buffoon'.

mint 1 sb. me. mint oe. 7nynet

= DU. munt, OHG. 7nuni~^ nmni".^a

g. milnze: TEUT. viunita- ?njinitd-

borrowed fr. lat. moneta 'place

of coinage, money', whence also

FR. monnaie under money.mint- sb. 'a plant' me. oe. miiite

= DU. munt, OHG. minza G. minze :

adapted fr. lat. mentha ?nenta

(gr. jiiivda) , whence also fr.

ment/ie, it. span, menta.

mire^ 'deep mud' me. /nire oe.

myre from west-teut. miurjon =ON. mvrr 'slime' ; the r of tliese

words is orig. z ^r= s] cp. OE. meos

'moss' by the side of oe. mos

'moss, swamp ; G. moos also signi-

fies 'marsh'; cp. moss. Hencee. mire prop, 'mossy soil'.

mire- cp. pismire.

140 mirth mole

mirth me, mirihe earlier ftiur/ide

OE. 7nyrgd deriv. fr. OE. myv^c =merry with formative -ih (as in

length, strengtii).

mis ^ prefix me. oe. mis- = du.

mis-, OHG. viissa- missi- G. miss-,

ON. mis-\ GOTH, missa- for '^mipta-

(prop. 'lost') is an old part, in

to- from a \("mip seen in OE.

mldan me. viithe 'shun , avoid'

{= OSAX. midan, ohg. mldan G.

meideti). Akin to oiR. mi in ml-

gnim 'misdeed' ?

mis 2 prefix older w^y- borrowedfr. OFR. mes- (tR. ;//t'-) : source

LAT. minus 'less'. — mischiefME, f/ies-chef borrowed fr. Ofr.

ines-chief 'a bad result, damage'fr. mis'*" and chief (cp. me. bon-

chi'f 'happiness'). — miscreantborrowed fr. OFR. mescreaiit

(source lat. crcdent-eiri).

miss vb. ME. misse oe. missan

= DU, G. misscn, ON. missa, goth,

missjan. Evidently connectedwith WEST-TEUT. mipan 'avoid' in

OE. mldan, ohg. midan G. mciden

'avoid. Cp. ?/iis.

miss contr. of mistress.

mist ME. OE. mist = du. mist,

LG. mist 'darkness , fog , mist',

on. fnistr 'darkness, mist'.

mister me. maister r^ master.

mistle ME. mistel oe. 7nistel =OHG. mistil G. mistel , on. ??iistel

'mistletoe. — mistletoe oe.

misteltdn {= on. >nistilsttinii) fr.

w/ji-/// bird-lime' and tan 'branch .

mite ^ sb. 'a small insect me.

OE. mite = LG. mite, ohg. miyi

'a midge, fly : teut. \fmit 'cut

small', whence goth. maitan =on. meita 'cut'.

mite'- sb. 'a very small portion'

ME. mite borrowed fr. ODU. mijt

a small coin.

mitten me. mitaine borrowedfr. FR. mitaine 'a mitten'.

mix vb. ME. mixe OE. miseian

= ohg. miskan from *misk/an

mhg. mlg. g. mischen: all prob.

borrowed fr. lat, miscere 'mix'.

mizzen sb. borrowed fr. fr.

misaine = IT. mezzana: source

LAT. medius. Ident. w. G. bezaan-

scgel.

moan vb.ME. mone (oe. *?/idjiian^

with the by-form me. md/x oe.

nicenan 'moan'.

moat sb. ME. tnote borrowedfr. ofr. jnote 'dike'.

mock fr. FR. se moquer.

mode fr. FR. 7node.

moiety borrowed fr. fr. moitii

(lat. type 7nedietateni).

moist adj. me. tnoiste 'moist,

fresh': borrowed fr. ofr. tnoiste

{= FR. ?noite). Source lat.

musteus 'belonging to new mustor wine', also 'new, fresli' (^mustiis

'new wine').

mole^ sb. 'a mark on the body'

ME. 77iple OE. Tndl = ohg. meil

also tneila, GOTH, mail 'a spot',

mole'- sb, 'breakwater' bor-

rowed fr, FR. mole 'a bank'

(= IT. 7nole ?nolo^ : source

LAT. moles 'a great heap, a vast

pile'.

mole^ sb. 'an insectivorous

animal' me. tnolle =^ du. fttoH

Prob. short for me. moldciverp

monday — more 141

= OHG. moliw'erf G. mauhvurf.

From ME. molde OE. mglde 'earth'

=: ON. mold, OHG. molta, goth.

w/^/(^/i:7 'earth' and from the\'~ werp

seen in goth. wairpan\ see

warp.monday me. unmenday OE.

f/iona/ida;'^ = du. 7iiaandag, ohg.

fnanatac G. moiitag, on. mdnadagr:

the common Teut. name for

LAT. dies Lunac (fr. Inndi, it.

lunedt) ; the first syllable of

fnonday is ident. w. moon.money me. motieie borrowed

fr. OFR. mo/teie = fr. montiaie

(= SPAN. jHonedciy IT. jnonetd)'.

source lat. moiieta. See fnint^.

monger sb. me. oe. mongere OE.

mangcre {= OHG. mangdri, ON.

mavgari) formed from OE. wa«-^'zVz// 'trade' with suffix -ere.

Source lat. mango 'a defrauding

trader

.

monk :xiE. mofik oe. mtmuc =osax. mu/iik, DU. Jiioimik, ohg,

munih(h) G. monch: source lat.

monachus (gr. uoraxo^^j whencealso FR. moinc and OIR. vianach.

monkey formed like donkey.source IT. tnonna mona 'ape',

whence also G. (16. cent.) mun-

aff 'simia prasiana'.

month me. moncth oe. mpnap= DU. tnaand, OHG. mdnod G.

motiai. OT<!.mdnudr,GOT:il. menops.

The common Teut. stem jncnop-

'month' (pre-TEUT. ?nendt-^ is

ident. w. teut. vicnan- =moon.

mood sb. ME. OE. jnod =osax. mod, DU. moed, ohg. vmot

G. mut, goth. mods, on. modr.

The orig. meaning of the teut.

stem moda- was perhaps 'strong

emotion, violent excitement andwas prob. derived fr. the \^ wa-in GR. {.lauGd^at desire".

moon me. tnone oe. f?iptia ^=

OSAX. OHG. mdno, du. maan, G.

mond , ON. mdni, goth. jnena

'the moon'. The Teut. base

menan- (and nienop- = mont/i)

is cogn. with the greater part

of the terms for 'moon, month'

in the other ARYAN languages

;

cp. SKR. mas (for mans mens)

'moon, month' — mdsa 'month',

GR. f.i7Jv (for ^'jLiij'vS) 'month',

LAT. fnhisis 'month', osax. meseci

'moon, month', lith. memi 'moon'— vienesis'v(XQ\\i\\ , OlR.w/ 'month'.

Moor^ sb. 'an inhabitant of

Barbery' borrowed fr. fr. More;

source LAT. Maurus , whencealso SPAN. IT. Moro, ohg. MorG. Mohr.

moor^ sb. 'a tract of unfilled

land' :me. oe. mor a moor, morass,

bog' = OSAX. mor, DU. 7noer,

OHG. muor, LG. G. moor; related

to OE. fnere, org. meri 'sea' ^LAT. ?fmre 'sea'. See marsh.

morass sb. me. tnareis bor-

rowed fr. FR. marais {= it.

marese), whence also du. ?/ioras

fnoeras , LG. moras (whence G.

tnorast) : source med.-lat. mara-gium 'swamp, marsh'.

more adj. me. more oe. 7ndra

= OSAX. OHG. mere G. 7nehr, du.

7neer, on. meiri; goth. maiza

142 morning mother^

(whose iza is the OTeut. coin-

parat. suffix) became OE. nidra

(r from z by rhotacism) Thestem 7na- belongs to the teut.

adj. nic-ra- 'iUustrious'.

morning jme. morni/tge mor-

weninge deriv. of OE. morgen =^

OSAX. OHG. vi07-gan, DU. G. morgen,

ON. morgunn and myrgenn, goth.tnaurgins: a common TEUT. wordfor the first half of the dayfrom day break. — Cp. evening.

morrow; see 7norn and to-

7norrow.

morsel me. tnorsH adapted fr.

OFR. morsel (= fr. morgeaii,

IT. morselto) : dimin. of lat.

morsiim a bit'.

mortar' 'a vessel in whichsubstances are beaten to powder'ME. inortir OE. jnorUre (= DU.

mortiery. borrowed fr. fr. tnorlier

(= SPAN, moriero, IT. fnorta/o^

'mortar' : source lat. mortarium

'a vessel in which substances

are pounded'.

mortar- 'a mixture of lime

and of sand so called from the

vessel in which it was mademortar"^ me. morter mortier

adopted fr. fr. mortier (=SPAN. morter0, it. mortajo~),

whence also DU. mortel, jSIHG.

morter ??iortel G. 7jwrte[): sourceLAT. mortariiun.

mortgage borrowed fr. fr.

mortgage lit. 'a dead pledge'.

moss me. OE. mos 'a swamp,a plant': Teut. base mosa- ^DU. mos 'moss, plant', ohg. mos

'a swamp, plant' G. moos 'plant,

bog', ON. tnosi 'moss, mire'.

Ident. w. OE. meos, ohg. mios

from a Teut. base fneusa-, whencemire. Outside of teut., lat.

miisais and OSLOV. vmchic are

cognate.

most adj. and adv. 'greatest

in size' me. most OE. mast com-monly OE. mdst = OSAX. mest,

DU. meest, OHG. G. meist, ON. mestr,

GOTH, moists. Superl. belonging

to the compar. more. goth.maists has the old superl. suffix

like GOTH, bat-ists, ohg. be—^ist,

OE. betst (for bet-est). The adj.

stem GOTH, tub's, ohg. ha-ri,

OE. mdre etc. seems to be the

base of more and ?nost.

mote ME. 7ngte oe. mot (plur.

motii) 'atom' ; the ME. form are

based on the of. nom. plur.

Cp. DU. mot}

moth ME. tnoththe oe. tnoppe :=r

DU. motyf), MHG. G. motte, on. moiti,

sw. mott a moth' with the by-

forms MHG. matte, oe. mohpe me.

moughpe.

mother 1 I\ie. mdder oe. modor= OSAX. tnodar , DU. moeder,

OHG. nmoter G. fmttter, on. modir.

The common teut. word for

'mother' (gotH. saidrt'/'/5^r/). teut.

7fiddr- 'mother' from ARYAN tnatr-

in SKR. ??iatr, gr. /.n^vqo uartj^j,

LAT. fnater, oSLOV. mati , OlR.

tndthir 'mother'.

mother^ 'dregs, lees' from

'^'mudder = ODU. modder. 'mud,

dregs', DU. mocr 'dregs, lees',

motley — muff 143

LG. G. vioder, dan. sw. mudder

'mud, mould'. Cogn. \v. mud.

motley adj. me. motle bor-

rowed fr. OFR. Jiiattcld 'clotted,

curdled'.

mould' sb. 'fine soft earth'

ME. OE. mglde ground, land,!

earth, country' = ohg. violta,\

ON. mold 'mould', goth. mulda

'dust': \f ffial (cp. meat) with

formative d as in old, cold.

mould^ sb. ME. mglde adopted

fr. OFR. molle (fr. ?fumle) 'a

mould': source lat. moduhis

dimin. of f/iodus 'measure'.

moult vb. ME. ?nouie OE. l>i-

miltian: borrowed fr. LAT. miitare

'change', whence also DU. muiteti,

OHG. 7nii"J"i G. 7nausern 'change

the feathers or skin, moult'.

mount vb. adapted fr. fr.

mohkr 'mount'.

mount sh.UE. 7nouiit: loanword

from FR. fno?it. Ident. with OE.

?niint from lat. jnontem (mons).

The MF. on ;=; u is not the OE.

it, but substitution for the FR.

nasal vowel. — mountain me.

mountaine fr. OFR. montaitie =FR. fftontag/ie (lat. type mon-

tanccj)

.

mourn vb. me. mounic oe.

miirnan str. vb. = osax. morfiian,

OHG. mornen, ON. morna, GOTH.

mmirnan : ARYAN \^ mer in gr.

tdoinva sorrow' and 'Lh.T.7nemor.

mouse me. mous (plur. mis)

OE. 7m'i.s (plur. fiiyi) = DU. micis,

OHG. iniis G. }naus, ON. f/iiis. Thebase mih- occurs in almost all

ARYAN languages. Cp. skr. 7fius

'mouse' with the \^ f/ius mmmusdy 'take away, rob'; also

GR. ^ivq, LAT. nitlS, OSLOV. 7}iysi.

mouth me. jnouth oe. 7tttid =OSAX. 77iud, DU. 77l0nd, OHG. 7/timd

G. 7>tund, ON. 77iu7i7ir 7/mdi-, GOTH.

77iiinps 'mouth'. The teut.

77mnpa-z 'mouth' is based onpre-TEUT. 77i37ito-s and connected

with LAT. 77ieiitii77i 'chiu'.

move vb. me. 7iigvc with the

by-form moeve fr. OFR. 7/wvoir

77ievoir fr. 7nouvoir = lat.

77iovere.

mow sb. ME. 77iowe 7/iouwe oe.

7/niga 7>iu'wa = on. 77iugi 'heap';

cp. OHG. 7/w-werf 'mole' orig.

'maker of mole-heaps'.

mow vb. JME. 77i(hve oe. 7/idwa7t

str. vb. ;= DU. 77taaijen , ohg.

77iae7i mhg. 77iceje7i g. 77idhen. Acommon avest-teut. sf7iie. 'mow'

appears in oe. 77i(i'p (e. 77iath in

aftei--, laltiT-'), ohg. 7/uid G. 7/iahd

'mowing, swath', and in GR.

a-ii>]TOQ 'harvest' — a-ud(o I

mow' and in lat. 77ietc7'e 'reap

.

much me. 77wche 77iiiche for

earlier 7/iuchel OE. 7/iyc'el fr. a

Teut. base 77iukila- {77ukila-)\

cogn. w. GR. 1.11-ydXrj and usyac,

SKR. 77idha7i 'great'. Cp. 77iickle.

muck me. 77iuck borrowed fr.

a SCAND. *77iuk- = ON. 7/iyki

77iykr 'dung'.

mud ME. 7/lud = OLG. 77iudde

'mud'.

muff vb. DU. 77iof LG. G. s\y.

77iiiff\ DAN. 77iuffe a new teut.

word derived fr. FR. mouflc

144 imilbenv

'mitten', med.-lat. viuffula (q*^

cent.). Cogn. w. fiiuffle vb.

'cover up warmly' fr. ofr. nioujie

'mitten'.

mulberry :me. oe. milrberie oe.

mor-berie ^= DU. moerbes moer-

besie , ohg. 7>wrberi morlnri G.

maulbeere', the / of the first part

of the compound for r is the

effect of dissimilation ; mdr is

LAT. ffiorum 'a mulberry'. Thesecond part is an explanatory

addition.

mule ME. mille borrowed fr.

FR. mule; source LAT. mu/us 'a

mule', whence also it. 7/mlo, o.

maulcsel (ohg. mul^ OIR. oe.

71111f).

murder sb. me. f/iorther oe.

7)iordor = GOTH. 77iaurpr\ from\^t/ir 77idr 'die' and suffix -pra\

Cp. oe. 77l07'd = ON. 77lOrd, OSAX.TTlOrth, DU. 7>l007-d, OHG. G. 77iord

'premeditated murder'. teut.

77iorpa- 'murder' is based onpre-TEUT. 7/irto-7n 'death': \f7710r

widely diffused through all the

Aryan languages signified 'die'.

Cp. the SKR. y^77ir 'die' {7/irtd-77i

'death' — mrtas 'dead'— 77idita-s

'mortal') 77irtyus 'death'; LAT.

77i07-i 'die'— 77107-tuns'd&did'— 77iors

'death'; OSLOV.^wr// 'die' — 7/ioru-

su-7/iriiti 'death' — 77irutvu (lat.

77ioriiius) 'dead ; lith. 77iirti 'die'

— 77n7'tls 'death' ; GR. (j(jorng (for

*uQ0T6g)'morial' — «'»/!^^orot,' "im-

mortal'; OIR. 77iarb 'dead'. —murder vb. me. 77iurthre 7nh'th7e

OE. 77tyrdrian = OHG. 77iurdi)-en,

GOTH. 77iaurp7-ja7i 'murder, kill'.

murky me. 77ii7'ke 77urk bor-

rowed fr. ON. 77iyrkr and ident.

w. oe. 7nirce 7/iy7'ce. OE. 77iy7-ce,

OSAX. t7iii'ki and on. 7/iyrkr

'dark' represent a Teut. base77iirkwi-.

murmur vb. me. 77iw-77iure

adopted fr. FR. 771117-77iU7-£7' {^=

SPAN. 77tur77turar, it. 77i07-77iorare,

OHG. mur77iuron G. 77iU7-7/iel7i) :

source lat. 77iU7-77iU7'are.

muscle adopted fr. fr. 77iitscle:

source lat. 7nusculus 'a muscle,

a little mouse', dimin. of 77ius

'a mouse' (gr. f^Lvq) 'a mouse,a muscle'. From the same source

also DU. G. 77iuskel 'a muscle'.

must sb. me. OE. 77iust 'new

wine' (= DU. G. 77iost, on. 77ius{)

adopted fr. lat. musttmi 'new

wine', whence also ofr. 7/iousl,

FR. 77wfd, IT. 7/iosto. See 77171s ty,

77ioist etc.

must vb. ME. OE. 77ioste pret.

of OE. 7)ipta7l = OSAX. 7716ta71,

DU. 77wete7i, OHG. niuo'7^a7i g.

77iilssen, GOTH. TnotuTi.

mustard me. 77iustard 77tostard

(= DU. 7noste7-d 7710staard, G.

77iostc7-t {77iost7-icK) \ borrowed fr.

OFR. 77lOUSta7'd ^= FR. 77iouta7-d.

Source OFR. W^WJ^= LAT. 7/lUStllS

'new wine'.

mutfe ME. 7/iuei fr. fr. //met.

Source lat. //mtus 'dumb'.

mutton ME. /«^/'6'««w«^'^z^/^ adopt-

ed fr. OFR. 77ioton (fr. 77l0Ut0/l).

muzzle ME. TTiosel borrowed fr.

OFR. 7/insel= FR. 77iuseau 'muzzle';

perh. orig. identical w. 7/iof-cel

= E. 77107-Sel.

iiiusliroon nap 145

mushroom late me. mus/ieroun

fr. the equiv. ofr. f/umssero/i.

muster sb. 'a show; review,

array; pattern' etc. short for

ME. f/iotistre from OB'R. tnonstre

(fr. r/iontre= it. f/tostiii): source

LAT. vions/rare, whence also DU.

monster, mlg. tnunster, G. niush'7-,

sw. DAN. monster.— Hence the vb.

muster vb. 'exViibit, review' etc.

ME. must(e)re <. ofr. mojistrer

(fr. montrer = span, mostrar,

IT. mostrare) from lat. monstrare;

cp. DU. monsteren, :mlg. fnnnsteren,

G. musterft, sw. monstra , dan.

monstre.

N

nag ME. nagge 'horse'; cp. odu.

negge a small horse'.

nail ME. nail oe. ineiel := osAX.

OHG. nagal DU. G nagel, on.

/zfl'^/'tinger-nail — /z^^^/? 'wooden,

iron nail'; goth. *nagls inferred

from the vb. uagljan 'nail', teut.

nagla- arose from aryan ?toghlo-

or nokhld-\ cp. SKR. nakhd 'nail

of a finger or toe, claw of a

bird', GR. ovvx- (nom. oVyi) 'nail

of a finger or toe, claw, hoof,

hook', LAi\ unguis 'claw, talon',

oiR. ingen (cymr. ewifi) fromjnghwind, OSLOV. nogiiti 'nail,

claw" (fr. OSLOV. noga 'foot');

LITH. ndgas 'finger-nail' — nagd.

horse's hoof, akyan \'^ nokh

nogh.

naked adj. mk. naked oe. nacod

= DU. naakt, OHG. nackut nahhut

G. nackt, ON. nokkziidr , GOTH.naqaps: Teut. base naqo-da-

naqa-da- from a pre-TEur. fiogoto-

nogeto-; cp. oir. «^^^/'naked' froma base nokto- and SKR. nagnd•naked' with suffix na for ta\

English Etymology.

without consonantal suffix are

formed osLOV. nagii, lith. jiu gas

naked'. Allied also lat. niidus

for *nozidus *nogvia us. - - aryan\^nog}

name si), me. name OE. ndma.

noma = osAX. OHG. namo, DU.

naam, g. name, on. nafn (for

*namn), goth. namd\ synon. witli

SKR. ndma, gr. o-voua, lat.

nomen and perh. also ident. with

OSLOV. im( fr. *m-men ^'^n-men,

PRUSS. emmans, OIR. ainm. TheARYAN base was nd-?nen-, whichperh. was orig. *gno-7>ten- fr. the

ARYAN \'"^//^ in know. Thennafne prop, meant 'name bywhich a thing is known'.

nap ' sb. from the vb. me.nappe OY.. hnceppian hnappian 'doze';

cp. OHG. hnaffezen mhg. nafzen

vb. 'slumber'. Perh. cogn. w.

OY.hnipian, o^.hnipna vb. 'droop'.

nap'- sb. earlier nop :me. noppt

nap', OE. hnoppa ('villus') 'nap

of cloth' = DU. nop, MLG. DAN.noppe, osw. nop 'nap of cloth or

146 nape neck

wool'; cogn. w. NORAVEG. niippa,

GOTH, dishniiipan "to break'.

nape me. udpe 'knob'; pcrh.

with inner labial for guttural andcogn. w. neck.

napkin me. napekiu adopted fr.

PR. nappe table-cloth' with diuiin.

suffix -kin. Source a vulg. lat.

'•'nappa ^ LAT. mappa 'a cloth'.

See map.

nard :\ie. /lard borrowed fr.

FR. /lard (= SPAN. IT. nard(i)

= LAT. nardiis, whence also G.

narde.

narrow adj. me. narowe narive

OE. nearu = CSAX. nam, du.Jiaa)-) from a teut. adj. nanua-(used as fern. sb. in ohg. nanvaG. narbe 'scar'). Cp. ltth. ncr-ti

vb. 'thread' (a needle) — narvit

cell of the queen-bee".

narwhal (== g. narwat) adopt-ed fr. DAN. sw. narJwal = on.

nd-hvalr 'sea-unicorn'. The se-

cond element see under ^oliale]

the first part is obscure.

nasty adj. corruption of anearlier nasky. perh. borrowedfr. sw. dial, naskug 'nasty, dirty'.

naught ME. naught OE. ?idht

earlier ndwiht = OSAX. niowi/it

OHG. niozi'iht G. nic/it, du. niei,

GOTH, ni waihts 'no thing'; cp.

whit.

nave' sb. the l)ody of the

church' borrowed fr. OFR. naveFR. nef (= SPAN. IT. nave^ 'a

ship' — 'the body of the church':

MED. -LAT. navis 'the nave ofa church' = lat. navis 'ship'.

[

nave'^ sb. 'the hub of a wheel':mk. nave oe. ndfu =r du. naaf

i

aaf nave , OHG. na/>a G. nahe,

j

ON. no/, GOTH, "^naba: an oldARYAN word (l)ase nobhcf); cp.

SKR. nabhi f. and nabhya n. 'the

nave (of a wheel); cogn. w.

navel. See auger.

navel sb. me. ndvel(e) oe. >!a-

fela ^=- DU. navel, ohg. nabulo

G. nabel, ON. nafii; goth. *nabala :

a commonARYANword with a basenobhalo-: onbhalo-; cp. the synon.

GR. djiUfaXog, lat. umbi/iais (tor

"unbHieus '"nobilicus), skr. nabhila,

OIR. i?nbliu 'navel'. These wordsare very old /-derivatives of

ARYAN nobha onbha 'nave, navel';

cp. LETT, naba 'navel', lat. umbo'boss of a shield'. Cp. nave.

navy me. ndvie ndvr. borrowedfr. OFR. navee orig. 'a single

ship' (fr. LAT. navis ship').

nay aie. nai; loanword fr. on.

DAN. nei 'no, not', which answersto genuine no (cp. aye).

neap-tide sb. me. ncp-sesoun

OE. ntp-Jfod 'ebb'; a teut. adj.

jtepa- is not found elsewhere.

near adj. nigh' now used as

a positive, but prop, a compa-rative adverb me. n& {net-) oe.

ncar{nvr) contr. oi^neahor (*ne'a-

hir) = osAX. OHG. nahor adv.,

DU. naar adv. Cp. nigh.

neat adj. borrowed fr. fr. net

(source lat. nitidits 'shining,

clear).

neck ME. nekke oe. hnccca =DU. nek; cp. OHG. nac hnac (ck)

need — nest 147

c. nacken, on. hnakki: Teut. base

'"huakkan- for ON. hnakki and'^/ui'ekkan- for OE. hnccca. oiR.

ciiocc, OBRET. cnoch 'hiir (stem

rnocco-') may be cognate, perhaps

also nape.

need sb. me. niul {nai) oe. /led

}iyd i^/icad) fr. a Teut. base iiaiuii

= OSAX. nod, DU. nood, ohg.

//fV G. ^^Z, ON. nandr, goth.

naiips: pre-TEUT. naiiti- has beenconnected with pruss. nauti-

'fhstress'; pre-TEUT. \'^ nan.

needle ime. nedle oe. nedl ricedl

(oldest form ncedl) — osax. nadla,

i)U. naald, OHG. nadala G. nadel,

ON. ?/^//, GOTH, nepla: a commonTeut. word for 'needle' formedwith the suffix -plo-, Aryan -ila- fr.

\" ne seen in ohg. najan G. ndhen

'sew', TEUT. v^;/6' is usually con-

nected with the ARYAN \,^.y//6' in

LAT. nere, gr. I'f-'w 'I spin' — I'T^/m

'thread' — I'fjrgov 'spindle'; oiR.

i-«/w 'spinning' and jr//(^///?t' 'thread'

— sndthat needle'.

neeze vb. cp. me. nesinge 'snee-

zing' and ON. hnjosa, ohg. hnio-

san G. niesen, du. niezen vb.

'sneeze': i'i-V\\\f hneus, cogn. w.

the TEUT. \^y>/f?/.f in oe. fneosan

ME. fni'se and du. fniezen 'to

sneeze' and \'^ sneus in sneeze.

neif neaf me. //(W 'fist' bor-

rowed from ON. hnefi 'fist' (sw.

ndfve, DAN. nceve).

neigh vb. jie. /;<V<' oe. hndyin

'neigh' = nu. nckn vb. andmlg. neiinge sb. 'neighing', MHG.neigen vb. 'neigli': of imitative

origin like on. gneggja and ohg.Inocion. \-h. 'neigh'.

neighbor me. neighebour oe.

m^hhebur prop, n^ah-j^ebiir^o'&xy;..

ndbur (for ndh-gibur^, Ttxs.nabuur,

OHG. ndh-gibiir G. nachbar: a com-mon West-Teut. compound of

nigh and bower, pointing to

GOTH, ''nelnva-gabtir.

neither see either; .me. nonther

OE. ndiader earlier form /la-

hwirder.

nephew jme. nezn'w borrowedfrom FR. neveu; supplanting the

genuine me. neve oe. ncfa 'grand-

son, nephew' = on. neji 'relative',

DU. :'/(?^ 'grandson, nephew, cou-sin', OHG. n'evo G. neffe 'sister's (or

brother's) son': Teut. base n'efan-

from a pre-Teut. base m'poi- ap-

pearing in SKR. ndpdt (stem

ndpfr) 'descendant, son, grand-son', GR. avsit-'iog 'a first cousin,

kinsman' — venodeg 'offspring',

LAT. nepos (the source of fr.

neveu, whence E. nepheu') 'a

grandson, also a nephew', oir.

nia 'a sister's son'.

nest me. oe. nest = ohg. g.

DU. nest: teut. n'esta- = pre-Teut.form nizdo- confirmed by skr.

nida-s 'lair of animals' also

'dwelling', armen. nist 'seat',

OIR. net 'nest', lat. nidus 'nest'

for *nizdos. The .vrvan ni-zdo- is

prop, a compound of the Aryan\^sed "sit, seat oneself, andthe verbal particle ni jireserved

in SKR. (see nether) ; nizdo-

from ni-sedd- means lit. 'settle-

ment'; cp. .SKR. ni-sad 'sit down,10*

148 nisht

settle'. — nestle vb. me. .nest(e)le[

newt with secondary // fromOE. nistlian (:= du. ncstelcn, g. I me. cute evete OE. efete\ not foundnistebi): a frequent, form, lit.

'frequent a nest'.

net ME. OE. net (U) fr. a Teut.?iatja- = OSAX. 7tet {/iftii), du.

ON. 7iet, OHG. nezzi g. neiz, goth.

nati; allied to ON. ndi 'a large

net' and lat. nassa 'net'.

nether adj. me. nethere oe.

in the other Teut. languages.

Tent, base abiton-'i

next adj. me. tiext oe. niehst

nchst =z osAX. OHG. ndhist o.

ndcJist: superl. of oe. 7iiah := e.

nigh. See also near.

nice ME. Wj-t' 'foolish' fr. ufr.

ni(e 'slothful, idle, dull'; sourcefieodera; cogn. w. osAX. nith'tri,

' lat. nescius 'ignorant'.

DU. ncder, ohg. nidiri g. nieder

and oe. ///i^/cv- = osAX. nithar,

DU. «(?^/i?r, OHG. 7iidar G. nkder,

ON. w^r, GOTH. '''ni/>ar: deriv.

from the Aryan verbal particle

ni 'downward' mentioned undernest and the comparat. suffix

LAT. -ter, GR. -rfc(jOv,\ skr. -tarcj.

nettle -ME. /leitle OE. nete/e =DU. MLG. nete/, ohg. ne—^Ua G.

nesscl; with dimin. suffix -/7(5/^-

niche borrowed fr. kr. wr/?^

=1 IT. nicchia 'a recess in the

wall'.

nickname short for earlier

nekendme me. eke-ndme prop, 'ad-

ditional name'; cp. on. aii^na/n,

DAN. ognavn 'nickname'. For oe.

icanycean 'to add' cp. eke. Theinitial // of fiickname is secon-dary as in newt.

niece me. ne^e fr. fr. niece:

from a more original form seenj

source med.-lat. neptia 'a niece'in OHG. na-^yi 'nettle', goth. *nata = lat. neptis a' grand-daughter,and ''^natilo; possibly connected niece'.

with net and with the redupli- niggard sb. me. nigard withcated OIR. nenaid (base nenat-)

^

the by-form ME. nigoun 'niggard';

nettle'; cp. lith. notere 'nettle'

never adv. me. never oe. ncpfre

from ne 'not' and dfre ^= ever.

new adj. me. newe oe. ni'owe

{/liwe) = OSAX. OHG. niinai, du.

nieiiw, G. neu, on. nyr, goth. niujis.

The common teut. niuja- frompre-TEUT. nhiyo- answers to skr.

ndvyas 7iaviyas (and ndvas), lith.

nanjas navas (oslov. //c;?'/^, lat.

noviis, OR. j'f'oc); prob. connected

the formation of the ^le. wordspoints to Fr. influence.

nigh adj. adv. and prep. me.

neigh OE. neh earlier ncah =OSAX. ndh, OHG. ndh G. nahe, on.

nd-r, GOTH. >ieh7Lis 'nigh, near':

Teut. base nehica- = pre-TEUT.

7ieko- tieqe-. Cp. near, nextand neighbour.night ME. 7iiglit {natight) oe.

7iiht {/leaht') = osax. ohg. 7iaht,

with the ARYAN particle /nt 'now', I du. g. /lacJit, on. ndtt 7idtt, goth.so that that which is new' means I 7iahts : teut. 77aht- from pre-now, recent'. Cp. no7ei.

|teut. 7/okt-: cp. lat. 770X (stem

nightingale — nose 149

nodi-'), GK. vvS. (i/i'XT-), skr.

ndkta — tiaktaii — ndktt, LlTH.

naktis, osL.ov. nosti. See fort-night, sennight.

nightingale me. nightcngdle oe.

nihte-gale= OSAX. ohg. nahti-gala,

ou. nachtegaal, G. nachtigall 'a

nightingale': from oe. ////// (gen.

7iihte) = night and 'lEur. goIanstr. vb. 'sing'. Cp. stanycl.

nightmare me. nighlcmdre; oe.

OHG. ON. mara 'a night-mare'

(du. nach'-jnefrie 'nightmare').

nightshade oe. niht-sceadu from

OE. niht =1 E. night and oe.

scciidu -=. E. shade.

nimble adj. me. niviel lit. 'ready

to catch' from oe. ninian vb.

'take, seize'; for tlie suffix cp.

brittle.

nine :\ie. nine oe. nigonc without

inflexion nigon neogon = oSAX.

nigun, nu.negen; cp. goth. ohg.

niun G. nenn, on. ni/i 'nine' : the

forms with g- are based on teut.

'''negun for ""tiewiin, whilst GOTH,and OHG. niun are based on^n&ian.

The numeral is common to all

Aryan languages in the form

new3n tiewn; cp.SKR. mhum, L.vr.

ncn>evi, gr. fvrsn, OIR. noi.

nit ME. nite OE. hnitf^ = du.

neet, mlg. nete nit, ohg. fii- G.

;«V.f. ;r. ; ojVc (plur. ,om)6c)

"egg of lice, bee-bugs and fleas"

may be allied , if y.(n)vid is

common to both languages. Cp.

also SLAV, gnida and ai.han. deni

from *kenida.

no adv. me. no oe. //(/ (= ox.

??«' cp. (^77) from ?ie not' anda 'aye, ever'.

noble me. iwbk fr. fr. //c/'./^ =L.\T. nobilis.

nod vb. ME. nodde; cogn. w.

OHG. hnutten 'vibrate' mhg. notten

'stake' and ON. hnjoda vb. ham-mer : TEUT. \~ hnud.

noddle 'head' me. nodle.

noise sb. me. 7ioisc borrowedfr. FR. ;;wV^ 'quarrel' ; source la'I'.

nausea 'nausea'.

noisome adj. of me. noy nuy

'annoyance, hurt' earlier me. aniii

fr. FR. ennui (ofr. aniii) ; cp.

an n oy.

none me. non oe. Jidn from ne

'not' and an = one.

nook ME. mik 'cornei-'.

noon ME. OE. np7i ^= osax. ohg.

no/ia, DU. noen, G. none, ON. non.

Source LAT. nona (sc. hora) lit.

'the ninth' (hour) with an ex-

tension of meaning 'midday,

twelve o'clock'.

nor ME. nor short for nother

'neither', oe. ndwder contr. of

ndhivccder 'neither' from oe. nd ==

no cind oe. hwceder = whether.

north ME. north(e) oe. ?ior^ =DU. noord, OHG. G. nord, ON. nordr,

sw. DAN. nord; it. span, norte,

FR. nord are of Teut. origin.

northern me. northerne oe. nor-

derne prehistoric *norpriini fr. a

TEUT. type norproni ^= owG. nor-

druoni, on. norrd'nn 'northern'.

nose ME. nose oe. nosu (ndsn)

'the nose' ; cp. DU. nens, ohg.

fiasa G. nase, oyi.nps: TEUr. ""naso-

noso- 'nose' = Aryan nas-; cp.

I50 not — nut

SKR. fldsa /MS, OSLOV. UOSi^i, LITH.

nosis, LAT, /lihiis ndrcs. — nostril

ME. noscthirl oe. iws-l^yrcl {iias-

pyrf) lit. 'a nose-oriticc' from

OF., aosu /iasu^= nose and of., pyreI

'a perforation, orifice'.

not ^!E. not short for nought

OE. nauht niuciht ^= osax. ohg.

niowiht, uu. niet, G. ///V//A FromOE. //(• 'not' and ok. dwilit -==

aught.

notch also nock me. nokkc =ODU. nock 'a notch in the headof an arrow', O'^w.nocka 'a notch':

source OFR. hoche 'notch ?

note ME. fipte adopted fr. vk.

note: .source i.at. /!ota 'a mark,

sign, note'. — notice borrowedfr. FR. notice 'notice' = lat. notitia

'knowledge, acquaintance'.

noun sb. borrowed fr. ofr. non

= FR. noni 'a name : source

LAT. nonien 'a name .

nourish vb. me. nurisshc vb.

adopted fr. ofr. noriss- the stem

of certain forms of ofr. norrir

= FR. nourrir 'nourish': source

LAT. nutrire 'feed'. Cp. nurse.

now ME. noici oe. nu = osax.

nti, DU. ;///, OHG. //// G. nu(n), on.

////, GOTH. nfr. a common aryan

adv.; cp. skr. ful n.un.-a?n 'now',

GR. vv vvv, LAT. nuuc (with the c

oihi-c^, OSLV. nyne 'now , llth. nu.

Cp. ne7C'.

nude adj. fr. fr. nude = lat.

nitdus 'naked'.

nuisance sb. me. no/sau/ife bor-

rowed fr. fr. nuisance 'a hurt :

a verbal noun fonned fr. the

pres. part, of fr. nuire = lat.

nocere hurt, injure'.

numb adj. me. nonie nonien prop,

part, of ME. nime = OE. niman

'take, overpower, deprive of sen-

sation'; cp. ON. nuniinn 'bereft'

(of life, of speech).

number adopted fr. vw.notnhre:

source lat. numerus 'a number'.— numerous adj. adopted fr.

FR. numcreux (for the usual noni-

hreux) fr. lat. numerosus adj.

'numerous

.

nun ME. non/ie oe. niin/ie =- du.

7107J, OHG. nunna G. no?ine. *In the

8'^ cent, adopted fr. lat. nonna

(orig. meaning 'mother') ; cp. fr.

nonne, it. nonna 'a nun'.

nurse sb. contr. of ^me. uorife

niiri(e: loanword fr. Ofr. nurrice

= FR. nourrice. Source lat.

nutnc-eni'a nurse'. — nurture sb.

me. nortiire adopted fr. ofr. no-

riture {= ¥V.,nourriture) : source

lat. 7iutritura 'nourishment. See

nouj'ish.

nut ME. note nute OE. hnutu =uu. /und., OHG. nuz, g. nuss, on.

///A'/ 'nut'. I'lie Teut. base ///;///-

points to v^ knud (seen in OIR.

end 'nut'?). — nutmeg me. note-

niuge nutmegge from me. Jiut =nut and me. miige borrowed fr.

OFR. niiige 'musk' = lat. muscus

'musk ? C]). OFR. muguette fr.

/nuguet 'a nutmeg' == ital. noce

nwscada.

oaf — on 151

o

oaf ident. with elf\ perh. OE.

celf or rather borrowed fr. on.

alfr 'elf.

oak ME. ok OE. dc fr. a Tent,

base aik- = on. elk, du. <?//&,

OHG. cih G. m-//^: all with the

same meaning 'oak'; perh. cogn.

w. OR. uiyavirj 'spear' — AiyiQ.

oakum me. okii7nb oe. d-ciimba

'tow'; cp. OHG. tr-kaf/i/>i \o\\:

])rop. 'that which is combedout'. For OE. C0//1/' cp. comb.

oar ME. ore oe. dr (infl. are)

IV. a Tcut. base ciiro- ^= ox. dr

(DAN. aare, sw. dra^. If teut.

eiiro- is an aryan eryd-, \~ er in

GR. ^()8T>]Q 'oarsman' — spsr/nog

'oar' might be cognate, cp. ro7C'.

oast ME. ost OE. ^-sY 'kiln, dry-

inghoiise' = du. eesf: teut. a/sf/i-

cogn. w. LAT. aes/us 'glowing heat';

ARYAN V" r7/V//^ 'burn' in GK.aiiior

'heat'.

oath ME. d^A OE. d/> == GOTH.

a/'/s, ON. r/V/r, DU. <'^</, OHC. G.

ei(/ 'oath': teut. ai/a- fr. a pre-

TEUT. t^Z/d;- in OIR. oe//i 'oath'; perh.

\^(?/ in OHG. tw« 'law'.

oats ME. d/es plur. of rZ/t' oe.

oblige vb. me. ob/il^e = fr.

ob/^i^'-er, LA'i'. obligare.

obtain fr. kr. obtenir.

odd .MK. ^^(AA' 'distinguished,

special': loanword fr. on. oddi 'a

triangle', which also means 'an

odd numbei'' (^standask i odd<r

be at odds, quarrel').

of ME. OE. 0/ = GOTH. ON. DU.

af, OHG. aba G. ab: aryan apo in

GR. ano, SK.R. dpa 'away. — off

orig. ident. w. of.

offend vb. ME. ojfeude fr. fr.

oftendre = lat. of/endere.

offer vb. ME. offre oe. offrian

wk. vb. 'offer': loanword fr. lat.

offerre 'offer'; cp. du. offer sb.

offering' and osax. offron vb.

offer'.

office ME. office fr. i-r. offfce =eat. offfcium 'dut}'.

often earlier oft me. ofte oe. oft

= ON. 0/>t, GOTH, ufta, OHG. tf_/A>

G. oft 'frecjueiitly'. The adv.

points to a Teut. adj. of-ta-,

which is peril, part, of an aryan

X^//;/ = SKR. uc 'to be wont'.

oil ME. o/7e [olie) fr. ofr. oi/e

= KK. //w'/t' 'oil' (eat. oleutii).

ointment me. oinemcut fr. ofr.

oig'^ement: deriv. of fr. oitidre =lat. tmgere vb. 'anoint

.

old ME. old OE. did (Jald) : Teut.

base alda- r= osax. aid, ohg. g.

a//, ON. aldr, du. tiz^c/ 'old'; cogn.

w. GOTH. <7^m 'old' and usalpan

'grow old'. A primitive teut.

and ARYAN \'~al'grow' cp. in gothalafi =1 LAT. alere 'nourish

.

on ME. OE. on ^= GOTH. a//>r

'on', G. a/i OHG. ana, DU. aa//,

ON. a (for *afi): cogn. w. GR.

«')'(/, SKR. (Tf/a.

152 once — otter

once ME. ones late Oe. dues (com-monly cknes) ; orig. genitive of

OE. an = one; cp. G. einst OHG.

eines. — one ME. on oe. an fr.

a Teut. base aina-z = goth. ains,

ON. einn, du. een, G. ein. aryanoino-s may be inferred fr. lat. unus

(for oinos), iR. den, cymr. z/i//, or.

Of roc', cogn. w. skr. e-ka 'one'.

onion me. onionn fr. fr. oignon

whence also flam, anjocn- du.

ajuin fr. o'DV.onJiiun: source lat.

nnidincni) , whence also o^. ynne

'onion' fr. west-teut. *nnnjdn- =TEUT. unjon-.

only ME. pnli earlier gnlic oe.

dnlic 'unique'. From^c?;/^.

ooze me. wose oe. wgs (infl.

tvose) 'juice'; perh. fr. a Teut.

base wansa- in on. zw 'wetness';

cp. MLG. wbse 'juice'.

or conj. ME. or shortened fr.

an earlier odr, which supplants

OE. odde or' under the influence

of OE. dwdcr dhwceder =^ me.

anther outlier 'either' ('one of two')

or adv. 'ere'ME. or late OE. (j'are)

dr; commonly OE. dr me. Ir 'ere'.

See ere.

orange me. oreiige fr. ofr. orenge

= FR. 0/ange.

open ME. p/^en oe. o/>en fr. a

Teut. base opana- = ohg. offan

G. offen, osax. opan, DU. open,

oa.opinn. The adj. has the formof a participle and points to a

lost verbal root (eupl wepT).

orchard me. orchard oe. orcerd

older ort-jpard (^=: goth. aurti-

gards 'garden ) : adoption of lat.

horttis (for the mute h cp. it.

^r/(?); GOTH, aurtja 'gardener' andOHG. orzon 'cultivate' point also to

LAT. hortiis. The r// of the E. wordis owing to a fusion of / + 5

(oe. ort -\- yard'), oe. j^eard

'garden' (cp. yard and gardeii)

is added in explanation of lat.

hortus (= TEUT. ort).

ordain vb. me. ordainc fr. ofr.

ordener = lat. ordinare. — ordreME. ordrc fr. fr. ordrc = lat.

ordinem (nom. ordo).

ordure (Shakesp.) 'excrement

ME. ordure fr. fr. ordure.

ore ME. or oe. dr 'brass' =^ goth.

ais 'brass' {iiiza-stnipa 'copper-

smitli ), ON. eir, ohg. er 'brass';

cogn. w. lat. aes 'ore, bronze','

SKR. ayas 'iron.

origin me. originc fr. fr. originc.

orison 'prayer' me. oreisoun fr.

FR. oraison 'prayer': source lat.

oratio-neni.

orts ME. ortes plur. of a sing.

*ort OE. ^oret for '"or-dt; cp. lg.

ort 'what is left by the cattle

in eating' and goth. uzcta 'crib :

prefix or 'out' and v^'''' "^ ^''^

ostrich ME. ostrichc fr. ofr.

OStruehe r:= fr. autruche; source

LAT. avis struthio 'ostrich', whenceOE. stryta , ohg. strui, (g. vogel

Strauss) and also it. struzzo.

Other ME. other oe. gder fr. a

Teut. base anpera-^= goth. anpar,

ohg. g. du. a?ider, on. annarr\

cogn. w. LITH. antras, SK.K. antara

and anya 'other'.

otter ME. oter oe. otor = du.

g. otter OHG. ottar, on. otr : base

TEUT. \fotra-^ ARYAN ?/;i^/;-<y- cogn.

ouch pack 153

w. water; otter prop, 'the water

animal'. Cp. gr. vi>Qa 'a water-

snake and closely allied to the

Teut. group OSLOV. vydra, lith.

tidra 'otter'.

ouch ME. ^z/r//d' commonly nouche

'necklace, collar' fr. ofr. nouche

prop, nosche (= OHG. nnsca).

ought :^ aught.

ounce ME. oun(e fr. fr. once\

source lat. imcia , whence also

inc h.

our ME. otire oe. j'lre for *usre

= GOTH, uinara: from the Teut.

pron. uns\ cp. ns.

ousel ME. gsel oe. psle iox'^otnsle

TEUT. amsla r= ohg. amsala G.

ninsel 'ousel'.

out ME. oicte OE. lite earlier lit

= GOTH. ///, OX. ///, OHG. //^ G.

aus, uu. uit. Cp. SKR. //(/ 'up, out'.

outlaw ME. outlawe late oe.

litlaga fr. ON. litlagi; cp. lat.

ex/ex and see law.

outrage me. outrage fr. fr. ou-

trage (= source a i.at. type

ultra-ticuni).

oven ME. fh'en oe. ofen ^= ohg.

oi'an G. ofen, uu. oven, ON. ofn

and GOTH, aiihns 'oven'; an ori-

ginal meaning of the Teut. wordis preserved in OE. ofiiet 'vessel'.

An ARYAN type uqno- is found in

gr. tnvdg 'oven'.

over ME. p'z'er OE. o/er ^=. goth.

u/ar, OHG. i^har, on. o/r, DU.

oz>er', cp. G. iil^er ohg. ul>iri.

Outside of the Teut. languages,

GR. vnep and skr. updri 'above'

are cognate.

owe vb. ME. owe oe. dgan

possess' = GOTH, aigan, OHG.

eigan 'possess' : aryan \^ aik in

SKR. i( possess'. — ought me.

gughte OE. dhte is the pret. tense of

oe. dgan and own me. gwen oe.

dgen is part. ^ ohg. eigan G.

eigen, OSax. egan. The vb. ow^nme. dune oe. dgnian 'possess' is

a deriv. of the adj. otvn.

gsnX me. oule OE. ule fr. a Teut.

base ?/7C'7f'^/(?/z-; cp OHG. t7wila G.

cull'-., ON. sw. ugla points to a

GOTH. *ugg7C'alon-. The word is

sound-imitation.

ox ME. ox OE. <?Xrt; = GOTH.

aiihsa, OHG. ^^jv g. ochse, on. (?a.7

?/x/, DU. OS 'ox' : Teut. base ohsan-,

ARYAN ukson- in SKR. uksan 'ox',

CYMR. ^ir/;.

oyster me. oistre fr. ofr. oistre

= FR. hiiitre 'oyster': source

LAT. ostrea, whence also oe. gstre,

g. auster, du. oester.

pace me. /d'^^ /<i.y borrowed fr.

FR. pas = LAT. passus 'a step'.

pack sb. ME. packe =^ V)\].pak,

ON. pakki, g. /<7<;/J, it. pacco, fr.

paquet\ hret. /<7^': source andhistory of the group unknown.— package formed by addingthe fr. suffix -age = lat. -aticuvi

154 pact — pall

to the sb. pack. — packetformed fr. the fr. daviym. paquet.

pact adopted fr. fr. pacte =h\'V.pactum, whence also vv.patto,

DU. G. pacht 'rent-contract'.

paddock ME. /(^^(^/(^/l;''/&; the ending-

-ock is a dimin. suffix as in bul-

lock, hillock. Primit. ME. /rt^/^/^

'frOg'=SCAND./<?^/^/(?, DU. LG. FRIES.

padde (g. schildpatf). There exists

also LG. pad-hucke 'paddock', the

second element of which is lg.

huckc paddock'.

page sb. ME. pdj:;e fr. ^\<. page

(whence G. page). Source gr.

7jaid lov 'a little boy'.

page- sb. (of a book) fr. ofr.

page. Source lat./4v^''^<^', whencealso OFK.pagene {m&. pdginepdgcnt

page') and ohg. peine (rare)

page'. — pageant orig. 'the

movable scaffold on wliich the old

mysteries were acted' me. pdgent— earlier form pdgine 'pageant'.

Source med.-lat. pagina "scaffold

= LAT. pagina 'a page , also 'a

plank of wood'. For the excres-

cent / \n pageant cp. parchinent.pail ME. pail OE. pceiel 'bucket'

=T>\:. pegel peil, \.g. pegel, whenceG./^^^/'water-gauge' is borrowed.

pain ME. peine fr. fr. peine:

source lat. poe/ia, whence also

OE. pin = E. pine.

painim y\.Y..painim heathendom'fr. ofr. paeninie = lat. paga-nismus 'heathendom'.

paint vb. me. painte peinte vb.

borrowed fr. fr. peint, part, of

peindre ^='L\i'.pingere 'paint'. Seedepaint.

pair ME. peir fr. fr. paire (=SPAN, pai-, IT. pa7-o pajo) : source

LAT. /r/r 'alike', whence mhg. /(?/-

G. paar 'pair'. See peer.

palace me. paleis palais fr. fr.

palais, whence also mhg. palas

(rare paleis) G. palast: source

MED.-LAT. palatium.

palate fr. the svnon. lat. pa~latu7n (me. palit paldt from ofr.

palat).

pale adj. yvE. pdle borrowed fr.

FR. pale: source lat. pallidus

'pale'.

pale sb. ME. pdl{e) 'stake' fr.

FR. pale 'stake or pole'. Sourcelat. pdlus 'a stake'. for the

rare OE. pal 'stake see pole.

palfrey me. pal(e)frei palefrai

fr. ONFR. palefrei= FR. palefroi.

Source i.x'Y.paraveredits an extra

post-horse' which is also the

source of ouG. pferfrid G. p/erdand IT. palafreno, svx^.palafren.

The Lat. word is a compound of

GR. nagn and gallo-lat. veredits

'horse' {rlieda is Gallo-Lat. for

'travelling carriage' and ve is aCelt, prefix) ; hence naga-veredits

was orig. the horse in reserve'.

palisade Shakesp. palisado =FR. palissade, span, palizada, it.

palizzata. All equiv. and deriv.

fr. LAT. pdlus 'a stake'. Cp.

pale and pole.

pall ME. pal OE. pcell: source

LAT. pallium. The adoption

cannot have occurred before

the literary period of Anglo-

Saxon, as we should expect an

OE. form ''"pelle *pylle 'wrapper'.

palm — parchment 155

LAT. piiUa cannot be the source,

as it never was the ecclesiastical

terminus technicus, but rather

palliufn.

palm 'inner part of the liand

AIE. pau7ne palme: Ijorrowed fr.

OFR. palme. = paume. Source

LAT.pir/ma''the palm of the hand'

(cogn. w. OE. /(>/»! under feel^.

palm 2 sb. 'a tree' me. pabn OE.

/ydim: a bible word, lat. palma

'a palm-tree'.

palsy ME. pal{e)sie oldest form

parIcsic fr. FR. paralysic: source

LAT. paralysis 'palsy', which was

used in OE. as paralysis.

pan ME. OE. panne = ohg.

pfanna G. pfanne, on. sw. panna,

DM. pan: TEVT.panna is regarded

as a transformation oiLKT. patina

(or rather *patna) 'a basin'.

pane me. pane 'patch, piece,

pane fr. fk. pan a pane, piece,

or pannel : source lat. pannus

"a cloth, rag, patch'. — panelpannel me. panil 'a piece of

cloth' (= uu. paneel^ fr. ofr.

panel YV^. panneaii. Source a eat.

type panellus fr. pannus.

pannier me. panier 'bread-

basket' fr. ER. panier (= lat.

panariuni 'bread-basket', whencealso DU. paander, os.ax. paneri,

OHG. ^/anari).

pansy borrowed fr. fk. pensie:

derived from fr. penscr 'think'

(cp. G. vergissmcinnicht as the

name of a flower).

pant vb. \^^'^^ c*^w\. panic pauntc

fr. OFR. pantoycr (cp. kk. pan-

teler') 'gasp, pant'; cp. ofr.

pantais = e. pantas (in falconry)

'a disease of hawks'.

pantaloons fr. f^r. pauialon.

The FR. word prop, meanttrowsers worn by the Venetians

who were called Pantalonc after

the patron Saint of Venice, St.

Pantaleone.

pantry me. pan{e)trie fr. fr.

paneteric (derived fr. lat. panis

'bread').

paper me. pdper earlier papcr

fr. fr. papier = lat. papyrus

(cp. also taper), whence also

G. uu. papier. In late oe. (ii'''

cent.), a rare paper (cp. ohg.

pajfur^ 'papyrus is found.

paradise jme. paradis (parais)

fr. ofr. paradis (parais pareis)

— fr. paradis , it. paradiso.

Source lat. paradisus, wlience

also OHG. OSAX. paradis G. para-

dies, D\j. paradijs , on. sw. dan.

paradis. The corresp. oe. term

w'as neorxnawgng.

paramour me. paramour 'lover,

concubine'. Source the fr.

phrase /(?; amour by love' (cp. me.

par dc by God' — par fay 'b)'

my faith' and perhaps^.

parcel me. parcel prop. par(dfr. fr. parcclle (l.\t. type '^par-

ticclla derived fr. particula).

parch vb. prop, the same as

pierce fr. y\K. pcrche perce.

parchment me. parcheinin fr.

FR. parchemin (du. perkamcnt fr.

OFR. parcamin) : source lat.

pergamena {charta) parchment'.

Tiie citv of Fcrvamon in Asia

156 pardon — pastry

JVIinor was famous for the in-

vention of parchment. The ex-

crescent / in 'HY.. parchment is the

same as in tyrant; cp. pageant.

pardon sb. .me. pardoun from

FR. pardon: source lat. per-

donare 'remit a debt', whenceFR. pardonfier.

pare vb. me. pare fr. fr. parer

= LAT. parare.

parish me. parisshe earlier

parosche fr. ofr. paroche ^ fr.

paroisse: source i^m:. para'cia (gr.

nagoiy.i'a), an ecclesiastical ter-

minus technicus.

paritory see pellitory.

park ME. park short for OE.

pearroc; ident. w. du. mlg. perk

'a park', oho. pferrih G. pferch

'an inclosure, sheepfold': source

a Celt, base parraka- (parrika-)

in fr. pare, it. parco. Cogn. w.

SPAN, parra 'fruitwall, espalier

for vine' and provenc. parran

'small garden'.

parlour me. parlour fr. fr.

parloir 'conversation room (fr.

parler 'speak).

parrot for earlier (15'' cent.)

perrot ^= fr. Perrut Pierrot

'little Peter (in fr. also used

as a name for a sparrow).

parsley me. persli earlier form

persil fr. FR. persil — lat. petroseli-

num 'parsley' (cf. G. oe. peter silie).

parsnip late me. parsnipe pas-

idpc fr. OFR. pasteiiaque = lat.

piasiitiaca 'parsnip'.

parson me. persoun ident. w.

person, med.-lat. persona also

meant 'curate, parson'.

part sb. me. part fr. fr. part

{= SPAN. IT. parte) : source

LAT. pars-partetn. — part vb.

ME. parte vb. fr. fr. partir =--

LAT. partiri partire 'divide, -part .

— partake vb. me. part take;

cp. G. teil nehvieti. — party sb.

^\¥,. parti(e) fr. FR. partie, whencealso MHG. partie G. partei, du.

partij; IT. partita = lat. type

partita.

partridge me. pertriehe fr. ofr.

pertris, whence also du. patrijs

(ouu. pertrise) : source i^kT.perdix-

periiieeni.

parvis me. parvis fr. ¥\<. parvis

porch of a church'; ident. w.

paradise. The church-porch

is called in several languages

paradise (esp. the portico of

St. Peter's church, Rome, was

called paradtsus).

pass vb. ME. passe (pd(e) vb.

fr. FR. passer (it. med.-lat.

passare 'step, walk fr. lat. passtis

'step'. — passage me. passage

fr, FR. passage. — passengerearlier passager me. passagir

;

cp. messenger for the secon-

dary 71.

paste sb. ME. paste fr. ofr.

paste ^= FR. pate ; source late

lat. pasta 'paste'.

pastern earlier pastroft repre-

sents an unrecorded ME.*past(ii)-

roun fr. the synon. ofr. pasturon

= FR. paturon.

pastime for pass-time, an imi-

tation of the synon. fk. passe-te?nps.

pastry sb. me. paste' pie' fr.

OFR. paste' (^earlier pastf'th, whence

patch — peat 157

ODU. pasteide = DU. pastei) :

derived fr. l.KX. pasta t=z paste.

patch ME. pacche; perh. ident.

\v. LG. plakke 'a piece'.

path ME. path oe. pa^p ^= du.

lAi. pad, OHG. pfath pfad G. pfada way': Tent, base papa-, not

cogn. w. GR. Tiarog a way

,

SKK. /(///? 'a way", avest. /a/way'. But cp. OE. pappan 'tread',

•m.pedden vb. 'tread', ^WiG.p/ftten.

pattern me. patroun borrowed

iV. FK. patron 'pattern'.

pause adopted fr. fr. pause

=:: LAT. paiisa.

pave vb. ME. pave borrowedfr. FR. paver 'pave' (lat. pavire

beat').

paw sb. me. pane poue bor-

rowed fr. OFR. t>oue {== PROV.

pauta 'a paw') ; ident. w. du.

poot, G. pfote: it is uncertain

whether the base pauta is orig.

Celt, or Tent.

pawn^ sb. borrowed fr. FR.

pan 'a pawn, gage, pledge';

perh. ident. w. ofkis. du. pand,

OHG. pfant G. pfand.

pawn'- sb. (at chess) me. paunpoun borrowed fr. ofr. poon

paon peon = fr. pion : source

IT. pedone prop, 'a footman (lat.

pedo -neni). Cp. ox. ped-viadr

pawn at chess.

paxwax late me. pax-ivax

'tendon of the neck'; cp. OHG.

ivaltowahso, ofris. waldewaxe'n^x-

vus' and wax for the second ele-

ment of tlie compound. The first

part of E. paxwax (dial. e. fax-wax is obscure.

pay vb. ME. paie vb. fr. FR.

payer ([)rop. satisfy, content' ^=

LAT. /(?^<?/v "pacify'), whence also

DU. paaien 'pa}'

.

pea (plur. peas) fr. me. pcs(e),

the JT of which was considered

to be the plural ending. me.

pes points to oxfr. pels = fr.

pais. Source i.at. pisum 'a pea'^

whence also oe. pisu.

peace me. pes earlier pais {=DU. MLG. peis, MLG. pais) fr,

OFR. pais = fr. paLx (lat. pax-

paeem) .

peach late me. pee/ie fr. fr.

pee/ie for pesche = it. pesca, LAT.

persicum 'a peach'. Fr. the lat.

word, G. pjirsich, nv.perzik, oe.

persoc 'a peach' are borrowed.

peacock ME. pc-cock and pea-

hen MR. pc-hctine point to oe.

pea with the by-form pdwa 'pea-

cock : source lat. pavo-neviy

whence also org. pfawo G.

pfau, nn. pauw, oyi. pd/u^l; cp.

FR. paon peacock".

pear me. pe're oe. peru 'a pear'

= ODU. pere, DU. LG. peer : loan-

word fr. the equival. \.x\:. pirum(whence also G. hirne^ = FR.

poire 'a pear'. Cp. perry.

pearl me. pi^r/e fr. fr. per/e =^

OHG. p'erala G. perle, it. perla:

source lat. pirula (for pilula 'a

litde ball'?).

peasant fr. fr. paysan; cp.

pheasant fr. fr. faisan and see

parehnient.

peat for heat (see purse for

the change of b to /).

58 pebble — penny

pebble sb. me. pibhel-stgn andpubic -sign OE. papol-stdn popol-staii

"a pebble-stone'.

peck vb. a var. oi pick.

peck sb. ME. pekke 'a measure';

perh. akin to fr. picotin 'a mea-sure'.

pedant sb. (:= du. g. dan.

sw. pedant) borrowed fr. fr.

pidant^ IT. pcdantr, the ultimate

source of which is GR. naidiveiv

educate'.

pedigree late me. petegrcw

petigril: perh. adopted fr. fr.

pied de grue 'a crane's foot'?

peel vb. adopted fr. fr. peler.

Source lat. pellis skin'.

peep' vb. 'chirp me. *pepe pipe

borrowed fr. FR. piper. Source

LAT. pipare = gr. vmvil^eiv

chirp': sound - imitation ; for

variant in form see pipe.

peep2 vb. look pryingly'; c[).

OFK.pipe/- 'peep' — /a pipe du jour

'the peep of day'.

peer sb. me. pere per borrowedfr. OFK. per peer fk. pair. Source

LAT. par 'equal'; see pair.

peer' vb. 'appear' me. pere

short for me. appere = appear.

peer^ vb. 'pry' me. pire =^ lg.

pireii look closely'.

peevish adj. mr. pevisch peviche

peviige. The ending (cp. par-tridge and paris/i) points to

FR. origin.

peg sb. ME. OE. pegge; akin to

DAN. pig, .sw. pigg 'spike', lg.

pigge 'peg.

pellitory sb. late ]ME. paritorie

fr. FR. paritoire, which goes back

to a LAT. type *parietaria 'the

plant of the walls'?

pelt sb. ME. pelt 'a sheep-skin'

(e. peltry == DU. pelterij, mlg.

peltrie fr. ¥R. pelletrie); ident. w.

G. pelz OHG. pelli-y Source a

Rom. ty\)& pellicia = fr. pelisse,

IT. pelliccia. Cp. pilch.

pelt vb. ME. pelte also pilte pulte,

the latter forms corresponding

to OE. piltan pyltan. Source

LAT. pultare 'beat, strike'?

pen sb. borrowed fr. fk.

pame. Source lat. pe^iua 'a

feather'.

pen vb. ME. penne oe. onpennan

'impound, enclose': prob. con-

nected with pound'^ and LG.

iopennen 'bar, bolt* — i'lppcmien

'open'.

penance me. pcnaunce fr. ofr.

penance older pen'eance = lat.

poenitcntia 'peniten ce'.

pencil orig. 'a hair-brush' me.

penfH fr. ofr. pincel fr. pinceau

a brush'. Source lat. penicillus

'a painter's brush', whence also

G. pinsel.

pennon pennant me. penoun

borrowed fr. OFR. pennon 'a flag,

streamer' (for the secondary / of

pennant see pageant, parch-ment). Source i.kT. penna 'wing,

feather'.

penny .\ie. peni plur. penies

(contr. pens, whence E. pence)

OE. penij^ pennii^ penning pending

1

:=: osax. pending penning , du.

people — pester 159

pamwg, OHG. phantitic pfmting

pfenni/ig G. pfennig, ON. pen?iingr.

The word may be derived fr.

pa ft, so that the form of the

pennies may have suggested the

word or it may have been asso-

ciated with the base *pafid

under pawn} For the suffix

-ing cp. shilling,farthing.

people MK. peple pdple bor-

rowed fr. OYK.pueple fr. peuple,

whence also G.pobel. Source lat.

populus 'people' (cp. also dU.

peupel.

pepper me. peper piper OE.

pipor = DU. peper, OHG. pfejfar

G. pfeffer, on. piparr: borrowed

fr. LAT. piper (whence also it.

pepe, FR. poivrc). Cp. oslov.

ptprii 'pepper'.

perceive vb. me. perceive fr.

OFR. perceverFK. apercevoir. Source

LAT. percipere 'apprehend'.

perch' 'a rod' me. pirchc fr.

the synon. fr. pcrche. Source

LAT. pertica 'a pole, bar?

perch'- 'a fish' me. pircJie bor-

rowed fr. FR. perche. Source lat.

perca = GR. nsQv.rj a perch',

perchance cp. perhaps. —

•

perdy (Shakesp.) by God'

ME. parde = FR. par dieu 'by

God'.

perform vb. me. perfourmc ear-

lier parfoiirne borrowed fr. Oi'R.

parfournir 'perform'.

perhaps (late me. perhappous

15''' cent.) and perchance have

the FR. preposition par (per) in

imitation of me. pera7<cnture-

parauntre and per cas; haps is

the plur. of hap under happy

(cp. paramour).

peril ME. peril fr. fr. pi^ril.

Source lat. pericitliun 'danger'.

perish vb. me. perisshe bor-

rowed fr. the stem of some

forms of the fr. verb perir

'perish'.

deriwig formerly periwigge per-

wicke borrowed fr. vv.. perruque (ud

being substituted for fr. «)

;

cp. also G. perriicke, DU. pruik.

periwinkle; cp. the synon.

ME. pervenke oe. pervince. Source

lat. pervinca 'a twining plant'.

perry adopted fr. fr. poir^

'perry', formed fr. a vulgar LAT.

type *piratus 'perry, drink madeof pears' il.A.T.pirjim nxidQXp e a r)

.

person me. persoun borrowed

fr. FR. personne. Source lat.

persona; ident. \\\ parson.

pert adj. me. pert 'pert, plain,

clever, bold'; cp. odu. gepertich

FLAAL pertig 'alert'. The group

goes back to fr. apert.

pertain vb. me. partine bor-

rowed fr. OFR. partenir. Source

LAT. pertinere 'belong',

peruke ident. w. periivig.

pervious adj. borrowed fr.

LAT. pcrvius 'passable'.

pest borrowed fr. fr. peste.

Source lat. pestis plague'.

pester \b. short for impestcr

borrowed fr. OFR. eynpestrer

'pester, entangle' fr. empetrer.

pet sb. 'a tame animal , a

i6o pet — pile

favored child' short for earlier

peat (me. "^^pci).

petty adj. me. petit adopted fr.

FR. petit 'small'.

pew sb. ME. pile (piiwe) fr.

OFR. piiie 'an elevated space',

an open gallery with rails',

whence also du. pui , ofris.

poie. Source lat. podiufn 'a

balcony'.

pewet peewit so called from

its plaintive cry; the earlier

by-form puet points to a fr.

source.

pewter late me. pmter adoptedfr. OFR. peutre {peaittre) a kind

of metal'. It stands for '^peltre

= SPAN, peltre, it. peltro 'pewter';

cp. DU. planter.

pheasant me. fcsaunt earlier

fcsaun fr. FR. faisan = it.

fagiano. Source LAT. phasianus,

GR. (paGiavog 'bird of Phasis in

Colchis', whence also ohg. fasdn

G. fasaii.

phial vial borrowed fr. ofr.

phiole (kr. Jiole). Source lat.

phiala, GR. (pidXr^ 'a broad, flat,

shallow cup'.

philtre borrowed from fr.

philtre. Source lat. philtrum,

GR. ipiXxQOv 'a love potion'.

phlegm adopted fr. VK.phtegnie.

Source lat. gr. phlegma a flame,

inflammation, phlegm'.

pick vb. ME. pikke oe. pician ^LG. uu. pikken, G. picket!.

picket borrowed fr. fr. piquet

picquet 'a little pick axe', dimin.

of OE. pic 'a pike' under pike.

pickle sb. s\Y.. pikel =^ du.

MLG. pckel G. pdket; prob. h. pickle,

frequentative of pick 'pickout,

cleanse'.

picnic a modern word arising

about 1700 and soon received

into fr. (^piqueniqiie about 1740)and GERM. {^picknickKhoviX. \i-j6).

pie ME. pie fr. fr. pie 'a broiled

remnant of a shoulder of mutton.

pie (in magpie) me. pic fr. ofr.

pie = LAT. pica.

piebald composed of pie 'a

magpie' and bald 'streaked'.

piece ME. pe(e borrowed fr. fr.

piece.

pier ME. pere borrowed'fr. ofr.

piere, VK.pierre = LAT./^/r«'stone'.

pierce vb. me. per^e borrowedfr. FR. perccr pierce'. ME. by-

form perche.

piety adopted fr. fr. piiti

'piety' = LAT. pietdtem; ident. w.

pity.

pig ME. pigge.

pigeon late me. pigoun fr. fr.

pigeon. Source lat. pipio{neni)

'a chirper. See peep send pipe.

pike .ME. pike oe. pic = du.

pick, G. pick ; cp. pick.

pilch ME. pilche OE. pilie pylce

fur. Source med.-lat. = it.

pelliccia felt', whence also fr.

pelisse and ohg. pelli-^ G. pelz, du.

pels 'fur (primitive source la'J".

pellis). Cp. pelt.

pile ' sb. 'an arrow' me. oe. ///

(= du. ////, OHG. pfil G. pfdl,

ON. pila) : borrowed fr. lat. pilum

'a javelin', whence o^Vi. pile, span.

IT. pilo 'a javelin, pestle'. The

pile — pipe i6i

corresponding" Goth, word was

arhwazna ; cp. on. gr, oe. earh

= LAT. arcus.

pile- sb. 'a -heap' UY.. pile 'tower,

castle borrowed fr. ofr. pile a

pier, pyramid fr. pile 'a mole'

r= SP.\N. pila 'a pillar, trough',

VY.pila 'trough'. Source 'LK^.pUa

'a pier of stone'. See pillar.

pile'' sb. 'a tumor' (now used

in plur.) fr. lat. pila 'a ball'.

pile^ sb. 'hair' borrowed fr. ofr.

peil FR. poil = SPAN. IT. pelo.

Source LAT. pilus 'a hair'.

pilfer borrowed fr. ofr. pelfrer

pilfer'.

pilgrim me. pilgrim borrowed

fr. ymo.pilgrim. Source med.-lat.

peregrinus (late lat. pelegrhms),

whence fr. pHerin, it. pellegrino,

SPAN, peregrino, DU. pelgrim.

pill = G. DAN. pille prob. bor-

rowed fr. the dimin. fr. pilule.

Source lat. pilula *a pill'.

pillar ME. pilcr borrowed fr.

fr. pilicr {^ SPAN, pilar, IT.

piliere). Source med.-lat. pilare

pilarius (lat. pila) 'pillar', whencealso OHG. pfilari G. p/eiler; du.

pilaar is fr. pilier, but du. pijler

is lat. pilarc.

pillory sb. me. pilory borrowedfr. FK. pilori 'a pillory'.

pillcA/' sb. me. pilwe OE. pyle

*pyluie = DU. peiiluw , OHG.

pfuliwlin) also pfuhoo G. pfdhl:

borrowed fr. lat. pulvinus 'cu-

shion'. Cp. cushion.

pilot sb. borrowed fr. "EK. pilote

— SPAN. it. piloto pilota , du.

English Etymology.

piloot, G. pilote. Origin unknown.

The word occurs in Germ, andEngl, since the 15'^ cent.; in

Germ, it appears first in the

It. form piloto. Perh. the It.

word became European through

the commerce with Genoa andVenice.

pimpernel sb. fr. fr. pi7)iprenelle

pimpinelle.

pin sb. ME. OE. ///;;/ = du. lg.

piti. Source lat. penna 'a pin,

nail'.

pinch vb. me. pinche borrowedfr. FR. pinccr.

pine sb. me. pine oe. ''^pin(trdo)

'pine-tree': borrowed ir.'LKT.pmus

'a pine, whence fr. pin (pv. pijfi),

SPAN. IT. pifio 'a pine-tree'.

pine vb. me. ptfie oe. piniatt

'torment' = on. pina, du. pij'nen,

OHG. pfinbn phion (g. peinigeii) :

deriv. fr. OE. pin = OHG. pina G.

pein. Source lat. /rt';^i7 (pronounc-

ed pani).

pinfold; see pound'^.

pint sb. late me. pinte fr. fr.

pinie (whence du. pint, lg. pinte

'can ) : source lat. pincta.

pip sb. me. pippe = du. lq. pip,

G. pips OHG. pfiffil, : borrowed fr.

a vulgar lat. pippita (=r lat.

pituita) 'phlegm', whence also

FR. p^pie, span, pepita, it. pipita.

pipe sb. ME. OF., pipe = Tiu.pijp,

LG. pipe, OHG. pfi/a G. pfeife, ON.

pipa : borrowed fr. med.-lat. pipa,

whence also the synon. FR. pipe,

span, pipa, IT. piva. Source lat.

pipare 'chirp'.

1

1

ib2 pit — plant

pit sb. ME. /// OE. py^ (tt) =DU. ////, LG. ///// OHG. puzzi pftCZZi

G. pfiltze: TEUT. putjus: borrowed

fr. i.ki . piiteus 'a well, pit", whencealso YY. pozzo, SFAti. poza, FK.pliiiS

and oiR. cuithe, cymr. peten 'well,

pit'.

pitch sb. ME. pick OE. pic =OSAX. ODU. pik DU. /^/^, OHG. /i?/z

b'eh{hh) G.pec/i, on. M': borrowedfr. LAT. pix (pic-) 'pitch', whencealso FR. poix, SPAN, pez, it. pccc

'pitch'.

pitcher sb. yx'e.. piccher borrowedfr. OFR. picher. Source med.-lat.

picdriiim, a by-form of late lat.

hicarimn under beaker.

pith sb. ME. pithe oe. pida cog-

nate w. DU. /// ODU. pitte 'pith'

and MLG. pedik 'pith'. A West-

Teut. ha.s,Q pipan- is to be assum-

ed, perh. a teut. pipivon- in-

stead of (jip^von-: \Pgit'?

pittance sb. u^.piiaunfe (^nhO.pitancie) borrowed fr. FR. pitance

'meat, food, daily subsistance'.

pity sb. ME. pi/e fr. fr. pitiL

Source LAT. pieteitcm.

place ME. place fr. fr. place

(= SPAN, plaza, IT. piazza').

Source lat. plaiea -=- gr. TtXareTa

'a street'. G. platz and du. plaais

are also of Fr. origin.

plague ME. (14'^ cent.) plage

adopted fr. lat. plaga 'an injury'

whence du. plaag , OHG. plaga

G. plage and it. piaga, fr. plate.

plaice ME. plaice borrowed fr.

FR. plaise OFR. pla'ise. Source

MED.-LAT. platisa prop, platessa 'a

flat-fish', whence also du. pladijs,

G. platteise.

plain adj. me. plain borrowedfr. FR. plain (whence also du.

pleiri) = span, piano , rr. piano.

Source lat. planus flat, even'.

plain sb. me. pleine adoptedfr. FR. plaine = span, plana, it.

piano. Source lat. pldnm?i a

plain'.

plaint sb. me. pleinte plai?itc fr.

FR. plainte (= lat. planctns

'lamentation').

plait vb. u^.plaite 'fold' derived

fr. OFR. plcit (ploit) sb. 'fold'.

Source hXT. plicare 'fold,,braid'.

plan adopted fr. fr. plan,

whence du. G. plan. Source

"LhT. planus 'flat, plane', whenceSPAN. '/>lan, IT. piano. See plain,

p la n e.

plane adj. borrowed fr. fr.

pla?ie (= SPAN, piano, it. piano).

Source lat. planus 'flat, level'.

plane sb. 'a carpenter's tool'

late ME. plane borrowed fr. FR.

plane. Source med.-lat. plana

'a carpenter's tool'.

plane-tree me. pldne{-tre)= du.

plaan-boom fr. 'F'^. plane. Source

LAT, platanus 'plane-tree'.

plank ME. planke borrowed fr.

ONFR. planke FR. planche {= span.

plancha , it. piancd). Source

MED.-LAT. planca , whence du.

plank, G. planke.

plant ME. plante oe. plant ^= du.

plant, OHG. pflanza G. pflanzc

(on. planta) : fr. LAT. planta,

whence also fr. platite , span.

plash — pluck 163

planta, Yi. pianta. In me. we find

also plaunte sb. vb. as adap-

tion of FR. plante — planter. —plantain ms,.plantain i^plauntain f)

borrowed fr. 'SB..pla /itain. Source

LAT. plantago (^plantagineni) 'a

plantain'.

plash ME. plasche borrowed fr.

ODU. plasch DU. plas 'water-

puddle'.

plaster me. piastre plaister fr.

OFR. piastre (^plaistre , whenceTiV.pleister^ cp. FR. platre. Source

GR.-LAT. tf-ivXaargnv = IT.

empiastro, FR. cmplatre 'plaster'.

LAT. emplastriim ^= med.-LAT.

plastrmn 'gypsum, whence OHG.

pflastar G. pjfaster.

plat plot ME. OE. plot (tt). See

plot.

plate ME. plate borrowed fr.

OFR. plate plaite 'plate - armor,

ingot, silver' VK. plat , whenceDU. plat, G. platte. Source a

MED.-LAT. plata 'plate of metal'

(gr. TrXarvc).

platoon fr. FR. peloton 'a ball,

platoon'.

platter me. plater fr. ofr. platel

'a plate' = fr. plateau also

'waiter'.

play vb. ME. plaic plcie oe.

plegian play' and play sb. jme.

plaie pleie oe. plega. The other

TEUT. languages have no such

root as pl'eg play'.

plea sb. ME. pli plai 'debate'

fr. OFR. pie plai with the by-

forms plait plaid. Source med.-

LAT. placitiitn 'a decree, sen-

tence'. — plead vb. me. plede

plaide fr. fr. plaider 'plead,

argue , whence also DU. pleiten

'sue'.

please vb. me. plcse borrowedfr. OFR. plesir plaisir (fr. plaire

'please'). Source lat. placer

e

'please'. — pleasure (late me.

plcsilre is'*" cent.) fr. the fr.

infinit. plaisir, but influenced by

abstract nouns such as fiature

leisure.

pledge sb. me. plegge fr. ofr.

plcge (jK. pleige) 'a surety', which

is related to OSAX. plegan ohg.

p/legan 'be responsible for,

answer for' (cp. plight).

plenty me. plente fr. ofr. plentl,

source lat. plenitatem.

plier see ply.

plight sb. me. plight oe. pliht

formed by means of the abstract

formative -/ from a vb. seen in

oe. pUon 'risk' (ohg. p/legan 0.

pfiegen whence G. pjlicht 'friendly

care, interest').

plot^ short for cofnplot = fr.

complot 'a conspiracy'.

plot- sb. iME. OE. plot {tt).

plough ME. plough plow OE.

plph =- uu. ploeg, OHG. pfluoh

pfliiog G. pflug, ON. plogr. This

Teut. group plohu- plogu- was

borrowed by the Slav, (serb.-

RUSS. pltigu, lith. pliugas).

plover ME. plover borrowed fr.

OFR. plainer fr. pluvier. Source

a LAT. type ^pluviarius 'rainy'.

pluck vb. ME. plukke plokke

(^plicche') OE.. pluccian (OE. *plycc'a}i)

=. DU. plukken, OHG. *pfiucchen

*pJlockd?i 0. pfliicken, on. plokka.

164 plug — pol

Source a lat. type ^piluccare ^IT. pihiccare, fr. iplucher. Vulgar

LAT. *pilitccare (whence me. pilken

pluck') prop, 'pluck hairs one

by one' is an extension of lat.

pilare.

plug sb. ident. w. du. plug,

LG. plngge (^pluck) late mhg. pjfoc

G. pjlock 'plug'.

plum ME. ploume oe. plume

i^plyme) =; DU. pruim, LG. prumeplihne, OHG. pfruma beside pflihno

(lat. r changed to teut. /) G.

pfaume: early loanword fr. lat.

prununi, whence also fr. pniuc,

IT. prima. Cp. prune.

plumb fr. FR. plomb ^= lat.

plumb iif/i.

plume fr. FR. plume = lat.

pluma.

plummet ^XE.plof/imet borrowedfr. FR. plombct 'a plummet' dimin.

of FR. plomb lead'.

plump adj. borrowed fr. LG.

plump, DU. plo7np.

plunder vb. adopted fr. mdu.

plundercII = g. plilndern 'rob,

pillage'.

plunge vb. short for me. plounge:

borrowed fr. fr. plonger 'duck,

dive', whence also du. plonzen.

plush sb. = du. pluis , G.

plusch; borrowed fr. fr. peluche

= Yt. peluzzo. Source a lat. type

*pilucia, an extension of lat.

pilus 'hair.

ply vb. me. pile 'bend' adoptedfr. fr. plier 'fold, bend, bow'.

Source lat. plicdre 'fold'.

poach' vb. 'dress eggs' fr. fr.

pocher. — poach ^ vb. 'intrude

into preserves' borrowed fr. fr.

pocher from poche 'a pouch'.

pock 'sve.. pokke o^.pocc = mdu.

pocke, du. pock, G. LG. pocke 'small

pox'. — pocket me. poket fr. ofr.

poqtiette, dimin. oiovvi. pockepoche.

See poke.

poignant adj. ^ik. poinani poin-

launt fr. FR. poigfiant. (Source

lat. pungere). — point me. point

fr. FR. point (source lat. pimc-

tuni) 'point'.

poise vb. ME. poise earlier peise

fr. OFR. poiser peiser F^. peser

'to weigh'. Source lat. pensare

'to weigh'.

poison ME. puisoun fr. fr. poison

'poison' r=i LAT. potio(tiem) 'a

drink'.

poke sb. ME. poke 'a bag' =^

ODU. poke, ON. poki. FR. pocke is

perh. an Engl, loanword. Cp.

pock.

poke vb. vi^. poke {^pouke puckc)

'thrust, throw' =^ DU. poken, MLG.

pnken.

pole ' sb. 'a stake' UE.pole O'E.pdl

'a pale, pole': source lat. pdlus

'a stake', whence G. pfahl OHG.

JMHG. pfdl. See pale.

pole 2 sb. 'a pivot' the synon.

fr. pol = lat. polus (gr. t/oAol,-)

'a hinge'.

polish vb. ME. polisshe fr. fr.

polir {poliss-^ 'polish'.

poll ME. pol (II) 'head' := lg.

ODU. polle 'head'; perh. ident. w.

bowl}

pommel — port 165

pommel me. pomel borrowed

fr. OFR. p07nel FR. potnnieau 'the

pommel of a sword : prop, dimin.

I, AT. pomutn 'apple'.

pomip ME. potnpe fr. lat. pompa,

whence also fr. pof/ipe.

pond ME. pond pondi.

ponder vb. borrowed fr. lat.

p;>tidcrai-e 'weigh'.

pontiff fr. FR. poutif pontifc,

LAT. pontifex.

pontoon fr. FR. ponton, IT.

pontone 'a great broad bridge'.

pool sb. ME. OE. pgl = DU.

poel, hG. pol, one pfjiol G. pfu/il;

perh. akin to OE. piill pyll 'pool'

^= ON. pollr 'pool, pond'.

poop borrowed fr. fr. poupe =;

L.AT. puppis 'the hinder part of

a ship'.

poor adj. me. pgvrc fr. ofr.

povre = pauvre (source lat.

patipe)-) 'poor'.

pope me. pope OE. papa ^= lat.

papa. The continental dialects

differ from the lat.-oe. forms;

cp. OSAX. palws, DU. pans, mhg.

MIh'S G. papSt.

popinjay late sx^. popinjay earlier

papegai (== DU. papegaai, mlg.

papegoie, o. papnga'i) fr. fr. pape-

gai OFR. papegay and papcgau =IT. papagallo. Prob. derived fr.

Low OR. nanayug = arab. ^a-

^7,i^//(?' (PERS. bapga). The Lat.

name psittaciis agrees with OR.

^|'^tray.oc.

poplar sb. me. popUr{e) --^ DU.

popnlier, oux]. popeliet". borrowedfr. ofr. popUer tz= fr. peuplier.

Source fr. peuple 'poplar' =

'LA.T.popuhis 'poplar', whence also

DU. popcl and G. pappcl.

poppy sb. ME. popy oe. popi-"^

pap(Zi (about 800). The suffix /

(not producing umlaut) points to

an older form -ang as in body,

holly. There are no Teut.

equivalents. Usually considered

to be borrowed fr. "LKV. papaver.

porcelain sb. == fr. porcelaine,

DU. porselein, G. porzellan (since

the 1 6th. cent.); the base is

IT. porcellana. orig. 'the Venus-

shell', 'conclia Veneris'; this hav-

ing much resemblance to porce-

lain, the name of the shell wastransferred to that of the cera-

mic ware.

porch sb. ME. porche borrowedfr. 'S'!^. porche: source lat. porti-

cus, from which OE. portic andOHG. pforzih are earlier loan-

words.

porcudine occuring in the

15""— 16"^ cent's in the forms

porpentine porpoint antl porkcpin

which go back to OFR. pore

espin (now porc-ipic^ =^ IT. porco

spino (porco spinoso^ 'thornbush

hog. — pork 'flesh of swine'

ME. pork 'pork, swine' fr. the

s3'non. vk. pore {= hk^. porctis).

port^ sb. 'harbor' me. Oe. port

'harbor fr. the equival. lat.

portus {-^ FR. port, IT. porto')

harbor, whence also ODU. port

'city'.

port'- sb. a gate fr. fr. porte

:= L.AT. porta a gate', whencealso OK. port ox port-i^eat 'b. gate

,

DU. poort, G. pfortc.

i66 port power

port^ sb. 'behavior' me. port^

fr. FR. port 'behavior : deriv. of

LAT. portare 'carry'.

porf* = Port-wine orig. »\vine

of Oporto in Portugal*.

portray vb. me. pourtraie fr.

FR. portraire. — portrait = FR.

portrait.

post^ sb. a pillar' me. OY.. post

= DU. LG. post: early loanword

fr. 'LkT. postetn (nom, ^vci'g. postis),

whence also G. pfosten ohg. pfost

and FR. poteau.

post- sb. 'mail service' = du.

G. post, FR. poste, IT. posta. Theword is a native of Italy and was

borrowed from there by the

modern languages in the ib**^

cent.

post'^ sb. 'a military post' =G. posten, DU. post fr. ir. posto

guard, post'.

pot ME. OE. pot (tt), = DU. LG.

pot(tt), ON. pottr (swED. potta,

DAN. potte); akin to vk. pot ^CYMR. pot, IR. pOta.

potato imported in the second

half of the i6* cent, together

with SPAN, patata from America

(in Hayti the name was batata

about 1530).

pouch ME. pouche 'bag' fr. ofr.

poiiche i^poche) 'pocket'; akin to

poke.

poult sb. 'chicken' {= pitllet^

late UK.pulte fr. V'H.potdet 'chicken'

(^poule 'hen'). — poulterer ex-

tended for ME. pultcr fr. fr.

toulletier. — poultry ^\E. piiltrie

is derived fr. me. piilter.

pounce vb. see punch.

pound ^ me. pound OE. pund 'a

pound' (weight and money) =OSAX. pund, DU. po7id, ohg. pfimt

G pfund, ON. SW. DAN. pundGOTH, pund: borrowed in the

second cent. fr. lat. pondo

(indecl.) pound', not fr. lat.

pondus 'weight'.

pound '^ sb. 'enclosure' me.

poiind (shortened in pon-, pun-

fglde 'pound'). oe. pund 'en-

closure' with the verb oe. pyndanME. pinde 'impound, dam up the

water' = on. pynda 'shut in'

(e. pinfold uis.. pinfplde 'pound'

points to oe. pyndaft MB. pindc^.

Yxoh. pc?i OY.. pennan is cognate,

if the base "^panjan goes back

to an earlier form *pandjajt: teut.

\fpand pund.

pound vb. 'beat' UK.poune oe.

pi'inian 'pound'; perh. cognate w.

DU. puin 'ruin, rubbish'.

pout vb. ME. poute 'sulk' (oe.

*putianl). — pout sb. (a kind

of fish) OE. puta or piite (in the

compound dleputan 'eelpouts');

cp DU. puit a kind of fish. Theword is derived from the vb.

pout (teut. \r/?//) : the fish has

its name from its pouting lips.

powder sb. me. poudre 'hair-

powder' fr. fr. poudre, whencealso DU. poeder, G. puder. Source

lat. pulverefn (^pulvis), whence

Q. pulver, Yi.polve 'dust, powder'.

power ME. poutr earlier poer

fr. OFR. poer = fr. pouvoir\

ident. w. it. potere and deriv.

fr. LAT. potest potui etc.

praise — proud 167

praise sb. M'E.prais preis fr. ofr.

prcis, ident. with price.

pram sb. 'a flat- bottomedlighter' = 1.0. pra/im, DU. praam;LG. pram, on. prdmr, sw. pram.DAN. pram are of Slav, origin;

cp. OSLOV. pramil belonging to

the ARYAN \fper 'cross, ferry'

seen in fare vb.

prance vb. iME. praimfe vb.

ident. w. E. prank vb. me. praiike]

the sound points to Fr. oi'igin.

prate vb. late me. prate = du.

i.G. praten 'prate', dan. prate

'tattle'.

pray vb. me. preie fr. ofr.

preicr = fr. prier pray' (sourceLA'i'. prccari 'pray).

preach vb. me. prcchc fr. fr.

prcchcr. Source church-LAT.//v/^-

dicare 'preach', whence also OE.

predician , on. prcdi/ia, du. prc-

diken, osax. prcdikon , ohg. pre-

digo/i MHG. G. prcdigcn 'preach'.

press vb. ME. presse fr. ofr.

prcsser =- la'I". prcssarc.

pretty adj. .me. ^pn^ti for prati

'pretty' and 'clever, cunning';

0E.//v<^/'/j 'tricky, deceitful'. TheOE. sb. pru'tt plur. prattas means'trickery.

prey sb. mk. preie praie fr. ofr.

prcic praie = fr. proie (hence du.prooi) 'prey". Source lat. praeda.

price sb. ME.pris fr. ofr. pris--- FR. prix. Source eat. pretium

price . See prize.

prick sb. .me. prickc {prike) oe.

f^ricca {prica) 'prick, spike'. — I

prick vb. ME- pricke i^prike oe. '

prician) 'prick, spur'. Cp. iVfflG.

pfrecken, o^.prikka: 'V'EXiT.\j'~prik.

— prickle relation me. prikcl

oe. pricel.

pride me. pride o^. pryda: um-laut-relation to proud.priest sb. aiE. prest oe. preost;

ident. w. ohg. prist priestar mhg.G. priesfer, osax. prestar, fr. pretre

for OFR. prestre: descendantsof LAT. presbyter priest'. Butthere are discrepancies in the

phonetical development of the

Rom. and Teut. forms.

prime fr. fr. prime ~ lat.

primus. — primrose fr. fr.

pritfie rose ^= lat. prima rosa

first rose'. — prince me. prififc

fr. FR. prince (source lat. prin-

ceps — principetti =^ it. principe^,

whence also G. prinz du. prins.

print vb. me. printe short for

prcnte imprente fr. FR. empreinte

sb. 'a stamp, print'; cp. fr.

empreindre = lat. imprimere.

prison me. prisoun fr. fk. prison;

source lat. prehensio{nc7n) = it.

prigione.

privy me. prrc'c fr. fr. privd

(=^ lat. privatils').

prize vb. M&.prisc fr. ¥K.priscr;

cf. e. prise fr. VK.prix. — prizesb. 'taking or capture e. g. of

a ship' fr. fr. prise seizure (du.

prijs, G. prise).

proud ME. proud late oe. prild

(by-form me. prout late oe. /////

prete'); cp. on. prudr 'proud',

dan. /r«^/ 'stately'. Cp. the um-laut-relation /rzV/^. Source OFK.

prove push

proud Valiant" (under pi-owess)= FR. preiix.

prove vb. ME. prove late OE. (c.

\ ooo) profian: loanword fr. lat.

probare, whence also ¥'SL. protwer,

MHG. prileven G. pril/en, ON. profaand also me. preve pro^ve 'prove'.

— The sb. proof is derived fr.

the vb. (cp. ME. preve prceve =ER. prcu7-e).

prow ME. "^proue fr. fr. prone{\x:.priiaproda, hkT.prora) 'prow'.

prowess me. prouesse fr. ofr.

protu'ssc 'prowess', abstr. sb. of

OFR. prou proud = late oe. priid

s. under proud.

proxy sb. earlier prockesy for

procuracy; cp. proctor late me.proketour = LAT. procurator(em).

prune sb. me. prime fr. fr.

prune ^-- i^XT. pi-{mum\ cp. plum.

pry vb. ME. prie oe. *pnwan''^preowian, the root of which is

evident in oe. beprman vb. 'wink

with the eye' — preo7C'ot/i7e'il

'twinkling of the eye'.

psalm sb. i\ie. psalm — lat.psalmus; already oe. salm.

puck sb. short for me. poulie

OE. plica 'demon, hobgoblin' =rON. puki imp' ; cp. oe. piicel

'demon', north-fries, puk 'mis-

chievous sprite with large eyes'.

pudding ME. pudding prob.

borrowed fr. fr. boudin 'black-

pudding' (cp. j\iE. cuuing fr. OFR-

conin under cony).

puff vb. ME. puffe OE. '^puffian.

aside of oe. pyffan 'blow': teut.

base puffon puffja?t.

pull vb. ME. pulle OE. pulljan

'draw'.

pullet ME. polite fr. -E-Bi. pouleite

'a young hen', cp. poult.

pulp sb. fr. FR. pulpe = lat.

pulpa 'pulp'.

pumpion {dixnin. pumpkiti) ear-

lier pompoun fr. FR. pompon (:=DU. po7?ipoen) 'a kind of gourde'.

Source lat. pepo {^ fr. pipon,

IT. pepotie poponc).

punish vb. jme. punisshe fr. fr.

punir i^puniss-') 'punish'.

purblind me. purblind orig.

'blind as 2l p7irl OE. /«r meansthe bird 'onocrotalus'; cp.'feWED.

purblind.

purchase vb. me. purchdfe fr.

FR. pourchasser.

purge vb. ME. purge fr. fr.

purger.

purple ME. purpre fr. fr.

pourpre = LAT. purpura.

purpose vb. ME. purpose fr.

OFR. pourposer = fr. proposer

'pro])ose'.

purse MU.purs late oe. (c.1050)

piirs: loanword fr. ofr. borse —FR. bourse ; cp. la.t. bursa.

pursue vb/ me. pursue fr. ofr.

porsuir = fr. poursuivre (source

LAT. prosequi) 'prosecute'.

purvey vb. me. porvcie fr. ofr.

porvoir = FR. pourvoir (lat.

providere) 'provide'.

push vb. ME,, posse pusse iposshe)

push' fr. FR. pousser (=: lat.

pulsare) 'strike, thrust'.

put — quencli i6g

put vb. ME. piite putte vb.

tlirow, push, thrust' OE. (c. looo)

potian 'thrust'; perh. borrowed

fr. OFR. bouter "thrust' (cp. OE.

purs 'purse' fr. OFR. borse underpurse).

quail sb. me. quaile fr. ofr.

guaille =- FR. caile a quail';

cp. IT. quagUa. Source a vulgar

LAT. qiiaccola, whence also du.

kwakkel =-- ODU. quackele 'quail'.

quaint adj. me. qiieiut, earlier

form coint (quoint) 'famous, well-

known, clever, neat, elegant':

loanword fr. OFR. coint neat,

fine' = LAT. cognitiis 'known'.

quake vb. me. quake oe. cwdcian

vb. 'quake' ; cp. oe. cweccean

'move' = ODU. quecken shake

one's head': teut. \'^qak.

qualm me. qualm 'death, pesti-

lence, torture' oe. cwealm death,

pestilence': derived fr. the teut.

\f^ qel in oe. cwelan me. qiiele

vb. 'die'; cp. quell.

quarrel .me. querele fr. fr.

querelle = LAT. querela a com-plaint'.

quash vb. me. quasshe vb. fr.

OFR. quasser = FR. casser break';

source LAT. quassare 'to shake'.

quaver vb. derived fr. me.

qudve (oe. *'cwdfiaii) vb. 'tremble';

cogn. w. .MK. quappe vb. 'tremble'.

quay earlier spelling keie late

me. keie fr. fr. quai.

quean me. queue oe. cwene

woman': perhaps a scand. loan-

word cp. ON. kona G. plur.

kz'enna (= ohg. qu'eua kona,

GOTH, qino); cp. late OE. cwene-

fugeV^Si hen-bird' fr. the equiv. on.

kvenfugl. There was a genuine

oe. corresponding cwine 'bad wo-

man'. The group rests on a teut.

qenon- 'wife' = arvan gena', cp.

gr. yvvT] , SKR. gnd , oir. ben,

OSLOV. RUSS. SERB, zena , PRUSS.

gena 'wife'. See the following

word.

queen sb. me. qum oe. cwen

queen, distinguished lady'; base

qoni for qdni --= GOTH, qens, ON.

k7Jdn kvckn, OSAX. qudn 'wife':

TEUT. qeni- = aryan. geni- (=SK.R. j'dni 'wife') is of the sameroot as TEUT. qenon- (see quean)= ARYAN gena.

quell vb. me. quelle oe. cwellan

'kill': derived fr. the str. vb. oe.

cwelan me. qu(le 'die' (cp. qualm).

They belong to the teut. ^Tqelin G. qual =^ oHG. osax. qudla

'torment, torture': aryan V~ S^^in LiTH. geld 'grief — oslov. zali

'suffering'.

quench vb. me. quenche oe.

civencean wk. vb. 'extinguish'

:

derived fr. oe. d-cwincan 'be

exstinguished' = ofris. kwinka

'vanish'. It is doubtful whether

oe. cwinan 'to be exstinsiuislied' is

question —- quoth

connected with e. quench (du.

ktvijnen 'wither').

question me. qucstioun fr. fr.

qlieslion.

quick adj. me. quick oe. cjvicu

'living, alive' = osax. du. qtiik,

OHG. MHG. quec (g. quecksilber

'quicksilver' and erquicken vb.

'quicken, refresh) o. keck (for

quecJi) 'pert', ON. kvikr kykr :

lYX>'\:.\f qiq fr. ARYAN\r_^?^- in lat.

vivo {vixi-victu7n-vivere). There

exists an aryan doublet giw in

GOTH, qius (stem qiwa-^ adj.

'alive' = SKR. Jiva, lith. gywas,

LAT. vivus 'living, alive' (cp.

GR. |J?/og 'life'). See quite h-

g r a s s.

quill sb. iME. quille = westphal.

qtiiele 'quill': teut. base qili-., perh.

ident. \v. mhg, kil G. kiel 'quill'.

quilt sb. ME. quilte fr. ofr.

ctdlie = LAT. culcita 'cushion,

pillow'.

quince me. coine quine fr. OFR.

coifi = FR. coing 'a quince' (the ce

of modern 'E. quince belongs prop,

to the plural). Source lat.

cydonia = it. cotogna , ohg.

kutina G. qtiitte , OE. godcpppel;

DU. k^uee ODU. quede corresponds

to MHG. quiten =-- G. quitte.

quire (of paper) sb. me. quair

quaier book' fr. OFR. quaier (du.

kohief) = FR. cahier 'copy book'.

Source a late Latin quatertium

'collection of four leaves' (= it.

quaderno 'a quire of paper', oe.

eivdterfi)

.

quitch-grass (also quick-^rass

couch-grass) me. *quicche] oe.

cwice 'quitch-grass' answers to

DU. kzaeek, lg. queke, G. quecke

'quitch-grass'. The name derives

fr. teut. quiku- 'alive' (under

quick), because the weed seems

not clearable.

quite adv. me. quite fr. fr.

quit.

quiver vb. derived fr. the adj.

ME. quiver, late OE. cwifor 'lively,

brisk, eagerly'; cp. OFR. quivrer

vb. 'awaken, encourage'.

quiver sb. me. quiver fr. FR.

cuivre\ ident. w. fr. coivre cuivre:

late Latin base cucuruni, whencealso OE. cocor, ohg. kohhar g.

k'ocher 'quiver', du. koker.

quoth {(juoth he 'he said)

3'' sing. pret. = ME. quoth earlier

quath OE. cwcBd pret. of me.

quethe oe. czv'cdan str. vb. 'say,

speak' = GOTH, qipan, on. kveda,

OS>hy..qu'edan , ohg. quedan 'say':

ARYAN sTget (by-form ^frt' in skr.

gad 'speak'?). Cp. bequeathand bequest.

rabbit — rat 171

R

rabbit cogn. w. odu. robbe

robbcken 'rabbit'; perh. identical

w. DU. rob, G. robbe 'phoca'?

race^ ivie. rp- o^.rcksl or bor-

rowed from ON. rds 'a running':

TEUT. base resa-.

race- 'family' fr. fr. race =SPAN. PORT, rijza; source arab.

rds 'origin'.

race 3 'root' fr. ofr. rats = lat.

radix. -— From the same source

also radish == DU. radijs (fr.

radis^.

rafter ime. rafter oe. rafter;

formed by suffix -tra- from the

same root as on. rdf 'roof andOHG. rdvo 'rafter'. Cp. the Aryan\^reph in gr. 6()8(p(o — OQO(fog.

rag ME. ragge (late OE. *ragg

inferred from the adj. raggii

shaggy'): borrowed fr. ON. rpgg

'shagginess'.

rage me. rage fr. fr. rage ^=

LAT. rabies.

rail ' ME. rait reit fr. ofr. reitle;

source LAT. regula, whence also

G. riegel OHG. rigil, odu. rijchel

'bar, rail'.

rail- ME. rail oe. hrce^. 'a gar-

ment'; ident. w. OHG. hregil 'a

garment': TEUT. base hrag{i)la-.

rain me. rain rein OE. r'eyi= OHG.OLG. regan G. DU. regen, on. regn,

GOTH, rigns: teut. base regna-.

Cp. Lith. roke 'drizzling rain'.

raise vb. inie. reise borrowed fr.

ON. reisa 'raise': causal of on.

risa = GOTH. reisan\ cp. rise.

raisin me. reisin fr. ofr. raisin

'a grape, whence also T>\j.rozijn,

G. rosine. Source lat. raccnms

'a bunch of grapes'.

rake me. rake oe. nica = DU.

raak\ ident. w. OHG. rehho G.

rechen, ON. reka: teut. base rakoii-

r'ekon-, derived . fr. the str. vb.

GOTH, rikan 'gather'.

ram sb. me. oe. ram (^f/if/i) OE.

rpm {f/i7n) = OHG. jsihg. du. rat?t :

TEUT. base ranima-; perh. cogn.

w. ON. raf/ir 'strong

.

ramsons me. ramsen OE. hra?n-

san plur. : teut. base hramusan-

also in G. (dial.) raniseii, swed.

ramslok 'bear-garlick'; further

allied to gr. y-oc^uvur onion',

IR. erem — cymr. e?-af 'garlick

,

LITH. /eermusze 'wild garlick'.

range vb. fr. fr. ranger.

ransack vb. me. ransake fr. on.

rawisaka prop, 'search the house':

ON. rami 'house' (= goth. razn,

OE. rasn rcen am 'house); for

ON. saka see seek.

ransom :me. raunfoun (du. raiit-

soen) fr. FR. ranfon (= lai".

redeniptio-neni)

.

I rap vb. ME. rape 'rush, hasten'

— : ON. hrgpa vb. 'hasten'; cp.

j

DU. rapen, mhg. raffen 'seize":

TEUT. base hrapon.

\rape sb. jvie. rape (= du. raap^

fr. LAT. rapa 'turnip'.

rat ME. rat oe. rat (ti) =^

G. rattc OHG. ratta, DU. rat rot\

172 rate

ident. w. fr. rat, it. ratto. History

of the group unknown.

rate fr. fr. rate =^ lat. rattirn.

rather me. rather oe. hrador

prop, 'quicker, sooner': compa-rative form of OE. hrade 'quickly';

cp. the adj. oe. hro'd, on.

hradr 'swift', OHG. hrad, du. rad

'quick' fr. a teut. base hrapa-.

Akin to OIR. crothivi \ shake'.

rattle vb. me. ratele vb.; cp.

OE. hrcptcle sb. 'rattle wort' andl^G. rateien vb. 'rattle', mhg. rar-^eln

G. rasseln vb. 'rattle ': teut. \fhrat= ARYAN y^.^rrt^^/ in GR. y.gaSalvio

{^\~ krot in GR. xgotaXiCnv vb.

'rattle'?).

raven sb. me. rdz'en oe. hrcefn

= ON. hraffi; cp. ohg. hraban

G. rate, du. raaf: teut. base

hrabua- hrabn-; perh. fr. an

ARYAN \f kro : kor in lat. corvus,

GR. v-OQCti raven'.

ravish vb. me. raviss/ie vb. fr.

FR. rariss- in ravir 'to ravish'.

raw me. ra7ci oe. hreaw = ohg.

hrao hro G. roh, du. rauw, ON.

hrdr: teut. base hrawa-; perh.

cogn. • w. SKR. krura 'sore' andLAT. cruor 'blood'.

ray see roach.

reach ^ vb. me. r(che oe. rckcean

fr. a TEUT. type raikjan in ohg.reihhan G. reichen vb. 'reach', du.

reiken.

reach 2, retch vb. me. rcche

oe. hrdcean; teut. \'~hrdk in

OE. hrdca = ON. hrdki 'spittle'

and OHG. rahhison'to try to vomit'.

read vb. me. rede oe. rddanvb. ^ on. rdda 'read'; prop.

ident. w. goth. redan, ohg. rdtan

G. rateu vb. advise", on. n/^^f^r

'counsel, consult*, read meantorig. 'to read a riddle' (cp.

riddle^, then 'to interprete the

runes' (on. rdda gdtti 'read a

riddle' — rdda draum 'read a

dream' — rdda riuiar readrunes'), skr. has a correspon-

ding Y~rrt^//2 'perform'; cp. also

OSLOV. raditi.

ready adj. me. r(di (oe. *rcedii

extended fr.) oe. rcede 'ready'

= OHG. reiti 'ready'; cp. GOTH.garaids = on. greidr 'ready'. AsG. fertig prop, meant 'ready for

a journey' (g. fahrt'), perh. a

TEUT. base raida- 'journey' maybe the source of the group; cp.

IR. riid 'passable' and see ride

and road.

realm sb. me. rialme (f-ialme)

fr. OFR. reabne (fr. royaunn^.

ream late me. reme fr. ofr.

raimc fr. raf/ie] cp. SPAN, resma,

ital. risnia (g. ries) ream of

paper'. Source ARAB, rizvia 'a

bundle'.

reap vb. me. ripe oe. riopan

vb. fr. a TEUT. v^''^ cut' in ripe;

cp. OE. ri/"/(?r 'sickle' and see ripe.

rear vb. me. rire OE. nhanvb. ^ ohg. reran vb. 'raise' fr.

a TEUT. base raizjan] cp. rise

and raise for \fris.

rear adj. me. rere oe. hrer.

reason me. resoun earlier reisoun

fr. FR. raison := lat. ratio-nem.

reave {bereave) vb. me. rcvc

OE. r(afian vb. = OHG. raubon

G. rauben, goth. (bi)raiibdn 'de-

173

spoil', o^.raufa (see also robe):

derived fr. a primitive str. vb.

OE. hereofan, ON. rjufa 'to break'.

Cp. SKR.\r//^/.

receive vb. me. receive fr. ofr.

recever = FR. recevoir.

reck vb. me. recke {recche) short

for OE. recean earlier rdceati'.

TEUT. base rokjan in on. rcekja,

OSAX. rokian, OHG. ruohhan 'have

a care for'.

reckon vb. me. rekne OE. j^e-

r'ecenian vb. = OHG. rehhanon

G. rechnen 'reckon', du. rekenen;

cp. the TEUT. v^ri'-i' in OHG. rahha

'subject, thing'.

-red suffix in haired', cp. OE.

feondrddeii freondrckden 'friend-

ship' (Jiiwrceden under hind)\

orig. -raidin in GOTH, ga-raideins.

red adj. short for me. red OE.

read = teut. rauda- in goth.

rauds, ohg. roi G. rot^ du. rood,

ON. raicdr 'red ; cp. OE. reodan

= ON. rjoda vb. redden' andruddock (f-itst). There is a

corresponding- ARYAN \/~ riuih

reudh in GR. t(jvii(j6g, SKK.riidhira,

OSLOV. riidru, LAT. ruber 'red',

LAT. rufus, IR. ruad.

reed sb. me. red oe. hreod =OHG. hrioi G. DU. riei: teut. base

hreuda-.

reek sb. me. rek sb. fr. the vb. OE.

reocan 'reek, smoke' =^ ON. rjiika,

OHG. riohhan G. riechen; cp. OE.

r^r' rjV, ON. reykr, ohg. ;'<?«/? G.

ranch, du. ;v^^ 'smoke' fr. a teut.

base rauki-.

reel ime. /r/^' oe. hreol; prop.

*hr(ihil fr. a TEUT. base *hranhil

in ON. hrckll 'a weaver's rod',

NORTH-FRIES. r(7?V?/.

rehearse vb. me. rehcrfe fr.

OFR. reherfer.

rein sb. me. ;r2>/^ fr. ofr. reine

= FR. r^nc (cp. rrAL. redina;

source lat. retincre 'restrain').

relieve vb. me. releve fr. fr.

relever = lat. relevare.

rely vb. from lat. re (as in

recall, remind, rcne7ci) andE. lie 'to rest

.

remnant sb. me. remenaunt fr.

OFR. retitenant 'remnant'.

rend vb. me. rende oe. rendan

vb. 'tear, lacerate' = OFRIS. renda

vb. 'tear, break'.

rennet 1 sb. fr. the vb. me. renne

'run, make to run'; cp. underrun.

rennet ^ sb. fr. fr. reinette.

renounce vb. me. renounce fr.

^

FR. renoncer. — renown me.

j

renoun fr. FR. renovi.

! rest sb. me. reste oe. rest: teut.

j

base rasti-, cp. ohg. rasta 'rest,

a measure of distance , goth.rasta 'a mile , on. rgst 'a mile'.

Tliere is a TEUT.\^r«^ in goth.razn 'house', ON. rann (cp.

ransacJi).

retch vb. see reach^.

ribb ME. ribbe oe. ribb = teut.

r/^/^?- in ON. ri/, ohg. rippi:

ARYAN \^r'ebh in OSLOV. RUSS.

/y/';'(? 'rib'.

rhythm see rime.

-ric in bishopric = me. bisshop-

riche oe. bisceoprice; cp. OE. r/^V

'reign' ^^ goth. ;y/^'/, ohg. rihhi

174

G. reich: fr. teut. rik- = goth.

reih 'king'.

rice sb. fr. fr. n'z (du. rijs/)

= ITAL. r/'so, G. rm: source

GR. 6()vCa 'rice'.

rich adj. me. w/i^ fr. fr. ric/ie;

ident. w. OE. rk'e 'powerful', OHG.

ri/i/ii G. reic/t, DU. r?jk, ON. r/kr,

GOTH. re/h. Originally a deriva-

tive of GOTH, rdks 'king' under

ric. — riches sb. me. richessc

fr. FR. richesse: derived fr. fr.

riche ^= teut. riki 'powerful'.

rick si), short for me. rek OE.

hr{ac 'a heap' = DU. rook, on.

hraukr {kroki) 'a heap': teut.

base hrauka-, akin to on. hrilga

'a heap' and IR. criiach 'heap'.

rid vb. ME. ridde prop, reddc

OE. hreddan = OHG. hrettan G.

retten: teut. base Jiradjan from

an ARYAN \fkrath in skr. (rathay.

'loosen'.

riddle sb. me. m//<fjr OE. mZrA7-ckdelse = DU. raadscl, OSAX.

rcidisli G. rt;/^^/ 'riddle"; cp. OHG.

rdtisca rdtussa 'riddle': teut.

sfrad red under read.

riddle 2 sb. 'sieve' me. r/V/^/^'/

for OE. hrhider = OHG. hritara

G. rczV^r 'sieve': ARYANy^/^r/ in

LAT. cribrmn 'sieve', GR. •xfjivw

and in goth. hrai-ns, OHG. r^/«/

G. rein 'clean' (prop, sifted'?).

ride me. ride oe. rldan str. vb.

= OHG. ritan G. reiie/i, DU. rijden,

ON. r/^rt'l TEUT. V"rlir/= pre-TEUT.

r^zV/A in gallo-lat. reda 'carriage'

— verediis\ox^^ (undQrpalfrey)

and IR. riadaim 'I go'; see ready.

ridge me. rz^/i? oe. /^rjv^^ (genit.

hrycgei) ^= teut. hrugja- in OSAX.

hruggi, DU. rz^^, ohg. hrucki G.

r«r/Cw/ 'back', on. hryggr: pre-

TEUT. krnkjo-, cogn. w. IR. crocemi

sb. 'back'.

rife adj. me. oe. ri/" 'abundant,

frequent' ^ on. rz/";- 'munificent,

abundant', ODU. rijf 'copious',

LG. rive 'abundant'.

right adj. me. right oe. rihi

earlier '^reht =^ OHG. OSAX. reht

G. DU. recht, on. rittr, goth.

raihts 'right, straight': TEUT. rt'/^/a-

fr. an ARYAN r'ekto- (= LAT. rectus

'right, straight'), prop, participle

fr. a verbal v^r^i^ in laI*. regere

'to rule'; cp. SKR. rjii 'right,

straight'.

righteous transformed fr. ME.

rightwis oe. rihtwis = OHG. rM/"-

7«j- 'knowing the right'; see

wise.

rim sb. jnie. rime oe. rima rioma

'border, margin'; probably cogn.

w. OE. rand, ON. rgnd, OHG. rant

G. DU. rand 'border, margin':

TEUT. ran-do- for ram-do- (as

.y (Z n d for ARYAN samdho-) . Perh.

r/zz^/ belongs to the same ARYAN\j'~r'em.

rime^ sb. me. rim 'verse, song'

borrowed about 1200 fr. OFR.

rime, whence also mhg. rhn G.

reim, du. rijm (properly 'verse').

Source LAT. rhythmus.

rime''^ sb. me. rime oe. hrifn =DU. rijtn, ON. hrim 'hoarfrost';

doubtful, whether ohg. hrifo G.

reif, OSAX. hripo, du. rijp 'hoar-

frost' are cognate.

rind 175

rind sb. me. rhide OE. rind

'bark of a tree' fr. a teut. base

riviera sea-shore: deriv. from

LAT. rtpa 'bank'.

rindo- (r'endd-) ^ OHG. rinta G. I roach late me. rpche points to

linde 'rind'; perh. cogn. w. oho.[

a fr. source (cp. swed. rokka,

rani G. rand and OE. rand 'border, DA^. rockc 'roach'); the synon.

margin' under rim.j

ray goes back to fr. raie =ring sb. me. rin^ oe. /iring- =

1 lat. raia 'roach'.

ON. hrifigr, ohg. hring ring G.j

road me. rode 'journey, road

DU. ring: teut. base hringa-

(hrenga-) fr. a pre-TEUT. V~/^r6'«^A

in OSLOV. krqgu 'circle' andkraglil round'.

ring vb. me. ringe OE. hringan

=^ ON. hringja 'ring the bells'.

rip vb. ME. rippe {I'lippe) OE.

ryppan = HG. rupfen 'to tear':

TEUT. base ruppjan\ cogn. w.

GOTH, raupjan, ohg. rouffen G.

raufen, OE. rypan ripan and perh.

allied to S'K.^.\frtip 'break'.

ripe adj. me. oe. ripe 'mature,

ripe'= west-teut. ripi- in OSAX.

OE. rdd 'journey, road' = teut.

base raido- (oN. reid 'riding')

fr. the verbal v^r/;:/ in ride.

roar vb. me. rare oe. rdrian

vb. = OHG. reren mhg. reren vb.

'low, bellow': teut. base rairan}

or raizan ?

roast vb. me. roste fr. ofr.

rostir = fr. roiir 'roast'. Source

a teut. vb. raiistjan ^r-z oHG.

rosten G. rosten 'roast'; cp. ohg.

MHG. rost G. rosi 'gridiron, grate'.

rob vb. ME. robbe fr. fr. rober.

robe sb. me. robe fr. fr. robe.

ripi, DU. rijp, OHG. riffi G. reif\ Source a teut. sb. rauba- ='mature, ripe'; derived fr. the

jOE. rc'a/ 'spoil, clothing', OHG.

teut. verbal V~^?/ 'cut' in e. reap|

mhg. roup(b) 'booty, spoil'. Cogn.

and OE. rifter sb. 'sickle'. There- w. reave.

fore ripe orig. meant 'cuttable,

tit for reaping'.

rise vb. ME. rise OE. risan str.

robin := fr. Robin the nameRobert.

rock sb. ME. rock late OE. rocc

vt). = ON. risa, ohg. risan sir. (stdnroccy. borrowed about lOOO

vb. 'to move up, rise': teut.^

fr. onfr. roc (fr. rochc) = ITAL.

verbal \^;7i-, whence also rear' rocca. Source celt, rokka-1

and raise.\ rock''^ vb. ME. rocke late OE.

risk sb. fr. fr. risque = ital. ' roccian 'shake, swing, rock'; cogn.

GERM, risico. i w. OHG. ruckan G. riicken, ON.

rive vb, me. rive fr. on. rZ/rtI

?_)'-('/^/« 'to pull roughly and hastily':

'tear' = ohg. riban G. reiben, DU.j

XE\il.\f rukk.

rijven 'grate, rub': teut. verbal rod ident. \v. rood.

\'^wrih in ODU. MLG. wriven 'rub',j

roe ' sb. 'a female deer* me. rp

river me. river fr. fr. riviere OE. rd earliest form rdha ='river, stream'; ident. w. ital. ohg. rcho: teut. base raihan-\

176 roe — row

ident. w. ohg. reh G. reh, DU.

ree, on. rd fr. a teut. base

raiha-.

roe''^ sb. 'the spawn of fishes'

short for late ME. rgune; properly

OE. *hrogen = on, hrogn^ ohg.

rogan G. rogen with the by-form

ohg. 7-ogo'. TEUT. base hrogna-

(Jirogan-')

.

rogue sb. fr. fr. rogue.

roll vb, ME. rolle fr. ofr. roler

= FR. ronlcr: source lat. rotu-

lare.

rood ME. rode OE. rod (obi.

rikic^ 'cross', original meaning

'a rod or pole'. Ident. w. OSAX.

roda, DU. roede, ohg. ruota G.

rute and w. E. rod. teut. base

rodo-, pre-TEUT. rddha- or rata-.

roof ME. rpf OE. hrpf: teut.

base hrbfa- in on. hrdf 'shed',

OFRIES. hrbf 'roof, DU. roef

'cabin'. Perh. allied to roost.

IR. cro 'roof points to a pre-

TEUT. form krdpo-.

rook sb. ME. rgk OE. krpc =ON. krokr, OHG. hruoJi: TEUT.

base /iroka-, pre-TEUT. krago-.

room sb. ME. roum oe. riim =OHG. nh/i G. rauin , DU. ruim,

ON. rum , GOTH, rums 'room'

:

TEUT. ru-ma- fr. an ARYAN \'^rz2

in LAT. riis {ritris) 'open country'.

roost sb. ME. rpst OE. hrpst

= DU. roest 'hen-roost', osAX.

hrbst 'roof; prop, hrbfsta- andcogn. w. rooflroot sb. ME. rote late oe. rot

borrowed fr. the equival. ON.

rot: TEUT. base wrbta-, cogn. w.

E. root vb. OE. wrptan 'grub up'

= ON. rota 'grub up'; cp. MHG.ri'ie"i^el G. riissel.

rope sb. ME. rpp OE. rap ^=

TEUT. base raipa- in on. reip,

DU. reepy ohg. G. ;r//"hoop, ring,

rope'; perh. cogn. w. gr. Qai^oc.

'bent'.

rose sb. ME. rose oe. rose (by-

form riise^ borrowed fr. lat.

rosa, whence also fr. g. rose

ohg. rbsa.

rosemary sb. me. rosmarine fr.

ofr. rosjuarin (fr. romarhi) =LAT. ros marifius (prop, 'marin

dew'); cp. G. rosmarin.

rotten adj. me. rote/i = on.

rotinn: partic. of a verbal \^r/^/

reut in oe. rotian, oSAX. rotbn,

MHG. ro-^':.^en vb. 'putrify'.

rough adj. me. rough {I'ou^

OE. rilh = OHG. ruh G. rauh

'rough' (du. ruig 'rough'): TEUT.

base i-iiha-,

pre - teut. rtiko-,

cogn. w. LITH. raukas 'wrinkle'?

round vb. 'whisper' me. roune

OE. riinian = oSAX. runian,

OHG. runen G. raunen 'whisper':

derivative of teut. riinb- 'secret,

mystery' under rune.

round adj. me. round fr. FR.

rond (oFR. roond^i.k.i. rotundus),

whence also G. rund, du. rond

'round'.

row sb. me. rpwe oe. raw 'row'

fr. a TEUT. base raiwb- orig.

raigwb- ; cogn. w. jfflG. rihe G. reihe

Vow' and the str. vb. OHG. rihan

'rank, string': ^xe.-T^\2i.\frikh

reikh in skr. rekhd 'line'.

row vb. me. rpwe oe. rcnvan

= ON. roa, DU. roeijen , mhg.

rowlock rye 177

riiejen 'to row" : common base

a strong verbal Y^r<5 in rudderME. rather OE. rodor =^ ohg.

ruodar G. ruder, du. roer 'rudder':

TEUT. base rd-J>ra-. lat. ri-fnus

'rudder' and or. i-()e-rf.i6g belong

to the same ARYAN-y^r^ : re.

rowlock rollock sb. prop,

hole for rowing'; cp. o. /oc/i

and OE. lir/oe me. orlock 'hole of

oars.

ruddock sb. me. riuidok oe.

ruddiic 'red-breast'; cogn. w.

ruddy me. rodi ricdy (oe. '^riuii-^

reddish' and OE. rudii. 'red

color'; cp. the adj. red.

rude adj. ime. riide fr. fr. rude

= LAT. rudis 'rude'. i

rue vb. ME. rewe oe. hreowan

str. vb. =^ OSAX. hreuwan, ohg.

riwivaii G. reuen, on. hryggva vb.

'distress, grieve': base a strong

v&x\i'A\.\'~ hreuw. Cp. ruth.

rue sb. (a plant) jvie. riie fr.

FR. rue ^ LAT. ruta 'rue'.

rule ME. reule earlier riule fr.

OFR. reule riule: source LAT.

regulij, whence also oe. regol,

OHG. rtgala G. regel, fr. regie.

rump late me. ru7npe\ ident. w.

MHG. G. rumpf, DU. ro7iip 'trunk,

body'-

rumple parallel form to me.

rimple OE. hrympek and ident.

w. ODU. roinpel 'ripf)le': derived

fr. the TEUT. verbal \^ hretnp in

OE.^'-^///'KW/^« 'wrinkled' and OHG.

rimpfan str. vb. 'wrinkle'.

run vb. me. rinne (part, ironne)

OE. (rare) rinnan (mostly yrnari)

= ON. ri/ma, goth. rinnan 'run';

English Ety.mologv.

OHG. rinnan G. rinnen str. vb.

run'.

rune the teut. word for the

old characters in writing : oe.

ON. riin with the orig. meaning'mystery, secret' (goth. ohg.rund) ; ident. w. oiR. riin 'secret'.

Cp. round vb. for the root.

rung me. runge oe. hrung (obi.

hrunge) goth. hrugga 'staff', hg.LG. runge, du. rong 'spar, bolt':

TEUT. base hrungo-.

rust me. rust roust oe. rust fr.

a TEUT. base rusta-; ident. w.

HG. LG. rost fr. a TEUT. baserusta- : derived with st- formative

from the ARYAN \~rudh (in E.

red and ruddy), whence also

LAT robis^o 'rust' and OSLOV.riizda (for *rudjd) 'rust'.

rush sb. ME. russhe oe. rysce;

ident. w. lg. du. rusch 'rush,

reed'.

rush vb. ME. rousche = G.

rauscheni\inG. riischen, du. ruischen

ODU. ruuschen , OSWED. ruska

rush': TEUT. base hriiskoti} Thereoccurs also OE. hryscan.

ruth sb. ME. reuthe: extendedfr. a more primitive sb. OE.

hreow; cp. OE. hreowan str. vb.

rue' under rue.

rye sb. me. rie oe. ryj^e: teut.

base rugi- in on. rugr 'rye'; OHG.rocko G. roggen and oSAX. roggo

'rye' point to a teut. parallel

base ruggan-. Outside of teut.,

OSLOV. riizi 'rye' (base rugi-)

and lith. rugial 'rye' show the

same base as oe. ry-^e and on.

rugr = teut. base rugi-.

12

178 sable — sand

sable sb. me. sable borrowed

fr. OFR. sable\ ident. w. mhg.

G. zobel: source a slav. word,

Russ. soboli 'sable'.

sabre saber fr. fr. sabre ^G. sabd , SERB. RUSS. sublja,

HUNciAR. szablya. Source and

history unknown.

sack sb. 'bag' me. sakk OE.

sacc ^= GOTH, sakkus, du. zak.

G. sack OHG. MHG. Sac : TEUT.

base sakku- borrowed tr. lat.

saccus, whence also IXAL. sacco,

ER. sac. Source HEBR.-Phenic.

sak.

sad ME. .f.r?^/'sad, quiet, serious';

the ident. OE. jr«^/ 'satiated' corre-

sponds with OHG. sat G. satt,

OSAX. sad, ON. sadr, goth. saps

'satiated'. There is an aryan\^ sd 'satiate' in lat. satur-satis

and oiR. sathach 'satiated' ; cp.

GR. a-f,i^vm 's^vtiate .

saddle :me. sadcl oe. sadol ==

ON. sgdull, OHG. satul g. sattcl,

DU. zadel: teut. base saditla-,

perh. borrowed tVom a non-

TEUT. language which might have

formed a sb. sadtilo- from the

ARYAN \~ sed in sit — set.

safe ME. sdf earlier saiif: loan-

word fr. FR. sauf = LAI", salrns;

cp. save.

sail sb. jNIE. sai/ sell oe. siiiel

= OHG. ^6^^/ G. segel, DU. 2^/7,

ON. .ff^^/: TEUT. base segla-.

saint sb. me, seint saint fr. fr.

saint = LAT. sanctiis.

sake sb. me. sake oe. i^^?^// ^=

TEUT. base sako- in ohg. sahha

G. sache, DU. artia/C' 'matter, affair'

;

perh. based on the TEUT. verbal

sakan 'content, rebuke'.

sale ME. sale oe. salu; hence

sell.

sallow sb. ME. salwe earlier

"^salge OE. scalh {*sealg-) = ohg.

salaha: rEUT. base salho-; cp.

ON. selja 'willow' (base salhJdn-~).

Prob. cognate w. lat. salix (base

salic-) 'willow' and gr. fXi'y.rj.

sallow adj. me. sahce o*:. sea/a

salo =- DU. zaluw, on. sglr 'yellow-

ish', OHG. salo 'sallow': teut.

base salwa-.

salt sb. ME. salt oe. sealt: teut.

base salta- in goth. ON. oSAX.

salt, OHG. G. salz salt'. Cogn.

w. LAT. sal, GR. ale, OSLOV. soli.

OIR. salami salt'.

salve sb. me. salve oe. sealf

(inti. jYr?//V) = OHG. salba G.

j-^?//v, DU. zalf ; cp. GOTH. j-<?//w;

vb. = OE. sealfian E. salve vb.

Cognate w. the aryan \f selp

solp in SKR. sarpis 'butter' —srpra fat', CiR. iXnoq, 'oil'.

same sb. me. same OE. sam =GOTH, sama, on. samr, ohg. .^.tw;

the same': pre-TEUT. soma- in

GR. ofWQ, SKR. .yt/OT(Z 'the same .

sample sb. me. saiimple earlier

asaumplc fr. OFR. essemple fr.

example = lat. exemplum.

sand sb. me. oe. sand = osax.

.><?;/(/, OHG. sant G. .fd;«!^/, du. srt'«^/,

sap — scoff 179

ON. sandr : teut. base sanda- for

samda-, cp. pre-TEUT. samadho-s

in 6r. ai.ia&o<; sand'.

sap sb. ME. sap oe. seep =MLG. OUU. JT^/, MHG. OHG. Saf

G. i-cz/V 'sap': TEUT. base sdpa-

borrowed fr. lat. sdpa mast'.

satin sb. me. satin fr. fr. satin:

source the vulgar lat. seta 'silk'

(in G. scidc ohg. sida = OE.

sfd 'silk').

Saturday me. saterday earlier

Saterndai oe. Sceternda;i = DU.

zaterdag, ofris. saternesdag ,west-

PHAL. Sdterdach: adaptation of

LAT. Saturni dies. Cp. the names

of the other days of the week.

sauce sb. me. sau(c fr. fr.

sauce: source lat. salsa. Hencesausage fr. fr. saucisse.

savage adj. :me. sauvage fr. fr.

sauvage = lat. sih'aticus.

save vb. me. save earlier sauve

fr. FR. sauver = lat. salvare

'secure. Cp. safe.

savor sb. me. savour fr. ofr.

savour = lat. sapor-em 'taste'.

saw ' sb. ME. sa7cie OE. sage =OHG. saga, lg. sage, du. saag,

ON. spg; cp. the ablaut-varia-

tion OHG. sega 'saw': derived fr.

an ARYAN \'" sek sok (in lat.

j^^ar<? 'cut'), whence also OE. secg

sword' and E. scythe,

saw- sb. ME. sawe oe. sagu

'saying' = g. sage ohg. saga:

derived fr. the TEUT. verb sagain

= OE. secgan me. sein sain E.

say and ohg. sagen G. sagen;

cp. on. seggja say' : perh. cog-

nate w. LiTH. sakvti vb. 'say'.

scale ^ sb. 'shell' me. scale:

loanword fr. OFR. escale FR. icale.

Source OHG. scala under shell.

scale'- (of a balance) me. late

OE. skdle: loanword fr. ON. skdl

'scale of a balance'; ident. w.

OHG. osax. skctla 'bowl'.

scarce ]ME. scars fr. ofr. escars

(fr. khars^ = ital. scarso

'scarce : source lat. excarsus =excarpsHS selected .

scarlet me. scarldt fr. ofr.

escarlate (fr. icarlate~) ; ident. w.

G. scharlach, du. scharlakcn (mhg.

scharldt, ODU. schaerlaet'). Source

pers. sakirldt.

scathe vl). me. scathe fr. on.

skada\ ident. w. oe. sceppan =GOTH, skapjan vb. 'harm. TheTEUT. \^skap corresponds to an

ARYAN \^ skdth in GR. doy.7]itr}(^

'harmless'.

scatter vb. me. scalere: loan-

word of the 12''' century fr.

ODU. scateren 'scatter' ?

scent vb. properly sent (late

me. sent sb. 'scent') fr. ofr. sentir

'smell' = LAT. sentire.

school me. scple oe. scdl (infl.

scple^ ^ ohg. scuola g. schule,

DU. school: loanword fr. lat.

scola (in a medieval pronun-

ciation scoLi), whence also fr.

! kole and ital. scuola.

scissors ME. sisoures (isoures

fr. ofr. cisoires 'scissors' (fr.

1 a'seaux).

[

scoff ME. sco/; cogn. w. the

I equiv. ohg. scop/ sb. and ofriks.

schof\ cp. ON. skopa vb. 'scoff,

mock'. Source and history un-

12

"

i8o scold — see

known; the E. word probably

not genuine Anglosaxon.

scold vb. iME. scglde; cognatew. OHG. saltan G. scheltcn vb.

'scold'. Probably the E. wordis not genuine English, but bor-

rowed fr. abroad.

score ME. score late OE. sco7-

'twenty': loanword fr. on. skor

'notch' : source the teut. \f sker

in shear.

scorn iME. scorn earliest form(about 1200) scam: borrowedfr. OFR. escarn 'scorn'. SourceOHG. seem 'mockery'.

scour vb. ME. secure.

scourge sb. 'whip' me. scourge

fr. OFR. escurgc (whence also

FR. escourgde icourgie) 'a scourge'.

scrape vb. . me. scrape fr. on.

scrdpa; cp. mlg. du. schrapen

G. schrappcn.

scream vb. me. scrcvie vb. fr.

on. skrdma \o scare, terrify'.

screw sb. fr. ofr. escroue, mo-dern FR. I'eroii.

scribe sb. me. scribe fr. lax.

scriba.

scrip sb. :me. scrippc fr. on.

skreppa.

scurf me. late oe. scurf bor-

rowed fr. on. skurf (= SWED.skorf , DAN. sktiri)) ; cp. ohg.seorf G. sc/wrf, du. schurft 'scurf.

TEUT. \fskerf skorf in oe. sceor-

pan to scrape'.

scuttle sb. me. oe. sci/tel 'a

dish, bowl ; identical w. ohg.scuTjyla G. schussel, du. schotel,

ON. skutcll 'dish'. Source lat.scutula scutella.

scythe me. slthe oe. sipe siipe

'sickle' =^ on. sigdr 'sickle':

Teut. base sigipja-, derived fr.

a TEUT. \fseg in ohg. s'egansa G.

sense 'scythe'; cp. sa'ic.

sea me. sc oe. see ; ident. w.

got. sai7ijs, ON. sdr, ohg. olg.

seo G. see du. zee: base samii-.

seaP sb. ME. sc'l fr. OVK. seel YVi.

sceau. Source lat. sigillum.

seal 2 (the animal) sb. me. s(lc

OE. seolh (pi. seolas) = ohg.selah, mlg. sel, on. selr: Teut.base s'elha-.

seam sb. 'suture me. scm oe.

seam =1 on. saumr, ohg. mhg.soitm G. saum du. zooiti"*. Teut.

base sau-ma-, derived from the

same root as the vb. se7(:i. --

seampstress me. setnster oe. sca-

mestre 'a woman who sews seams'.

sear 'withered' me. ser oe. sear

^= DU. zoor 'dry', ohg. sor.

search vb. me. serchc cerche

vb. fr. OFR. cereher (= FR.

chercher^. Source lat. eireare.

season sb. me. sesoun (seisoun)

fr. OFR. seson fr. saisoii: source

lat. satio-nem '(time of) sowing'.

seat sb. ME. scte borrowed fr.

on. sckti 'a seat : derivative of

the TEUT. \f set in sit and set.

sedge sb. ime. segge oe. secg:

Teut. base sagja- also in ODU.

MLG. segge. \f sah sag in ohg.

sahar 'sedge'. Perh. cognatewith a reduplicated GALLO.-LAT.

si-sc-a 'sedge' = IR. seisg.

see vb. me. se oe. seon con-

tracted for *s'ehan = ohg. olg.

sehan G. sehen du. zien: west-

ISI

TEUT. scha7t = GOTH, saihan.

TEUT. \(~ S'chw = ARYAN \~ SCq

in LAT. sequi, GR. eneodat, skr.

sac 'follow'. The original mean-ing of the TEUT. verb probably

was to follow with the eyes'.

see sb. 'seat of a bishop' me.

sc fr. OFR. se 'seat' = lat. sede-m

seat'.

seed -ME. sed {sc'd) oe. s^l seed

= OHG. sat G. iaat, DU. zaad

{goth. seps in vianasips 'man-

kind') : Teut. base se-di-\ for

\'~ sc cp. sowseek vb. me. sekc oe. secan

(scceaii) == GOT. sbkjan, ox. sa''kja,

OHG. suohhan G. siichen, du. zooken.

TEUT. v'" .f^/5 = ARYAN \f SClg

in oiR. sdighn 'I seek' (lat.

sai^lrc ?)

seethe \i). 'boil' me. .ft'7//<? oe.

scodan str. vb. = on. sjoda,

OHG. siodan G. siede/i, du. zieden.

In GOTH., we find only the deri-

vative saups sb. 'sacrifice' (prop,

'a burnt-offering'), teut. \^ seup

= ARYAN \^ sent,

seldom adv. me. seldom prop.

seldcin) OE. seldan adv. = on.

sjaldan, ohg. j-iVAw/ G. selteriy du.

zehkn adv. Cogn. w. goth. y/A/a-

A'/'-^jT 'wonderful'.

self pron. ME. OE. self ^ OHG.

jv/Z' G. sclbsi., i)U. s^"^, ON. sjtil/r,

GOTH. sMa: Teut. base selba-.

sell vb. ME. sclle (pret. solde^

OE. sellaii (pret. salde) 'to give'

= GOTH, saljnn to bring an

off"ering , on. selja to liand over,

MHG. sclleii.

selvage, selvedg c cp.thesynon.

DU. zelfkant, G. (dial.) self-end

and LG. egge\ therefore selvedge

compound of self and edge, per-

haps in imitation of early du.

selfegge.

send vb. me. sende (prt. se/iie')

OE. seiidan (prt. saide) \vk. vb.

= GOTH. sa7idjan , on. senda,

DU. zenden, OSAX. sendian, OHG.

sentan G. senden. Derived fr.

GOTH, .y//^/, OHG. i-/////, OE. iv/

'journey' ^ oir. stH 'way' (aryan

base setito- sb. — sontejo vb.).

sennight prop, 'seven night

oe. seofoii nild; cp. fourtJiight.

sermon me. scrmonn fr. fr.

sermon.

serve vb. me. serve borrowed in

the 12'*^ cent. fr. fr. servir (='LP^r.servire). Derivative servant

me. servaunt fr. fr. servant and

service me. servise fr. fr. scrviec

(lat. servitium).

set vb. me. .y^/A' oe. settan wk.

vb. = GOTH. satja?i, on. .r^'i^'^',

DU. 2^//^;/, osax. settian, OHG.

sezzan G. setzen'. teut. satjan

causal vb. to sitjan = j'//. —settle vb. me. setlc oe. setlian

'to fix': derived fr. oe. sctl 'a

seat'; cp. GOTH, sitls, ohg. .>"t';;<//

G. sessel.

seven num. me. seven oe. seofone

prop. .f^^/(?;/ = GOTH. OHG. sibun

g. .JzV/'if/? DU. zeven. Oldest Teut.

form seplun in Lex Salica. Ident.

w. LAT. septefn, GR. f77Ta, skr.

saptan.

sever vb. ime. severe fr. OFR.

sevrer =^ lat. separare.

se^v vb. ME. si'ive oe. seoician

I82 shackle — shaw

shoian; cp. goth. siujan, on.

syja, OHG. simvan 'to sew': teut.-

ARYAN \l~ siw in LAT. sucre, SKU.

sh' 'to sew'; cp. seam.

shackle sb. me. schackle oe.

scedcol 'a bond'; ident, w. on.

skgkull 'pole of a carriage', teut.

\f skak in shake.

shad sb. me. schaddco%. sceadda.

Perhaps an orig. teut. skadan-

'herring' is found in Scadin-avia,

if it originally meant 'herring's

isle'. Cp. yet m. gael. sgada?i

'herring'

.

shade, shadow ]Me. schdde sliad-

we oe. seeadii obi. sceadwe: Teut.

base skadwa- in du. schaduw,

OHG. skato gen. skaiwes, G. schatten,

GOTH, skadiis; cogn. w. oiR. scdth

'shadow': pre-TEUT. \^skdi.

shaft sb. jNIE. schaft oe. irV^?//

= OSAX. shaft, OHG. JTCt;// G.

schaft, ON. i-/'^7//: teut. skafta-

prop. a 'shaven' pole; cp. shave

and GR. oy.ijTTTpor 'staff, sceptre'

— av.antov 'staff'.

shag 'rough hair' oe. sceacga

'hair'; cogn. w. ON. skegg 'beard.

shake vb. me. schdke oe. sc'edcan

str. vb. = ON. skaka; cp. oSAX.

skakaii 'to go away'.

shall vb. ME. schal (prt. scholde)

OE. sceal (prt. sceolde) = goih.

j-/C'<i/ (skiilda), OHG. JT^^z/ (scolda)

G. soil (SO/te), DU. C(//, ON. i-/Ja/.

Cogn. w. LiTH. skelc-ti 'to be

liable'.

shallop see sloop.

shallow 3>ie. schalwc 'not deep'

with the byform me. schcdd; not

found in oe. nor in the other

TEUT. languages. Base skal-zaa-

(skal-da-).

shambles me. schdmel 'bench'

OE. sceamol 'stool': borrowed fr.

LAT. scavielluvi , whence also

OHG. OSAX. sca^nal G. schemel.

shame vb. me. schdme oe. scedmu

= OSAX. skania, OHG. scania G.

scham; cp. goth. sik skanum 'to

shame' = oe. sc'edmian.

shank vb. me. schanke oe. scean-

ca\ cp. G. schenkel 'shank' fr. a

lost OHG. *scenkil. Cogn. w. G.

schinken 'ham' OHG. scinko 'shank',

which is perh. a doublet by the

side of OE. sceanca.

shape vb. me. schdpe gtr. vb.;

ident. w. OE. scieppan = goth.

(ga)skapjan 'to create', ohg. scep-

fan 'to create' (g. schaffett) : TEUT.

\^skap.

share sb. 'part'oE. jrV^^r//; cogn-

w. shear.

share sb. 'plough-share' ME.

schdre oe. scearn ^=^ OHG. scara

G. pfugschaar: teut. \fsker 'cut"

in shear.

sharp adj. me. scharp oe. scearp

= ON. ska/pr, uu. scherp, osax.

skarp, OHG. scarf G. scharf adj.

'sharp'. TEUT. verbal \f sk'erp in

OE. sceorpan str. vb. to scrape'.

shave vb. me. schdve oe. scedfan

str'. vb. = GOTH, skaban, ON.

skafa, OHG. scaban G. schaben, du.

schaven\o shave': teut. \^ skab

cogn. w. LAT. scabere 'to shave

andprob. w. gr. ay.dnzco 'to dig'.

Cp, shaft.

shaw ME. schawe oe. scedga

'thicket, small wood'; ident. w.

shawm — shield

ON. skagi 'promontor}'' and cogn.

\v. ON. skogr 'wood' and jNIHG.

sc/huih' 'piece of wood'.

shawm me. schahny borrowed

IV. FR. (dial.) chale/nie, whencealso G. schahnci; standard fr.

cJialuvieau fr. a lat. type cala-

mella.

she ME. sche; functionally cor-

responding to OE. hco (fem. of

he), but phonetically to oe. seo

(fem. of the article se = the).

sheaf sb. me. schcf oe. sccaf:

teut. base skauba- in on. skauf,

OHG. slou/>, du. schoof. Cogn. w.

OHO. scobar o. schober rick' (of

corn). All derivatives of the

Teut. \f sktib in shove with the

orig. meaning 'things shoved

together'.

shear vb. me. schcre oe. sccraii

str. vb. = OHG. sccran DU. G.

scheren, on. skera: arvan \'".f/('tV

in LiTH. skh'-ii 'separate', cogn.

w. \~ ker in OR. xeioaiv shear'.

sheath vb. me. schcthe oe. scedp

obi. icedpe: fr. a teut. skaipjo-

in OSAX. slicdia, ohcj. sceida o.

scheide, du. scheede: orig. meaningthat which Separates'. Cogn.

w. shed vb. .ME. schcde oe. seed-

dan = GOTH, skaidan with the

byform osax. skcdan = ohg.

sceidati o. schciden 'u^ separate':

TEUT. \^ skaip skaid , which is

compared to gr. OxiXsiv, skk.

(///(/, LAT. schidere 'to cleave, cut'

(arvan \^skhid}'). See shide.

sheen sb. (prop, adj.) me.

schetie oe. scene (sc'y/ir) adj. 'fair'

= osax. ohg. skoni DU. schoon

G. schon, GOTH, skauns: teut.

base skaii-rii-, verbal adj. 'to be

looked at' fr. \^sk(ru in show.

sheep sb. me. schep oe. seep

{scedp) = osax. skdp, du. schaap,

OHG. scdf G. schaf: Teut. base

skcpa- (skapa-).

sheet sb. ME. Scheie oe. sc'ete

(scyte), umlaut-deriv. of oe. sccat

'fold of a garment'= goth. skaiits

'hem of a garment', ohg. scoz. g.

schoss 'bosom, lap'; oe. scyfe re-

presents a TEUT. type skautjbn-.

teut. \' skcut in shoot.

shelf me. schelve oe. scylf =MLG. ODU. sche//, ohg. sce/b; cp.

on. Hlid-skjalf.

shell sb. ME. schelle oe. sccll

obi. scelle: teut. type skaljb- in

DU. schel, ON. skel 'shell' and in

goth. skalja 'a tile'; cogn. w.

OHG. scald G. schale 'shell'.

shepherd sb. me. schepherd o^.

scip-hyrde prop, compound of oe.

siip 'sheep' and oe. hyrde e. hej-

d

'one who tends a herd'; cp.

GOTH, halrdeis, ohg. hirti G. hirte

and see herd.

sheriff sb. me. scherefe earlier

schir-i-eve oe. scii'-j^erefa; I^' part

of the oe. compound see under

shire', oe. ^erefa E. reeve is

derived fr. teut. roba rofa =OHG. ritoba ruofa 'number'?

shide sb. me. schide oe. scid =ON. skid, OHG. scit G. schcit thin

board'; ident. w. OIR. sciaih

'shield' (ARYAN base skciio-).

Cogn. w. sheath.

shield sb. ME. schehi oe. scdd

(byform .fr/A/) : teut. base skeldii

1 84 shift shop

in GOTH, skildus = on. skjgldr,

OHG. scilt, DU. G. schild. Perh.

cogn. w. LITH. skcUu I split'.

shift vb. ME. schifte oe. sciftaii

'to divide' = ON. skipta, DU.

schiften 'to divide'.

shilling sb. me. schiUing oe.

sailing ^=^ GOTH, skilliggs, ON.

skilling, OHG. oSAX. scilling G.

schilling: teut. base skillinga-

more orig. sk'ellingo-, perh. akin

to OHG. jve'//i3' G. sckelU bell'.

The common Teut. name of

the coin properly meant 'the

tinkling money' (for the suffix

-ing in names of coins see pennyand farthing).shimmer vb. me. schimcrc oe.

sciviorian: deriv. of OE. scima

light' =: GOTH, skcifna 'light'

;

cp. G. schi/ni/icrn aside of OHG.

schno 'light'. Cp. shine for the

TEUT. \^ski.

shin {shiiihone) sb. me. schine

{schincbgn) oe. scina (scinebdn)

r= OHG. scina (mhg. schinchein')

G. schienc (schienbein), DU. scheen

{scheenbeen). oe. scic shin' shows

evidently the more primitive

root-form ski: separate oe. ohg.

sci-na.

shine vb.ME. schine or. sci/nrn str.

vb. = GOTH, skeinan, on. skina,

ohg. OSAX. sklnan G. scheincn, DU.

schijnen.: all equivalent. teut.

ski-na-n rests on a \'~ ski as

shown by oe. sci-ma ohg. sci-i?io

GOTH, skei-ma light'.

shingle sb. me. schingcl; ap-

parently identical w. G. schindel

OHG. scintilla (loanword fr. lat.

scindula, byform oi scandula 'shing-

le); but the phonetic anomalyis not yet explained.

ship sb. ME. schip oe. scip ^=-

GOTH. ON. OSAX. skip, OHG. Scif

G. schiff: common Teut. base

skipa-.

shire sb. me. schirc oe. scir

(obi. scire) = ohg. skira 'pro-

vincia'.

shirt sb. me. schirte pointing

to an OE. '''scyrte; deriv. fr. the

adj. OE. sceort == short, as

shown by G. schurz 'shirt' a.side

of mhg. schurz 'short'. ON. skyrta

^ OE. ^'sc'yrte represents a teut.

type skurtjon-, but OE. sceort a

base skoria-. See short.

shoal 'crowd' me. schgle oe.

sceolu = OSAX. skola 'troop'.

shock vb. ME. schocke fr. fr.

choqiier 'give a shock.

shock sb. ME. schocke 'heap

of corn'. OE. "^sccocc is lost,

but inferred from :^^TG. schoc

'heap' — schocke 'shock'. Cogn.

also w. MLG. hockc 'shock of corn'.

shoe sb. ME. schg OE. scegh

(pi. sceg-s for *scghas) : Teut.

base skoha- in GOTH, skbhs, ON.

skb-r, OHG. sciioh G. schuh, du.

schocn. Perhaps derived fr. a

TEUT. \f skeh skc(g)w in goth.

skewjan on. skdva 'to go

.

shoot vb. cp. ME. schgte vb.

OE. scebtian 'to dart, derived fr.

tlie primitive ME. schete OE. sceo-

tan = ON. skjota, oSA>'. skeoian

OHG. scio"4i'i G. schiesscn , DU.

schietcn: teut. \^ skeut : skiit.

shop sb. me. schoppc OE. sceoppa

shore — shut i«5

*booth, hut'; cognate w. OE.

scypen 'shed for cattle', G. schopf

schiippen 'shelter'.

shore sb. me. schorc: fr. the

I'EUT. \^ sker 'shear, cut'.

short adj. me. schort OE. sceort:

base skorta-\ cp. ohg. scurz fr.

a base skurtu-'. loanword fr. lat.

*ex-curtus, as lat. curtus is pre-

served in G. OHG. liU7-z 'short', du.

kort, ON. korU- (see kirtle for

OE. cyrtil and shirt for G.

schiirze)

.

shot sb. ME. schot OE. lesceot 'a

missile': deriv. from the teut.

\'^skeui skut in shoot.

shoulder sb. .me. schulder oe.

sculdor; cp. du. sclioudcr , G.

schulter (ohg. scultirrci).

shout vb. me. schoute.

shove vb. me. schouve oe.

sciifaii = on. skufa, du. schu'wen:

ident. w. goth. skiuban, ohg.

sciohan G. schiebeir. teut. \^sktib

= ARYAN \'~ skubh\ SK.R. \'^ ksubh

^to be agitated' seems to be

cognate. — shoi'e/ sb. mk. schovel

oe. sceojf; cp. du. schoffel andohg. scufala (;. schaufcl.

show vb. ME. schcwe late oe.

lesce'au'iii/i to show'; the corre-

sponding oe. sccaivian meansto look, behold and is iden-

tical witli the equival. OHG.

skou7c>oti g. schaucn du. schouwen:

teut. \'~skau sku (see sheeii) in

GOTH, skuggwa 'looking glass'.

Cogn. w. the aryan v^'^''' '^^?^''

in eat. caverc 'to take care',

GR. Y.ohlv 'to beget'.

shower sb. .ArE. schour oe. irV/r

= GOTH, skiira 'storm', ohg.

scdr G. schauer, on. ,f/^/^r.

shred sb. short for me. schr{dc

OE. scread (obi. screade) 'shred,

piece' ; cp. oe. scr(admig 'shred

and scrcadian 'to pare' : teut.

\^skraud in ohg. scrota /i 'to cut,

pare*; perh. cogn. w. shroud.

shrew sb., shrewd adj. fr.

:me. schrcwe sb. 'bad person'

— schrcwed adj. 'wicked, bad';

the corresp. OE. scr^'awa means'shrew-mouse'. Origin and history

of the group unknown.

shriek vb. me. schrike (oe.

scrkiiiii) ; cogn. w. shrike sb.

oe. scric 'a bird's name'. Cp.

ON. skrikja 'to titter'.

shrine sb. me. schrin OE. serin;

ident. w. ohg. scrhii G. schrcin,

DU. schrijn: loanword fr. la'1\

scrinium, whence also ital. scrig-

no, FR. (ic7in.

shrink vb. me. schrinke OE.

{for)scrinca)2 str. vb. = ODU.

schrinken; cogn. w. swed. skrynka

'a wrinkle': teut. \^ skrcnk.

shroud sb. me. schroud oe.

scriid 'garment' = on. skriid 'or-

nament, dress'. See shred.

shudder vb. me. schudere (oe.

'•'scudoria/i) = LG. schuddcrn

(whence G. schauder/i) , du.

\schudden 'to tremble'; cp. ohg.' scutisoti 'to shudder'.

shun vb. ME. schiinc oe. sciinian

wk. vb. 'to avoid, abhor';

perh.

deriv. fr. a teut. \^ skcn 'to flee

away' in on. skynda to hasten',

OHG. scuntan 'to urge on'.

shut vb. me. schuttc OE. scvttaii

i86 shy — sin

= DU. schutten 'to shut in, to

block up': Teut. base skutjan

cogn, w. shuttle sb. me. schitel

OE. scytels bar, bolt : Teut. base

skutisia-, \^ skciU skui in shoot.

shy adj. me. sc/iey OE. scn)/i

(^sceog-) 'timid' =r mhg. schicch

(g. scheii), DU. schinv: Teut. base

skeoha- skeuha- , whence ohg.

sciuhan 'to frighten' (g. scheuefi).

sick adj. short for ME. sek OE.

seoc ^= GOTH, sinks , on. sjilkr,

OSAX. siok, ohg. sioh g. siech.,

DU. ziek: TEUT. seuka- adj. 'ill,

sick' by the side of the str. vb.

GOTH, siukan 'to be ill', whencethe verbal noun goth. saii/its,

OHG. suht 'illness'.

sicker (Scotch) adj. me. siktr

OE. sicor = OHG. sihhur G. sichcr,

O'iky.. siki/7-, DU. zeker: loanword

(Teut. base sikfrra-) fr. lat.

sectiriis, borrowed during the first

centuries of the Christian era.

sickle sb. ME. sikel oe. sicol:

borrowed fr. lat. secula, whencealso OHG. sihhila G. sichelux}. sikkel.

side sb. me. side oe. side (obi.

sidnii) = ON. sida, ohg. slla G.

seite^ DU. zijde: Teut. base sid-

jon-, perh. connected w. OE. sid

adj. long, wide' = on. sidr

'hanging down' ?

siege sb. inie. sege fr. fr. siege.

sieve sb. me. sive oe. sife (oldest

form sibi~) = OHG. sib G. sieb,

DU. c^^v/ 'a sieve': Teut. base

sibi-, connected w. the vb. sift.

sift ME. sifte OE. siftan =^ DU.

ziften, LG. (g.) sichtcn 'to sift'.

There exists a teut. \f sih in

OE. i'tw/ ohg. «/zrt« G. seihen 'to

filter, strain' , the guttural of

which may have changed to a

labial {sif for slJu).

sigh vb. ME. sighe points to

an OE. *sihhicin ; cogn. w. the

equivalent me. sike oe. i/V<?«.

The root sik slhh looks like

sound-imitation.

sight sb. me. sight earlier ME.

sighthe oe. lesihp: deriv. of the

TEUT. \^sehf in see.

sign sb. ME. signe fr. fk. i7|i,'-//f'.

silk ME. si/h OE. wcV6- fr. an

earlier ^^siluc; cogn. w. ON. sil/ii:

source lat. sericum (whence

also on<. sirie and oslov. selkii

'silk').

sill sb. ME. sille oE. syll obLsyllc: Teut. base .y//^'J- borrowed

fr. LAT. solea 'sole of the foot',

whence also goth. sulja 'sole

of a shoe'. ON. syll is an OE.

loanword. Cp. sole.

silly adj. ME. seli' oe. seli^

(sdlii) 'happy, fortunate' = OHG.

saHg G. selig, du. zalig 'blessed':

secondary extension to goth.

sels 'good' = ON. scell 'iiappy'

(cp. OE. seel sb. 'happiness').

TEUT. \'~sel.

silver me. silver oe. siolfor ^=-

GOTH. silubr, OSAX. siliibar, OHG.

silabar G. silber^ DU. zilver , ON.

silfr; ident. w. o.SLOV. sirebro

RUSS. serebro, lith. sidabras.

Source and history uncertain.

sin sb. ME. sinne oe. jjw/ obi.

synne: base simjb- for an earlier

swuijo- in ohg. sutitea G. sihidey

OSAX. sjmdia, DU. zonde; cp. yet

since — skew 187

ON. synd fr. a base simidjo- (the

dentals are suftixal). Cogn.

w. LA r. sons (sont-is) 'guilt)''.

since with the more original

byform (Shakesp.) sithence me.

sithens prop, sithen OE. sippan',

the additional j' of the me. form

is of adverbial origin (cp. once,

twice). Tlie orig. oe. form was

sip-pan (cp. the identical goth.

pana-seips 'later') , resting on

the -oe. adverb sip 'later', which

is a comparative to goth. seipus

'late'. ON. sidan corresponds to

OE. sippan; cp. OHG. shi G. seit

= OE. sip 'later'.

sinew sb. me. sinave OE. {sionu

pi.) sioneowe, which results fr. a

Teut. base sinewb- or s'eneivd-\

cp. ON. sin, OHG. scnawa G.

sehne, du. zenuw. cogn. w. skr.

snava 'sinew' or w. gr. ]vic,

'sinew'.

sing vb. ME. singe oe. singan

str. vb. = OHG. OSAX. singan

G. singen DU. zingen ; oldest Teut.

form GOTH, siggwan (= ON.

sytigiHT) : all s}'nonymous. teut.

\/^ s'eng7ci sangw is related to

GR. o/<(/)?; "speech, oracle':

ARYAN v^ s'eng/na. The cor-

resp. causal is represented by

singe ^lE. senge oe. sencgean fr.

a Teut. ground-form sang(w)jan

= OHG. scngan G. scngcn 'to

singe' prop, 'to make to sing'.

sink vb. j7/2^<' OE. sincan str.

vb. = OHG. sinkan G. sinkcn DU.

zinken; oldest form goth. w^v''/^-''

(= ON. S'okh'il) : TEUT, \^SCn/i7C'

'to sink'.

sip vb. ME. sippe', deriv. fr. OE.

sype 'absorbing', which is verbal

noun to OE. siepan', see sup.

sir, sire me. sire fr. fr. sire,

whence also on. sira. — sirrah,

spelt in 16'^ cent, sirrha serr/ia,

points to orig. »sir, ah« or />sir,

ha«.

sister sb. me. sister is regarded

as a distinctively Scand. loan-

word fr. ON. systir. The oe.

equivalent sweostor swiistor me.

suster is not responsible for the

modern phonology. The Teut.

base is swestr- sunstr-; cp. goth.

S7vistar, OHG. swcster G. schwester,

uu. zuster. The / of the com-

mon Teut. word is excrescent.

Aryan base sw'esr- (nom. S70csdr')

in SKR. svasr , lat. soror (for

'^svesoi-), lith. sesu 'sister'.

sit vb. ME. sitte oe. sittan str.

vb. := DU. zitten, OSAX. sittian,

OHG. sizzan G. sitzen: westteui.

sittjan fr. TEUT. sitjan (= ON.

sit/a); cp. GOTH, sitan: strong

verbal \^ set sat [whence a causal

vb. satjan under set), aryan\/~ sed in LAT. sedeo, gr. stoiiui

(t'cJoc 'seat'), SKR. \^ sad 'to sit',

OSLOV. sesii, Lrrn. shti. Cp.

settle and soot.

I

six :me. oe. six fr. a i'eut.

I

se/is = GOTH, sai/is, ohg. osax.

I

se/is G. sechs, du. srj-, on. sex :

I

ARYAN .ft'/&.f in LAT. sex, GR. f^

;

' cp. SKR. sas.

sketch sb. = DL". sc/iets, g.

s/iizze borrowed fr. ital. schizzo.

skew vl). late .ME. skewe 'to

skill leiglit

slip away'; cp. odu. schouwen vb.

'to shun ?

skill sb. ME. skil 'reason' bor-

rowed fr. ON. skil 'discernment'

{skilja vb. 'to separate').

skin sb. me. skin late OE. skiiiii

borrowed fr. ON. skinn, which

arises fr. a Teut. base skinpa-,

whence derived ohg. scintan G.

schinden wk. vb. 'to skin'. BRET.

scant 'scale' rests on an arvan

shnto-.

skirmish sb. me. scarmisshe fr.

FR. escarviouche\ cp. ITAL. scara-

muccia, o. scharmiltzeL The group

rests on ohg. scinnan (g. schir-

nieii) .

skirt sb. ME. skirt fr. ON. skyrta

'a shirt'; farther relations see

under kirtle and shirt.

skull sb. ME. senile (scolle).

sky sb. ME. skie borrowed fr.

ON. sky "cloud ; not found in

OE. (but OSAX. skion).

slack adj. me. slak oe. slrz-c

'languid, slothful' =: ON. slakr,

OLG. slak, OHG. sla/i sVdck': Teat,

base slaka-. — Hence slake

vb. me. slake OE. sldcian 'slacken'.

slaughter sb. ViY.. slaughter: bor-

rowed in I i'^ cent. fr. ON. sldtr

or its oldest form *slahtr. Der.

fr. the TEUT. \^slah in slay.

slave sb. = du. slaaf: loan-

word fr. FR. e.sclave, whence also

G. sklave. Source iTAL. schiavo

'slave' = OR. ' E6y.)MlJt]i'0i, 'the

Slavonians, Slaves'.

slay vb. ME. sle (part, slaiii)

OE. slc'a?i (part, slcej^en) str. vb.

= GOTH. OHG. OSAX. slahan (g.

schlage7t) , du. slaan , ON. sld:

TEUT. \'"slah sloh = aryan .y/;?/^

;

cp. slaughter and sledge.

slay sb. (a weaver's reed) oe.

slej^e 'percussorium' cogn. with

the TEUT. \(^ slah =^ slay vb.;

ON. sld bar, bolt'.

sled short for me. slcde ; bor-

rowed fr. ON. sledi 'a sledge';

corresponding to OHG. slito G.

schlitien, du. slede 'sledge'. Tlie

group rests on the teut. \^ slid

in slide.

sledge-hammer me. slegge oe.

slecg (obi. slecge) sb. 'sledge-

hammer' : Teut. base slagjo-

deriv. fr. \^ slah in slay; cp.

ON. sleggja, du. slegge slei 'mallet'.

sleek adj. me. slik borrowc;d

fr. ON. slik-r 'sleek, smooth' (^=

DU. slijli): teut. \'^ silk in OHG.

slihhan G. schleichen.

sleep vb. me. slepe (slcpe) oe.

slepan (sldpan) str. vb. =: GOTH.

slepan (pret. saizlep), oSAX. sldpan,

DU. slapen, ohg. sldffan G. schlafen.

Cogn. w. G. schlaff OHG. sldf

'lax, loose, remiss', teut. \r slap

I

= ARYAN sf slab peril, in lat.

j

labi 'to slide'.

sleet sb. yv£..slet\ oe. '^slet Cslyt)

i

not found ; umlaut-relation to

MHG. slbz, (g. schlosse 'hail):

Teut. base slauti-, whence also

DU. sloot, FRIES, slat.

sleeve sb. me. sieve oe. slefe

(slyfe): Teut. base slaubjd[n-) in

ODU. sloove 'veil'.

sleight sb. me. sleighte earlier

ME. slehpe: borrowed fr. on. sliigd

'slyness', which is abstract for-

slice — slow-worm 189

mation to the adj. sly ^= me.

s/('/i ON. sld'gr.

slice sb. iME. slice fr. ofr. esclice

'a shiver, splinter' ; source the

TEUT. sfslit in slit.

slide vb. ME. slide oe. slidan

str. vb. = MHG. sliten 'to slide';

TEUT. \f slid under sled\ aryan

\f slidh in lith. slidus 'slipper'

(cp. oe. slidor 'slippery').

slight adj. ME. slight; oe. *sliht

not found, but may be inferred fr.

the corresp. GOTH. i'/f?//?/'.f 'smooth',

OHG. y/t'///" 'smooth, flat' {G.schlecfit

'bad'— ir////V/// "simple") , du. skclit,

on. slittr 'flat, smooth': Teut.

base sleh-ta- prop, slih-ta- fr. the

verbal \f silk in sleek (on. slikr

'sleek, smooth').

slime sb. me. oe. slif/i = ohg.

:mhg. slim o. schleim , du. slijm,

on. slif/i : Teut. type sll-nia- fr.

an ARYAN sf^sli, whence also

LAT. li-nius 'mud.

sling vb. ME. sliiige str. vb.

(oe. *slitigan not recorded) 'to

fling' = ON. slyvgva str. vb. 'to

cast, fling'; cp. mhg. slinge sb.

'sling', DU. sUngcren vb. 'to toss'

and ohg. slingan 'to swing'.

TEUT. \f slengw (slenhivl).

slip vb. me. slippc oe. '^slyppan

belongs to the str. vb. oe. sliipan

'to glide' = DU. slitipen 'to

sneak'; cp. GOTH. sliupan str.

vb. 'to slip' and ohg. slupfan G.

schliipfen 'to slip' : Teut. verbal

\^ slt(p,

perh. related to lat.

luhricHS slippery'.

slit vb. -ME. slitte dcriv. fr. me.

slite oe. slitaii str. vb. 'to slit';

cp. ON. slita, OSAX. slitan str. vb.

'to slit, DU. slijten, ohg. sli"^ein

G.schleissen: teut. \^ slit 'to tear.

sloe sb. me. sip OE. sld (infl.

sld-//), prob. contracted fr. oe.

*sldlie (infl. *sldhati) = ohg.

sleha G. schlehe; cp. du. slee,

swed. sldti, DAN. slaaejt 'sloe' andOE.i7c//?-/^r«'black-thorn'. Doubt-

ful whether lith. slyvas 'plum'

and OSLOV. russ. slizui 'plum'

are cognate.

sloop sb. fr. DU. sloep: source

FR. chaloupe , whence also E.

shallop = G. schaluppe.

slot sb. 'bar, bolt' late me. slot

= DU. LG. Slot^ OHG. sloz, G.

sehloss; derived fr. the teut.

\'~ sltit 'shut' in DU. sluiten, LG.

sltiten, OHG. slioi^yin G. schliessen

(cp. G. schliissel ohg. slu"^il =OSAX. sbitil 'key), teut. \f slut

rests on an aryan \^ sklhd,

cogn. w. LAT. claudere 'shut'.

sloth sb. ME. slguthe with abstr.

sufflx fr. the didi]. slow; cp. the

umlaut-relation OE. shkop mk.

sleuthe.

slough sb. 'mire' .me. slough OE.

slidi mire .

slow adj. .ME. slinu oe. sld7ci

= OSAX. OHG. sleo blunt', du.

sleeuTO 'sour', on. s/jor blunt':

Teut. base slai7va-, perh. cogn.

w. LAT. laevus 'left' , gr. Xaiog.

slow-worm sb. prop. .me. slti-

wor^n sip - 7i.'urm OE. sld - 7c<yr//t

'blindworm' ; ident. w. swed.sld (ofjiisld), NOR\\'EG. slo (ormslo)

blindworm. Not compoundedwith slo7ci OE. sld'ic, but resting

I go sluice smelt

on a TEUT. slaiha- 'blindworm';

cp. LlTH. slckas, PRUSS. s/ayx

'rainworm'.

sluice sb. :^ Du. sluts, g.

Sihleuse: source ofr. escliise (fr.

icluse) fr. a low Lat. type ex-

clusa 'a floodgate'.

slumber vb. me. slomere fre-

quentative of ME. slounic vb.

'slumber', derived fr. the sb.

OE. slii-nia 'slumber'; cp. DU.

sliiinie7i sluimere7i , lg. sliinieren

(g. schlmnmerii) vb. 'slumber'.

OE. slii-fna sb. 'slumber' rests on

an ARYAN \'^slu in goth. slawan

to cease, be silent'.

sly adj. ME. sli (sly) prop. sUi

slei (Orrm sh'/i under sleight) :

borrowed fr. ON. sldgr adj. 'sly,

cunning'; ident. w. the non-um-

lauted DU. sluw lg. silt (g. schlmi),

SWED. DAN. slug. As Seen by

G. verschlage?! 'sly', the adj.

rests on the teut. %/" slah in

slay}

smack 1 sb. taste' me. smak

OE. smcec sb. = du. sfnaak; oho.

igijsmah; cp. the vb. OE. sniaccan

'to taste' = ODU. smaken ofries.

S7}iakia] cp. OHG. smacken sfueckett

G. schnecken 'to taste', west-TEUT. \'~' sviak sinakk.

smack''^ (Shakesp.) sb. 'a loud

kiss' cp. G. schmatzen fr. ivihg.

smatzoi prop. Sf/iackeizen , LG.

Sfnacke/i 'to smack the lips.

smack^ sb. (a fishing-boat)

fr. ODU. MLG. sviacke (du. si/iack),

whence also the equivalent G.

schuiacke, fr. semaquc, ITAL. semac-

ca, SPAN, zwnaca. Source and

history of the group unknown.It is doubtful whether late OE.

snacc ON. snekkja (kind of ship)

is cognate.

small adj. me. stnal (infl. snmle),

OE. s?nal {ix\^. smala): Teut. adj.

smala- in goth. smals, OHG. OSAX.

S7nal G. scJmial. on. S77iali =OHG. S77iala-77o- — S7/ialaz, "''ihu

'sVieep' points to gr. ui^Xor

'sheep' and oir. t/ii'I 'beast ; cp.

also OSLOV. fnalu.

smallage sb. prop. S77iall

ache; ME. ache is fr. ache 'pars-

ley'. Source lat. apiu77i 'pars-

ley'. ,

smalt sb. fr. DU. S77ialt ^=^ G.

schtnalte, fr. S77ialt: source ital.

s77ialto, which is of Teut. origin

(cp. MHG. S77ielze/t G. scht7ielze7i).

smart vb. me. s7/ierte oe. smeor-

ia7i : a Teut. strong vb. ^^ OHG.

S77iiTzan 'to smart'; cp. du. st7ia7-t

sb. = OHG. s>7ie7'zo G. schmerz

sb. 'pain': teut. \f s/nert pre-

teut. S77ie7-d cogn. w. lat. 7tiordere

'to bite', GR. aufgdaXeo'c'

smear vb. me. s7/ic)-e vb. fr.

the sb. OE. S77ieo7'o = on. sf/ijpr

'butter', OHG. ospc^. s7tiero\ aryan\^sm'e7- also in goth. S77iair-p7-

'fatness' and in lith. S77tarsas

'fat' and OIR. S77ii7- 'marrow'.

smell sb. ME. smcl cogn. w.

s7)ioulde7- vb. ME. s77iolde7-e vb.

'to burn with a stifling smoke'

;

cp. the sb. ME. smolder 'a stifling

smoke' and the vb. du. s77ieule/7

'to smoulder' = lg. S77ia'le7i.

smelt vb. not found in oe.

.ME. (see 77ielt)\ borrowed fr.

smelt igi

SWED. sf/idita r=r DAN. sf/ielte, du.

LG. smelten , ohg. sm'elzan G.

schmelzen 'melt ; cp. ital. sf/ialto

^ FR. </ot^?/7 'enamel'. The teut.

\fsmelt is probably connected

AV. \^ntclt under ?nelt.

smelt sb. (a kind of tish) me.

OE. s?/ielt; ident. \v. dan. du.

smelt: cp. NORW. sfnelta (nameof various kinds of small fish).

smile vb, me. smile (oE. ""smy-

Ja/i}); cogn. w. the non-umlauted

MHG. swielen sftiiereii 'to smile'

and the frequentative e. smirkOE. smearcian 'smile'.

smirch vb. 'to besmear' deri-

vative of stiicai-.

smirk see under smile.

smite vb. ME. smite oe. s?nita7i

str. vb. = GOTH, smeitan, du.

stnijten, lg. smite?!, ohg. sfnvyyjn

G. schmeissen 'to cast': teut.

\^ smit 'strike, beat, smear'.

smith vb. me. smith oe. smip

= ON. sf/iidr, DU. smid, OHG.

smid G. schmied; cp. goth. aiza-

smipa 'coppersmith'; cogn. w.

ohg. S7nidagism'idi^^Q. geschf/teide,

DU. gesmijde. I'he dental is for-

mative. There is an aryan

\fsmi in GK. Gi-u-Xrj af.avvr,. —Smithy sb. seems to be the

SCAND. smidja {= OE. smippe,

OHG. smitthd).

smock sb. ME. smi)k oE. sfnocc

'smock, frock, shirt'= on. smokkr;

cp. OHG. smocko 'shirt': deriv.

fr. the TEUT. Y^ smug in OE.

smiigan, on. smjilga 'to creep

through a hole', MHG. smiegcn

G. schmiegen. arvan \'~ sintik in

OSLOV. smykati se 'to creej)', LITH.

smiikti "to glide'.

smoke sb. me. smoke oe. smoca

sb. smoke'; cogn. w. OE. smic

'smoke' (base smauki-) and the

str. vb. OE. smeocan 'to smoke';

cp. DU. smoken (base *smukdii)

and smook sb. (base *sfnauki-) :

TEUT. \'~ s?nuk, perh. cogn. w.

LITH. smaukii 'to choke'.

smooth adj. me. smpthe late

OE. smiid with the umlauted by-

form OE. smede; mlg. smdde re-

presents an OSAX. ''^s?nothi fr. a

Teut. base smanpi-.

smother sb. me. smorther (^P>'(i-

being an abstract suffix) ; OE.

smorian "to choke, sufifocate ^DU. r.G. smnren G. sch7noreii 'to

stew'. — smoulder vb. me.

smoldere vb. rest on me. smolder,

which is ident. w. me. smorther.

snail sb. me. snail oe. sntep:

Teut. base snagla- ; cp. mho.

snegel, ON. s?tigill 'snail'; cogn.

w. OHG. siiecko G. schnecke (i-G.

snigge^, me. snegge.

snake sb. me. snake oe. sndea\

cp. the equiv. on. sndkr snokr,

LG. snake. Teut. \^ snak in ohg.

snahhan 'to creep'.

snare sb. me. snare borrowedfr. on. snara 'a snare, halter";

ident. w. ohg. snar(a)ha oe.

snearh 'noose, snare' fr. a Teut.

base snarhon-; cp. the str. vb.

ohg. siier(a)han .mho. snerhen 'to

bind tightly'. Probably cogn.

w. ohg. snuor g. schnur a lace,

cord (goth. snorjfl).

sneeze vl). me. snese (oe. sneo-

ig^ snipe — sole'

jiv?//) ; ident. w. nccse me. nese

^=- ON. hnjosa and w. oe. fneosa/i.

snipe sb. me. s/iipi-; ident. w.

ON. 7nyri-S7iipa 'a moor-snipe' andcogn. w. the equiv. ohg. sn'epfa

G. schnepfe DU. suep snip (ital.

sgneppa is of Teut. origin).

snite see under snot.

snore vb. me. snore vb. with

the frequentative snort me. snorte;

cogn. w. G. schnarchen, DU. snorken

snurken 'to snore, snort.

snot vb. me. snot oe. "^esnot

'mucus of the nose' =^ du. snot\

cogn. w. snout sb. me. snoutc

= ODU. sniite DU. snuit and w.snite vb. me. snite OE. snytan ^=

ON. snyta 'to wipe the nose'. Cp.

G. scJinaiitzc, schndutzen.

snow sb. ME. snow OE. sndw= GOTH, snaiws, ON. sneer snjor,

DU. sneeuw, ohg. S7ieo G. schnee:

Teut. base snaiwa-, derived fr.

the ARYAN \f snigh in ohg. smwati

G. schneien, OE. sniivan 'to snow'

= LAT. ningere , lith. snigti,

AVEST. sniz 'to snow'; cp. or.

vi(f,-a 'snow' and lat. 7!ix 7ti7j-e»i,

IR. sneehta — cymr. 7i(if 'snow'.

LITH. S7ii:gas and OSLOV. snegic

'snow' correspond completely to

TEUT. S7tai'iva- fr. S7iaigwa-.

SO adv. ME. so prop, swp oe.

swd = GOTH, .fa/d', on. svd (ohg.

so DU. zoo^. Cp. the derivative

i'^/cV/ and MHG. sus (g. so/ist^,

DU. .C/^.f.

soap sb. ME. sgpe oe. jv//^^ =OHG. seijfa G. j-«yi?: Teut. base

saipoii-. Whether lat. sapo{ne7n)

=- FR. savon, ital. sapone are in

any way related with the Teut.

word-group, is uncertain.

sob vb. ME. sobbe (OE. *sobbian) :

frequentative of a teut. \'^siib in

OHG. sf//t'a sigh, a sob' — siifteon

(g. seufze7i) 'to sigh'.

sock sb. ME. J<7^-^ OE. .f^^^: loan-

word fr. LAT. soecus (= fr. socquey

ITAL. socco) , whence also ohg.

MHG. SOC, ON. Sokkr.

sod sb. ME. sgde: probably

borrowed fr. mlg. sode\, whichcorresponds to ofries. sdtha

'sod, turf: Teut. base sanpdn-\

perhaps related to seethe.

soft adj. adv. me. softe Ihort for

OE. spfte adv. by the side of the

umlauted adj. OE. sefte\ ident. w.

OSAX. sdfti adj. — sdfto adv. ^OHG. senfti adj. — sa77ifto adv.

(g. sanft sacht, du. zacht),

soil ' sb. ground' me. soile fr.

OFR. soel ^=- FR. sueil: source

LAT. solea.

soil'- vb. 'to defile' me. soile fr.

FR. souilier.

solace sb. me. solas fr. ofr.

solaz = LAT. solatium.

soldier sb. me. soudionr properly

souldier fr. ofr. soldier (FK.soldat).

Source ofr. soiilde 'pay for soul-

diers', whence du. g. sold. Source

LAT. SOliduS {= ITAL. Soldo , FR.

soil) 'piece of money .

sole^ (of a shoe) sb. me. sole

oe. sole ^= OHG. sola G. so/ile, du.

zool: Teut. base sola, borrowedfr. a LAT. type *sola, represented

by FR. sole, ital. sno/o, span.

suela 'sole of a shoe'. The vul-

sole^ soiind^ 193

gar-LAT. sola has supplanted

LAT. solea, whence goth. sulja

'sole' is borrowed.

sole^ (a flat fish) me. sole fr. fr.

sole\ ident. w. sole^\ cp. lat.

soldi 'sole-fish'.

some pron. me. sum sof/i OE. su»i

=1 GOTH, sums, ON. sumr, OHG.

sum : ARYAN base sj?no- in gr.

ai-iod^sv, SKR. samij.

son sb. ME. sone suuc OE. suf/u

^=^ GOTH. SUnuS, ON. Sit 11)', OSAX.

sunu, OHG. sitn G. sohn DU. s^^a/:

Teut. base sunu-. An aryan base

siuiu- is evident in SKR. sunu-,

OSLOV. synii, lith. i-?/;??>^ son'.

Cogn. w. GK. vine, 'son' fr. an

ARYAN base suyu- and w. OIR.

suth 'foetus'. There occurs also

a SKR. \f sit 'to beget, bear,

bring forth'.

song vb. aiE. OE. Sin^^'. Teut.

base sang{w)a- also in goth.

saggws, on. spngr, du. zang, G.

sang. Cp. i^>/^^

soon adv. me. sone oe. spna; as

shown by goth. siins-ako 'soon',

OK.spn-ai^ a compound of oe. .?.<?'«

(=^ OHG. OSAX. ^a«) and d {=goth. aiiv OHG. u)); cp. ohg. i^ar

sar-io and goth. .$•«//.? 'soon'.

soot sb. ME. OE. sot = ODU.

soct , ON. .y^/; derived fr. the

TEUT. \j'^ set 'sit, set'; cogn. w.

OIR. suiile (base *sdiluf), ltth.

jY'f/zV, OSLOV. saiila 'soot'.

sooth adj. true' me. spth OE. .f.(^)!5

fr. a Teut. base sanp- = ON.

saniir , ohg. .vv/z/^/, osax. soth;

cogn. w. GOTH. sunjis (for *sundja-').

TEUT. j-f^^/- answers to skr. sat,

English Etvmology.

which is participle of the aryan

\j'" es 'to be' (skr. dsti, gr. fCr/,

LAT. est, G. isf) with the suffix

out- in GR. (pEQovv- (cp. tootAyGOTH sun/is 'true' corresponds to

SKR. j"c//iv/ 'true'.

sore adj. me. .yf/r oe. sdr fr. a

TEUT. adj. sai-ra- in on. .yJ/-;-,

ohc. ser, du. s^^r 'sore, wounded';

cp. GOTH, sair sb. 'pain', ohg.

scr (g. 7'ersehren vb. 'to hurt).

Cogn. w. lat. sae-7'us 'wild' andoiR. sai-th 'pain'. Cp. sorry.

sorrel (plantname) fr, ofr.

sorel (fr, surelle), which is de-

rived fr. FR. sur 'sour = ohg.

siir (see under sour^.

sorrow sb. me. sorwe oe. sorg

infl. sorge: Teut. base sorgo- in

goth. sat'irga, ohg. sorga G. sorge,

DU. ZOrg, ON. JTf?/-^'^ : ARYAN \^ SiTg/l

in LITH. sergiti 'to heed' —j/r^/z 'to suffer'.

sorry adj. me. sgry oe. sdri^

earlier sdre"^: Teut. base sair-ag-,

deriv. fr. TEUT. saira- = sore.

sot sb. me. sot late oe. (c. iooo)

sott; borrowed fr. fr. sot, whencealso DU. zot and mhg. sot; cogn.

w. IR. suthan "a dunce'.

soul sb. ME. soule prop, sgule

OE. sdwol infl. sdwle : teut. saiw-

alo- in GOTH, saiwala, ohg. sHa

(for *sewla') G. seele, osax. .yr«/<r7,

ui". s:/<f'/. Cp. GR. «foA.o^^ 'movable'.

sound ^ adj. 'healthy' me. sound

prop. Isound OE. lesiind = OSAX.

gisund, OHG. gisunt g. gesufid,

DU. gezond; probably cognate w.

LAT. .f(7w/i' 'healthy'.

194 sound — speak-

sound (of the sea)'-' sb. me.

sound OE. sund\ the orii^inal

meaning- of the oe. word is 'a

swimming' which affirms connec-

tion w. swim: Teut. base sunda-

(ON. sicnd^ for '^swunida-.

sound ^ sb. 'a noise' me. soiui

fr. FR. sou: source lat. soiius.

sound -^ vb. fr. FR. sondcr.

sour ad). ME. sour oe. siU- =ON. siirr^ DU. zuur, ohg. sih- G.

saner: aryan base siiro- in LITH.

si)ras, OSLOV. syrii raw, rough'.

source sb. me. sours fr. fr.

source (deriv. fr. l\t. surgerc).

south sb. ME. south oe. silf" =ON. sudr, DU. zu/d: Teut. base

sunp- in ohg. sundati 'from the

south' (= OY,. Sudan, o^.sunnaii).

Probably alUed to OR. voxoq

(for *(T)'r)rot,^) south-wind'. --

southern me. sothcm oe. siiderne

corres[)onds to ohg. sundroni

Tr-= ON. sudrd'nn.

sow ^ vb. ME. smve oe. sd^van

str. vb. =- GOTH, saian, ON. sd,

DU. zaaijen, OSAX. sdjan, ohg. sden

G. sdm ^=- ARYAN verbal v"" ^^

in L.A.T. sero (ground-form '^•'stso')

-sevi-satuui, osLOV. se-ti , lith.

silti 'sow' and in lat. sc-men =OHG. sd-mo G. same. Cp. seed.

sow^ sb. ME. sowe earlier suwe

suge OE. sugzi. Cogn. w. TEUT.

sii 'sow' (under swinc^ and w. m.suig 'a pig".

space sb. me. spd(e fr. ofr.

espacc; source lat. spathwi.

spade sb. me. spade oe. spddu

infi. spadan; ident. w. on. spadi,

DU. spade, 0.SAX. spado, o. spaten;

cogn. w. GR. Ona^r] 'a blade of

wood or metal'.

span vb. me. spanne oe. spannaa

str vb. = ohg. spannan G. DU.

spannen to extend'.

span-new adj. me. span-newe

fr. ON. spdn-nyr] on. spdnn (cp.

spoon) means 'a chip, shaving'.

spar sb. ME. sparre (cp. the vb.

oe. lespearrian 'to shut, bar) =OHG. sparro (whence g. sparrefi),

DU. spar, ON. sparri: Teut. base

sparron-.

spar 2 sb. oe. spcer-stdn; cp. G.

sparkalk.

spar 3 vb. ME. sparre ^. ofr.

esparer = fr. iparer.

spare adj. me. spar infl. spare

oe. spar (infl. *spdrd) in the

compound spa^r-hende (original

meaning having spare, thrifty

hands') and in the vb. sparian

'to spare'. Teut. base spara- in

on. sparr, ohg. spar (g. spar-

savi) ; cp. ON. spara, OHG. sparon

G. sparen 'to spare'. Outside

of teut., OSLOv. jt^J^ww 'thrifty'

and or. CuaQvoc, rare, lacking'

are cognate.

spark sb. me. sparke oe. spearca:

Teut. base sparkon- in DU. spark,

LG. sparke; cogn. w. lat. spar-

gere ?

sparrow sb. me. sparwe oe.

spearwa =^ GOTH, sparwa : Teut.

base sparzvan- ; cp. OHG. spare

(g. Sperling).

speak vb. me. spcke oe. specan

str. vb. = OHG. spehhan with

the byforms OE. sprecan = OHG.

sprchhan G. spreehen, DU. spreken,

spear — spit* 195

OSAX. spr'ekan; west-teut. strong

verbal \j^ sprek: spek, perhaps

connected w. on. spraka 'to

crackle' and lith. spragiti 'to

crackle'. See speech.

spear sb. me. spp-e oe. spere;

ident. w. ON. spjpr, OHG. spl'r

G. DU. speer and cogn. w. lat.

spams 'a dart

.

speck vb. me. specke oe. specca

'a spot, mark' ; cp. DU. spikkel.

speech sb. me. speche oe. (rare)

spec (spcet) with the commonbytbrm oe. sprd'c: Westteut. base

spdki- spraki-; derived fr. \r spek

sprek in speak.

speed sb. me. oe. sped pro-

perly oe. spchi fr. a Teut. base

spo-di- in oSAX. spod 'success',

DU. sfocd 'speed' , ohg. spuot

'siici;ess' (whence G. sputen to

make haste') : verbal abstract to

the str. vb. oe. spgwan 'to suc-

ceed ;= OHG. spuon to succeed',

which arc cognate w. OSLOv.

spejati 'to succeed", SKR. sphdy

'to increase': aryax \~sphe spho.

spell sb. me. oe. spel (infl.

spell-^ 'story, saying' (see also

gospel) =^ GOTH. spUl 'tale,

myth', ox. spprll 'a saying , ohg.

spel 'a narrative' (du. spelleii vb.) :

Teut. base spella-, assimilated

for sqedlo-, pre-TEUT. sq-etlo- ^-=

oiR. sc^l, CYMR. chwedl 'a story'.

Derived from the aryax \^ seq

'to say, tell (cp. say^ ; aryansuffix -etlo- as in gr. {'/trXov.

spell vb. .ME, spelle 'syllabi-

care (Orrm spelldrenn 'syllabi-

care'); not found in this mean-

ing in OE. Cognate w. Ofr.

espeler =^- fr. ipeler 'to spell'.

spelt sb. OE. spelt = du. spelt,

OHG. spelta spelza'. loanword fr.

late LA'i'. spelta (= ir. spelta,

FR. ipcalitre).

spend vb. me. spende oe. *spenda/i

(in the sb. spending and in the

covix^onwdi'S,d-,for-spendati) : loan-

word fr. LAT. i^//i;^^W<;7(?vb. 'spend',

whence also G. spenden ohg.

spentan.

spew vb. ME. speive OE. spiwan

^= OHG. OSAX. spiwan o. speien,

GOTH, spehvan str. vb. (on. spyja,

uu. spuwen) : strong verbal \P~ spiw

as in LAT. spuere, lith. spiauti 'to

spew'; cp. the cognate \^pjuin gr. TXT.VUV, OSLOV. pjuti'^,

spice sb. ME. spife fr. OFR.

espice (fr.) = lat. species.

spider sb. me. spither in Kent,

for spinder OE. "^spinnire; derived

fr. spin.

spike sb. ME. spik 'an ear of

corn' fr. lat. spica.

spill vb. ME. spille late oe. spillan

fr. ON. spilla; ident. w. oe. spildan,

ohg. spildan 'to spill': Teut. base

spiipjan.

spin vb. ME. spinne OE. spinnan

str. vb. ^=^ GOTH. OHG. spinnan,

g. du, spinnen , ox. spinna: all

equivalent. The str. vb. teut.

spinnan rests on a \^ spen in

spindle me. oe. spinel = ohg.

spinila.

spirit see sprite.

spit* sb. me. spite oe. spitu

'roasting spit' r^ ohg. spiz,, DU.

spit (iTAL. spito, FR. ipois repre-

'3*

spit^ spur

sent a teut. spiUis) ; derived fr.

the TEUT. adj. spitu- in OHG.

spiizi G. spitz.

spit- vb. ME. spitic 0¥.. j^espyttan;

ident. w. on. spytta with the by-

form spyta, LG. spyten, G. speiitzen;

see spout.

spite sb. ME. spit for despit;

see despite.

spleen sb. fr. lat. (or.) splen.

split vb. Scandin. loanword;

cp. DAN. spiitte; cogn. w. du.

splijten = MHG. spliTjCn G. splcissen

(whence G. splitter^.

spoil vb. ME. spoile fr. FR. spo-

licr (lat. spoliarc).

spoke sb. ME. spoke oe. spdca

^ OSAX. speka du. speek, oho.

speihha gl speiche. All equivalent;

Teut. base spaikon-.

sponge sb. me. sponge fr. ofr.

esponge (fr. sponge); source lat.

spongia, whence also osax. spunsia

DU. spoils.

spool sb. (not found in me.

OE.) loanword fr. DU. spoel] ident.

W. OHG. Spuolo G. Splde (iTAL.

spuola is of TEUT. origin) : Teut.

base spolon-; doubtful whether

cogn. w. spin.

spoon sb. me. oe. spgn fr. a

TEUT. spdnu- {spam-) in OHG.

span 'a chip, splint', DU. DAN.

spaan 'a chip', on. spdnn sponn

'a chip' (cp. span-new). Cogn.

w. MHG. spd-t 'a chip': \fspe.

sport sb. for disport as spendfor dispend] me. disporte vb. fr.

OFR. se desporter 'to amuse one-

self.

spot sb. ME. spot pi. spottes]

not found in oe. (where splof

pi. splottas 'a spot); cp. ODU.

spotte DU. spot a blot'.

spouse sb. ME. spouse fr. ofr.

espouse (fr. ipouse) ; source lat.

sponsa.

spout vb. ME. spoute; cogn. w.

spit.

sprat sb. me. sprot (pi. sprottes)

OE. sprot (pi. sprottas) ; cp. mlg.

sprot g. sprotte, DU. sprot.

Sprawl vb. me. spraule oe.

spreawlian fr. a TEUT. sprauwalon.

spread vb. me. sprede oe. {^e)-

sprddan 'to extend' =^ OHG. G.

spreiten, DU. spreiden\ cieriv. fr.

the str. vb. OHG. siritan 'to be-

come extendi d'.

spring str. vb. me. springe OE.

springan = osAX. OHG. springan,

ON. springa (ital. springare is a

TEUT. loanword) : teut. \'^ spr'eng

sprang, perhaps related to gr.

anigyBdii^oj 'to make haste.

sprite sb. me. sprite fr. fr.

esprit; ident. w. spirit. Source

LAT. spiritus.

sprout vb. me. sproute (oe.

'^sprutan) = DU. spi'uiten, lg.

spriiten, ofries. spriita 'to sprout';

cp. G. spriessen: TEUT. \^ sprtit

spreiit.

spur sb. ME. spure OE. spura

(spora); ident. \v. ohg. sporo (g.

sporfi), DU. spoor, on. spori (ital.

sprone fr. ^peron are of teut.

origin) : Teut. base spuron- sporo?!-.

\f~ sp?r in OHG. osAX. oe. spiir-

fian 'to kick against' under spurnand in G. spur du. spoor oe. spor

a foot-track

.

spurge — stammer 197

spurge sb. short for me. spoiirge :

loanword fr. OFR. espurge (source

LAT. expurgare).

spurn vb. ime. spu7-ne oe. spilr-

naii str. vb. 'to kick against' =OHG. OSAX. spurnan 'to kick

against': aryan \f spsi- in lat.

sper-nere 'to despise', lith. sp}rti

'to kick against', gr. a-naiostv,

SKR. sphur. Cp. spur.

spy vb. ME. spie fr. ofr. espier,

which is of Teut. origin : ohg.

spchon G. spcihen , ODU. spien

(aryan \P sp'ck in lat. conspicio,

speculum, skr. \'^spa().

square sb. me. square fr. ofr.

I'sguarre *a square'.

squire sb. me. squire = es-

q u i r e.

squirrel sb. me. squiriliox sciirH

fr. OFR. escurel (= fr. icureuW);

source a lat. type scurellus

{scuriolus) for LAT. sciurus 'a

squirrel'.

Stable 1 sb. me. stable fr. ofr.

establc (= fr. itable); source

LAT. siabulum 'abode, stable'.

stable'^ adj. me. stable fr. ofr.

establc -^ lat. stabills 'stable'.

staff sb. me. staf (pi. staves)

OE. stcrf (pi. std/as) = ON. sta/r,

DU. sta/, OHG. G. stab; cp. ohg.staben 'to be stiff' and the adj.

eastfries. staf 'stiff', also lith.

stCbas 'staff — stdbas stobras; skr.

^fstabh 'be stiff.

stag sb. ME. stagge late oe.

stagga 'a stag'.

stage sb. me. stage fr. ofr.

(Stage ^~ FR. itage (lat. type

staticuni)

.

stain sb. me. ^/^/«^ fr. ofr.

desteindre = lat. dis-tingere.

stair sb. me. i'/tzr properly

stiier OE. stck^er = odu. olg.

stcger DU. stciger 'stair': west-

TEUT. ground-form staigir, deriv-

ed fr. the Teut. verbal \'" stfg in

OE. stigan, OHG. stigan G. sttigcn,

DU. stijgen 'to climb'; cogn. w.

GR. nTci/f-iy 'to march' , skr.

i'//^/; 'ascend' (cp. lat. ve-stigium

'a foot-track').

stake sb. me. i-/«',^^ oe. .y/^z^rt

= ODU. stake DU. i-ZfriT/^, swed.stake; cp. ofries. .tA?/' "stiff, G.

stachel 'a prick, goad'.

stalk 1 sb. ME. stalkc, a dimin.

form with suffixed k of me. ^-/c/Z?;

cp. OE. stela, ON. stil-kr 'a stalk',

OHG. G. jt///, also GR. rrrfAfo'i' 'a

handle'.

stalk- vb. ME. stalke] k is a

frequentative suffix ; cp. OE. styl-

lan to leap' (oe. *stealciari).

stall sb. ME. stal oe. steall fr.

a Teut. base stalla- in on. stallr,

OHG. jT/;?/ G. .?/(?//, DU. i-^^/ 'stall,

stable (iTAL. stallo'\iVa.cfi — stalla

'stable are of Teut. origin).

ARYAN base stadhlo- in' lat.

stabulum 'stal)le'.

stallion sb. me. stalloun fr.

ofr. estalon (fr. 6taloii) = ital.

Stallone: of Teut. origin (teut.

stalla- 'stable' under stall).

stammer vb. me. stamere deriv.

fr. OE. stdtnvr adj. 'stammering';

cp. DU. stainercn-stamelen, ohg.

stamalon; \r sta?n in ON. stamr

'stammering' — stama vb. 'to

stammer', ohg. stamen 'stammer';

stamp state

cp. also GOTH, staimns 'stam-

mering'. Cogn. W. OSAX. OHG.

stu?n G. stunivi 'dumb'.

Stamp vb. ME. sta7iipe (e. '^statn-

piari) = DU. stmnpen, onG.statnpfdji

G. stamp/en (iTAL. stmnpare fr.

iHaniper are of teut. origin)

:

TEUT. \Pstamp cogn. w. or. arsii-

^fiv 'to stamp".

stanch, stau/u'/ivh. ^\^.stau/iche

vb. fr. OFR. estanchcr.

Stand vb. me. stamie oe. standan

(prt. oe. me. StOiP) = GOTH. OSAX.

standan, on. standa, OHG. stantan

"to stand': a strong vb., commonto the Teut. languages ; teut.

Sj'^stap stad; the nasal of the

verb is orig. characteristic of

the present tense).

standard sb. me. standard (=DU. sta/idaard^ fr. ofr. estandart

= FR. ita7idard (ital. stendardo

fr. LA'i'. extendere spread out').

stang sh. ME. stange loanwordfr. ON. .y/w/i,'" gen. stangar] ident.

\v. org. stanga G. stange, uu. stdng

and the umlauted oe. ste/ig 'pole,

stake'; source the vb. Oe. stingan

'to stab, pierce' ; see sting.

stanyell sb. (Shakesp.) oe. stdn-

li'l/a properly 'rock-yeller' : cp.

ye/I.

staple sb. ME. stdpel oe. stdpol

'a prop = DU. LG. stapel, ofries.

stapul block'.

star sb. me. stcrre oe. steorra

---. OHG. os.'\x. st'crro, odu. mlg.

stcrre: Teut. base sterron-', ident. ,

w. GOTH, stairno , ON. stjarna

(hence me. sternc), OHG. sterno

(g. stern ohg. stern'). Cogn. w.j

SKR. star, gr. doTj]Q, lat. Stella

(for '^sterulal). All equivalent.

Starboard sb. me. sterbgrd short

for oe. steorbord] cp. on. stjorbordi

'starboard' and oe. steor understeer'^.

starch sb. me. '^sterche oe. stereo

(= G. Starke) : umlaut-derivative

with palatalisation of stark.

stare vb. me. stare oe. starian

= ON. stara, ohg. staren to stare';

derived fr. an adj. stara- in skr.

iV/z/ra'fast, hard', GR. arfpfo'c hard':

ARYAN \f sta 'to stand' in ohg.

stdn sten G. stehen, du. staan, lat.

stare, GR. lordvai, SKR. stJid.

stark adj. me. stark oe. steare

^r— OSAX. MHG. G. stark; cp. on.

(witli umlaut) sterkr and goth.

gastaurknan "to become dry'

:

ARYAN \^ strg in LiTH. strigti 'to

become stiff".

starling sb. me. Stirling short

for oe. stdrling: dimin. formation

of oe. stch- 'a starling" =^ ohg.

stdra G. staar 'a starling' ; cogn.

w. OE. steam =^- lat. stiirniis.

start vb. ME. sterte (oe. *steortan

str. vb.) ; cp. odu. du. storteny

ohg. sturzen G. stiirzen: teut. y'"

stcrt start.

Starve vb. me. starve oe. steorfan

str. vb. 'die(ofhunger') =r du.

ster7'en, osax. sterban, OHG. stcrban

G. sterben str. vb. 'to die'; cp.

ON. starfi 'stiffness', east-fries.

bestarfen 'be stiff". The original

meaning of the teut. \^sterb was

probably 'be stiff.

State sb. ME. estdt fr. ofr. estat

fr. itat ^= LAT. status.

stny^ — step '99

Stay * vb. ME. state fr. ofr. estayer

l-R. ctaycr.

stay- sb. oe. skey. Teut. base

staga-, whence fr. itay; cp. DU.

LG. stag.

Stead sb. me. stcde oe. stcde fr.

a Teut. base stadi- =^ goth. staps

'a stead, place', OHG. stat (o. stadt

'town), ON. stadr 'a place': ab-

stract formation of the aryan v'"

sia 'to stand (see stare); cp.

LAT. statio, SKR. sihiti'di standing'.

steak sb. me. steike (late oe.

staecan vb. to roast') : borrowedfr. on. steik "a steak' -— steikja

'to roast'.

steal vb. me. stele oe. ^/^Vcw str.

vb. =^ GOTH, stilaii , on. stela,

OSAX. OHG. stelan o. stehlen uu.

stelen: teut. \~ stcl, perhaps ident.

w. GR. arsgtod^at — oxeQidy.tiv

'bereave'.

steam sb. me. strm oe. jAvw fr.

a Teut. base stau-ma- {\i\:>. stoovi,

EAS'iFRiES. stom): \^ stau, not

found elsewliere.

steed sb. .me. stede oe. steda 'a

stallion': umlaut-derivative of oe.

Stod = E. stud.

steel sb. ME. ste/e oe. jV*?/^ (style):

umlaut- formation by the side of

the equival. OHG. stalial g. stahl,

DU. staal, ON. i'/'<//: Teut. base

stalila- and (for oe. style') stalilja-;

ident. w. opruss. stakla- 'steel'.

steep adj. ME. step oe. stcap adj.;

ident. w. OE. stcap ~-r on. staitp

lu'aker' under stoup. — Umlaut-dcriv. steeple me. stepel oe. stepel

stypel (fr. a Teut. base staiipila-;

cp. ON. stopull 'a steeple').

steer ' sb. me. ster oe. .y/e-'f?- =-

GOTH, stiar, ON. stjorr, OHG. OSAX.

j'/Zi^r G. DU. stier 'a bull' ; ident.

w. ON. pjorr (dan. /yr) : aryanbase (s)teiiro (osLOV. turii 'steer').

But Gk. vtiKQOc corresponds to

OIR. tarl> (aryan base tarwo-.,

not Cdgn. w. steer).

steer- vb. :me. siere oe. steoran

w. the umlauted byform stiran

=^ OHG. stiuran G. steiier/i, DU.

sturcn\ cp. on. styri 'a rudder';

for a non-umlauted root-form see

under starboard, teut. \^ ste/ir

also in goth. stiurjan 'to confirm'.

stem sb. me. stem oe. stann stefn

a stem of a tree': ablaut-relation

to on. stafii, OSAX. stamn =OHG. stain Q.stanivi du. statu: teut.

ground -forms st'cmita- stattitia-.

cogn. w. iR. tamott\\(txii . \~ sta

'to stand' under stare.

stench sb. me. stench oe. stctic

fr. a tuet. base stattk{w)i-; see

stink.

step vb. OE. steeppan steppan str.

vb. ; cp. DU. stappen, OHG. stapfon

'to step' and oe. jY<;^^ .y/c<'y'^ 'a

step, pace'; probably related to

osLOv. stopa foot-track'? Theroot seems to be nasalized in

staitip.

Step in stepfather step7nother

etc. ME. step-fader, -nioder short

for OK. steop-feeder, -ntodor ; iilent.

w. ON. stjtipfadir, -inodir -- OHG.

stiof-fater, -miioter G. stiefrater,

stiefnttittcr : Teut. base stetipa-,

whence OHG. bist.tifen OE. dstypan

vb. 'bereave, deprive (of pa-

rents)'.

200 stool

stern' adj. me. sterne oe. styrne:

Teut. base stinti- prop, sternu-,

cogn. w. LAT. strenuiis.

stern 2 sb. ]\ie. sterne fr. on.

stjorn 'a steering'; see starboardand steer vb.

stew vb. ME. stilwe vb. fr. the

sb. OFR. estnve = G. stube', see

sio2>e.

steward sb. are. stiward (since

the I 2"' cent.) ; cogn. w. oe. sti{-^-

linta 'house -holder'. The first

element is ident. w. sty.

stick sb. ME. sticke oe. sticca =OHG. stecko G. stecken : Teut. base

stikkon-, derived fr. the verbal \fstik in OHG. stchhan o. stechen.

stiff adj. short for ime. oe. stif

'stiff' = on. stifr, du. stijf, G.

stcif\ cogn. w. LITH. stipti 'to be-

come stiff and LAT. stipes 'a pole'.

stile sb. ME. stile contracted

from OE. stigolxvA. stii^ele = OHG.

stigila 'a stile'; derived fr. the

TEUT. \^ stig under stair.

still adj. ME. OE. stille = OHG.

OSAX. Stilli G. stilt, DU. Stil, OFKIES.

stille; deriv. fr. the V:^V,i.\'~ stell

'to stand firml)'' in the factitive

vb. OHG. G. stellen 'to place' andin OHG. stollo 'post'.

stilt sb. ME. stilte; ident. w. ohg.

stelza G. strlze, DU. stelt\ all equi-

valent.

sting vb. :me. sti/ige oe. stingan

str. vb. :—: GOTH. {us)stiggan, ON.

stiiiga; cp. OHG. stiingon stungen

'to sting': teut. \'~ste//g understa//g.

Stink vb. ME. stiuke oe. stiueaii

str. vb. =— GOTH, stigqan, OHG.

OSAX. stinkan G. du. stifiket?

:

TEUT. \'~ stemj pre - teut. stengw

{tengw in GR. rayyog 'rancid').

stir vb. ME. stire oe. styrian vb.;

ident. w. the ablauted ohg. storen

G. storen, DU. storen, ofries. stira:

west-teut. bases sturjanstaurjan;

\f star also in storm?stirrup sb. me. stirop properly

sti-rgp OE. stij^-rdp; ident. w. OHG.

stega-reif G. stegreif{pv. steegreep),

ON. stig-reip. Second element of

the compound is teut. raipa- =roap; for the i^* element (Teut.

stiga- \^stlg^ see stair.

stitch sb. ME. sticche OE. slice

early stici: Teut. base stiki- 'a

pricking' by the side of oe. stician

'to prick'; cf. OYLQ.st'ehhan G. stechen

(ohg. stih G. stick sb. 'pricking'),

OSAX. stekan , du. steken. arvan

\rstig in GR. ariy^ia — ariCa ;cf.

SKR, \'^tij 'be sharp'.

Stith sb. ME. stith borrowed fr.

ON. stedi 'an anvil'.

stock sb. ME. stock OE. stocc

'trunk, log, pillory' = DU. stok,

OHG. G. stock, ON. stokkr: Teut.

base stokka- for stukka-; teut. \^

sink in DU. LG. stoken, me. stoke

'to stab ; cogn. \v. skr. /«y 'push'.

stone sb. ME. stpn oe. stdn =GOTH, stains, ON. steinn, OHG. G.

.y/^///, OSAX. iV(?/? DU. steen : Cogn.

\v. OSLOV. stena 'a wall' — stentnu

rocky', GR. Cxwv oria 'pebble-

stone'. Cp. stanyel.

stool sb. ME. OE. Stpl = GOTH.

stbls, ON. stdll, DU. stoel, OSAX. stol,

OHG. i'/wr'/ G. stiihl: Teut. base

stb-la- deriv. fr. the ARYAN \^st/id

stoop — stravv-l)erry 20I

'to stand' under stead. Cp. also

OSLOV. stolil 'table', gr. oTfjXt]

'column'.

stoop vb. ident. w. me. stoupe

OE. stiipian 'to curve downwards'n= ODU. stuipen 'to bow', on. stilpa

swED. stupa 'to fair.

stop vb. .ME. stoppe (oE. for-

stoppian\o stop up, close') , ident.

w. DU. stopper!, OHG. stop/on G.

stop/en and w. ital. stoppare 'to

stop up with tow'. Source low

LAT. stiippare (lat. stuppa 'oakum')

.

stork vb. ME. st07 k OE. store =DU. stork, OHG. i-/cr/& G. storc/i, ON.

siorkr ; cogn. w. GR. rooyog 'a

large bird'.

storm sb. me. oe. storm = on.

stoniir, DU. storm (oHG. G. stiirm^;

derived fr. \fstar in stir or

cogn. w. LAT. sternere 'to strew'.

story sb. me. stork fr. ofr. estoire

= LAT. historic.

stoup stoop ME. .fA^/^: borrowedfr. ON. stpup 'beaker, cup' = stoop

'a gallon': the sb. (teut. stmipa-

'beaker') rests on the adj. staupa-

=- steep.

stout adj. me. stout h. ofr. estout;

ident. w. du. stout, ohg.. g.

st(>h 'proud : source lat. stultus

'foolish'.

stove sb. oe. stofa 'a bath' =r

OHG. stuba 'a bathing-room' (g.

stuhe 'a room'), du. stoof; ident.

w. fr. dure and osLOV. istuba

'a room'. Source and history

uncertain. Cp. stew.

stow vb. me. stpwe OE. stpwian

'to restrain'; derived fr. OE. stow

'a place' = lith. stoi'a 'place'.

straight adj. me. streight oe.

(d)streht] part, of OE. streccean =str etch.

strain vb. me. streine fr. ofr.

estraindre = LAT. stringere andstraiiuK. streitix. ofr. estreit (fr.

ctroit^ = LAT. strictus.

strand sb. me. oe. strand

shore' = ON. strgnd (gen.

strandat') 'margin, edge', du. lg.

G. strand 'shore' (fr. itrain of

Teut. origin).

strange adj. ivtE. straunge fr.

ofr. estrange (fr. itratige) : source

i.AT. extraneus.

strangle vb. me. strangle vb. fr.

OFR. estrangler= lat. strangulare.

strap sb. me. oe. strop ipp):

loanword fr. LAT. struppus 'thong,

fillet', whence also du. lg. strop

and FR. ^tropc.

straw sb. me. straw oe. streaw

(with the byforms me. str( oe.

strc'a) : Teut. base strawa- = on.

stra, DU. str00, OHG. stro G. stroh;

cp. the vb. strew oe. strewan,

stre^an = GOTH. straujan, OHG.

strouwen G. streuen, du. strooien

'to strew'. TEUT. \f strau derived

fr. the ARYAN \f ster in gr. ornosv-

I'vai OT()(6i'i'vjiii and lat. sterno

(stravi — stratum), osLov. streti

'to spread out'; cp. esp. l.at.

stramen 'straw'.

straw-berry sb. me. straiv-berie

OE. streaw - berie ; not cogn. w.

straw. Probably connected w.

LAT. fragurn 'straw-berry : ARYANbase sraghwo- = Teut. base

strawa-; the 2"^ elementin straw-berry might be explanatory.

202 stray — study

Stray vb. me. straie fr. OFR.

csU-aier ; derived fr. lat. strata

(j=z street).

Streak sb. me. strike oe. strica

'a line'; cp. goth. striks 'a stroke

with the pen' and strike.

stream sb. me. strcm oe. strca?>i

^T= OHG. stroiitn (g. stroni), DU.

strooni, ON. straumr : Teut. base

strau-nia-, derived fr. the ARYAN

\f sru 'to flow' =: SKR. \~ sru 'to

flow'; cp. GR. Qieir, oiR. srut/i

'river' — sriiaim 'stream' (lat.

flfmiai instead o^' f̂ritmen: ARYANsron-nien-).

Street me. strete oe. stret street

infl. strcete (whence on. strckti is

borrowed) ^- osax. strata, uu.

straat, ohg. strazza G. strasse :

"WEST-TEUX. strata^ fr. lat. strata

(sc. f'/i7) prop, 'a paved way',

whence ital. strada = fr. c'tn^e

(OIK. srdth) 'a street'.

strength sb. me. streugthe oe.

streiigduiGoiYi. *straggi^a) derived

fr. strong.

stress sb. force' short for me.

distresse fr. ofr. destrcsse.

Stretch vb. me. s/reec/ieoE. strec-

cean {\>ii.Yt. strehtunditr straig/it)\

ident. w. ohg. strecchen G. strecken,j

DU. strekken: teut. type strakkjan; i

cp. OHG. strackcn 'be straight and|

the adj. DU. LG. strak 'straight'

(g. stracks 'immediately').

strew see under straic.

Stride vb. me. stride oe. stridan

vb. —^ mlg. strlden 'to stride'

:

\'^ strtd.

Strife sb. me. strif fr. ofr.

estrif, which rests on a Teut. sb.

= osax. strid, ohg. strit G. streit.

Strike vb. me. strike oe. strican

str. vb. 'to rub, wipe' = OFRIES.

strika, DU. strijken, OHG. strthhan

G. streichen\ teut. \i~ strlk, kkyk^\'~ strfg in lat. strigilis , OSLOV.strigq — stristi 'to shear'. Cp.stroke.

string sb. me. oe. streng fr. a

TEUT. base strangi- in on. strengr,

DU. streng, OHG. G. Strang; cogn.

w. the adj. strong.

strive vb. me. strive fr. ofr.

estrii'er vb. (ofr. estrj/ understrife).

Stroke sb. me. strok and stroke

vb. OE. strdcian fr. \fstrik understrike.

strong adj. me. oe. strong fr.

TEUT. base strangii- in OHG. strung

strengi G. DU. streng (g. sich

anstrengen vb.) ; cogn. w. LAT.

stringere 'to draw tight, compress .

Stub sb. ME. stubbe with the

umlauted byform oe. stybb 'a

stub'; cp. LG. stubbe, du. stobbe,

ON. stubbi and GR. OTVvoq 'a stub,

stump'. ARYAN \f stup, nasalized

in stump.

stubble sb. ME. stable stnble fr.

OFR. estouble ; ident. w. OHG.

stiipfala DU. G. stoppel: source

vulgar LAT. stap(i)la instead of

LAT. stipula 'stubble'.

stud sb. short for ME. OE. stod

'a stud' (cp. the umlaut-deriva-

tion steed) = ON. stod, OHG.

stuot. Cp. OSLOV. Russ. stado,

LITH. stodas a herd of horses

.

Study vb. ME. siudie prop, stildle

stuff 203

vb. fr. OFR. estudier (fr. itndiei-)

r = LAT. studere.

stuff sb, fr. OFR. esioffe = FR.

t'foffe (whence also G. staff', DU.

stof).

stump sb. ME. stump stomp\

ident. w. DU. stomp, OHG. G. stiniipf:

probably connected w. stub:

AKYAi^j \^ stum />: st/i(m)p, also in

ON. stii/r sti'ifi 'a stump'.

Stun vb. ME. stiuie stone OE.

sturnan 'to resound' ; cp. the

umlauted on. stynja 'to groan",

G. sto/un, DU. steiicir. KiviPsXi\fstm

sten in gr. oxivHV. OSLOV. stetijq,

SKR. Stan 'to groan, resound'.

Sturgeon me. stourl'eotm fr. fr.

(sturgeon; source a teut. base

sturjon- in OHG. sturio (g. stohr,

DU. steur^ = OE. styiia 'a stur-

geon'. Doubtful whetlicr cogn.

w. stir.

Stutter vb. fr. ME. stotc stute vb.

;

cp. G. stotteni 'to stammer'. All

derivations of v^ staut in GOTH.siautan, on. staiita 'to beat, strike'

=^ OHG. stoz^yan G. stossen. ARYAN\^ (s)tud in LAT. tundere 'to beat',

SKR. \~ tud 'to strike'.

Sty' sb. ('sty for swine') me.

stie OE. stij^ infl. jV/;^^ 'a pig-sty';

ident. w. ohg. stla 'a pig-sty',

ON. j// (svin-stl) , SWED. (S7dn)stia

'a sty'.

Sty^ sb. ('stv in the eye') cp.

OE. stij^end; equivalent w. lg.

stlge, NORW. stig.

subdue vb. me. subdue properly

sudl'ic fr. OFR. souduir — LAT.

subdiicerc.

subtle adj. ME. sotcl sutel sutil

fr. OFR. sotil (fr. subtil) = LAT.

subtilis.

succeed vb. me. suefede fr. fr.

succeder = lat. suceedere.

succour vb. ME. sucoure socourc

fr. OFK. soccorre ^=^ j^xi.sueeurrere.

such pron. me. suck earlier

s7Liue/i swich OE. swylc swilc: Teut.

base stvulik in OSAX. sulik, OHG.

sulih (g. soldi) ; as shown by

GOTH, swaleiks , the l'^' element

of the compound rests on so =^

OE. swd.

suck vb. short for me. souke

OE. silcan str. vb. with the byform

OE. OHG. siigan G. saugen ; cogn.

W. LAT. SUgCre : ARYAN sfSUg stlk.

sudden adj. me. sodein prop.

sodain fr. fr. soudain (LAT. type

'''subitanus for subitaneus 'sudden').

suffer vb. ME. suffre soffre fr.

FR. souff'rir (LAT. sufferre).

sugar sb. me. silgre siicre fr.

FR. Sucre, whence also ODU. striker

DU. suiker; cp. G. zucker fr. ital.

zucchero.

sum sb. me. sumfnc somme fr.

FR. somme.

summer sb. me. suvier somer

OE. siimor fr. a Teut. hdiSQSumaru-

in OSAX. OHG. sumar g. sommer,

DU. sooner, ON. sumar. Cogn. \v.

AVEST. ham, OiR. sam, cymr. hamha/, ARMEN. atnarn : all equivalent.

Cp. also SKR. samd 'year'.

summit sb. fr. fr. sommet (rests

on LAT. summus).

summon vb. me. somone fr.

OFR. somoner (L.A.T. submonere 'to

remind privately').

204

sun sb. ME. sunfiesotmeoK. sitnne

infl. sun?ian = GOTH, siintw, OHG.

OSAX. simtia O. so/ine, DU. s<7;r.

TEUT. base sunnbn-.

supper sb. me. i'^,?;- super fr.

FR. sottper. Cp. dinner.

sure adj. me. j-/7r properly i'^Z/r

fr. OFR. jr//fr smr fr. j-/?/- (^ lat.

secf/rns, whence also sicker).

surgeon sb. me. surgen [surgein)

fr. OFR. cirurgicn (lat. type chi-

7'urpanus).— Hence surgery me.

siirgeric \ lat. chiritrgia.

swaddle vb. me. szvathele OE,

siva'delian vb. : derived fr. OE.

swcedel 'bandage'; ident. w. the

umlauted ohg. swedil 'bandage';

see swathe.

swain sb. me. yyjfvw/prop. swcin:

borrowed in the 1 1^^ cent. fr. ON.

sveinn; ident. w. oe. sis.Hln 'man,

warrior', OHG. sivein 'servant'.

sw^allow sb. (the bird) me.

sii'alowe OE. szvealwe = OHG.

sivalawa G. schivalbe; ident. w.

OSAX. swala, ON. svala 'a swallow':

Teut. base swahnjon-; if for

^swa/gwon-, cogn. w. GR. rtAxv'wj'?

swallow vb. ME. szvel(o)zve ear-

lier swelgen OE. stuelgan str. vb.

^ OSAX. OHG. swelgan {swelhan)

G. schwelgen, DU. zwelgen (on.

svelgja) : Teut. verbal \'" swelh

SW'elg, ARYAN \'~ swelk.

sw^amp sb. cogn. w. ohg. g.

sump/, DAN. SWED. suvip 'a swamp'.

swan sb. me. oe. S7m?i fr. a

TEUT. swana- = on. svanr\ cp.

OHG. swana G. schwan DU. zwaan.

Cogn. w. LAT. sonare (properly

'^svonare^, SKR. \f^svan 'to sound'.

sward sb. me. swarde oe. swear

d

infl. swearde 'the skin of bacon= ODU. zwaerde, mhg. swarte G.

schwarte 'skin of bacon' , on.

svgrdr 'skin'. The modern E.

meaning 'green turf is dueto Northern influence; cp. on.

jardar-svgrdr 'earth-sward', gras-

svgrdr 'grass-sward (and mlg.

gru'nswarde, dan. gr&tis7)(cr^.'

swarm sb. me. swarm oe.

swearfn = ON. svarmr , OHG.

sivarm G. schwarm (du. Z7verm) :

all equivalent. Cp. the skr.

\'~ svar 'to sound ? ,

sw^art adj. me. swart oe. sweart

= GOTH, swarts, ON. svartr, DU.

zwart, OHG. swarz G. schwarz\

Cogn. w. LAT. sordes (properly

'^svordes^ 'dirt': aryan \P sword.

swath sb. ME. stvath oe. swce/^

'footprint, track' (with the by-

form OE. swadu track'); cp.

MLG. swat — swade, G. schwaden,

DU. zwaad 'a row of mown grass':

Teut. base swapa.

swathe vb. me. swathe oe. swa-

dian; cp. swaddle.

swats (Scotch) 'beer' OK.szaata;

derived fr. \f swot under sweet.

swear vb. me. sw§'re oe. swerian

(prt. ME. oe. swo?-) str. vb. =r

OHG. OSAX. swerian G. schworen,

DU. zweren, on. sz'erja str. vb.

;

cp. GOTH, szvaran. The original

meaning of the teut. \^ swar

was probably 'to declare, as

shown by the derivative answer.

sweat vb. short for me. szve/e

oe. swcktan; derived fr. oe. swat

ME. swgte (e. szvcat sb. influenced

sweep swoop 205

by the vb. S7C'eai) = DU. zwcet,

ON. S7'eiti, OHG. S7a£iz. G. schweiss:

TEUT, \i^ stvait {swit in G. schwiizen

OHG. swizzari) = aryan \fswoidswid in SKR. \'~ svid to sweat',

GR. (J^jw'g 'sweat' — Idiitv to

sweat', LAT. i-?/^/*?;- (orig. *svoidos)

'sweat', LETT, sjvidrs 'sweat'.

sweep vb. ME. swepe oe. swdpan

3^ p. sg. pres. t. stvdpd'lo sweep':

TEUT. \^swaip under s^uoop.

sweet adj. me. oe. sivetc adj.

with the non-umlauted adverb

OE. swote (me. Site adj. adv.)

;

ident. w. on. satr (orig. *svdti-),

osAx.s7m//, DU.s^W, oiiG.s(7a)tw:,p

G. siiss: Teut. base swoti-, orig.

swotic- (cp. GOTH, silts sweet),

ARYAN base swadii in skr. svddii,

GR. ftJt'? 'i]dic, LAT. siuwis (orig.

*su(7itu-is). Cp. s7C'ats.

swell vb. ME. S7vcllc OE. swcllun

str. vb. = OSAX. OHG. S7vcllan

G. sc/i7iiellen, DU. Z7vellen, ON. szi'clla

str. vb. : TEUT. verbal \fswell

(also in goth. Hfs7vallems sb.).

swerve vb. me. S70crve OE.

S7veorfan str. vb. to scrub, file";

ident. w. oSAX. S7ver/an, DU.

Z7uer7'cn, goth. S7ihiirhan , ON.

SV'crfa : TEUT. \/'" .J7f/tV7^ , ARYAN

\f sTverbh in RUss. sverhcti^ OSLOV.

svriiheti 'to itch'.

swift adj. ME. OE. j-7f'//? (oe.

S7iHftT)\ p. participle of oe. STulfaii

'to move quickly' =^ on. i?^z/c/,

formed by suffix /t* (see ^A/,

r<?/^/, loiid^. Cogn. w. DU.

Z7veveti, OHG. s7C''el>cn G. sclnveben.

sw^ill vb. ME. .yrf'/Vi' oe. sunllan

(3** p. sg. pres. t. S7eult'd).

swim vb. ME. S7e'wiwe oe. S7vim-

ma/i str. vb. = oSAX. OHG.siuimniaii str. vb. G. ichiviiiunen',

ident. w. on. symja (for orig.

*s70iifnjafi) 'to swim': teut.

\'~S7i'em (sum under sund).

swine sb. me. oe. s7C'm =^

OSAX. OHG. s7mn G. sch7Joein DU.

Z7i.njn , ON. S7'in, GOTH. S7vein :

Teut. base S7Vina-, properly sii-

-ina-, derived fr. aryan sti 'a

pig' in OE. OSAX. OHG. sii 'a sow'

= LAT. sii-s, GR. i-q ov-g. Thesuffix -if/a- in teut. S7aina- is

diminutive , as shown underchicken, maiden. See also so7v.

swing vb. ME. swinge oe. S7vin-

gan str. vb. == OSAX. OHG. S7uin-

gan. G. sclnvingen. — sw^inge me.

S7venge OE. swencgean 'to beat,

shake' causal of S7aing: teut.

\^s7C'eng sivang (s7£'aug7a in goth.

afs7uagg7i<jan ?)

swink vb. ME. S7vinke oe. S7mn-

can .sir. vb. Ident. w. S7vingl

swoon vb. JIE. s7VOU7ie earlier

S7vggnien; derived fr. the p. parti-

ciple OE. y:s7iwgen in a swoon'— dswogen 'choked'; allied to

GOTH. gas7i>dgjan swogatjan 'to

sigh', OE. s7C'pgan 'to sough, sigh :

ARYAN \'~S7C'0gh S7('dgh in LITH.

S7'agvti 'to sound'.

swoop vb. ME. swgpe oe. S7vdpan

(identical w. sweep).

sw^ord sb. UE. swe'rd OE. s7veord

(s7t'urd) —- OSAX. OFRIES. s7C'erd,

DU. Z7vaard, ON. sverd, OHG. S7vcrt

G. sch7oert: aryan base S7verdho-

(in LAT. sorhiis 'service-tree'?).

table — taiT}'

table sb. ME. table fr. FR. table

^^ LAT. tabula (whence OE. tcefcl

'chess-boai'd' =— OHG. zabal

board') ; cp. also G. DU. tafel.

tackle sb. me. takcl\ ident, w.

MLG. takel 'equipment (g. swed.takel, DAN. takkel').

tadpole short for toad-poll.

tail sb. ME. tail oe. tmj^el =rrr

OHG. zagal 'a tail", ON. tagl

'a tail', GOTH, tagl 'hair'.

tailor sb. me. taillonr fr. OFR.

tailleor ^- FR. taillcur.

take vb. ME. take late OE.

(ii'^ cent.) taeaii borrowed fr.

ON. taka str. vb. taking the place

of OE. niman (under niinble)\ cp.

cast ^~:r ON. kasta supplanting- oe.

7veorpan (under warp). Ident. w.

GOTH. /tvCv?/; str. vb. 'to touch': TEUT.

\f tik tak; pre-TEUT. \/~ ileg dag}

tale sb. ME. tale OE. talu —

-

DU. taal language , OHG. zdla

G. zahl; cp. ON. tal 'a tale'. Cp.

the TEUT. verb taljan in OE.

tella?!. ME. telle E. tell - OHG.

zcllan {c\\.GOYYL.talzjaii). Hencederived talk vb. me. talke vb.

(OE. '''talcian ''^talccia/i) ;/' is

suffixed as in hark.

tall adj. me. tal; probably oe.

j^eteel 'swift, prompt' with tVie l)y-

form geaiol{lic) 'swift'. Ident. w.

OHG. gizal: Teut. base ga-tala-.

tallow ]VIE. talugh earlier *^?///

^^ MLG. talch (g. tal^, du. talli),

ON. tolgr. Cogn. \v. GOTH, tul-

gus 'fast'?

tame adj. me. tdtne oe. /</w

(infl. tdffia^ = on. tamr, DU.

tatn, OHG. sam G. zahm: Teut.

base tama- (hence derived GOTH.tamjan 'to tame' ^^ ON. te?nja,

OHG. zfmmefi). ARYAN \^dom in

LAT. domare 'to tame', gr. d(X(.iav,

SKR. daindy 'to tame'.

tan vb. me. tatine oe. tanniaii

vb.; cogn. w. FR. tan 'oak-bark'

(lat. tannare in the 8 '^ cent.-- FR. tanner; cp. DU. /a^;^'bark').

Hence e. taivny = fr. tanuL

tang sb. (sea-weed) fr. dan.

tang =^ ON. pang (pgngull).

tap sb. me. tappe oe. /<;?//<?

'a tap' =^ OHG. srt/^/f? G. zap/cn,

DU. /<;/, ON. tappi (fr. /<?/£' /^/(;//

are Teut. loanwords).

taper sb. me. taper oe. tdpor:

properly */^?/>«;', loanword fr. lat.

papyrus, which appears in Rom.dialects as 'taper',

tar sb. ME. terre; cp. oe. teoru

(tyrwe) 'tar' and DU. (g.) teer,

ON. tjara ; ident. w. lett. darwatar'. The group rests on Aryandei'U =^ tree; tar orig. 'tar-

wood'.

tare sb. me. tare; Teut. base

tar{w)dn also in ODU. taruwe

DU. mlg. iarwe. Cogn. w. skr.

dilrva (a kind of grass) andLITH. dirva 'held'.

tarn sb. me. terne fr. on. tjgrn

(g. tjarnar) 'a tarn, pool".

tarry vb. me. tcrie oe. terian

ter-^an 'to vex' = du. lg. tergen .

tart — teen 207

tart sb. ME. tarte fr. Ofr. tarte

-^ FR. tourte (whence DU. taart,

G. torte).

task sb. ME. task{c) fr. ofr.

tasque ^= fr. tache; source LAT.

taxare, whence also tax.

tatter sb. a Scand. loanwordfr. ON. tgtrar pi. tatters'; already

ME. iatcTid 'ragged'.

tattle vb. fr. ME. tatere vb.

taw, tcto vb. ME. iave; OE.

tdwian teawian means prop, pre-

pare and corresponds with uu.

toiiwen to curry leather', ohg.

zomven 'make, prepare', GOTH.

iaiijan 'do': teut. \~ tau\ see

tool.

tawny see tan.

tax vb. fr. fr. taxer r^- lat.

taxare; ident. w. task.

tea sb. r^ FR. td, G. t/iec: sourceCHINESE td; the word becameEuropean in the 2'"'^ lialf of the17''' cent.

teach sb. me. tcche (prt. taughte)

OE. t(Bcean (prt. tcehte) \ cogn. w.

token OE. tdcen] cp. ohg. zeigon

G. zeigcn. akv.an \^ dik.

team^ sb. 'family me. tnn oe.

tiam 'family, offspring' r^ mlg.torn 'progeny' (with the um-lauted vb. teem \\^. ta?ie oe.

tanan tpnan to teem) : Teut.

base tati{h))na- fr. \ftfih in GOth.

tiuhan , ohg. ziohan G. ziehen.

ARYAN \fduk in LAT. diico. Seethe following word.

team'- sb. (team of oxen) me.

tnne Itane oe. \etyme 'team of

oxen'; derived fr. teut. tau{h)tna-

'rein, bridle' (in ON. tauf/ir ohg.

zouf/i g. zaimi). Root the sameas in team '.

tear vb. me. tp-e oe. tcran str.

vb. =:: GOTH, gatairan to break'.

ARYAN \'~ der in skr. dar 'to burst,

break asunder', gr. dioeiv to

flay', LITH. diiii 'to flay'.

tear sb. me. ter oe. tear: 'jeut.

ta/ir- in on. tar, ohg. zahar (g.

zdhre) ; cp. onorthuaibr. teehher

and according to Verner's law

GOTH. tagr. ARYAN base dakru

in GR. ddy.iiv, WELSH daigr (per-

haps SKR. a(ru and lat. laerhna

are cognate). All equivalent.

tease vb. (me. t(se) oe. tiksan

'to pull to pieces , to tease

(wool) with the non-umlautedbyform me. ipse (oe. '^tdsan or

*tdsian^. teut. strong verbal

\~ tais in OHG. zeisan 'to tease'

=— DU. teezen. — Cogn. w. teasel

(plantnarae) me. tesel oe. tdsel

— OHG. zeisila 'thistle'.

teat sb. me. tete fr. fr. tette\

ident. w. oe. //'// =— mhg. g.

zitze.

ted vb. fr. ON. tedja\ ident. w.

OHG. G.(dial.) zetten 'to spread'. Asshown by the p. participle goth.un-gatass 'undisposed', there exi-

sted also a str. vb. *tadjan. arvan\^dat in OR. datboiiai 1 divide,

distribute'.

teem^ vb. 'to bring fortli' see

team.

teem- vb. to empty' see toom.

teen sb. me. tcne oe. teona

'suffering, insult' =-= OSAX. tiono

'injur v'; cp. ofries. tiuna 'to hurt.'

208 tell — that

tell vb. ME. telle (prt. tglde) oe.

tellan (prt. idlde) under tale.

tempest sb. me. tempest fr.

OFR. tempeste = fr. tempcle.

Source vulgar lat. tempesta for

te?npestas.

temple sb. me. tet/iple oe. tempel

fr. LAT. templii?)!.

temples me. temples fr. ofr.

temples (fr. tempe^ plur. = lat.

tevipora the temples'.

tempt vb. me. tempte vb. fr.

OFR. tempter (fr. tenter) =^ lat.

teniptare.

ten num. me. 4'« rests on an

unrecorded OE. '•teon, instead of

which an umlauted tyn is found.

Teut. base tchun tehan in GOTH.

tai/mn, osax. tehan, DU. //>«,

OHG. stVw/z G. zehn. Ident. w.

SKR. da(a, OR. tVfi'xa, lat. decern,

ojR. ^/(^/V//. — The suffix -teen

(in thirteen etc.) me. -/tvz^ OE.

-tene -tyne is the inflected form

of the numeral ten. — The suffix

-ty (in tiventy etc.) represents

the sb. GOTH, tigus 'decade' (in

saihs tigjus= ON. sextigir^ ; cp. OE.

pritii sixtii = OHG. drr^ug sehzug

G. dreissig scchzig. For the gin GOTH, tigiis cp. GR. ^iv.dq

'decade'.

tender adj. me. tcndre fr. fr.

tendre; source lat. tener.

tense sb. fr. ofr. tens (= FR.

temps) = lat. tempus,

tent sb. ME. tente {= DU. Z^;?/)

fr. ofr. tente = vulgar lat. tenia;

c\). lat. tentoriiwi.

term sb. me. tcrjne fr. fr. terme;

source lat. termimis.

terror sb. fr. fr. terreur =lat. terror{em).

test sb. meant properly in al-

chemy 'a vessel for testing gold'

and rests on me. test{e) = lat.

testa, whence also FR. ttte ofr.

teste 'head' with the borrowede. testy.

tether sb. sliort for me. teder

;

doubtful, whether genuine Eng-lish or of Scand. origin. Cp.ON. tjckir = OHG. ziotar "a tether :

Teut. base teiidra-.

tetter sb. me. oe. teter fr. a

Teut. base tetru- =? aryandedrii-. Cp. OHG. zitarok 'tetter'

and SKR. dadru 'a kind of lep-

rosy', LiTH. dedervine 'tetter'.

than conj. me. thanne oe. panne= OHG. mhg. danne; derived fr.

the article the.

thane sb. me. thein (the modernspelling a instead of ai — as

in rain — is of Scotch origin)

oe. pejpn: Teut. base p'egna- in

ON. pegn, OSAX. thegan, ohg.

tliegan 'a thane, warrior' (in the

Bavarian dialect 'a male child').

Ident. w. GR. XHY.vov 'child'

;

ARYAN \ftck in GR. TiKtio (aorist

i-TfX-Ol).

thank vb. me. thanke oe. pan-

cian poucian wk. vb. ^= OHG.

dankon G. DU. danken, on. pakka

'to thank'. Root as in think.

that pron. me. that oe. pcet =OSAX. that, OHG. daz G. das (dass)

:

ARYAN form to-d (fr. the stem

to under the) = SKR. tad, GR.

TO (for *TO-d) ; cp. LAT. istud illud

tliatch — thine log

aluui show the d as neutral

ending.

thatch sb. properly and dia-

lectical thak ME. thak or. j'cec

= OHG. dah G. dach, ON. pak:

Teut. base paka-. Cp. the \vk.

vb. TEUT. pakjan in OE. peccean

= OHG. dcckan G. dccken, DU.

dekken. ARYAN \^ teg in lat.

tegere, cogn. \v. \f steg in gr.

orayfi), skr. sthag, lith. 5'/^^/z

'to cover'; cp. gr. reyog ov:'yo<;

'a roof', OIR. /("^'- 'a house'.

thaw vb. ME. thdwe oe. pdwian;

cp. OHG. douwcfi G. tanen, DU.

dooien, ON, peyja'. \'~pan pawproperly *p(7gw, ARYAN \^ taq in

GR. TTjutii' to melt?the article ME. //Jt' late OE. /t'

(oE. j-t' influenced by the inflected

stem pa- in t/iat). ARYAN base

to- in SKR. /«-OT = GR. TC-r,

SKR. ta-d GK. TO etc. Cp. than,

that, their, there, they.

theft sb. ME. thefte short for

/^y?^ prop, pefthe: abstract deri-

vation fr. thief. Cp. the um-lauted OE. pyfp infl. pyfpe 'theft'

= OFRIES. thillfthe.

their pron. me. their(e) borrowedfr. ON. peira. — then me. theTinc

OE. pcrnne ident. w. than. —thence adv. me. thennes extendedfor tlienne thanne =^ OE. patione

prop, panon — OHG. dannan.

(g. von dannen). — there adv.

ME. there ther oe. per peer —OHG. dar (g. ihi). — they pron.

me. thei they, borrowed in the

il'*' cent. fr. on. peir.

thick adj. me. thieke probably

Knglish Etymology.

borrowed fr. ON. pykkr {pjgkkr);

the corresponding OE. /?VVV wouldhave changed into me. *thicehe

E. *thiteh. Perhaps me. thieke

is blended w. oe. piece = org.

dieki G. dick DU. dik. Teut. base

piqu- ^=r: ARYAN base Hgu- in

OHi. ting 'thick'.

thief sb. ME. thef (pi. thercs)

OE. peof (pi. peofas) — goth.piiibs, ON. pjofr, OHG. diob G.

diet, DU. dief: Teut. base peiiba-,

by Verner's law changed fr.

original *peufa- , as shown by

OHG. dim'a 'theft'.

thigh sb. ME. thcigh earlier

1 theh OE. peoh = org. diah, DU.

\dij, on. PJo: Teut. base peuha-,

I

ARYAN base teuko- , cogn. w.

lith. taitkas 'fat of animals,

marrow', OSLOV. tukU 'fat'.

thimble sb. me. thimbel short

for thitnel oe. Pyniel 'thumb-stall':

diminutive of OE. puma =/// lim b.

thin adj. me. thinne OE. pynne= = OHG. dunni G. dimn, DU. dun,

ON. pnnnr: Teut. base piumu-

properly punu- pumv- , ARYANbase ionu in SKR. tanu, la'j-.

tenuis, cymr. teneu; cp. gr.

rm'unq (all equivalent), aryan

"V^ tm in SKR. /'iJ'^ 'to stretch',

o^.pennan, org. dennan G. dehnen,

GOTH, panjan 'to stretch out',

thine thy pron. me. thin oe.

//// — GOTH, peins, on. //>//,-,

OHG. din G. </«'//, DU. ^///'«; TEUT.

pina- formed by suffix -ina- (cp.

SKR. tavakina 'thine') fr. teut.

pii = thou.

14

thing — thousand

thing sb. ME. thing oe. ping^-= ON. ping, OHG. G. DU. iii7tg:

Teut. base pinga- pcnga-\ pro-

bably itient. w. QxOTVi. peihs 'time'

= LAT. teinpus (for "^tenquiisT).

think vb. me. thenke [thenchen)

OE. pencean (3'^ sg. prs. t. pencp')

= GOTH, pdgkjan, ON', prkkja,

OSAX. thcnkian, Ohg. dcikan G.

denkcn. Cp. GOTH, pugkjan =1

OSAX. thunkian, ohg. liunkan G.

diliiken, OE. pyncean 'to seem'.

AKYxy.\^ tongitmg) in lat. (Prae-

nestine) fongere 'to think'.

third .see three.

thirst vb. me. thirste oe. pyrstan

and thirst sb. from the vb.

;

the sb. is me. thiirst oe. pi/rst

= TEUT. purS-tU- = OHG. G.

durst, DU. dorst; cp. on. porsti,

GOTH, paurstei sb. 'thirst', teut.

verbal \f^pers in GOTH, gapairsan

'to be dry' — paiirsus dry'

(oE. pyrre ^= ohg. i^/«r/7 G.

diirr^. ARYAN \'~ters trs in skr.

/;'i 'to be thursty' — /"/'jvi 'gree-

dy', GR. Ttgfffh'w, LAT. torreo.

thirteen, thirty see three.

this pron. ME. //?/> earlier ///^'j"

OE. /<'j- masc. — //j neutr. — /twfem. ; ident. \v. OHG. ^/("-.j"^ G.

dieser, du. ^/i^Si?. The article

the (teut. /«- under that) is

extended by goth. sai lo', as

shown by ON. (runic) sa-si this

here' (jrw'-j-/ fem.).

thistle sb. me. thistel oe. ptstel

-- ON. pistil! , DQ. c//iV^/, lg.

distet, OHG. ^fo/// G. distel.

thither adv. me. thider oe.

pidcr (orig. pceder') ; derived fr.

the stem pa- in //^a/. Cp.

GOTH, papro 'thence', ON. padra'there'.

thole sb. ME. thol oe. pol ill):

Teut. base polla- in on. pollr,

DU. dol, G. rudderdolle. ary.\n

base tilno- {= skr. tii}j.a 'quiver'

for *tulnd) fr. V~/^/ r= skr. \'^tid

'to lift up', LAT. tollere.

thong sb. ME. thong orig. thwong

OE. pwong 'thong'; cp. ON. pvengi.

TEUT. \j'~pwang.

thorn sb. me. thorn oe. porn

sb. = ON. porn, OHG. G. (/c-t;/,

DU. doom; cp. GOTH, paiirnns.

Ident. w. OSLOV. //-///« 'thorn';

cp. SKR. trna "grass'.

thorough ME. thorow oe. porh;

orig. preposition -= oe. purh,

OHG. duruh G. durch, goth.pairh.

thou jjron. me. /A^/^ oe. //^ =GOTH. ///, OHG. //// (g. dll) '.

ARYAN ground-form tii in lat.

tu , GR. XV, SKR. tu-am. Cp.

thine.

though conj. ME. though earlier

thoh: Scand. loanword of the

11"* cent. (on. po orig. *poh).

Corresponding to oe. pcah =GOTH, pduh ; cp. OHG. doh G.

DU. doch.

thought sb. ME. thought OE.

lepoht: Teut. base ga-panhtu-,

derived fr. \j^pank in pink.

thousand num. me. thousand

thouseiid OE. ptisend = OHG.

diisunt G. tansend, du. duizend,

ON. pusand pilshund, GOTH. ///-

sundi; in the Lex Salica, wefind thus-chunde\\\oy\?>'6Xv(^ . Teut.

thrall — throng 21 I

base ptis-hund- , compound of

hu7id =r hundred with an ARYANtils great, much' (cp. skr. iuz'i

'much', tavas 'might'). lith.

tiikstantis ^= OSLOv. tysqsta 'thou-

sand' correspond to the Teut.

word.

thrall sb. me. thral (pi. thralles)

late OE. prcell {prM) prop, prall

fr. ON. prcell 'a thrall' (Teut. base

prahlla-^ \ cogn. w. ohg. drigil

'a slave' and w. goth. pragjan

'to run' = OR. rox-yfiv 'to run'.

thrash, thresh vb. me. thresshe

OE. perscan str. vb. = goth.priskan, ohg. drcskan G. dreschett

(du. dorschen), ON. preskja. teut.

^f presk (iTAL. trescare is of

Teut. origin) ; cp. lith. traszkiti

'to rattle, clap'?

thrave sb. me. thrdve thrcve: a

Scand. loanword ; cp. ON. prefi,

DAN. trave 'a number of sheaves .

thread sb. me. thrcd oe. prml= ON. prddr, ohg. drat G. draht,

DU. draad. The dental is suffix.

Derivative of \fpro. (pre) in oe.

prdwan = throw.

threat sb. sliort for me. pr{t

oe. prrat; cogn. w, oe. priitian

prcatian wk. vb. to threaten';

cogn. \v. oe. pr(a\an wk. vb.

'to threaten' = OHG. drewendrotmien (g. droheti).

three num. me. thre oe. preo

(f. n. — //•/ ra.); ident. w. goth.prcis, ON. prir, du. ^/r/c, OHG.drl G. ^//-tv: ARYAN base tri- in

SKR. A/ (nom. trayas), gr. r()tTg,

LAT. //V'jT, OIR. //-/, OSLOV. RUSS.

//-/', i,ith. trys. — The ortlinal

I

third me. thridde oe. pridda

corresponds to goth. prid/'a,

ON. pridi, DU. derde, ohg. dritto

G. dritte\ cp. SKR. trtiya, L.A.T.

iertius, osLov. tretiji. — thir-

teen ME. threttene short for oe.

preotene (pryttyne). thirty me.

thritty OE. prittr^ P^'^^^S ^= ohg.

driziic 0. dreissig (see under Z^*?;

about the oe. -/^j =^ o. -zig in

zwanzig vierzig etc.).— thrice ME.

//;r/^5- extended for an older form

prie OE. prii^a (priwa) ^^ OSAX.

/'-^;'^'i5' (thrhvo), ofries. thria ; see

tjciee.

threshold sb. me. threshivoldo^.

perscwald mostly p'erscold; ident.

w. ohg. drisctifili, ON. preskjgldr.

Probably not cognate \v. thrash.

thrice see three,

thrift sb. ME. thrift fr, ON. prift.

The str. vb. thrive me. thrive

is borrowed fr. on. prlfa-sk 'to

thrive'.

throat sb. me. thrdte oe. prdtu

= OHG. droi^ya mhg. droi^i^e'ihrote

(g. erdrosseln 'to throttle') ident.

w. olg. strata, du. strof. akyanground - form (s)trudd-. rrAL.

strozza 'gullet' is of teut. (Lango-

bard.) origin.

throe sb. 'pain' me. thrihce fr.

the wk. vb. oe. pr(kaian^= ohg.

druoen 'to suffer' (Teut. \fprpu<).throne sb. for me. trdne fr.

{

OFR. trone.

throng sb. me. throng oe. \eprgng

fr. the str. vb. oe. pringan =OHG. dringan G. DU. dringen; ident.

w. GOTH, preihan, ON. pryngva

'to throng': teut. \rpring prenh,

14*

212 throstle tight

ARYAN V" trenk tr'enq in LITH.

trenkti 'to shake'.

throstle sb. me. ihrdstil oe.

prgstle ; cogn. w. lg. drdssl (oSAX.

*thrdsta/a fr. ^/ramsiala') and w.

ON. prgsir (goth. *frastiis)

'throstle'; cp. also lith. strdzdas

'throstle'.

through adv. ident. w. thorough:

ME. thuruJi OE. />urh =^ ohg. duruh

G. durch, DU. dorch, goth. palrh.

throw vb. ME. thrmve oe.

prduian str. vb. 'to twist, turn

^= OHG. drden G. drehen (du.

draaieti) : teui". sT pre (also in

thread) =^ aryan \'~trc{tere) in

GR. XQfi-(A.a 'a hole' — xtQBiv

"to pierce' — xiohXQOv 'auger'.

thrush sb. (a bird's name) me.

thrush short for OE. prysce (teut.

base priiskjoti) ; cogn. w. ohg.

drosca (base prauskon-^.

thud sb. (Scotch) short for

OE. pgden 'whirlwind'.

thumb sb. ME. thombc ihnvd^e

older piime OE. pilma = ohg.

dumo G. daumeti, du. duit/i, swed.tumvie (on. piimall 'the thumbof a glove') : teut. hase pu-f/iatt-.

It rests on an ARYAN adj. tu-nw-

'thick, strong in avest. tiima

(SKR. tiitufnd) 'strong'; cp. lat.

tunicre 'to swell'. ARYAN \^ tu.

thunder sb. me. thunder older

form thoncr thuner Oe. punor =^

OHG. donar G. doiiner, du. donder

(cp. ON. porr for *potir the godof thunder). ARYAN \'~ tsn ton in

LAT. tonare — tonitru, skr. tan

"to sound', OE. punumio resound,

creak' (byform \f sten in skr. sta7i

'to sound', see under stuti). —thursday me. thorsday thursday

late OE. puresdeei oe. pimresdcej^

= OHG. donares-tag G. donnerstag,

DU. donderdag , on. porsdagr.

Early translation of lat. y^zw

^//^'.s'. teut. punara- was the godof thunder, corresponding to

ON. porr 'Thor'.

thus adv. ME. thus oe. pus =--

OSAX. OFRIES. thus, DU. dus

;

corresponding to OHG. sus. Formsof the article the.

tick (of a bed) sb. not foundin ME. nor oe., probably bq^rowedfr. DU. ti/h = OHG. ziehha G. zieche

;

source lat. theca, whence also

FR. taie 'a tick'.

ticket sb. fr. FR. etiquette.

tickle vb. ME. tikele.

tide sb. ME. tide 'season' oe.

//// (gen. //V/<?) 'time, hour' ^ on.

tid, OSAX. tid, DU. tijd, OHG. zit

G. zeit: Teut. base ti-di-, cogn.

w. OE. ti-nia = time. — Hencetidings ME. tidinges older formtithende fr. on. tidindi 'tidings' (:^

DU. tijding, G. zeitung).

tie vb. ME. tie OE. tiitm td^an

wk. vb. to tie, connect'; derived

fr. OE. teag 'bond, chain, rope'

= Teut. base taugo: s^'^tinig tauh

teuh 'to pull, draw', cogn. w.

LAT. diicere 'to lead'; cp. ohg.

ziohan G. Ziehen, OE. teon (prt.

t^ah').

tight adj. ME. tij^ht borrowedfr. ON. pittr (therefore also me.

thiyii) —- mhg. dihte (g. dieht) :

Teut. base pihii- pinhti-. Cogn.

w. thicks

tike — today 213

tike sb, ME. tike fr. on. tik 'a

bitch'.

tile sb. ME. tile contraction fr.

OE. ti-^ele — ti\le\ source lat.

tegula, whence also ohg. ziagal

G. ziegel, DU. tegel tichel (cp. fr.

tuile, ITAL. tegolci).

till vb. ME. tile older tilien OE.

tilian 'to till land, to work'; cogn.

w. OHG. zilon G. zielen 'to aim

at', OSAX. tilon tiloian, du. teleii

'to till, cultivate' (cp. GOTH, ga-

tils adj. 'fitting').

till prepos. xME. oe. /// (in

Northumbr. dialect) —- on. ///

'till, to'. Cogn. w. GOTH, gatils

and OHG. zilon under till vb.

tilt sb. late me. telt 'a covering'

for an earlier form teld (under

the influence of tent^ =^ oe.

letehl 'a covering, tent' ; ident. w.

OHG. zelt gizclt G. zelt "tent", odu.

telt ghetelt \Qn\! , oisi. tjalil: Teut.

base /elila- ga-tdda-.

timber sb. me. oe. timber 'ma-

terial for building'; cp. GOTH.

timrjan 'to build', ohg. zimbar

'material for building, edifice

G zimmer 'room' , OSAx. ti7nbar

'edifice', du. ti?nmer, on. timb?-.

Cognate w. gr. da/iietv 'to build'

— douo^ edifice', lat. domus

'house', OSLOV. il(>f/i/i 'house', skr.

da»/(i-.

time sb. ME. tif/ie oe. t/ma =ON. timi time': Teut. base ti-niou-

fr. the \'~ ti in tide.

tin sb. me. oe. tin = on. d.an.

DU. tin, OHG. zin G. zinn: commonTeul. base tina-.

tinder sb. me. tinder oe. tvndre:

= base tundrjon- in ohg. zuntira

G. zunder\ cp. du. tinder, on.

tiindr. Teut. verbal \^ land tiind

in GOTH, tandjan, OHG. ziintan G.

ziinden, oe. ontendan 'to kindle'.

tine (of a fork) sb. me. oe. ti??d

'prong, spike' ^^= on. tindr 'a

spike', MHG. zint: Teut. base tinda-

tender-. Probably connected w.

tooth (Teut. base tanp-').

tire vb. me. tire oe. tyran with

the non-umlauted byform me. tere

OE. tearinn.

tit see titmotise.

tithe sb. ME. tithe; prop, ordinal

OE. ti'^eda {teogoda teopa) 'tenth';

see teti.

titlark see titmouse.

title sb. ME. title fr. ofr. title

=-- FR. litre: source i.at. titulus.

titmouse sb. (a bird's name)not connected w. mouse; the

second element of the compoundis ME. mpse oe. nuise ^^r: du. mees.,

OHG. meisa g. 7neise 'a titmouse'

(FR. m/sa7ige is of Teut. origin).

The first element of titmoiise

Cas of titlark) is ON. tit 'a. small

bird'.

to prep. ME. OE. to prep. adv.

=- OSAX. to adv. (— // prep.), OHG.

zuo adv. f

—

zi prep.); cp. DU.

toe, G zit.

toad sb. ME. tpde oe. tdd-iie

(see tadpole^; there are nofurther connections.

toast vb. ME. ipste fr. ofr. toste

^— LAT. tosta (fr. the vb. torrere).

today ME. to day oe. to dce^e =OSAX. te dage. — For tonight —tomorrow = me. to tiight — to

214 toe tower

moriue oe. to nwrgne cp. osax.

te naht 'tonight'.

toe sb. ME. to (pi. tori) OE. id

(pi. tail) oldest form tdhcE =OHG. zeha G. zehc: Tent, base

taihon; cp. DU. teen, ON. td.

together adv. ]me. tggedere oe.

togiedrc; cogn. w. gather.

token sb. me. token or. tdcen:

Teut. base taikna- in ohg. zeihhan

G.zeichen, osax. tckan, du. tecken;

cp. GOTH, taikns (base taikni-).

Pre -Teut. base do'igno- doigni-

cogn. w. GR. dfrTyua by the side

of Of/V.i'f/u. ARYAN \'^ dik (dig) in

LAX. ^//^-i? (— dlgnus ~ prodigmm).

E. teach OE. tdcean belongs to

the same root.

toll sb. ME. OE. tol (II) = OHG.

Zol (II) G. ZOll, OSAX. DU. /tf/; cp.

OSAX. tolna --- OE. /6'//'/t' 'toll'.

Source lat. tclonium in a vulgar

form toloneujn for teloneum. Cp.

OE. tolnire ohg. zolandri = lat.

tolonarius (tclonarius)

.

tomb sb. ME. A.'w/''^ toumbe fr.

FR. tornbe = LAT. iumba.

tomorrow see today.

tongs sb. ME OE. Zf'/z^'-^ (tange)

-- OHG. zanga g. zange, DU. A^w^'',

ON. /fi/;^: Teut. base tango-n- fr.

the ARYAN \f~ dak in skk. ^/c?^-—

GR. (Va'xj'ttv 'to bite'.

tongue ME. tongc tunge oe. tnnge

=z GOTH, tuggo, OHG. zunga G.

zunge , DU. /(^w^. Teut. base

tungbn- fr. pre -teut. ddnghd- in

OLAT. dingua (= LAT. lingtid).

tonight see today.

too ident. \v. /c*.

tool sb. ME. OE. /p''/ = ON. /ti/;

probably derived fr. the teut.

\/~ tau\o make' (see under tazc).

toom adj. me. oe. torn loanword

fr. on. tomr 'empty'; cp. osax.

ton/i tbmig, OHG. zuoniig 'empty'.

tooth sb. me. toth (pi. teth) oe.

top (pi. tep) fr. a Teut. base tanp-

in osax. du. tand, ohg. zaiid (zan

G. zahn), ON. tpnn ; ablaut-varia-

tion GOTH, tunpiis. ARYAN base

dont- d?nt- in skr. dat — danta,

GR. odnvr- (nOoi'c,'), 'LkT.deni- {iiens)y

LITH. dantis. ARYAN \^ ed 'to eat'

see under ^<;/; the form of the

Aryan word (cp. sooth) is'^resent

participle.

topi c;b. j^£E. OE. top (pp) ^= ox.

toppr , DU. top (oHG. G. zopf a

tuft of hair') : Teut. base toppa-

tuppa-.

top'- sb. (a child's toy) ME. OE.

top (pp); phonetically differing

fr. the equiv. lg. dop, ohg. topfo

G. top/.

torch sb. JIE. torche fr. fr.

torche, whence also du. toorts.

touch vb. ME. toiiche fr. fr.

toucher, whence also DU. toetsen.

tough adj. me. tough ge. toh fr.

TEUT. '^tanhu-, whence also DU.

taai, OHG. zdhi G. zdhe. Perhaps

cogn. w. OE. letpng adj. 'in con-

tact with' —letenge 'close to'.

towel sb. ME. touail fr. OFR.

toaillc := FR. touaille. Source an

old Teut. word ; cp. ohg. dwahilla

G. zivehle 'towel', teut. \fpuhih

in GOTH, pwahan =- 0£. p7o(an

str. vb. 'to wash'.

tower sb. MK. tour late oe.

town — truncheon 215

(11"' cent.) tilr fr. fr. tour.

Source lax. iu/ris.

town sb. ME. totm oe. inn; the

original meaning fence' is seen

in OE. iyiid/i \vk. vb. 'to fence,

enclose . Cp. on. fi'm, du. tuin,

OHG. sihi G. zaun 'fence, Viedge'.

Cogn. w. OIR. (hm 'fortress' (in

CELT, place-names as in Augusto-

diiiiiini)

.

trace sb. me. trd(c fr. fr. trace

(source lat. tractiarc).

trade sb. original meaning 'path'

fr. the vb. tread.

trail vb. me. traile late oe.

trce-^lian fr. ofr. trailler, whencealso uu. LG. treilen.

traitor sb. me. traitour fr. ofr.

traitor (i-r. traitre) =r lat. tra-

ditorievi).

tramp, trample vb. me. iranipe

= LG. trampen trampcln; cp.

GOTH, trwipan to tread.

trap sb. me. trappc late oe.

trccppe loanword fr. fr. trappe

;

source OHG. trappa.

travel vb. me. travaille fr. fr.

travaillcr.

treachery sb. me. tr(c}uric

triccherie fr. fr. tricheric (iR.

tricher vb.).

tread vb. :\ie. tr^de oe. tredan

str. vb. = osax. tredan, du. tredcti,

OHG. tr'ctan g. tretcn; cp. goth.trudan, on. troda 'to tread'.

TKUT. \~ tr'cd trod.

treason sb. me. traisoim fr. ofr.

traison -— fr. tra/iiso/i: sourceLAT. ii aditioincfn).

treasure sb. me. trespr fr. fr.

tresor :=.- lat. thesaurus.

treat vb. fr. fr. tralter = lat.

tractarc.

tree sb. :me. tre oe. treo= goth.

//'/?/, OSAX. tn'o, on. /;-^: Teut.

base trewa-, derived fr. an aryandru doru in skr. di u daru 'wood',

GR. iigrq 'oak' — Soqv spear',

OSLOV. drirva — drevo 'wood'

;

cogn w. tar and trough.

tripe sb. me. tripe =r du. ////

fr. FR. tripe.

trouble vb. short for me. trouble:

loanword fr. fr. troubler.

trough sb. me. trogh oe. troh

trog == ON. OHG. G. DU. trog:

Teut. base tioga- tiuga-, pro-

bably derived fr. ARYAN dru-

'wood' under tree.

trout sb. me. troute (for troughief)

oe, truht: early loanword fr.

LAT. triicta —- FR. truite.

truant sb. me. triiant prop.

triiauud fr. fr. tiuand a vaga-

bond'.

truce sb. ME. treii'cs plural form

of ME. trewe 'truce' -— oe. treojva

'confidence, faith'. Derivative

of the adj. true me. trewc ok.

~^etreoive ^etrywe — - ohg. t,iuwi

gitriuwi G. (ge)treu. osax. trimv.\

cp. GOTH, tri^gws — ON. trvggr

'true'. Cogn. w. OPRUSS. dru7C'is

'belief — druwit 'to believe.

ARYAN \f dru. See truth andtrust.

trump sb. me. trumpe trompe

fr. FR. trompe, wlience also ODU.

trompe.

truncheon sb. me. trounchoi/n

tronchoun fr. ofr. tronchon ---

-

FR. iron(otu

2l6 trust twine

trust sb. ME. h'nst fr. on. trgust

'confidence' (= ohg. trost G.

trost 'consolation'): Teut. base

trausta- fr. an ARYAN base drouz-

da- ; coj^n. w. ir. druit (base

druzdi-) 'firm, trustwortli)''.

truth ME. treuthe OE. treowp

'faitli, fidelity': abstract forma-

tion to ti-jie.

try vb. ME. trie fr. fr. trier.

tub sb. ME. tubbe = DU. tobbe,

LG. ttibbe 'a tub' ; cogn. w. ohg.ziibar G. zuber. Source lat. tubus

'a pipe, tube?tuck vb. ME. tukke = OHG. zockbn

zuckcn : intensive formation of \/"

tuh in GOTH, tiuhan = ohg. ziohan

(see under tie).

Tuesday sb. me. Tiwesday oeTiwcsdce-^ -- ON. Tysdagr, G. (Ale-

mann.j Zistag: translation of lat.

Martis dies. The Teut. god Thvcorresponds to Mars. OE. TiwON. Tyr rests on Aryan deiicos

'god' (in skr. deva , lat. ^^/^//.f;

cp. ON. tnnrr 'the gods').

tumble vb. ME. tumble tomble

fr. OE. tu/>ibia/t to dance, tumble';

cp. DU. tninielen fr. ODU. tiimen.

tun sb. ME. tuime tohiie oe. tunne

-^ DU. /i?/?; ident. w. ohg. tunna

G. /<?//«^ and FR. tonne. Sourceand history of the group not

cleared up yet.

turbot sb. _ME. tiirbut fr. fr.

turbot.

turf sb. ME. ///// torf ok. ///;/"

= ON. torf, ohg. zurba, DU. turf

'peat : Teut. base turb- torb- fr.

an ARYAN base drbh- djrbh-; cp.

.SKR. darbha 'bunch of a-rass'.

turn vb. short for me. tourne

late OE. tilrnian fr. fr. tourner.

turtle sb. me. oe. turtle (=OHG. turtulatuba G. turteltmcbe)

fr. l.at. turtJir.

tusk sb. me. tusk tuseh short

for oe. tusc {tusc); probably Teut.

base tunska-, derived fr. teut.

tunp- {tanp-) = tooth.

twelve num. me. oe. twelf (infl.

me. twelve oe. twelfe) ^= goth.

twalif, ohg. zwelif q. zwblf, OSAX.

t7velif, DU. twaalf. The wordrests on the num. two; the 2"*^

element (cp. lith. dvylikd WtXve)occurs again in GOTH, ainlif ^ohg. einlif (see eleven). —twenty me. twenty oe. twenti]^

probably contracted for *twe-

lentil^= ohg. zweinzug (g. zwanzig,

DU. twintig). - - twice adv. me.

tunes prop, twie OE. twiyi {tiimva

tu-wd) .—

twig sb. ME. tti'ig pi. twigges;

cogn. w. OE. twi (pi. twiyi), OHG.

zwi and also w. ohg. zitng G.

zweig, DU. twijg. Probably con-

nected w. the numeral two(aryan stem dwi-).

tw^ins pi. ME. twinnes oe.

ytwinnas; ident. v^. on. tvinnr

'two and two'; cp. OHG. zwini-

ling G. zimlling, DU. tweeting 'a

twin' and lith. dvynii 'twins'. All

derived fr. the ARYAN stem c/zw- ,-

see two.

twine vb. me. twine vb. fr. the

sb. OE. twin 'linen, a twisted

thread' = DU. tivijji, which is

ident. w. mho. g. zwirn , du.

tweern: Teut. base twizna- fr.

twinckle — up 217

\'~t2tns (see under ticist), cogn.

w. the num. i7cio.

twinckle vb. me. twincle oe.

twincUan.

twist vb. ME. twisic vb. fr. oe.

twist sb. 'rope' =: odu. twist

'thread' ; teut. \^ tivis as in G.

zwirn 'thread'; see twine.

twit vb. short for me. at-wlte

OE. cet-witan str. vb. 'to reproach';

cp. OE. ed-wit sb. 'reproach' andGOTH, idweitjan vb. 'to reproach',

OHG. firwiT^T^an G. verweisen, DU.

verwijten 'to reproach' and OE.

wite, OSAX. tvlti, OHG. wh^T^i 'pu-

nishment', GO'^'A.fraweitan str. vb.

twitch vb. ME. twicche (without

palatalisation twicke) OE. twiccian

= G. zwicken (cp. OHG. zwecchon) :

Teut. ground-form *twikkJon}

twitter vb. me. twitere = ohg.zwizziron G. ziiitschern ; perh. a

reduplicated west -teut. ^twi-

ttmron? (teut. \'^t7£ns?).

tw^o num. : orig. twain masc. —two f. n. = ME. twein — two OE.

tweT^en — iwd (tii n. for ^iwii orig.

*twp) ; cp. OHG. zwene — zwd —zivei, OSAX. twene — two (two)

— twe, GOTH, twai— twos — t7va.

ARYAN Stem duo- divo- in lat.

duo, GR. (Jd'o (but Jff/'Jfxa for

*J/ojc)fXM), SKR. dua dva.

tyrant sb. me. tiraunt (with

excrescent / as in pageant) fr.

OFR. tiran =-- LAi'. tyranmis.

u

udder sb. me. tidder short for

OE. uder = ORG. iitar (g. euter),

ODU. OFRIES. OSAX. uder ; ARYANbase tidhr- in SKR. udhar, lat.

iiber; cp. GR. ovihto. All equi-

valent.

ugly adj. ME. us^ly fr. ON. uggligr

'dreadful' ; cp. ON. ugga 'to fear'.

umpire prop, tiumpire (as augerfor orig. nauger) ME. nom?ipere fr.

OFR. nonper.

un-^ prefix (of adjectives) me.

OE. ////- :^ G. ohg. GOTH. U?l-

;

ident. w. lat. in-, GR. av- a-,

SKR. a/!- a- : ARYAN ground-formpn-, cogn. w. SKR. na , lat. ne,

GOTH. OHG. ni, OE. ne 'not'.

un 2 prefix (of verbs) me. un-

late OE. un- OE. <?;/- = goth.and-, OHG. ////- G. ent-.

uncle sb. -ME. une/e onclc fr. fr.

07icle (^= LAT. avunculus^. Cp.

also aunt, nevew, niece.

under prep. me. oe. under -=

GOTH. OSAX. undar , on. undir,

DU. onder , ohg. untar G. untcr.

Two different prepositions are

blended in this form: lat. inter,

SKR. antar and lat. ////)-a skr.

ad/ids.

up prep. adv. me. up oe. z^/)/;

ident. w. ohg. tif G. aw/", osAX.

tip; cp. the ablaut-relation goth.iup. Cogn. w. oe. ufan 'from

above' = OHG. ohana osax. otnxna

'from above'. See above and

2l8 urchin very

and over. 2ipon me. upo?i OE.

upp-on; cp. ON. upp a.

urchin sb. me. irchoun fr. ofr.

irt'fOfi (fr. hcrisso/i) ; source a

vulgar LAT. ericio{7tcm). ^=^ lat.

crkius 'hedge-hog (the genumeE. word was OE. i^el = OHG.

4'^// G. igr/, cogn, w. or. ^^Tiwc).

us pron. ME. us (07(s) OE. lis for

TEUT. U/iS- in G. OHG. GOTH. UHS,

OSAX. i/s , DU. ous. Cp. 6'«r

and 7l'(\

use sb. ME. /Vi'^ fr. FR. ?IS =-

LAT. usus.

usquebaugh sb. fr. ir. nisge

beatha 'water of life'; ident. w.

zvhisky.

utmost short for ME. oiitemeste

OE. (w. umlaut) ytemest; ident.

w. outmost.

utter vb. ME. uttre outre derived

fr. ME. outc vb. 'to put out' OE.

liiian 'to put out\ Source out.

vain adj. aie. 7'ciin. fr. fr. rain

= LAT. 7'(h!US.

vale sb. ME. vdl fr. FR. va/e

and valley me. valeie fr. fk. vallce.

Source lat. 7'aUis.

valiant adj. ;me. vaUauiit fr.

FR. vaillaiit.

valley see vale.

van ident. w. fan.vane sb. (a wether-cock) me.

(Kent.) vane — (else) fane OE.

fdna rztr OHG. fano {gund-fano)

G. fahne, DU. vaan., GOTH, fana:Teut. base f'anan-, c<ign. w.

LAT. pannus 'cloth'.

vanish vb. me. vanisshe fr.

OFR. vanir {vaniss-)\ source lat.

evanescere.

vanquish vb. me. venquisshe

fr. OFK. I'einquir (vcinquiss-)

=r FR. vai/iere; source lat. znn-

eere.

vat sb. ME. (Kent.) vat— (else)

fat OE. feet =^ OSAX. on. fat,

OHG. fa?! G. fass, DU. vat: Teut.

base fata-. Cogn. w. 'LYIh. pudas

'a pot' and OHG. fa'z^'^on G. fassen

'to contain'.

vaunt vb. short for ME. avaunte

vb. fr. OFR. avanter (fr. vanter^

:r:= late lat. vanitarc.

veal sb. ME. vel fr. ofr. v'eel

(fr. vcait); source lat. viiellus

'a little calf.

veil sb. ME. veile fr. ONFR. veile

= lat. velum.

vein sb. jme. veine fr. fr. veiiie

----- LAT. vena.

venison sb. me. veneisoun fr.

OFR. veneis07i —- lat. venatio{nein).

venom sb. me. venbn fr. OFR.

vcnim -=^ lat. venemmi.

verse sb. me. vers fr. fr. vers;

OE. ME. fers is loanword fr. lat.

versus with the medieval pro-

nunciation of LAT. V as /".

very adj. :\ie. verrei verrai fr.

OFR. V(rai (fr. vrai) ; source

vessel wade 219

a LAT. type veracus for lat.j

verac-c7n.'

vessel sb. me. ^rsse/ fr. ofr.

veissel (fr. vaisseaji) = lat.

vascclltini (vascuius — 7'as).

vetch sb.ME. vecche fr. ofr. vcche

(fr. vesce) = lat. vicia, whencealso OHG. wicka G. wicke DU. wik.

vex vb. ME. vcxe fr. fr. vexer

:= LAT. vexarc.

vial {phi a I) sb. me. 7'iole fr. fr.

yf(7/^ (ofr. viole).

vice sb. me. e'4"^ fr. fr. rvVt'

= LAT. vitinm.

victory sb. me. victorie fr. OFR.

vietoric = fk. victoire.

victuals sb. (me. 7<i((rinr) fr.

OFR. vitaille in the spelling vic-

iuaille. Source lat. victualia.

view sb. fr. FR. vue.

vigil sb. ME. vigilc fr. FR. vigile

=• lat. vigilia.

vigor sb. I\1E. 7'i^onr fr. ofr.

vigour (fr. vigeur^ = lat.

vigor-evi.

vile adj. -Me. ?•// fr. fr, f// =lat. -,'iUs.

villain sb. me. vilciii fr. ofr.

viltin = lat. villanus.

vine sb. me. vine fr. fr. ev^v/^?

= LAT. vinea. Cp. wine.

vinegar sb. me. vinegre fr. fr.

vinaigrc —- LAT. vinutn acre. Forthe 2'^^' element cp. eager.

vinewed adj. (the initial vinstead of /' is due to Kentishinfluence) fr. oe. fynegian 'to

become mouldy' (y)'/?/';^ 'mouldy').

vintage sb. transformed fr. me.

vinddge, which rests on FR. ver,~

daiige = LAT. 7'indemja (whenceOHG. wiutitttnta vintage').

viol sb. fr. fr. viole -- ital.

SPAN. viola\ source a late lat.

viiula, whence also fiddle.

virgin sb. me. virgine fr. ofr.

virgine.

virtue si), me. vertil fr. fr. vertu.

visage sb. me. visage fr. fr.

visage. — vision sb. me. visioun

fr. FR. vision.

vixen sb. (?- instead of/due to

Kentish influence) oe. */yxen

:

Teut. base fuhsinjo- {g. /iielisin)^

derived fr. teut. fnhs- folu-

under fox {-injo- being fem.

sufflx as in G. got/in, grdjin etc.).

voice sb. ME. vois fr. ofr. vois

(fr. Voix^ = LAT. 7>0X.

voutch vb. ME. vouche fr. ofk.

voucher (=; lat. vocare).

vow sb. ME. vou fr. ofr. vou(fr. VOeu') = LAT. votutn.

voyage sb. fr. fr. voyage; cp.

ME. vid'ge 7't'dge fr. ofr. veiage.

Source l.vt. viaticum.

wwade vb. :me. wade oe. loddan 1 uu. waden, ohg. watan str. vb.

(prt. Wiht) str. vb. = ON. vada, I (g. waten wk. vb.) : teut. \~wad^

220 wafer wand

ARYAN V^ 7vddh ill LAT. vddere

'to go'.

wafer sb. me. wd/re fr. ofr.

waufre = fr. gaiifre; ident.

w. DU. wafel, G. waffel (oSAX.

^wd/Icz). The group prop, meant

'honey comb' as in fr. and is

derived fr. a Teut. word (OHG.

aiabo G. wabe\ \^web in tveave).

^vag vb. ME. wagge (oe. *wag-

giati) derived fr. \fweg (in oe.

wagian 'to move , wag') ; see

way.wage sb. ME. wage fr. ofr.

^oage (fr. gage \ : source a vul-

gar LAT. tvad'mm for lat. vadium

(influenced by a teut. - goth.

"(Oadi 'a pledge' under wed^.

waggon ^b. fr. du. ivagen;

ident. w. waiu.

wail vb. ME. waile wcile; derived

fr. ME. wei 'woe' (loanword fr.

ON. vci; see 70 oe).

wain sb. me. wain oe. wceyi:

Teut. base wagnu- in ohg. waganG. DU. icagefi (on. vagii) ; ARYAN\'~7Lii'g/i as in lat. vehiculum,

GR. o/jK, oiR. fin 'wain'. See

way.

waist sb. AiE. 7vdst\ doubtful

whether allied to ^oaxl

wait vb. ME. waitc fr. ofr.

waiter \ source a vulgar lat.

vb. wactare, der. fr. OHG. wahta

= GOTH, wahtito 'a watching'.

For the root see wake andwaic/i.

wake vb. me. wake oe. wdcian-= OSAX. wakojan, du* waken,

ON. r'a^^rt", OHG. itiahhen G. 7vachen

wk. vb. (only GOTH, waka/i str.

vb.). Cp. also OE. weccean, OHG.

weckan, OSAx. ivekkian, du. wekken,

GOTH. wakja?i 'to awake', aryan\^weg in LAT. vegere 'to excite,

arouse' (z'igil 'awake ) and skr.

e^4''(7j(' 'to incite'. See 7vatch

(and 7vait).

walk vb. ME. 7ualke\ intensive

formation (cp. lurk, stalk) of

OE. 7veallian 'to wander' — OHG.

tvallon G. 7vallen.

wall sb. ME. 7(7^'/ (pi. 7cial/es)

OE. yc'^i?// (pi. 7i>eallas) =- du.

?(;'<?/, OSAX. 7c/t?/ (pi. zvallos) ; not

found in ohg. (but ti. a't?//

borrowed fr. LG.). Source lat.

vallum 'a rampart'.

wall-eyed adj. fr. oe. 7vealde/i-

i'^e ~- ON. vald-eygdr 'wall-eyed'?

wallow vb. ME. wahve OE. 7veal-

7vian 'to wallow'; cp. GOTH. 7oal-

wisoft 'to wallow' and zvahvjan

'to roll'. Cogn. w. lat. volvere

(gR. hH^IV) 'to roll'. ARYAN\fwehv woht),

walnut sb. me. 7valnote walnute

OE. 7vealh-hnutu = ON. valhnot,

DU. 7valnooi G. 7valnuss (not found

in OHG.). The former element

(teut. 7valha-) see under Welsh{7valnut prop, meant 'French

nut'; cp. lat. nux Gallica =FR. gauge).

walrus sb. ^=^ du. 7valrus 7val-

ros, G. 7valross, dan. hvalros; cp.

ON. hrosshvalr (whence oe. hors-

hwo'l): lit. 'a horse-whale'. See

whale.

wan adj. me. 7ciau(/in) oe. 7C'an7i

(7Vonn).

wand sb. me. zcand fr. on.

wander — was 221

vgnd (gen. vandar) = goth.

wandus 'a rod'. Cogn. w. LITH.

7va))tal or w. tvind vb. ?

wander vb. me. wa/uh'e oe.

wandrian; cp. MHG. G. wandern

waHdcln (oHG. wantalori) 'to

wander'. Cogn. w. wend vb.

wane vb. me. ^vdne oe. wdnian

= OHG. wanon, on. ?w«« 'to

wane, diminish' : derived fr. teut.

wana- 'lacking' in oe. wan, ON.

vanr, oHG. wan , GOTH, wans

'lacking' (cp. DU. wanJwop 'de-

spair' and G. walunuitz 'want of

wits'). Cogn. w. SKR. ima 'wan-

ting'. — w^ant sb. me. 7vant fr.

ON. vant neutr. of vanr lacking,

deficient'. — wanton me. wan-

toun prop, wantgwcn for '"^wan-

togen : oe. iogen is participle of

teon (see team) to educate'.

war sb. me. (since 12'*^ cent.)

werre = du. werrc fr. ofr. werre

(fr. guerre) ; source ohg. we, ra

'vexation' (ohg. osax. werran

str. vb. 'to bring into confusion

or disorder').

ward sb. iME. ward oe. tveard

'watciiman, guardian' :=^ osax.

ward, ORG. G. wart (on. vgrdr

for *wardus) : ARYAN \j~ war see

under wary. — w^arden sb.

me. warddn fr. OFR. wardein

(gardein) ident. w. guardian;see guard. — w^ardrobe me.

wardergbe fr. OFR. warderobe (fr.

garderobc)

.

Avare sb. me. 7C'drc oe. 7cidru

'merchandise' =^ du. jcaar G.

ware, ON. z^ara.

warlock sb. for me. warhnve

oe. wckrloga 'traitor' (= OSAX.

tvdrlogo) : compound of oe. wckr

'faith, agreement and -loga 'a

liar' (OE. leogan under lie ').

warm adj. me. warm oe. wearm= OSAX. OHG. G. DU. warvi, ON.

varmr (cp. GOTh. warmjan 'to

make warm') : Teut. base wart?ia-

for ARYAN base ghw'ernio- in gr.

dnjunc ((feof.icg) = LAT. fornms

'warm'.

warn vb. me. warne oh. wear-

nian war{e)nian ^= OHG. warnon

G. warnen 'to warn'.

warp sb. me. warp oe. wcarp

derived fr. OE. weorpan me. werpe

str. vb. 'to throw' ^^ GOTH.

tvairpaii , osAX. wapan , du.

werpcn, OHG. werfan G. werfen

str. vb. 'to throw'. ARYAN\/~7i:'<?r^r(."' in SKR. vrj\o remove',

OSLOV. iresti (vrugq) 'to throw'.

warrant sb. me. waraunt fr.

OFR. warant (fr. garant).

wart sb. ME. werte'. umlauted

byform of OE. wcarte = on.

varta, odu. warte, OHG. zvarza

G. warze. Perhaps cogn. w. OE.

wearr 'callosity, wart' and l\t.

verruca 'wart'.

w^ary adj. extension of me.

war OE. wa'r 'cautious, aware'

= GOTH, zvars, OSAX. war 'cau-

tious' (oHG. giwar G. geiciahr)

:

ARYAN V~ avr also in GR. naar

'to observe'.

was (I, he) — were (we) me.

was-were OE. wces-weron (wceroh):

forms of the preterite of oe.

wesan —: du. wezen, ohg. wesan,

GOTH, wisafi (g. wesen sb. 'a

222 wash

being'). ARYAN \~7oes in SKR.

vas 'to stay in a place'.

wash vb. ME. wasshe OE. wascan

^= ON. vaska, OHG. 7vascan G.

waschen. ARYAN \<'^wask in IR.

faiscim, w. gwasgu 'I press'.

^A/'asp sb. me. 7£'rt;j;z!'^ oe. wdps

fr. a Teut. base wafsa- in OHG.

wafsa; cogn. w. lat. ?^^</<'7, lith.

7Y?/.y« 'breeze', OSLOV. ?wc^'^vasp'.

ARYAN \r7vebh in weave; ivasp

orig. weaver'.

waste adj. ME. rcf/j-/ fr. OFR.

wast (cp. FR. ^c?^v- 'to make

waste'). Source lat. vastus,

influenced by teut. wosii 'waste'

(oE. weste, OHG. wnosti G. wilst

fr. an aryan wastu- in oiR. fas,

LAT. vastus 'waste').

watch vb. ME. zvacche OE. *w(sc-

can (in the pres. partic. waccende)

7= OE. 7vdcian under tvake.

^Arater sb. me. ludter oe. wceter

:r=r oSAX. watav , DU. watcv, OHG.

wa--iir G. wasser: west-teut.

base watera-; ident. w. goth.

7i''a/^, ON. {-v;///. Cogn. w. ?i7t7

and outside of teut., w. gr.

rjfriO, SKR. ?^^/(a;/Z, OSLOV. RUSS.

vnda 'water'. ARYAN \'~wod: ud.

wattle sb. me. watel OE. watol

hurdle, tile'.

wave sb. derived fr. the wk.

vb. wave me. lodve oe. ivdfian

'wave, fluctuate'; cp. ox. vdfa

'to vibrate to and fro'.

wax sb. me. waxe OE. weaxan

str. vb. = OHG. OSAX. wahsan

G.wachsen^ T>\5.wassen\ cp. GOTH.

wahsjan. ARYAN sTweks uks in

SKR. uks 'grow up, get strong',

GR. ds^fiv 'wax'. Cp. ox.

wax sb. ME. 7£>ax oe. 7c>eax =ON. 7'ax, OHG. zf^^c/ij' G. wacks,

DU. 7fvm-. Cogn. w. LITH. wasz-

kas, OSLOV. RUSS. voskti.

way sb. me. way wey wei OE.

7^^j = OSAX. OHG. l&eg G. DU.

weg, ON. 7'^<^T, GOTH. 7vigs 'wav'

:

Teut. base wega- (allied to lat.

via 'way'), derived fr. the teut.

sfw'eg in oe. wegan 'to carry'

= OHG. wegan 'to move', goth.

gawigan; ident. w. lat. vehere

'to carry', GR. hx^n>, sR:r. vah

'to carry': ARYAN sfwegh also

in wai/i.

WQ pron. ME. OE. 2ve :r= goth.

7(iU'is, OHG. G. 7<y/V-, OSAX. wi;

ident. w. SKR. vay-am 'we' : ARYAN

ground-form icei fr. a stem 7ae- in

ON. vdiT 'our'.

weak adj. ME. -weik fr. ON.

veikr veykr; ident. w. OE. ladc

ME. wok = DU. week, OSAX. 7£'d'^,

OHG. 7^/^ G. weich. TEUT. \fWlk

in OE. wican 'to give way =^

OSAX. wlkan, ON. vikja , OHG.

7vihhan G. iveichen. Cogn. w.

GR. £iX5/«' 'to give way', lat.

7'/m- 'change', aryan \f7vig 7vik.

weal sb. :me. wele oe. ai'tVrt

(7veoIa) 'prosperity , riches' ^^-

OSAX. 7£/£Vtf 'happiness , riches'

(oHG. 7vela — wola G. 7vohl 'wel-

fare). Cogn. w. well ^.nd will.

— w^ealth ME. 7velthe extension

of weal = DU. 7veelde.

wean sb. me. 7vnie oe. 7oeuian

'to wean a child prop, 'to ac-

custom'; ident. w. osAX. wennian.

weapon — week

(g. geicidhneii) , on. venja \o ac-

custom'. Derived fr. the adj.

waiia- in on. vanr 'accustomed'

(cp. oug. giwon OE. 5<?7iw;; 'usual').

weapon sb. me. wcpen oe. wxpcn= ON. viipn, OSAX. wapan, du.

wapcn , OHG. waffan o. eco/^i?

(goth. wepna plur.).

wear vb. me. were oe. iterian

wk. vb. 'to clothe' = GOTH.

ii.'asjan to clothe', OHG. %vp-ian,

on. ewy^r 'to cloth': teut. \~7vaz

was (also in goth. was-ti 'gar-

ment'), ARYAN \fw^;s in LAT. f'^J"-

^V 'garment', G&.erj-d^tjJ^ clothing',

ivvvf.li 'I clothe', SKR. Vi7S 'to

clothe .

weary adj. me. 7c<(Ty oe. 7veni

(7C<(crii) r= OSAX. 7vbrig 'tired',

OHG. 7vuorag 'intoxicated': TEUT.

\'~7fvr? or wozlw^easand sb. me. wcsend oe.

7i.'ci>scnd umlauted byform of OE.

7vdscnd 'throat, gullet' = ofries.

waseride 'windpipe', OHG. 7aeisiwt

'veins

.

w^easel sb. me. 7Lihci oe. 7vesule

—: OHG. 7ciisula G. 7mesel, du. ivezel

'weasel'. Perhaps cogn. w. lat.

7'isio 'bad smell', whence ofr.

7'oison foumart'.

weather sb. :\ie. 7vc'der oe. 7ij'edcr

r^ OSAX. 7vedar, du. 7vedei', OHG.

7v'etar G. 7vetter, on. vcdr : Teut.

base 7aedra-, aryan base 7aedhro-

in OSLOV. 7<edrit clear' (weather)-— vedro 'clear weather.

weave sb. .me. 7c>i;7>e oe. 7v'efan

str. vb. -r ON. 7'cfa, DU. we7'en,

OHG. 7C''eban g. 7i.iebcii. aryan -y^

7vehh uhh (see 70asp, 7vafer and

tveevil) also in gr. v(fij-vffoc a

web' — vr^aii'fiv 'weave'. — w^eb

me. oe. 7iieb (bb) fr. teut. 7oabja-

in OHG. 7i>eppi, du. 7t'f/^, on. ?'o^r

"a web'.

wed vb. prop, 'to engage' me.

7iiedde OE. 7veddiaii = goth. gn-

7vadjdn 'to pledge' , ON. vedja.

Derived fr. the sb. OE. 7i<t:dd ^goth. 7vadi, OHG. 7vetti 'a pledge'

and cogn. w. lat. vas — vadis 'a

pledge'. Further relations see

under gage and 7vage. — w^ed-

lock ME. 7uedlflk OE. 7vedldc (oe.

lac gift, offering).

wedge sb. me. 7vegge oe. ec^^C'

=r OHG. wecki (g. 7C'eck), DU. 7^'z]^,

ON. veggr : Teut. base 7vagja-;

cogn. w. LiTH. 7oagis, LETT. 7C'adsis

'a wedge.

wedlock see 7iied.

WednesdayME. 7vednes-day um-lauted byform of OE. PVodttes-dcei

= LG. 7tiddnesdach, du. 7voensdag\

prop, 'day of Woden': translation

of LAT. Mercurii dies. Tlie Teut.

I god Woden (ohg. PViiota/i, on.

I

Odiiui) is identified w. Mercurius.

weed ^ sb. (plantname) me. 7ved

\ oe. 7oeod -T= OSAX. 7(.vV'^/ 'weed'.

i

w^eed - sb. 'garment me. 7s.iede

I oe. 7i.>ed 7V:ed (infl. -^) = ON. 7>dd,

' OSAX. «'c?//, OHG. 7vdt 'clothing,

garment': Teut. base 7vi-di- fr.

an ARYAN \f 7oe to weave' in

!SKR. 7!d 'to weave'.

' week sb. me. 7veke 7oike oe. 7oicu

I

-= os.\x. 7t<ika, on. vika, OHG.

I

7&ehha 7vohha G. 7voche 'week'; cp.

I

GOTH. 7viko 'order, succession'.

224 ween — were

Derived fr. \^ %vtk in OE. wican

'to give way' see under iveak.

ween vb. me. wene oe. wenan

(prop, wd'iion) 'to hope, expect'

== GOTH. wenja7i, on. vcma, ohg.

wdn(n)a/i G. wdhnen: derived fr.

oe. wen (tadti) sb. hope' = ohg.

wan G. wahjty ON. zuin, goth.

wens: Teut. base wan-.

weep vb. prop, a str. vb. me.

wepe (prt. wcp) OE. wepan zvivpan

(prt. toeop') = GOTH, wopjan \vk.

vb., OSAX. wopian, OHG. wuoff'an

MHG. tvilefen 'lament', on. dpa

(orig. *vdpa) 'to cry', teut. \rivop.

w^eevil sb. me. ivevel wivel oe.

7vifel = osAX. wibil, ohg. e/:'//;//,

ON. yjill: derived fr. the teut.

\fweb in weave; cp. lith. wa-

balas 'weevil', — From the sameroot also weft me oe. zveft =^

ON. viptr.

weight sb. ME. wcixjit fr. on.

vcbU orig. *vcehi\ cp. oe. wiht

'weight' fr. OE. wegan (see way>).

weird sb. 'fate' cp. me. zuii-de

oe. wyrd 'fate' .=: on. tird, osax.

wurd 'fate'. Derived fr. teut.

w'erpan ^^- OE. weordan, OSAX.

w'erdan, ohg. w'erdan G. werden,

ON. vcrda, goth. wahpan 'to be-

come'. ARYAN \j^wert\\\ lat. fV7--

/f/ f to turn', SKK. rr/ 'to turn'.

welkin sb. me. welkne welken

;

umlauted byform of me. wolkne

OE. woken 'cloud' = osax. ohg.

wolkan, OSAX. wulka, ohg. wolka

G. wolke 'cloud'. Perhaps cogn.

w. OSI.OV. vlfignkii 'humid' —

vlaga 'humidity', lith. vilgyii

'to moisten', aryan \fiv3lg.

well adv. me. oe. wel = du.

zee/, OSAX. we/, ON. z>e/; cp. ohg.

we/a wo/a G. wo/i/ (goth. zoai/a).

Origin doubtful, but connectionw. wea/ and wit/ certain.

well sb. ME. we//e oe. zve//e

zve//ii (zay//e zuy/Za): Teut. base

zva//Jbn- : umlaut-relation of oe.

Zi'ea//an str. vb. 'boil, flow' =OSAX. OHG. zval/an str. vb. 'boil,

flow'. ARYAN \fwe/ zva/ in OE.

zvy/m 'boiling, flowing' = skr.

lirini 'flood', OHG. wt'//a ^. zve//e

'wave' = OSLOV. v/ima, lith.

Z'i/iiis 'wave'.

Welsh adj. me. zvels/i oe.

zvylisc umlauted fr. a teut.zva/}ns/ia-\ derived fr. OE. Wea/Zi

'foreigner', prop, 'a Celt' (cp.

wa/nuf). The corresponding

adj. OHG. zva/liisc — sb. Wa/a/i

means an inhabitant of a Ro-mance country, teut. Wa/ha-rests on the Celtic tribe nameVo/cue.

wen sb. me. zveit oe. zvenn 'tu-

mor' — DU. zven, LG. wene: Teut.

base wanja- (perhaps cogn. w.

zv u n df)

.

wench sb. me. zvenc/ie older

wenc/ie/ prop, 'infant'; ablaut-re-

lation of oe. zvince/ 'child

.

wend vb. (only in the prt. zvcnt)

fr. me. zaende prt. zvenie oe. zvcndan

prt. wcnde\ orig. meaning 'to

turn' = goth. zoandjan, osAX.

wendian, ohg. zventan g. wenden.

Causal of wind.

were see zvas.

west — whey 225

west Sb. ME. OE. west = ON.

7'CStr, DU. G, 7ai'St (fR. fllU'St of

Teut. origin).

wet adj. short for ME. w^'t OE.

7t'tV uuet = ON. vdir, ofries. 7e>ei:

Teut. base weta- fr. the same

root as water.

wether sb. me. toether oe. weder

z:- GOTH. 7viprus, ON. vcdr, OSAX.

7oit/iar 7vcthctr, DU. 7vcder 7v:er,

OHG. widar G. 7vidder. Cogn. w.

LAT. vitulus 'calf and skr. 7}atsa

'calf.

whale sb. me. 7i.'Iial (pi. 70/idles)

OE. /i7me/{p\. hwdlas) = on. hvalr,

OHG. 7<:'a/ (g. walfisch, du. 7Ci^//-

{•7V(;/z = ON. hvalfiskr). Cogn. w.

GR. 71 £'Ar'»(^ 'monster'. Cp. 7valriis.

w^hat pron. me. 7vhat OE. h7vcet

= OHG. /^7<:'a5 G. 7e>dS, DU. 7iV7/,

OSAX. hwat; cp. the Teut. stem

/wv?- under who.wheat sb. me. 7vh(te oe. hivcete

= GOTH, hwaiteis, ON. hveiti, DU.

7fv/V^, OHG. 7veizzi G. wcizeti. Cogn.

w. 7vhite = teut. h7vita- (in me.

we find 7i'/«'/^ 'wheat' by the side

of 7vh(te).

w^heel sb. me. 7oh(l oe. hweol

(w. tlie byform hive07ool hweogol)

= ON. hjdl {{or *h7'Jdl) — hzh'I, DU.

rwV/ (ofries fiat): teut. base

h7veiila- (for h7v'cg7vla-) andh7veh7vla-, ARYAN base qeqlo- in

SRK. cakra 'wheel', GR. xt'xAoc

'wheel'. By the side of the re-

duplicatetl word qe-ql-o- cp.

OSLOV. kolo 'wheel'.

w^heeze vb. me. 7ohcse oe. hivesan

(for *h7c<d'saii) 'to wheeze'; cogn.

w. oe. hivosia , on. //^ijV/, oiKJ.

English Etymology.

h(7v)uosto G. husten, DU. //^^nV

'coughing', teut. \r /;7i'r7j,- =r

ARYAN \/~ kds in SKR. Xvpy, IK.

casad, LITH. Zwt'// 'to cough".

whelk sb. cp. ME. 7vitk oe. 7ciiolc

7veolc (older wiluc) 'whelk' = DU.

7vulk 7oelk 7villok. Ident. w. ofr.

7{.ielke.

whelp sb. ME. 7vhelp oe. h7i.ielp

'whelp, cub' = on. hv'elpr , DU.

7i<elp, OHG. h7&clf 7v'elf.

when conj. me. 7iihen o^.hwcenuc

fr. stem hwa- in 7uho.

whence adv. me. 7vkenne-s prop.

tvhanene OE. hwanone older

hwanoti = OHG. hwandn.

w^herepron.-adv. me. wMr{e)o^.

hwdr (me. whore late oe. hnuir)

= OSAX. OHG. h7mr mhg. 7C'dr g.

700, DU. 7vaar: teut. base h7CHr

(cp. GOTH. har)\ derived fr.

stem h7va- under ivho.

whet vb. ME. 7vhette oe. h7vettan

'to sharpen' := ON. hvetja , DU.

7vetten, ohg. hwezzan G. 7vetzen

'to shaipen': Teut. ground-form

h7vatjan. Cogn. w. on. hi'atr,

OSAX. h7vat, OHG. hwa-^ 'sharp'

:

TEUT. \fh7vat.

whether pron. me. 7vhether oe.

h7vceder 'which of two' = GOTH.

hapar ; corresponding by ab-

laut to OHG. hwcdar 'which of

two'. GR. Tivre()og (skr. katara)

'which of two" is more closely

allied to goth. oe. The wordis orig. comparative to stem

h7va- (h7C'L-) in 70 ho.

w^hey sb. me. 7i>hey oe. /m-r/^

= DU. LG. 7tiei (byform meg.

huy hole du. hid).

15

226 vhich wide

which pron. me. which oe. hwylc

(prehistoric form ^hwilic) =GOTH, hikiks, OSAX. hwilik]

cp. OHG. hyelih o. welch: Teut.

base hwilika- (hwelika-) and for

OHG. hwdih a base hwalika-

.

Derived fr. stem hwa- hw'e- underwho.while sb. me. while oe. hwil

infl. hwile ^ goth. h-eila, ohg.

OSAX. hwila, G. wcile, DU. wijl.

ON. hvila 'bed (cp. OHG. hwilm

'to rest') points to connection \v.

LAT. c/iiietus 'quiet' and OSLOV.

pociii 'to rest'. ARYAN \'~ qt.

whine vb. me. whine oe. hwinati

str. vb. 'to make a shrill sound'

= ON hvina 'to whiz\

whisky ident. w, usque Imugh.

whisper vb. me. whispere oe.

hwispriau 'to murmur' ; cp. OHG.

hwispalon G. wispeln. Sou.nd-imi-

tation ? or cogn. w. whistle?

wYdsXXe. vb. me. whistle oe.

Jnc'istUati; perh. akin to icihisper.

whit ident. w. wight.

w^hite adj. (short in Whit-snuday lit. 'white Sunday') ME.

whit OE. hivit = GOTH, h'eits,

ON. hvitr, OHG. hzoiT, g. 7C'eiss:

Teut. base hwita-, cogn. w. skr.

(veta 'white' — \'~ (7>it 'to shine'.

ARYAN s/^ k7C'i(i kwit. See also

wheat and whittle.

whither pron. IVIE. whider OE.

hwider; cp. GOTH, hadre whither;

derived fr. the stem Imva- hw'e-

in who.whittle sb. short for me. whitel

OE. hwitel 'blanket ; derived fr.

IV hit c.

w^ho pron. me. who prop, whoOE. hwd = GOTH. ba-s\ cp.

OHG. hw'e-r G. 7vcr : stem hwa-

hwc-, also in what and hoic andin which, whither, whether.AkYAN base qo- in lat. quo-d,

SKR. ka-s who', Lrrn. ka-s who'.

whole adj. me. hpl oe. haI

(hence the abstract formation

health) = goth. hails, on. heill

(see hail), ohg. g. heil, osax.

hel, DU, heel: Teut. base haila-

(whence derived Jiailaga- ^:^-

holy). Ident. w. osi.ov. cclii

'complete, whole' (ground-formkailo-) ; cp. OPRUSS. kailustikan

health'.

whore sb. me. oe. hore 'pro-

stitute' ^ ON. hora, OHG. huora

'adulteress'; cp. goth. hirs

'adulterer'. Aryan -yT kdr 'to

love' in oir. cara 'friend' —caraim I love (Gallo-LAT. carisa

'prostitute') and lat. t^f^/v/jr 'dear.

why pron. me. whi oe. hwi -

on. /??'/: instrum. of the stem hwa-

in what.

wick sb. short for me. 7vek(

oe. weoce= ohg. wiohha. 'LG.weke,

DU. wiek: Teut. base weukon,

perhaps reduplicated for ?i't'-

zvkon, as made probable by the

equiv. oe. wecca = G. (tlial.)

7C'icke ; cogn. w. mhg. G. wickel?

w^icked adj. extended for me.

wicke.

wicket sb. MK. wikiH fr. ONER.

wiket (fr. guichet), whence also

ODU. wiket (du. winket).

w^ide adj. me. oe. wid = on.

Vidr, OSAX. Wld, DU. wijd, OHG.

widow 2.27

icU G.7i>dt: TEUT. ?t'/(/(?-, perhaps

participle of a lost verbal v^ un.

widow sb. i\iR. 7vi(he.ie oe. widewe

(wiuimce) = goth. widnwo, ohg.

witawa G. witwc, OSAX. widozva,

DU. wcdiiwe. Ident. w. the equiv.

SKR. 7'idh(17'a, LAT. Vidua, OSLOV.

vidova, OIR. fedh: ARYAN base

7C'idha7va.

wield vb. :\IE. ycvA/c oe. ~^e7veldan

{y7vyldan) wk. vb. fr. a teut.

'^gaivaldjan. Derived fr. the str.

vb. OE. 7(.idldan 7i.<caldan ^= GOTH.

OSAX. 7C'ald(1/!, OHG. 7i.Hiltan (g.

7i.<altcn) 'to govern". ARYAN \f7tv// in LAT. 7'alere\o be strong';

ij). also OSLOV. 7'IcJSt/, LITH.

valdyti 'to govern'.

wife sb. ME. OE. 7vif = ON.

7'if, OS.\X. tmf, DU. 7C'2j/, OHG.

71-7/^ G. 7(iieil>: Teut. base 7viba-.

No equiv. connections outside

of TEUT. (ati older word for 'wife'

sec under quccii). — womanME. 7uuvimixn prop. 7i.i'ntnnan (pi.

7C'it/imcn) ok. 7inf~mann (pi. 7vif-

vtcnn) lit. a wife-man'.

wight sb. ME. 7viyit OE. 7viht

'thing, creature, being' =r oHG.

OSAX. 7viht thing, being' (g. du.

7cicht)\ cp. GOTH. 7vaihts 'tiling'

and ON, vdttr being, thing'. Teut.

base 7Vihti- for ivchti - ident. w.

OSLOV. vesti 'thing': aryan base

7vekti-.

wild adj. ME. OE. 7iiilde fr. a

TKur. 7L'ii/>ja- (plop. 7C'clpja-) =GOrH. 7C'///(/S, ON. ?'////', OSAX.

OHG. 7C'/7d/ G. DU. 7cu7d. Probably

connected w. 7vold oe. 7vcold == OHG. G. 7i'ald 'wood', as FK.

sau7>a^e = lat. sik'aticiis fr. lat.

siha 'wood'. — w^ilderness (cp.

DU. G. 7vilde7-uis) extension of

:me. 7C'ilda'ne 'a desert.

-wile sb. ME. (fr. 12'^ cent.) 7c>llc

fr. OFR. 7Ciile (glide) ; ident. w.

guile.

will vb. ME. 7tnlle (prt. 7volde)

OE. 7villan (prt. 7vo/de) = goth.

7viljan, on. 7'ilja, oSAX. 7villian,

DU. Tinllen: Teut. base 7oilJan

(prop. Tveljaii) ; ident. w. osAX.

7vcllian, OHG. 7vellan (g. 7Vollen)

fr. a teut. 7valjari. ARYAN \f7vel u id in lat. vcl-le, osLOV. voliti,

LITH. velyti. All equivalent.

Perhaps cogn. w. rtv/Zand 7vcal\

also goth. 7tialjan 'to choose'

= OHG. 7vellan G. 7C'ahle>i, ohg.

7t''«/<? G. tvahl 'choosing', skr.

\^7!ar vr 'choose'. Cp. the

following word.

will sb. ME. 7ville oe. 7villa =OSAX. OHG. 7Vlllio, DU. 7vil , G.

7ville, GOTH, vilja, ON. vili: Teut.

base 7mljan- for 7V'cljan-, derived

fr, \f7vcl in 7vill vb. ; cp. osLOV.

volja sb. 'will'.

willow sb. ME. 7C'i/7c>e oe. 7C'yIig

(infi. '^7vils^'e?); ident. w. i)U. tvi/g

ODU. LG. 7vilge osAX. ivilgia,

MHG. 7(.'/4'^<'.

wimple sb. me. oe. 7C'i»t/>el oe.

7vi7ipel 'neck covering' rT= du. g.

7C'h/ipel OHG. 7vimpal. Source andhistory unknown (OFR. guimple

FR. giiimpe are of TEUT. origin ;

see gimp).

win vb. me. 7vinnc oe. 7viniian

str. vb. = GOTH. Jvi/imm 'to

suffer', OHG. OSAX. 7C'in>iivi 'to

15'

221 wind

struggle' (g. gewinnen, ViXS.itnnneti),

ON. vinna: Teut. verbal \f wenn,

cogn. w. SKR. van 'obtain, ac-

quire'.

wind sb. ME. OE. wind ^^ OSAX.

DU. wind, OHG. wint o. wind, on.

vindr, goth. winds: Teut. base

winda- prop, zviindo- = Aryan

base wento- m lat. vcntus, skr.

vata 'wind'. Derived fr. the

ARYAN V" zve in oe. tvdwan =GOTH, waian, du. waaicn, ohg.

WiUTi G. wehen 'to blow'; cp. lith.

vi'Jds 'wind', OSLOV. vctru 'wind'

— vejati 'to blow', skr. sj'^va 'to

blow', GR. arirrjc 'wind'. Cp.

win doiv.

wind vb. ME. windc oe. windan

str. vb. = GOTH. OSAX. windan,

ON. vinda, ohg. wintan G. du.

7vinden : TEUT. \fwend wand. —windlass sb. (machine forraising

iieavy weights) transformed fr.

ME. windas : loanword fr. ON.

vind-ass prop, 'a winding pole'.

window sb. me. windgwe bor-

rowed fr. ON. vind-auga 'window',

Ht. 'wind-eye'. See wind sb. and

eye (on. aiiga).

wine sb. me. oe. icin = goth.

wein, ON. vin, osAX. ohg. unn

g. wein DU. wijn : Teut. base

wina-, early loanword fr. lat.

znnuni (cp. vine and vintage),

whence also ital. vino — fr.

vin and OIR. ////, OSLOV. vino.

wing sb. ME. winge short for

older wenge: loanword fr. ON.

vdngr.

wink vb. me. winke OE. wincian

wk. vb. 'blink, wink' ; OHG. winkan

str. vb. (g. winken) 'to give a

sign' ^ ME. winke str. vb. 'wink'.

winnow vb. me. windive oe.

zmndivian; ident. w. OHG. ivintbn

(for *7vini7von) 'to winnow'; cp.

GOTH, winpi-skaiirb 'a winnowing

fan', LAT. vetitilare 'to winnow'.

All cogn. w. wind sb.

w^insome adj. me. win-som oe.

wynn-su?n = ohg. wun7ii-sam (o.

wonnc-sarn) : derived fr. oe. 7C'ynn

= OSAX. OHG. 7C'//nnia (cp. G.

7vonne) 'joy'.

w^inter sb. me. oe. 7vinter =GOTH. 7mntriis, OSAX. OHG. 7vintar

DU. G. 7ainter, ON. veitr: Teut.

base winir-. Perhaps cogn. w.

CELT, vindo- 'white' in oiR. find

'white' ?

wipe vb. ]ME. zvipc OE. 7vipian\

cp. LGo 7vip sb. 'wisp of straw'

and GOTH, vipja 'garland' —

7veipan 'wreathe', teut. \^ 7tnp.

wire sb. me. oe. 7vir = on.

virr, LG. FRIES. 7mr; cogn. w.

OHG. 7viara 'wire and lat. viriae

'armlets of metal', which ac-

cording to Plinius' Hist. Nat. 1

5

is a Celtic word.

wise adj. me. oe. 7vis = on.

ViSS, GOTH, weis, OSAX. OHG. 7VIS

(oHG. 7visi G. 7vcise) , DU. 7vijs.

Teut. base wha- (for 7vit-to-),

derived fr. the ARYAN \f 7vld in

GR. okV«, skr vcda = GOTH. 7Vait,

OE. 7i.uit, OHG. 7vci-^ G. 7veiss. See

7f'/A

wise sb. ME. OE. 7inse =^ osAX.

OHGt wha G. 7veise, du. ec^'i':

Teut. base 7cnsd-n- (fr. ^//w^' ital.

^^wa of Teut. origin). Probably

,'ish wolf 229

connected w. the ARYAN \'~wid

'to know' under 7(i'ise — 7C'it.

wish vb. ME. 7cuss/ie short for

OE. loysccan fr. a Teut. base

WHiiskjan = OHG. wimsc{i)an G.

wUnschcii, DU. wcnschen, on. mkja'to wish'; cp. SKR. ranch 'to wish':

ARYAN \fw3nsk'^

wisp sb. ME. wisp (not found

in OE.);perh. ident. w. ON. Tisk,

OHG. wise G. wisch 'wisp of straw'?

wit vb. ]ME. ivite OE. witan 'to

know' = GOTH. OSAX. witan, on.

vita, DU. weten, ohg. wi7^z,an G.

wissen. The l^' and 3^ p. sing, wereME. W;?? OE. 7£'c7/ =r GOTH. Wait,

ON. m/, OSAX. ?CV/, OHG. weiT, G.

wciss, corresponding to skr. veda

'I know, he knows', gr. o?Ja Oft)f.

See also witticss.

wit sb. JME. Wit (tt) OE. (lC}7Ciitt

'intellect, understanding' =r oSAX.

giwit, OHG. 7i72s/ (g. 7c>itz) 'under-

Standing', ON. znt 'intellect': de-

rived fr. 7vit vb.

witch sb. ME. icicc/w OE. iviccea

'wizard' — 7C'iccc witch' ; ident.

w. FRIES. LG. wicke 'witch' LG.

zvickcr 'wizard' (lg. 7vicken vb. 'to

predict' = OE. 7viccian 'use witch-

craft) and probably cogn. w. oe.

wij^iian 'practise divination —7viiUre 'diviner' = ODU. wijche-

lare, DU. mlg. 7vichelcn 'practise

divination', teut. \P ^vikk 7vig.

witch-elm sb. me. 7vicchc short

for oi';. 7iiucc 'elm' fr. a Teut.

base icikjo//.-.

with prep. ]Mi-:. 7C'it/i oe. 7c>iti

prep, 'against' short for ividcr

(in compounds like oe. 7vidersaca

7vidcrfliia 'adversary') = on. vid

7'idr, OSAX. 7vith 7vidcr, ohg. 7mdar

G. 7s.'idcr, GOTH. 7vi/ra.

wither vb. me. 7vidre vb. fr.

7V eather (me. 7s.i(der).

withy sb. me. 7vitfn oe. 7i.'idi~^

'willow ; cogn. w. OHG. 7i''ida G.

7ocide, on. vidja and gr. 'txsu,

LITH. zil-vitis, POL. wit7va, pruss.

7vit7ao 'a willow', aryan \/~7v'i in

LAT. vi-tis vimen and OSLOV.

viti — LITH. 7'yti 'to twine, plait'.

witness sb. me. 7vitnessc oe.

7mtness ("infl. -e) 'testimony'; as

GOTH. 7veit7vdds and on. 7'itni 'wit-

ness', derived fr. the teut. \,^ 7C'//

'to know'; see wit vb.

wizard sb. me. zcisard trans-

formed (under the influence of

ME. w/s = 7c>ise) fr. '^7vischard:

loanword fr. ofr. 7i.'ischard (guis-

chard) 'prudent, cunning".

woad sb. ME. 7i<gd oe. 7i<ad =DU. 7veede , ohg. 7veit g. 7vaid:

Teut. base 7vaida-, pre -Teut.

7vaita-; cp. lat. vitnun 'woad'.

AATOe inter] . ME. 7(.h} oe. 70d in-

ter]. = GOTH. 7Vai, on. 7V7, OHG.

OSAX. 7ve G. 7veh du. 7e.iee. Idcnt.

w. LAT. 7me interj. woe': grountl-

form AkViVN ivai.

wold sb. .ME. 7Vgld OE. 7C'dld

{7v(ald in 'Weald of Kent") fr.

a Teut. base 7valpu- ; cj). o.sax.

OHG. G. 7aa/d wood', I3U. 7Ciond

'wood', ON. 7ud/r plain, field :

pre-TEUT. 7Cia/tH-s, c;()gn. w. .'^kk.

7'dta (for *7'dita?) 'garden'? Seewild.

w^olf sb. ME. 7C'ol/ (pi. 7volves)

OE. 7iimlf fpl. 7i'ulfaS) = GOTH.

230

ivjilfs, ON. tllfr (for *vu!fi-) , osax.

7Cin//; cp. OHG. G. rc'fl//: Teut.

base 7vidfa- wolfa-, aryan base

uolqo- in SKR. vrka, OR. Ai'xoc,

LAX. lupus, LITH. vilkas , OSLOV.

vltiku. All equivalent.

woman see wife.

womb sb. ME. Wimihe oE. ivdmb

{UHmth) 'stomach' = GOTH. ohg.

waniba, on. tuunb, DU. iva/u 'belly,

stomach' : Teut. base ^vaDibo-.

wonder sb. me. wonder oe.

ivnndor = osAX. wniidar^ OHG.

lonntar G. wundcr , ON. undf.

Teut. base wundia-.

wont adj. for :\IE. ivoncd p. par-

ticiple of ME. wonc OE. wunian

'to be used to'; cp. OE. r^ewuna

'custom, use' and ON. vanr, ohg.

giwoii G. gc7C'idi/it 'accustomed.

.See wean.

woo vb. j\iE. Wijwc OE. 7vogian

'to woo'; no further relations

known. 'I'EUT. \^7coi^\

wood sb. ME. 7Ciode OE. Wuduox'vjc^.widu =^ON. "oidr 'tree, wood',

OHG. wiiu 'wood' (also in ohg.

witu-Iiopfd G. wide-hopf): Teut.

base widu-, pre-Teut. base widlm-

in CELT, vidii- (gall. Vidu-CassesY,

cp. OIR. fid 'tree'.

wool sb. JNIE. wollv OE. wull intl.

7vulle = GOTH, wulla, on. uU(for ''tHiIl') ; cp. OHG wolla G.

icudle: Teut. base liuillo loollo,

ARYAN base wj'/td in SKR. liriia,

osLOV. 7'lu/ia, LiTH. 7'ilnii 'wool';

cogn. w. LAT. z'iilus velius 'fleece'

and SKR. \'~ 7'/' (var) to cover'.

word sb. ME. OE. 7VOI-d ^ GOTH.

waurd, ON. c;/7/(for '^vord), osax.

word, DU. woord, ohg. g. wort:

Teut. base worda-, pre-Teut.

base wardho- in lax. verbufn,

OPRUSS. wirds\yox:d\ lith. vardas

'name', ary.an \^ wer {wre) in

GR. sigsir 'to say' — Qtjua 'word'?

work sb. i\iE. 7i:ier/i oe. weore= OSAX. OHG. tverk'G. DU. zverk,

on. 7ierk ; Teut. base werku-,

ARYAN base w'ergo- in GR. soyov.

ARYAN \f 7eierg in GR. j'i&C'f//' 'to

do' — ooyavov 'instrument', skk.

vrjana 'labor ; cp. Q,oiYL.7vailrkjan,

OHG. 7vurkan = oe. 7vyr^eafi vb.

'to work". See 7vright.

world sb. me. 7vorld 7vcrld oe.

7vorold 7veorold = osax. 7v'ero!d,

DU. 7i>ereld, ohg. 7v'eralt (nvorolt)

G. 7oelt, on. v'ergld. First element

of tVie compound {7ver-ald-) is

TEUT. 7C'era- man' in GOTH. 7i'air,

oSAX. OHG. oe. 7iier, ON. ZUTr

(aryan base 7C'Iro- in L.A.T. 7'ir,

SKR. 7ura, LITH. f'/vv/jT 'man).2'"^ part of the compound is

TEUT. aid/" in (JOTH. aids world',

OE. i'ld (eld) 'period, age'.

worm sb. ME. 7iwrm for 7iiurfn

prop. 7virm OE. 7oyrm fr. a Teut.

base 7vur7ni- in oSAX. OHG. G.

7VU 711, GOTH. 7vaurms\ ident. w.

LAT. vermis 'worm'; cp. ON. ormr

(for *7(.'orf>h!z) and GR. (lonng

(for /(;o'.»Oj,').

wormwood sb. transformed fr.

OE. 7ver7n(id {7Von/i()d) = OHG.

7V'er77iuota (7c>or77!Uofa). Formation

and origin unknown.

w^orse compar. adj. me. 7C'orse

7vurse older 7i<irse OE. 7vyrsa =OSAX. 7cirso fr. a Teut. base

worship — wrinkle 231

whsizatt- m goth. wairstza =OHG. 7(iirsiro. — 7ciorst superl.

ME. 7c>(>rs/i ivursti- orig. -icirstc

OE. -ivyrsta fr. a TEur. superl.

7oirsist(JJ!- in goth. 7oairsis(d,

OSAX. OHG. jmrsisfo.

^A/orship sb. me. 7vorschip older

7onypschipc OE. nieordscipc: derived

fr. 7vorth.

wort' si), (a ])lant) me. 7vort

wiiri older 7i'v>7 OE. 7vyrt fr. a

Teut. base wiirti- in GOTH, ivailits,

ON. urt, OSAX. 7i.nirt, ohg. g. 7vurz

'plant, herb': ARYAN \"7V3rd in

LAT. radix (for *2Taciii'-) see

under roof.

wort- sb. (a kind of drink)

ME. ic'ort 7C'uri for 7C'irt OE. 7C>yri

for *7i'iri = ON. rvV//-, mhg. 7i'/rs

wort': TEUT. ground-form 7inrtiz

(pre-TEUT. base zverdcs- 7ii'erdo<;').

worth adj. me. 7vorih 7vurth

OK. 7vyrde\ umlauted byform of

OE. 7i.<eorp = GOTH. 7vairps,

OSAX. 7v'erth, on. 7''erdr, ohg.

7C'cri/ (g. 7f'<;7): ident. w. lith.

7'crl(7s, OPRUSS. 7oerts 'worthy'.

\vound sb. ME. 7vounde oe.

7i'v/7/^/infl. 7vundc = oSAX. 7vunda,

OHG. 7VHiita g. 7vunde, ON. iind

(for *7uind) : Teut. base 7vundd-.

Cogn. w. the adj. goth. 7vunds

=r OE. IC'lilld, OSAX. 7VUnd, OHG.

7(.<nni g. 7<:'«W. teut. \'~zvun,

ARYAN \f7v3n in GOTH. 7mnnan

to suffer, feel pain' (see 70 in)}

wrath sb. me. 7vrathtlic sliort

for OK. zarcpppu (Teut. base

7C'i (lipipp ,: umlaut-abstract ofOE.

7crd/> adj. = 7i.<roth.

wreak vb. :me. 7vri'k( oe. 7Circcan

str. vb. = GOTH. 7vrikan ('to

persecute'), osAX. 7tireka>i, du.

7crrken, ohg. rehhati (for *7C'r'c/i-

ha/i) G. riichen 'to revenge.

ARYAN \f7vreg urg in lat. urgcre

'to urge', SICK, f'/y 'to remcn'c'.

w^reath sb. me. 7vr{the oe.

7i.'rdp ; cogn. w. 7vrithe.

wren sb. me. 7vrenne oe. 7vrenna\

ident. w. oSAX. wrendio and pro-

bably w. OHG. OSAX. {7v)ren!W a

stallion' (medieval lat. 7varannio^.

wrench sb. me. 7(.<rench 'deceit'

OE. 7cnnc 'deceit, trick' fr. a

Teut. base 7vranki- (also in

MHG. rank 'trick' G. rdnke plur.).

The modern E. meaning 'twist,

sprain' seems to be older than

the metaphorical sense in me.

OK. and g. See also 7vrong.

\A/retch sb. me. zvn'cche oe.

7vreccca 'outlaw, exile' ;=: OHG.

osxTi.7vrekkio (g. recke 'warrior');

derived fr. \'~7vrek in goth. 7i.<rikan

"persecute' (see 7vrealz).

wright sb. aiE. ivrighte oe.

7vyrhta = osAX. 70urhtio, ohg.

7Vurhto (mhg. -Tviirhte) 'worker';

derived fr. teut. 7vurht-ivjan-\ cp.

goth. 7vaurst7vja 'worker' by the

side oi 7vaurst7(.' 'work'. For the

root see 7vork.

wring vb. ME. 7vri/ige. oe. 7vrin-

gan str. vb. 'to press out' =DU. LG. 7t>ritigen, OHG. ringan, (for

*7i'ri/igan) 'to press out' (g. ringai).

wrinkle sb. me. 7vrinkcl oe.

tvrinkle = ODU. 7vrinckcl\ cogn.

w. MHG. riiuke and ohg. riinza

(for *7tirunka — '^7vrunkza).

wrist sb. ME. 7:<rist oe. 7oyrst

232 ye

= MHG. G. rist [ior *7vrisi), on. rist

SWED. Z'r/jiV 'instep, wrist'; perhaps

cogn. w. G. reihenMRG. rlhe 'wrist ?

write vb. me. write oe. writan

str. vb, = OSAX. wntan, on.

rita 'to write'. Orig. sense 'to

engrave, scratch, tear, split' in

OSAX. 7vritan = ohg. riT^'z.an

(for '"^wriyi^aii) G. reissen. Cp.

GOTH. 7&ri/s a stroke of a pen'.

TEUT. \^'~writ.

writhe vb. me. writhe oe. wi idan

str. vb. 'to twist' ^ OHG. ridan,

ON. rida str. vb. 'to wind, twist'.

Cogn. w. wroth.

I wrong adj. me. wrong (wrang)

late OE. (ii '' cent.) wrang bor-

rowed fr. ON. rafigr (older

*z'ra7igr) 'wrong, unjust' prop,

'awry, perverse'. Probably fr.

the same root as ivrench (teut.

\f~wrank ivrangY

w^roth adj. short for me. wroth

OE. wrap (see also wrath^ =O.SAX. wrethy on. vrddr reidr,

ODU. wrced 'wroth'; orig. sense

in OHG. reid (for ^tvreid) 'curled'.

\Pwrip 'to twist' in -aireath andwrithe.

^

wry fr. me. wrie vb. 'to twist'.

yacht sb. fr. t>u. jaclit prop.

jachtschip; du. jacht corresponds

to G. jagd 'hunting (ohg. jagon

G. jagen 'to chase).

yard' sb. me. ^erd prop. i(rd oe.

leard 'fence, enclosure' = on.

gardr : Teut. basegarda -= arYanhdi?,(ighorto- in lat. hortus [GK.;(6p-

TO^) 'garden'. Allied to garden.yard'' sb. (a measure) me.

ycrde oe. yrd {jjrd) 'rod, rood'

^ OHG. gcrta G. gertc 'a rod,

switch'; cp. GOTH, ^azds 'a stick,

goad' -= ON. gaddr 'goad' andLAT. hasta 'a sj^ear' (commonbase ghazdha-).

yarn sb. me. icrn prop. i(rn oe.

^earn ;= on. ohg. g. garii (du.

garen^;perhaps cogn. w. O'i^.gp, n

'guts' and lith. sa;vA/ 'entrail'

?

yarrow sb. me. i^arwe oe. -^ear^ve

= OHG. garwa G. garhe, du.

ge?-w 'millefolium'.

yawl vb. me. iconic by the

side of goulc vb. (change of j

and .i,"- unexplained) ; source ON.

gaula (gpiila) 'to bellow'.

yawn vb. me. gdne gone OE.

gdnian (the phonology of the

ME. word is dark) — ohg. geiiion

(g. gdhncn) ; derived fr. oe. to-

ytian str. vb. 'to yawn' = ON.

gina; cogn. w. ohg. gicn giwcn

'to yawn': akyan \f~ght in lat.

hiarc, OSLOV. zijati, lith. zioti

'to yawn'.

ye pron. me. j^e OE. le fr. a

prehistoric jiz — DU. gij, osax.

gi, ohg. /; (for *Jir) G. ////;

oldest TEUT. form jdz in goth.

jiis 'ye . Ident. w. .skr. yiiy-ani

'ye': auyan stem iw -yu.

year — yolk 233

yea adv. me. ,5/ OE. ^ed (for

*^£e) = osAX. OHG. Jd G.ja 'yes';

oldest form goth. ja 'yes'. —yes ME. yes oe. j^ese for *y:<i-

swd prop, 'yea so' fcp. me. nese

fiir fie-swa).

yean older ean vb. me. aic

oe. ea/iian (j^e-eania/i) 'to yean':

derived fr. a TEUT. aima- (for

agwna-) 'lamb' = lat. agniis,

OIR. lian: ARYAN base aghno-.

year vb. me. yr oe. ler dear

for *lcBr) ^= OHG. y^-'' G. yV?/«',

DU. ja(ir,OK. (fr, Gom.jer: Teut.

hase jera-; cogn. w. the ablauted

GK. (bong 'year' — wga 'season'

and w. AVEST. ydre 'year

.

yearn vb. 'desire' me. yerut fr.

ME. yc'rn oe. j,eorn 'desirous'

(whence also the umlauted oe.

li'rnan 'desire'} = GOTH, gairns,

oSAX. OHG. gan 'desirous': teut.

\rg'er in OHG. g'crbn G. begehrcn

— OHG. g'er 'desirous' — girl (g.

gier) sb. 'desire', aryan \fgherin SKR. hary vb. 'desire'.

yell vb. ME. y:llc oe. ylllan

ij^illan) = OHG. gcllan G. gellen,

DU. gillen, ON. gjalla 'to resound'.

Cp. siany ell.

yellow adj. me. lelwe oe. \eolo

(infl. leolw-) fr. a Teut. base

g'elwa- in osAX. oho. ^f/c g. ^^'/<^,

DU. geel: aryan base ghelwo- in

LAT. hclvus 'light yellow', aryan\~ghcl also in ON. ^'///r 'yellow',

GR. ;ifXf«{;o'c 'green', OSLOV. zelenu

'yellow'; from the same root

also gold (and glow}). —yellow-hammer la bird's name)

rests on the equiv. oe. atnore =.OHG. amero G. ammer.

yelp vb. ME. jflpe OE. yilpan

(ylpa/i) str. vb. 'to boast' = ON.

gjalpa, OHG. gclpfan.

yes see yea.

yesterday adv. me. -yesterday

OE. leostrandcei (lystrandcsi) prop,

only geostra{n) = ohg. gestarim

G. gestern, du. gisteren (gister-

avond)\ cp. goth. gistra-dagis

with the sense of 'tomorrow'.

Teut. base g'estra-, cogn. w. on.

/-^<ri/- and lat. heri\ gr. /."^tg

and SKR. //iv/j- yesterday' point

to an ARYAN base ghyes 'yester-

day

.

yet adv. me. jft short for oe.

"^it (lyt, pi); ident. w. ofries.

ieia eia 'yet'.

yew vb. me. ew oe. eoio in<

n= OHG. iwa g. eibe, ON. yr: Teut.

base iwa-, ident. w. oe. eoh 'yew'

— OHG. iha yew', fr. //"(whence

borrowed DU. ijf) is of Teuforigin. Cp. also cymr. yw 'yew'.

yield vb. me. ^elde oe. leldan

{pldan) str. vb. 'to pay* = goth.gildan, ON. gjalda , OHG. g'eltan

str. vb. 'to pay': teut. \^gild.yoke sb. me. 10k (pi. ipkes) oe.

5^^V (pi. leo'cu) = GOTH. y«/^,

ON. ok (for */'<?>^), DU. Juk, OHG.

/(?/! G. yi^^r^: Teut. base joka-,

ARYAN base jicgo- in lat. jiiguin

GR. Lvyov, SKK.yugd'yoke. aryan

yfjug in GR. Cfvyi'vui, lat.

jungere, skr. jv^/ 'to yoke'.

yolk sb. me. iplke (iclke) oe.

^eoleca for teut. g'el{%v)ukaii- :

234 yon — yule

derived fr. teut. gelwa- r= yel-

low.

yon pron. me. ion ion OE. lepn

(see beyond); cogn. w. goth.jains, OHG. jener G. jener.

yore adv. me. ig7'e oe, ^edra

{\>Tow. jara) prop, 'of years' gen.

plur. of OE. ^edr := year.

yow pron. me. ^ow ace. dat.

of '^e (= ]'('), OE. cow ace. dat.

of ^c (— j('); ident. \^. oho.

OSAX. <7/; OHG. iir. ARY.'^N base

/w under ye.

young adj. me. y)ng V"ig oe.

yong (prop, jung) ^= GOTH, juggs,

OSAX. OHG. G.Jling, T)\i.JOng, ON.

////i,'/' (for *jungr): TEUT. Junga-,

contracted fr. juwungo- = lat.

JHvenciis , SKR. yiwafa 'young

:

ARYAN base Jiiwynko- (ablauted

byform in CYMk. ieuanc 'young').

Cogn. w. 'Lk.'X. jtivcnis, SK.K. yiwan,

osi.ov.jnn/}, wrn. Jdunas young'.

— youth sb. ME. y)uthe older

piwede for yigede oe. jugod (^eo-

god) = OSAX. jiigud fr. a base

jugunf- in oUG.jugtmd G. Jugend:

teut. jiigunp- probably for jii-

wunp- cp. LAT. jiivcn-t-a (and

GOTH, junda contracted for *;«-

wundd) \ derived fr. AKYA.'^juwen-

in LAT. juvenis, skr. ynvan etc.

yule sb. me. ipl fr. on. jdl\

ident. \v. oe. j^dol (contracted

fr. leoliol) "Christmas'. Cogn. \v.

GOTH. Jiuleis 'november' = on.

ylir (oe. Giiili in Beda). Teut.

base jenla- (in on. jot) diwd jiul-

ja- (in GOTH, j'nikis) : oe. leohhol

'Christmas' points to teut. j'ehw-

la- (by the side of jeula- for

jegwla-); probably related to

ON. // 'snow-storm' (teut. base

jehwld). Hence Yule 'the time

of snow-storms' and goth. jiuleis

'the month of snow-storms'.

Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg i

ber beiitfd)en 6prad)e

Hon

^ricbn'd) l\lu^e,orb. !Pr©f«nor btv bcutf^en ©pradie an btr Hiii>-eiptat gteiburii i. 99r.

?iiiiftf oerlielfn-te uub |lQvk opriiifl)rtf SluOnge.

8ep8. XVI, 491 ©.. 1894. 21^. 10.-, m^albfi-g. geb. 3^. 12. -.

Der Verfasser des vorlieg'endeii Werkes hat es unternomraen, aufQrund der zerstreuteii EinzelforschuM^'ea und seiner eigenen niehijahrigenStudien eiii etymologisches Worterbuch des deutschenSprachschatzes auszuarbeiten, dag dem g-esreiiwiirtigeii Staiide derWissenschaft entspricht. Er hat es sich zur Aufgabe g-eniacht. Form undBedeutuiig jedes Wortes bis zu seiner Quelle zu verfolgeu, die Beziehungenzu den klassischeu Sprachen in gieichem Masse betonend, wic das Ver-wandtschaftsverlialtnis zu deu iibrigen germanischen und den romanischenSpraclie . SeJbst die Vergleichung niit den entferntoren oricntalischen(Sanskrit und Zend), den keitisphen und slavischen Sprachen ist in alienKiillen h.jrangezogen, wo die Korsfhung eiue Verwandischaft fe^tzustellenverniag und wo diese Verv/andtschaft zugleich Licbt auf die CJrzeit desgermanischen Lebens wirft.

Einc allgemoinc Einlciiung behaiidelt die Geschichte der deutschenSpracbe in ihren Umrissen.

Die Verbesserungen der neuenAuflagebestehen in derVerwcrtung der neuesten Forschungsergebnisse aufdera Oebiete der germanischen Etymologie; die Ver-mehrungeii iuderAufuahme einer grossen Anzahl solcherFremdworter, welche geit demlG. Jahrh. aufgekomraenslnd.und seitdeni eineu unzweif-ilhaften Bcstandtcilder deu'^^schen Sprache ausntaclken. In den meistenK alien ist es dera Verfasser gelungen, genau fest-zustellen, wana und auf welchem Wege das einzelneFremdwort in unsere Sprache eingedrungen und damitMachweisungen zu bieten, welche ausserdemsprach-liclien, ein hohes culturgeschichtliohes Interessubeanspruchen. (Ankiindigung des Verlegers.)

„Das Klugesche Worteibuch ninimt durch seine hervorragendenEigenschaften anerkanntermassen den ersten Platz umer alien ahnlicheuWerken ein. Eine ncue Auflage bediirfte keiuer besonderen Empfehlung,wenn nicht das bewahrte Hilfsmittel seit seinera ersten Erscheinen undTor allem seit der vierten Auflage in mebrfacher Beziehung ein veran-dertes Aussehen erhalten hiitte. Dass die Forschungen der letztenzehn Jahre, an denen Kiuge sc'ber einen bedeutenden Anteil gehabt hat,gewissenhaft verwertet, dass zahllose Verbesserungen und Erganzungenim einzclnen vorgenommen sind, braucht nicht besonders versiehert zuwerden ; jede Seice zeugt von dem unermiidlirhen Streben, zu bessern.Unsicheres zu stiitzen oder durch Neucs zu ersetzen. ^moglichst vieleGinzelheiten in den Zusiimmeiihaug der grossen Sprachbewegungeu ein-zugliedern« . . ." Zeitichri/t d. a. d. SprachTereins I6gj Nr. 3.

2 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

®eut[d)e Stut)entenfprad)e

*}5rofe|^ov an bev Uiiitietiitat {Ji"ciburg i. Sr.

3 n I) a 1 1 : I. Ubcr hit Stubcntenf^jrotfic. ©tubeutcn unb

^^inlifter. — Sninfcnlitaiici. — ^liitife ©lenieiite. — 93ui:

fd)ifofe 3ool0(^ie. — 33ibli)d):t^eoIoc}i!clie 3fad)f!aiu]e. — 3mSBoini be§ JRotroelfdi. — 'j'ansoftfiie (S-iiifliiffe. — ©raiinua:

tifd)e ©igenart. — Urfprmtg vtnb Serbreituiic).

II. aSorterfiud^ bcr i&tubentcnUjra^e.

8«. XII, 136 S. 1895. @ef)eftet W. 2.50, in i?einn)nnb

gcbunben aJi. 3.50.

„Beini Lesen dieses Buches fiihlt man sich oft von einein Hauchefrischen, friihlichen Studentenlebens beriihrt, und selbst das anscheinend

so trockene Wijrterbuch reizt durch seinen manchmal recht huraoristischeu

Inhalt zu einem herzlichen I,achen. Eg war in der That eine daiikbare,

fieilich audi recht schwierig-e Aufg'abe, das fUr die altere Zeit so sparliche

und vielfach sehr versteckte Material zu sammelu und daraus in grossen

Ziigen eine Geschichte der deulschen Studentensprache zu entwerfen, die

uni so grosseren Dank verdient, als sie nicht nur der erste umfassendeund auf wirklichem Quellenstudium beriihende Versuch der Art ist, son-

dern auch mit grossem Geschick sich auf jeneni Grenzgebiet zwischenpopularer und streng wissenschaftlicher Darstellung bewegt, das einzu-

haiten nicht jedem Gelehrten gegeben ist. Gerade auf diesem Gebiet hat

sich Kluge durch sein musterhaftes etymologisches Worterbuch grosse

Verdienste erworben ; denselben Weg betritt er jetzt init gleichem Erfolg

auch in der vorliegenden Schrift, die ihre Entstehung zumeist den Ar-beiten zu jenem anderen Werke verdankt. . .

."

Li'ti'r. L'entralhlatt iSgj. Nr. 2S.

„Prof. Kluge hat mit vielem Fleisse, wis die zahlreich eingestreuten

Belegstellen beweisen, sowie gestiitzt auf eine ausgedehnte Lektiiro undauf eigene Beobachtung die Sprache der Studenten in alter und neuer Zeit

nach ihreni Ursprung und ihrer Verbreitung dargestellt und seiner Ab-handlung ein reichhaltiges Worterbuch der Studentensprache beigegeben.Ist das Buch als Beitrag zur deutschen Spiachgeschichte und Lexiko-graphie von grossem Werte, so ist es auch fur den Akademiker, der die

eigenartige Sprache seines Standes nach ihrer Entstehung und Geschichtekennen und verstehen lernen will, ein iuteressantes Bucli und besonderszu Dedikationszwecken geeignet, wofiir wir es bestens empfohlen habenwollen." Akad. Alonatshefte JSps "''• -^- i^^ni.

In Kurze erscheint:

Kluge, Friedr., und Friedr. Lutz, English Ety-

mology. A select Glossary serving as an Intro-

duction to the history of the English language.

8". VIII, 234 S. M. 4. —

.

Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 3

Von Cutbcr bis Ccffing.S p r a d) g e Ut t d) 1 1 i d? e 21 u ffd 15 e

boil

JITriESrirfj IRIunc*Profef|ov on ber UniDerfitat jjreibuvi'! i. SSr.

3nt)alt: S^ird)eniprarf)C uitb i^o(^?^)3rall)e. — gjiajrimilian unb jeiste

Sanjlci. - i.'uK)er unb bie beutjdie Spvad)e. - Sc^riftftefler unb ©uc^=bruder. — (Scl)rift)pvnci)e unb 93tunbnrt in ber ©rf)lm'i,s. - Cberbeutjcl)er

unb mittclbeutici)cv aVort?d)ati. — 9ciebcrbcutid) unb .'podibcutidi. - Sateinunb ^umaniymuS. - Cberbcutfrfjianb unb bit- rtntljolifen.

8". VI u. 150 i3. mit cinem )vinrtrf)cn. 1897. S^vcii Wd. 2.5(t, cictniubcii 3)11. ."S.oO.

„Sn§ tcbenbigc ^ntcveJie ber Oicliilbeteu fitv bic bcutfcfje S^nirfie ""&itjre @f)d)irf)te ift, n)ic mnu mit P5cnufltl)uunci Uia()vnet)nieu fdnn, auncn=blirtltd) lebbaftcr benn jc. 2'ie Sdivift .Stluiics, in Uicldier bie Uiid)tiflften,

fiir bie iJAilbnng unjevcv neul)od)bentirt)en Sd)riitiprcid)c maBfiebenbenaiiomentc ciemcinbcrftilnbiid) fae)pn)d)eu luevbeu, bnvf bat)ev nuf einen

au?acbel)nteu baufbaren Seferfrei» ved)nen."

(@d)tuab. JJJcvfuv ll. 9(bt. i. 5?(. b. 9. S)e3. 1887.)

„Sd)iin ber ©eaenftnub nn Jid), ben l)ier cin nnd) Uieitercn Streiicn

bereitS' bnrd) jcin 'trefftidie-:- „tfti)nu>Uuii)d)ee' 'ilHivtevlindi ber beutjd)en

ebrnd}e" befanuter («elel)rter uiriU lilof, mit ber .S'lberlnifinfeit be§

^adjmanues, ionbevn and.) mit bent (ik'jri)id unb Weidjuinrt einev neUmnbtenSd)riftfteUers bel)nnbelt hnt, jollte nml)! biunnd) (uuu'tlian jein, bem3^iid)lein nnter ben nid)t iH'lthvten Arcunben bev bentidien 5|)rni^e

iiiebbaber unb - Miinfer An erloerben. Tenn bcifi bie >yrnrtcn, berenit^cnntnuntunii ben onbiUt biijer 5dirijt au-jnind)t, in ben 'i^ereid) be§

^utevefjeC' bev biiber diebitbeten jiUlen, bvnudit beni nid)t erft bemiejen

Sn irerben, ber tucir,, mie treu lU'vabe bie Weidjidite niiierer 2prnd)e, me£)r

U'ol)! ali, irc(enb etU'as nnbere^s, ben Manipf unb ben 3ieii uujere-> '-iHilt;*=

turn's Uiieberibieflclt. Tieje ^Innnfiuui^, bun ber be*? iu'rfafjerv ^^ebaublung

unb S)nvftellunq bielfad) erft rcd)teS i.'id)t unb bode ill^arme empiangt,

ift eg, lourin biejeniqen yefer einen befonberen ;)iei,5 unb iADV.'jUiT be§

Cudjeg crbliden luer'ben, meldje iieluoljnt jinb, bie ucrtdiiebenartiiicn

a.*orfli1nfle in nnjerm .suilturteben, tuic fie fid) in i.'itteratnr unb SVunft,

'^Solitif nub SKeliaiun tunbfieben, uidjt flefLinbert fiir fid), fonbern in il)rer

jfecc^felmivfunq ',u betrad)ten, bie ein,^iiic 9lrt, luie fid) nn* bod) erft bn»iBerftciubnisi fiir Slk'rt nub irncinieite eincc> jeben ein,ielnen berjelbeii

erfdjliefit i\u liK-ld)em ©ciftc ber i^evfaffev feine ''Jlufciabe erfnfU i)nt,

bejcidinet er feiber, Inenn cr im i^inliuute fiiiit, bnj? nnd) fein 4<iid)[eiu

3cuflni-5 bnbini nbleflen fDltc, „lt)a'5 ben (Sntluidluun^flnnfl unfrer 9Jatiun

fleljemmt, Wa^ ibn bcfdileuniflt unb flefijrbevt" bnbe; ce Iniil 5eiflen,

lunrum ;^arob (iSrimm unfrc Sd)riftiprnd)e einen broteftnntifd)en 3)inleft

flcnannt l)nt, hinrum erft fcit 1580 i.'utl)cre Sbrari)e eine autovitatibe

Stellnnci erlansieu fonnte, Ivarum ber Weflenfnti bun 5d)riftfbrnd)C unbTOunbnit erft nnd) ber ficiireid)en SScfnmbfunn be^o iiateinifdjcn au§=

gcfllid)en luovben ift."

..Jiidit mit bent '•Jlniprnd)e, cine bollftcinbinc («cfd)id)te ber beutid)cn

Sprad)e sn bieten, tritt .U Uuu' nuf, cr tnill in einer „;Kcibe unbcrbunbencr

9Uirfntu'" nnr „viinninieniaffen, lim-J ,'>iid)leute bor nub fcit ^nfob ftrimmfiber ciii bmiv ibrtid)Hii)ienjd)attlid)e 'l>riib(enie ermiltelt baben." Tiefe

9Iuffiitie aber fiiiien jid) bon felbev ;,u eiiieni innerliib .'lUfammenbaniienbcn

@nn,U'"iii fi'bnf! mir bier in bev Jbnt, eine bi'dift an-,iel)enbe Xari'tellung

ber ycben'CnU')dlid)te unferc? ''Ja'ubLH'bbenttd) mm feiueu 'Jlutnniicn nm bie

*Wcnbe be* fiinf.H'bnten unb fed),^ebnten ^'^nbrbunbevtC' bi'c ,^nr ^i^einiinbunii

fcincr ?(lleinbevrfd)nft um bie 93iitte bev iid)t',ebnten ^'^abvbunbevU- buv

ung ()nbcn" ("5ie (>ireu,ibi'teu 188k. 'i)ir. 19.)

1*

4 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

Soeben erschien

:

Vorgeschichteder

altgermanisehen Dialektevon

Friedrich Kluge.

Zweite Auflage.

Mit einem Anhang.

Geschichte der gotischen Sprache.Sonderabdruck aus der zweiten Auflage von Pauls Griindriss

der germanischen Philologie.

Lex. 8. VIII und S. 323—517 und lO S. Register. M. 4. 50.

Urteile der Presse:

Das grosste Interesse der Faohmanner diirfte unter deii verschie-denen Aufsaizen dieser iieuen Lieferung- [des Gruudrisses] wohl Klu^esVorgeschichte der aUgermauischPn Dialekte erwecken, da es der erste in

Deutschland gemachte Versuch ist, niit Bpnutzuiig der in den letztea Jahr-zehnten g-elung-eneu Entdeckung-en und ang-estellten Einzeluntersuehungenein Bild von der urgermanisohen Sprache und ihreu grossen Gruppeii zuzeichnen . . . Sehr dankenswert ist die Einleitung, in welcher die Be-ziehungen der germanischen zu den Sprachen der benachbarten Volkerdargelegt werden, vor alleni die Liste der Entlehnungen aus dem Latei-nischen, ebenso die Verwertung der germanischen Wijrter riimischer lu-schriften, der malbergischen Glosse, denen man sonst nur selten in !^ram-matischen Darstellungen begegnet.

Hehizel, Zeitschr. f. d. osterreicJi. Gymnasisn iSgo S. 440.

Mit Meisterschaft hat Kluge die noch schwerere Aufgabe gelost, die„ Vorgeschichte der altgermanisehen Dialekte", d. h. die aus der Sprach-vergleiehung erschlos.fene alte.'.te (vorhistorische) Gestalt der germanischenSprache auf 100 Seiten so darzustellen, dass neben den als slcher zu be-trachtendea Ergebnissen der bisherigen F<.rschung auch noch schwebendeFragen und kiinftige Aufgaben beruhrt werd^.L. Tobler, Litterahirhlatt f. germ. u. ro7n. Philologie iSgo S. ijj.

Kluge liefert eine Vorgeschichte der altgermanisehen Dialekte

;

dieser Abschnitt durfte fiir den Benutzer des Buches mit zu den voll-kommensten gehiJren. Der Verfasser stellt hier zusamraen, was sich ausder neuesten idg. Sprachforsehung nn einigermassen gesioherten Resul-taten fiir die alteste Geschichte des Germanischen ergeben hat. Dabeigeht er auch solchen Fragen, welche bisher noch kaum angefasst wordensind, niclit aus dem Wege und vermag uns hier recht schalzbari' Ergeb-nisse seiner eigenen Forschung vorzulegen. Ref. erwahnt. ohne auf Einzel-heiten einzugehen, die Ausfiihrungen viber den Einfluss fremder Sprachenauf das Germanische, iiber den Accent, die Chronologic der Lautentwiek-lung u. s. w.

von Bahder, Liter. Centralblatt iSgo, Sp. 282.

^

Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 5

Soelieii erschien

:

Worterbuchder

Elsassischen Mundartenbearbeitet von

E. MARTIN unci H. LIENHARTl.M AIJFTRAGE DER LANDESVERWALTUNG VON

ELSASS-LOTHRINGEN.

1. uiiil 2. Lieferung. Lex. -8°. Preis pro Lieferung M. 4.-

Dieses Worterbuch ist die Frucht jahrelangen Sammel-eifers und angestrengter wissenschaftlicher Thatigkeit.

Es soil nach dem Vorbild des schweizerischen Idiotikonsden Sprachschatz der heiitigen elsassischen Mundarten,soweit diese sich zuriick verfoleen lassen, zusammen-fassen und nach dem gegenwartigen Stand der Sprach-wissenschaft erklaren. Dabei wird die Eigentiimlichkeitdes elsassischen Volkes in Sitte und Glauben, wie sie

sich in Redensarten, Sprichwortern, Volks- und Kinder-reimen kund gibt, so weit als moglich zur Darstellunggebracht werden. Das sprachliche Gebiet vvurde nachden Bezirksgrenzen von Ober- und Unterelsass abge-steckt.

Das Worterbuch der elsassischen Mundarten wirdin ungefahr 6 I^ieferungen von je 10 Bogen zum Preisevon je M. 4.— erscheinen uid voraussichtlich schon imJahre 1898 vollstandig vorliegen.

„. . . Das elsiissische Worterbuch ist keine Aufspeicheruug sprachwisscn-schaftlicher Kiiritatcn. Es ist eine lebensvolle Darstellung- (lessen , wiedas Volk spiioht. In sclilichteii Siiizen, in Kiagen und Antworteii, in

Anekdoleu und Gesohiohtchen kommt der naturliche Gedankenkreis desVolkes /u Uniiiittelbarer (jeltung. Die Kinderspiele uud die Freuden derSpinnstulieu iroteu mit ilircni Forjiielapparat auf. Die Mehrzahl derArtikel spicgelu das eigentliche Volksleben wieder und gewahren liadurch

eiueii wahren Genuss. Weun man Artikel wie Esel oder Fucbs liest,

wird man bald vcrstehen lerneu , dass in der Scblichthcit und Schmuck-losigkeit der Artikel der Erforseher deutscheu Volkstums eine selir wert-volle Quelle fiir das Elsass tindet . . ."

Strassiturger Post lS()7 Nr. 344.

6 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

Deutsche GrammatikGotisch, Alt-, Mittel- imd Neuhochdeiitsch

W. Wilmannso. Professor der deutschen Sprache u. Litteratur a. d. Universilat Bonn.

Erste Abteilung : Lautlehre. 2. verbesserte Auflage.

gr. 8". XX, 425 S. 1897. M. 8.—. In Halb-

franz gebunden M. 10.—

.

Zweite Abteilung: Wortbildung. i.Halfte. gr. 8".

S. I— 352. 1896, M. 6.50.

— 2. Halfte. gr. 8«. S. I—XVI u. 353— 663. 1896.

M. 6.—.

Beide Hiilften zusanimen in einem Band , in Halbfranz ge-

bunden M. 15. —

.

«

Das Werk wird in vier Abteilungen erscheinen: Lautlelire,

Wortbildung, Flexion, Syntax. Eine fiinfte, die Geschichte der

deutschen Sprache, wird sich vielleicht anschliessen.

„ . . . Es ist sehr erfreulich, dass wir nun ein Buch habenwerden, welches wir niit gutem Gewissen demjenigen enipfehlen

konnen, der sich in das Studium der deutschen Sprachgeschichte

einarbeiten will, ohne die Moglichkeit zu haben, eine gute Vor-lesung i'lber deutsche Grammatik zu horen; in Wilmanns wirder hierzu einen zuverlassigen. auf der Hohe der jetzigen For-schung stehenden Fiihrer finden. Aber auch deni Studierenden,

der schon deutsche Grammatik gehort hat, wird das Buch gute

Dienste leisten zur Wiederholung und zur Erganzung der etwain der Voilesung zu kurz gekommenen Partien. Jedoch auchder Fachmann darf die Grammatik von W. nicht unberiick-

sichtigt lassen. Denn alle in Betracht kommenden Fragen sind

bier mit selbstandigem Urteil und unter voller Beherrschung der

Literatur erortert. Und nicht selten werden Schliisse gezogen,

(lie von der gewohnlichen Auffassung abweichen und zum Min-desten zur eingehenden Erwiigung auflfordern, so dass niemandohne vielfache Anregung diese Lautlehre aus der Hand legen

wird. Besonders reich an neuen Auffassungen ist uns die Lehievon den Konsonanten eischienen. Aber auch die i'lbrigen Teile

untei denen die bisher weriiger oft in Grammatiken dargestellt,

Lehre vom Wortaccent hervorzuheben ware , verdienen Be-

achtung ..." PF, B., Literarisches Centralblatt i8^j Nr. ^o.

Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 7

Geschichteder

Deutschen Litteratur

bis y.nm. Aiisgange des Mittelalteisvon

Rudolf Koegel,ord. Prof, liir deutsche Sprache und Litteratur a. d. Uiiiversitiit Basel.

Erster Band : Bis zur Mitte des elften Jahrhunderts.

Erster Teil: Die stabreimende Dichtung und die gotische

Prosa. 8". XXIll u. 34:-! S. 1894. M 10 —Ergiinzinigslieft zu Band I: Die altsachsische Genesis. Ein

Beitrag zur Geschiclite der altdeutschen Dichtung und

Verskunst. 8». X, 71 S. l895- M. 1.80

Z we iter Teil: Die endreimende Dichtung und die Prosader althochdeutschen Zeit, 8^, XX, 652 S. 1897.

M. 16.—Der II. (Schluss-) Band 1st in Vorbereitung.

r,. . Koegel hat eine Arbeit unternommen. die schon wegen ihres

grosseii Zieles dankbar begriisst werden muss. Denn es kanii die For-

schuug auf demGebiete der altdeutschen Litteraturgeschichte nur wirksamst

unterstiitzen, weun jemand den ganzen vorhandenen Bestand von That-

sachen and Ansichten genau durchpriift und verzeichnet, dann aber auch

an alien schwierigen Punkten niit eigeiier Untersuchung einsetzt. Beides

hat K. in dem vorliegenden ersteu Bandf fiir die alteste Zeit deutschen

Geisteslebens gethan. Er heherrscht das bekannte Material vollstandig,

er hat nichts aufgenommen oder fortgclassen. ohne sieh dariiber sorgfaltig

Rechen.schaft zu geben. Kein Stein auf dfem Wege ist von ihm unumge-

wendet verblieben. K. hat aber auch den Stoff vermehrt, einnial iudem er

selbstandig alle Hilfsquellen (z. B. die Sammluugen der Capitularien,

Coneilbeschliisse u. s, w.) durchgearbeitet, neue Zeugnisse den alten bei-

gefugt, die alteu berichtigt h;,t, ferner daduroh, dass er aus dem Bereiche

der iibrigen germanischen Litferaturen herangezogen hat, was irgend Aus-

beute fiir die Aiifhellung der altesten deutschen Poesie versprach. In

alien diesen Dingen schreitet er auf den Pfaden Karl Miillenhotfs, dessen

Grosse kein anderes Buch als eben das seine besser wurdigen lehrt . ..."

Ar/ioH E. Schcnluiih i»i Qfsterreich I.iteraturblatt Ii,g4 N>: /d.

„Koegel bietet Meistern wie Jiingeru der Gcrraanistik eine reiche,

willkomniene Gabe mit seinem Werke ; vor allem aber sei es der Auf-

merksamkeit der Lehrer des Deutschen an hoheren Schulen empfohlen,

fur die es ein unentbehrlichcs llilfsmittel werden wird durch seinen eigenen

Jnhalt, durch die wohlausgewahlten bibliographischen Fingerzeige und

nicht zum weiiigsten durch die Art und Weise, wie es den kleinsten Frag-

menten ein vielseitiges Interesse abzugewinnen uiid sic in grossen geschicht-

Ifchen Zusammenhang zu stellen versteht Wie es mit warmer Teilnahme

fiir den Gogonstand gearbeitet ist, wird es gcwiss auch, wie der Verfasser

wiinscht, Freudo an der nationalon Wissenschaft weckcn und mittelbar

auch zur Belebung des deutschen Liieraturunterrichts in wissenschaftlich-

oationalem Sinne beitragen."Beila^e zJ4r Allgem. Zeitung iSg4 Nr. zSl,

8 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

ber

©nglififien Sitteraturtoon

^crn^ijrb ten BrinF.

®rfter ^anb: 33ii^ 311 Siclifti ^itiiftrctcii.

80. VIII, 470 @. 1877.

(aSergriffen ; neiie 2(uflage tit 2Sorbereitung.)

3nl)alt: I. Slid). S?di ber ©roberiing II. S3ud). ®uUeliergong§scit. III. 23iid). ^soit 2me§ bt§ Srecl). IV.

33iid). $8orfptcl ber 3kforntatioii iinb ber 9f{eiiaifjnitce.

Biiieiter 23anb: 23t§ jur 9icformatioii.

§eraii§gegcbcn Don pilots |5rnii&l.

8«». XV u. 658 @. 1893, m. 13.- geb. 5K. 15.—.,

,<;n{)a(t: IV. iBitd). SSorfpiet ber Steformatioit iinb ber

Sfeiiniffmtce f jDi^f^t^tJnna). V. 33iid). Saiicoflcr iiiib glorf.

VI a3ud). 3)ie Sftiiaiffaiice big s" ©iirrcij's Xob.

S)QrQU§ etitjedt; bie 2. ,<pn(fte.

8». XV u. e. 358-058. 1893. ^l 6.50.

„Die Fortsetzung: zeig:t aile die glanzeiideii Eigenschaften dcs erstenBaiules nach meiner Ansicht iibch in erhijhtem Masse; giiindliche Qelohr-samkeit, weiten Blick, eiiidringenden Scharfsiim, feines asthetisches Qe-fiih) iind gesohmackvolle Darstellung."

Berlin. Jiilins Zupitza, Deutsche Litteraturzeitung' 1889 Nr. 19.

Bernhard ten Brink's Litteraturgeschichte ist ohne Zweifeldas grossartig'ste Werk. das je eineni enylischen Philolog-en geluiigen ist.

Mehr noch ; es ist eine so meisterhafte Le>stung, dass es jedem Litteralur-

historiker zum Muster dieuen kanii. Und dies Urfheil iiat seine voile

Kraft trotz der unvollendeten Gestalt des Werkes. Ware es deni Vcr-fasser vergonnt gewesen, es in derselben Weise zu Ende zu bringen, 80wiirde es leicht die hervorrageudste unter alien Gesammtlitteratur-gescbichteii geworden seia .... Museum, iSg^, Nr. 7.

Die Bearbeitung der zwei weiteren Bande hat HerrProfessor Dr. Alois Brandl ubernommen.

Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 9

Soeben erschien

:

Deutsche Heldensagenvon

Otto Luitpold Jiriczek,Privatdozetu an der Universitiit Hreslau.

Erster Band: Or. 8"., XII, 326 Seiten. M. 8.—.

Der zweile Band ist in Vorbereitung.

Der Vei fasser behandelt eine Reihe von deutschen I leldtnsagcii,

nichl ingrundiissartigeiForm.sondein nioiiographiscli iinteiMaupt-

betoiiung der entvvickelungsgeschichtlichen Detailproblenie. Das

Buch will weniger" den Stoff der Sagen reproduzieren und iiber

die Resultate der bisherigen Foischung referieren, als vieliiiebr

bei deni Bekaniiten einsetzen und die Detailforschung , soweit

es sich im Rahmen einer grosseren Gesamtdarstellung thun liess,

fordern, doch ist durch stete Ri'icksichtnahnie auf den Stand der

Forschung und durch cursorische Vorfiihrung des StofFes fi'ir

die Ubeisichtlichkeit und leichte Orientierung gesorgt, so dass

es in seiner Anlage eine gewisse Vollstandigkeit erstrebt und

nicht in Einzelheiten aufgeht. Nach dem Wunsche und der

Absicht des Verfassers soil es nicht IjIoss fi'ir den engsten Kteis

spezieller Fachgenossen auf dem Gebiete der Sagenforscluing

bestiuinit scin , sondein audi den BediJrfnissen von Benutzern

entgegenkoinmen, denen an eingehenderer Orientierung iiber die

hier behandelten Problenie der Stoffgeschichte deutscher Helden-

sagen gelfgen ist. Der vorliegende Band behandelt die Wieland-

sage, die Ermanarichsage und den grossen Komplex der Dietricli-

sageii. Der zweite Band wird den Ortnit-Wnlfdietrichcyclus

und eine Reihe von deutschen Heldensagen aus der Sphare des

Brautwerbungsniotives behandein und in einem Schlussabschnitte

sich niit einigen allgenieinen Problemen der Stoffgeschichte be-

schai'tigen. Kin ausfiihrliches Register iiber das ganze WerWwird iiiit deiu zweitcn Bande t'ol'ren.

II. lid

lo Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

Unter der Presse:

Gi'iiiidfiss der piaiiisclen Pliilologie

unter Mitwiikung von

K. von Amira, W. Arndt, O. Behaghel, A. Brandl , O. Bremer,H. Jellinghaus, K. Th. von Inama-Sternegg, Kr. Kalund, Fr. KaufF-mann, F. Kluge, R. Koegel, R. v. Liliencron, K. Luick, J. A. Lundell,

J. Meier, E. Mogk, A. Noreen, J. Schipper, H. Schiick, A. Schultz,Th. Siebs. E. Sievers, B. Symons, F. Vogt, Ph. Wegener, J. te

Winkel, J. Wrightherausgegeben

von

H E.R MANN PAULord. Professor der dentschen Sprache und Literatur an der

Universuat Miinchen.

Zweite verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage in drei Banden.

Diese neue Auflage soli ebenso wie die erste in Lieferungen

zu je M. 4.— erscheinen und im Laufe des Jahres 1898 voll-

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VI. Absch.n. : LITERATURGESCHICHTE.(Mit Anhang: Obersicht uber die aus inundlichet- Uber-

lieferung gescliopften Samnilungen der

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ME'IRIK.WIRTSCHAFT.RECHT.KRIEGSVVESEN.MYTHOLOGIE.SITTE.

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NAMEN-. SACH- UND WORTVERZEICHNIS.Bis jetzt erschienen

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GFiniiriss derunter Mitwirkung von

G. Baist, Th. Braga, H. Bresslau, T. Casini, J. Cornu, C. Decurtins,

W. Deecke, Th. Gartner, M. Gaster, G. Gerland, G. Jacobsthal,

F. Kluge, Gust. Meyer, W. Meyer, C. Michaelis de Vasconcellos,

A. Morel-Fatio, Fr. d'Ovidio, M. Philippson, A. Schultz, W. Schum,Ch. Seybold, E. Stengel, A. Stimming, H. Suchier, H. Tiktin, A.

Tobler, V/. Windelband, E. Windisch

herausgegeben von

gustavgrOber,o. 6. Professor der romanischeii Philologie an der Universitcit Strassburg]

I. Bd.

IJ.Bd.i.Abt.

II. Bd.s.Abt.

11. Bd.3.Abt.

Plan des Werkes:

1. einfOhrung in die ROMANISCHE PHILOLUGIE.geschichte der romanischen philologie.

ihre aufgabe und gliederung.

II. ANLEITUNG ZUR PHILOLOGISCHEN FORSCHUNG.DIE QUELLEN DER ROMANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE.

DIE BEHANDLUNG DER QUELLEN.

III. DARSTELLUNG DER ROMAN. PHILOLOGIE.ROMANISCHE SPRACHWISSENSCHAFT.

a. Die vorromanischen Volkssprachen der romanischen L.Hnder,

b. Die romanischen Spracfien.

LEHRE VON DER ROMANISCHEN SPRACHKUNST.LITTERATURGESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN VOLKER.

Die latein. Litteratur. — Die franzos. Lilteratur.

Die provengalische Litteratur. — Die catalanische Litteratur. —Die portugiesische Litteratur. — Die spanische Litteralur.

Die italienische Litteralur. — Die ratoromanische Litteratur. —Die rumanische Litteratur.

IV. GRENZWISSENSCHAFTEN.GESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN VOLKER.CULTURGESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN VOLKER.

KUNSTGESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN VOLKER.

DIE WISSENSCHAFTEN IN DEN ROMAN. LANDERN.

Bis jetzt sind erscliienen:

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Aucb noch in einzelnen Lieferungen zu M. 4.— , M. 4.— und M. 6.

—

zu haben.

I. Band, 2. Abteilung, Lex. 8°. VIII, 496 S. 1897. Preis M. 8. — ,in

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—

Audi iiocli in 4 Lioferungen a M. 2. — zu hnben.

II. Band, i. Abteilung, i. Lieferung, 16 Bogen. 1893. M. 4.—.

,, 2. ,, II ,, 1893. M 2.80.

„ 3. „ 16 ,. 1898. M. 4.—.

3. „ I. „ 8 „ 1895. M. 2.-.

3. „ 2. „ 8 „ 1897. M. 2.-.

I. Bil.

i.Abt.

r.Abt.

1 2 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

(jFuiii'iss (ler iraiiisckii Ptiiiologie

unter Mitwirkung von

F. K. Andreas, Chr. Bartholomae, C, H. Ethe , K. F.Geldner, P. Horn, H. Hiibschmann, A. V. W. Jackson,F. Justi, Th. Noldeke, C. Salemann, A. ^Socin, F. H. Weiss-

bach, E. W. West und V. Zukovskijherausgegeben von

Wilh. Geiger und Ernst Kuhn.Der Grundriss der iranischen Philologie wird in Lieferungen von

Jurchschnittl. lo Bogen in mogliclist kurzen Zwischenraumen erscheinen.I'ie Kaufer verpflichten sich miiidestens zur Abnahme eiiies Handes.

Einzelne Lieferungen werden nicht abgegeben.

Flan des Werkes;EiNLEiTUNG. GESCHICHTE DER IRANISCHEN PHILO-

LOGIE Prof. Dr. E. Ktihn.

I. Abschnitt. SPRACHGESCHICHTE.1) Vorgeschichte der Iran. Sprachen Prof. Dr. Chr. Bar-

tholomae.

2) Awestasprache und Altpersisch Prof. Dr. Chr. Bartholomew.

3) Mittelpersisch Akademiker Dr. C. Salemann.

4) Neupersische Schriftsprache Privatdozent Dr. P. Horn.

5) Die ubrigen modernen Sprachen und Dialekte.

A. Afj'^anisch, B. BalucI Prof. Dr. W. Geiger. C. Kur-disch Prof. Dr. A. Socin. D. Ossetisch Prof. Dr.

H. Hubschmann. E. Pamirdialekte, F. Mazandarani,

Gilaki etc. Akademiker Dr. C Salemann. G. Dia-lekte in Persien Prof. V. Ztikovskij.

n. Abschnitt. LITTERATUR.1) Awestalitteratur Prof. Dr. K. F. Gelcimr.

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4) Das Iran. Nationalepos Prof. Dr. Th. Noldeke.

5) Neupersische Litteratur Prof. Dr. C. H. Ethe.

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2) Geschichte Irans von den altesten Zeiten bis zuiii Aus-gang der Sasaniden Prof. Dr. F. Justi.

3) 'Geschichte Irans in islamitischer Zeit Privatdozent t)r.

P. Horn.

4) Die Irsnische Religion Prof. Dr. A. V. IV. Jackson.

5) Munzen, Gemmen Privatdozent Dr. P. Horn.

6) Schriftkunde Dr. F. K. Andreas.

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Grundrissder

indo-arischen Philologieund

Altertumskunde.Herausgegeben von

Georg Biihler,K. K..Hofrat und ovd. Professor des Sanskrit an der Universitat Wicn.

In diesem Werk soil zum ersten Mai der Yersuch g-emacht werden,einen Gesamtuberblick iiber die einzelnen Gebiete der indo-arischen Philo-logie und Altertumskunde in knapper und systeraatischer Darstpllung- zugeben. Die Mehrzahl der Gegenstande wird daniit Uberhaupt zum erstenMai eine zusamnienhangende abgerundete Behandlung- erfahren ; deshalbdarf von dom Werk reicher Gewinn f'iir die Wissenschaft selbst erhotft

werden, trotzdeni es in erster Linie fiir Lernende bestiramt ist.

Gegen dreissig- Gelehrte aus Deutschland , Osterreich , England,Holland, Indien und Anierika haben sich mit Hofrat G. Biihler in AVienvereinigt, um diese Aufgabe zu liisen , wobei ein Tell der Mitarbeiter ihreBeitrage deutsch , die Ubrigen sie englisch abfassen werden. (Siehe uach-folgenden Plan.)

Besteht schon in der raumlichen Entfernung vieler Mitarbeiter einegrossere Schwierigkeit als bei anderen ahnlichen Unternehmungen, soschien es auch geboten. die Unzutraglichkeit der meisten Samnielwerke,wclehe durch den unberechenbareu Ablieferungsterniin der einzelnen Bei-trage entsleht, dadurch /u vornieiden, dass die einzelnen Abschnilte gleichnaoh ihrer Ablieferung einzeln gedruckt und ausgegebeu werden. Durcheinen gemeiusamen Xitel und ein ausfiihrliches Naiuen- und Saeliregisteram Schluss jedes Bandes werden die einzelnen Ilefte zu einem geniein-schaftlichon Ganzen zusammengcfasst

Das Werk wird aus drei Banden Eex.-8" ini ungefahren Umfang vonje UOO Seiten bcstehen, in der Ausstattung dcs in demselben Verlag er-

scheinendeu Griindrissi:s der irani.schen I'hilologie. Der Subskriptions-preis des ganzen Werkes betragt durchschnittlich C5 Pf pro Druckbogcnvon 16 Seiten ; der Preis der einzelnen Hefte durchschnittlich 80 Pf. proDruckbogen. Auch fiir die Tafeln und Karten wird den Subskribenten einedurchschnittliche Erniassigiing von 20 "

'„ auf den Einzelpreis zugesichert.Uber die Eintcilung des Werkes giebt der nachfolgende Plan Auskunft.

Band I. Allgemeines und Sprache.1) Ge.scliiclite der indo-:u"ischen Philologie und Alteitiimskuiide

von Ernst Kukn.2) Urgescliichte der iiido-ari.schen Sprachen von R. Meringer.

'X) a. Die indischen Systeuie der Graiiimatik'. Phonetik midEtyiiiologie von B. Liebich.

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1880 M. 1 -

LVl. Die galante Lyrik. Von Max Freiherr v. Waldberg.8. XII. 152 S. 1885. M. 4 —

LVII. Die altdeutscbe Exodus hrsg. V. Ernst Ross manu. 8. 150 S.

1886. M. 3 -LVIII, Grundlagen des mittelhochdeutschen Strophenbaus von

Richard M. Meyer. 8. XII, 136 S. 1886. M. 3 —LIX. Ueber die Sprache deP>^"Wandalen. Ein Beitrag zur gernia-

nischen Namen- u. Dialectforschung von Fer d in and Wr ede.8. VI, 119 S. 1886. M. 3 —

LX. 'Die Poetik Gottscheds und der Schweizer. Litterar.-hlstor.

untersucht von Franz Servaes. 8. X, 178 S. 1887. M. 3 50LXI. Der Vers in Shaksperes Dramen von Goswin Konig.

8. VIII, 138 S. 1888, M. 3 50LXII. Beowulf. Untersuchungen von B. ten B rink. 8. VJII. 247 S.

1888. M. 6 —LXllI. Geschichte der Ablaute der starken Zeitworter innerhalb des

Siidenglischen von K. D. Biilbring. 8. 140 S. 1889. M. 3 50LXIV. Zur Lautlehre der griechischen, lateinischen und romanischen

Lehnworte ira Alteuglischen von A. Pogatsoher. 8. XII,220 S. 1888. M. 5 -

LXV Neue Fragmente des Gedichts van den vos Reinaerde und dasBruchstiick van here Wisselauwe, herausgeg. von ErnstMartin, 8. 73 S. 1880. M. 2 —

LXVI. Kaspar Scheldt, der Lehrer Fischarts, Abriss der grobla-nischen Litteratur in Dcutschlaud von Adolf Hauffcn,8. 135 S. 1889. M. 3 —

LXVII. Ulrichs von Hutten deutsche Schriften, Untersuchungen miteiner NachJese zu Huttens Werken v. S. Szamatolskl. 8.

IX, 180 S. 1891. M. 4 —LXVIII. Uber die Sprache der Ostgoten in Italien von Ferd. Wrede.

8. 208 S. 1891. M. 4 -

Verlag von KARL J. TROBNER in Strassburg. 23

Quellen und Forschungen (ferner).

LXIX. Prothese und Aphaerese deg H im Althochdeutschen vonH. Garke. 8. X, 126 S. 1891. M. 3 —

LXX. Studien z. Gesch. d. italien. Novelle in der engl. Literatur

des XVI. Jahrh. von E. K o e p p e 1. 8. 100 S. 1892. M. 2 50

LXXI. Judith. Studies in metre, language and style with a view to

determining- the date of this old-english fragment and the homeof its author. By T. Greg. Foster. 8. X, 103 S. 1892. M. B

-

LXXII. Der althochdeutsche Isidor. Facsimileausgabe des Pariser

Codex nebst kritischera Text der Pariser und Monseer Bruch-

stiicke. Mit Einleitung, grammatischer Darstellung und einemausfiihrlichen Glossar herausgegeben von Georg A. Hench8. XIX, 195 S. mit 22 Tafeln 1893. M. 20. —

LXXIII. Zur Entwickelung der historischen Dichtung bei den Angel-

sachsen von Daniel Abe gg. 8. XII, 126 S. 1894. M. 3 -LXXIV. Studien iiber das deutsche Volksbuch Lucidarius und seine

Bearbeitungen in fremden Sprachen. Von Karl Schor-bach. 8. XII, 277 S. 1894. M. 6 50

LXXV. Die Spraehe der Langobarden. Von Wilh. Bruckner.8. XVI, 338 S. 1895. M. 8 —

LXXVI. Huchown's Pistel of swete Susan. Kritische Ausgabe vonHansKoster. 8. 98 S. 1895. M. 3 —

LXXVII. Studien iiber die altesten deutschen Pastnachtsspiele. VonVictor Michel s. 8. XII, 248 S. 1896. M. 6 50

LXXVIII. Place Names in the English Bede and the Localisation of the

Mss. By Thomas Miller. 8. 80S. 1896. M. 2 -LXXIX. Die Fruhzeit des deutschen Minnesangs von Eugeu Joseph.

I. Die Lieder des Kurenbergers. 8». Vlll, 88 S. 1896. M. 2. 50

LXXX. Quellen zur Geschichte des vorshakespeareschen Dramas VonAlois B r a n d I ca. 40 Bogen (unter der Presse).

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JLXXXII. Quellenstudien zu den Dramen George Chapman's, Philip

Massinger's U)d John Ford's. Von E mil Koeppel. IX,

229 S. 1897. Mk. 6 -LXXXIII Lydgate's Fabula duorum mercatorum aus dem Xachlasse des

Ilerrn Professor Dr. J. Zupitza, Litt. D. nach samtlichen

Handschriften herausgegeben von Dr. Gustav Schleich.VIII, XCI, 154 S. 1897. M 6. 50

Becker, Ph. Aug., Jean L em a ire, der erste humanistische

Dichter Frankreichs. Kl. 8. XII, 390 S. l89,3- M. 12.—

Fischer, Rudolph, Professor der engl. Philologie an der

Universitat Innsbruck, Zur K unst en t w ick 1 u n g der

englischen TragSdie von ihren ersten Anfangen bis zu

Shakespeare. 8. XIII, 192 S. l893. M. 5-—Kahle, Bernh., Die Spraehe derSkai;den, auf Grund

der Binnen- und Endreime, verbunden mit einem Rimarium.

8. VIII. 308 S. 1892. M. 7.—

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Tappolet, Ernst, Ober die rom anise hen Verwandt-s cli a f t s n a m e n. Mit besonderer BerUcksichtigung der fran-

zosischen und italienischen Mundarten. Ein Beitrag zur ver-

gleichenden Lexikologie. 8. VII, 178 S. mit 2 Karten.

1895. ^^- ^•--

2 4 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

5I?affpere>

giinf 3[^oiiefungen au§ bent ^^adjfafe

Don

^crn^arb reii J£>rinF.

gjJit bem 23tlbni6 be§ 93erfafferg, rabiert boii 2B. trau^fopf

©rflc unb jhjeite ^luflagc,

tleiu 8». 166 @. 1893. 2R. 2.-, gebuuben 3??. 3. -

.

3n{)oIt: ®rfte SBorlefiing; S)er ®icf)ter unb ber aJJenfd). —3roeite SBorlefung: S)ie 3«itfol9e fon ©{)af)pere§ SBerfeii.

— 2)ritte i^orlefunij: ©^affpere al§ ®ramotifer. — SSierte-

23odefung: @f)affpere al§ tomifdier jDtdjter. — j^itnfte

58orIciung: ®{)affpere oI§ Svagiter.

„Es ist ein hoher und herrlicher Geist, der aus dieseii

Vortragen spricht. Flaminende Begeisterung,

philosophische

Bildung uiid strenge Wissenschaftlichkeit, feinstes Verstandniss

und Naclifijhlen des Dichters , das sind die Vorziige , die sicli

hier miteinander vereinen."

Seemanns Litterar. Jahresbericht 1893.

„Bedarf es eines Beispiels fijr die Art von Wissenschaft,

wie wir sie uns denken , so sei nur im Augenblick auf das

kostliche Buch i'lber „Shakspere" verwiesen, das aus deni

Nachlasse von ten Brink, eines der hervorragendsten Gelehrten

unserer Zeit, durch die Sorgfalt Edward Schroders zuganglicli

geworden ist. Was psychologische Synthese und nachfi'ihlende

Aestlietik zu leisten vermag, dari'iber helehrt dieses kleine Werkbesser, als es der weitlaufigsten Theorie gelange."

Anton E. Schonhach in Vom Fels zum Meer 1893/94 Heft 1.

Dieses Buch ten Brinks ist bei Schonhach (Uber Lcaenund BiLdung, 4. Aufl.) unter den besfen deutschen Prosawerkengenannt.

Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 25

Geschichte der Musikin

England.Von

Dr. ^A^ilibald Nagel.

Erster Teil. 8". VII, 154 S. 1894. M. 4.

—

Zweiter Teil. 80. VII, 304 S. 1897. M. 8. —

.

„ . . . Das Ergebnis der Untersuchungen N.'s lasst "sich in

den Satz zusammenfassen: die Entwickeiung der englischen Musik

zeigt viel starker als in anderen Landern volkstiimliche Einflilsse.

Sie aussern sich gleich stark in den Theorien der englischen Trac-

tatisten, wie in den Conipositionen, soweit sie erhalten oder

heschriebfen sind. Sie aussern sich, mochten wir hinzufiigen, auch

in der neuesten Zeit und das ist der Standpunkt, von dem aus

die englische Musik auch nach dem Tode Handel's Bedeutung

gewinnt. ..." Literarisches Centralhlatt i8g4. Nr. 32.

„Anfangs 1893 begab sich Dr. Wilibald Nagel, der geist-

volle und scharfsinnige Musikgelehrte, der bekanntiich vor einigen

Jahren sein Domizil in Zurich genommen hat, nach England, umfi'ir seine damals schon begonnene Musikgeschichte dieses Landes

an Ort und Stelle weitere Studien zu machen und das Werk zumAbschluss zu bringen. Von dieser hochverdienstlichen, wissen-

schaftlich l)edeutsanaen Arbeit, welche mit H. Purcells^Leben,

d. h. mit dem Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts und dem epochemachen-

den, aber bereits durch Chrysander ausfuhriich dargestellten Auf-

treten Hiindels in England ihren Abschluss finden soil, liegt nun

der erste ohne die Anmerkungen 128 Seiten umfassende Teil vor.

Derselbe behandelt ini Wesentlichen die Musikgeschichte des Mittel-

alters d. h. die Zeit von den ersten Anfangen musikalischer Kunst-

pflege in deivi Inselreich bis inigefiihr Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts

und beweist nicht nur. wie griindlich der Autor die Quellen be-

herrscht, sondern auch wie erfolgreich er heniiiht gewesen ist,

wissenschaftliche Genauigkeit]undScharfe mit moglichst anziehen-

der und gemeinverstandlicher Darstellung zu verbinden

Doch man lese das Buch sell)st, das eine bis dahin ziemlich dunkel

gebliebene Fartie der Musikgeschichte in das ihr gebuhrende Licht

setzt uiul wesentlich dazu beitragen wird, das lang verbreitete Vor-

urteil zu zerstreuen, als wiire den Engliindern von jeher der Sinn

fiir holiere Musik abgi'gangen und batten sie keinen wesentlichen

Teil an deren kiinstlerischer Entwicklung genommen".A. A^. Schweizcrische 3/usikzeitwig 1894. Nr. ij.

26 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

itl^e, %ar\ ($rof. a. b. Unttj. QaUt a, ©.). ^ovb l^ijron.

SJrittc berb. Sluflafle. gr. 8o. VI, 516 ©. 1886. 2J?. 7.50

geb. 3JL 9-3 It bait: I. f^amitie imb ^iiibbeih — II. @d)ule unb

lluioerfitat. — III.D^eiufteab 3lbbet). - IV.®te$i[ncr=

fabrt. - V. Sonbon. - VI. S)ie Q-he. - VII. 'S)te

6d)ltiei3 unb SScitebig. — VIII. StaDeittia, $ifa,

©eniia. — IX. ©riedienfanb. — X. Qnx (ii)axaU

terifti!. — XL 93l)roii'§ ©teCuitfl iu ber yUteratur.- XII. mad)h-m "lib 3lbfcblii'ffe. — 2lnbangc:I. Ser ^rojefe gcgeit SSiniam £orb Si)roii. —II. '2)te Fugitive Pieces. — III. 2J?r§. ©pciicer

©mitb. — IV. ebaraftertftif Don ber ©rafiii 21I»

brijgt. — V. S)ie a^enucbtuug ber llJemoireu.

J^ranbl, 7{\0\e (S)3rof.a.b.Unit).(StraBburg),Snnniel9Iai|lor

Oioltribge unb bic englifd)e Homontik. 8°. xil, 437 3.

1886. 23rofd)irt Wl. 1-, geb. 3K. 8.-

Snbalt: I.^aJ). S?tnber= unb i^imbeniabre (1772-90)*- II. ^at). 5luf ber Uniuerfitat (1791-94). —III. tap. $anttfofratie. 23ri[tol (1795-96). -IV. tap. 5n D^etber StomeQ. SBorbstuortb (3foti.

1796 bi§ ©cptember 1798). — V. tap. 5)ie beutfrf)e

Sfieife. SBallenftein (8ept. 1798 bi§ i?(pril 1800).

- VI. tap. 2ln ben ©een. tranf nnb unftat.

(©ommer 1800 bl§ §erbft 1810). — VII. tap. 3n§ammerftnttb nnb ©aloe. 9(e[tbetifcbe ."gaupt^

leiftungen (§erb[t 1810 bi§ S-rubJabr 1816).

lOxmUvoxt^, ^„ ^ercij ^yflflje Sljelleij. 8». xii, 387a1884. m. 6.-

Hrei cnglifd)? Didjterinncn. Sobanna Saillte. --

(JItfabctb SSorret SSrolontng. — ©eorge (5Itot. (Sffa^S.8<». 244 @. 1885, 9J?. 4.—

©chipper, ^. (5)3rof. o. b. t f. Uuib. in SBienj, Pilliam

^unbflr. ©etn £cben unb feinc @ebtd)te in 5Inarbfen

nnb auggetDciblten Ueberfe^nngen nebft etnent Slbrife ber

altld)ottii"d)cn ^43oefte. (Sin iyeitracj jnr [d)ottifd)--eugItidien

2itteratnr= unb tulturgeid)td)te. 8". XVIII, 412 8.1884. 33rofd)irt m. 7.—, geb. m. 8.-Die Dichtung'en William Dunbars, des genialsten, eiiiem Chaucer

ebenbiirtigen, Dichters des sohottischen Volkes, siuU bisher in Deutschlnil(t

go gut wie unbekannt geblieben.

Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 27

<Soeben erfdiien:

(£ngltfd?e 5prad?fd?Tit^ei\(Sebraurf) Icidjevlitier, anftbfeiger, oft iinanftanbicicr 33?ortc nub

JRebcnSavtcii Don 6citen ennUfd} l'pred)enber S/cutfcftev.

C^tu ()nmoriftifcf)cr 2?ortvnfl gebalten ini Sonboner bentid}cn

2[tbendnm

O'Clarus Hiebslac, Esq., M. A.

Fellow of the German Athenaeum in London etc.

iWHt cincni SliilHing iiber bentfdie )^-amiIicnnamen in ©nginnb,

9?cr[)nUnng§regc[n in englifc()er ©clcHfdmft, 2:itel, SInrebe,

Sviefnbrcffen , englifdje Stbtiirgnngen.

iMerte 2(uflage.

8". X, 156 ®. 1896. 2;?. 2.-,

„In der Form eines humoristischen Vortrag's wird hier eine will-

kommene Belehrung' Allen geboten, die sich mit England in irg-end einer

Weise beschafiigen, sei es sprachlich, brieflieh. gescliaftlich oder in person-

lichem Umgang-. Das Hauptgewicht ist auf die Sprachschnitzer gelegt,

d. h. auf die Kfennzeichen liicherlicher, anstossiger, oft unanstandigerWorte uud Redensarten, die von englisch sprechenden Deutschen gebrauchtwarden. Derlei findet man in keiner Grainmatik ; nur langerer, mit grosser

Aufmerksamkeit verbundener Aufenthalt in England kann iiber die Schwie-rigkeiten in diesem Punkte hinweglielfen. Um so dankenswerther ist die

AnleitUDg dazu in dem vorliegenden Werkchen. Dasselbe enthalt aber

auch noch eino willkommene Zugabe : eine Studie uber deutsche Familien-

namen in England, Verhaltungsmassregeln in der englisehen Gesellschaft.

Titel, Anrede und Briefadressen, sowie ein Yerzeichniss der gebrauch-lichsten englisehen Abkiirzungen, lauter Dinge, in denen sich der Deutschenicht leicht zureeht findet und iiber die er sonst nirgends die Belehrung80 nahe beisaramen hat wie in diesem Biichlein. Moge auch dessen dritte

Auflage recht viel beniitzt warden."Frankfurter Zeiluiig iSid Nr. 2^4.

„In diesem Biichelchen weist der Verfasser seine Landsleute auf die

Gefabr bin, die in dem Gebrauch lacherlicher, anstossiger, oft unanstan-diger englischer Worte und Redensarten oder in der unrichtigen Aus-sprachc einzelner Buchstaben und Worte liegt, die er in ausserst humc-ristischer, wenn auch mitunter etwas drastiscber Weise durch zahlreiche

Beispiele illustrirt und es so Allen, die in der englisehen Spraehe nochnicht ganz sattelfest sind, ermiiglicbt, nianch arge Bocke, manch peinliche

Verlegenheiten zu vermeiden. Und ganz vortrelTlich hat dor Verfasser es

verstanden, seine durchaus nicht leichle Aufirabe zu losen. und indem er

eine sehr delicate Sache in huinoristischeni Gewande behandelte, ist es ibmgelungen, auch das etwa Anstossige raundgerecht zu machen, ohne dasAnstandsgefiihl zu verletzen ... Im Ganzen bildet das Biichelchen einen

ausserst werthvollen Beilrag zur englisehen Spraehkunde, und konnenwir dem Verfasser zu dem Geschick, mit welchem er seine schwierige

Aufgabe gelost hat, sowie zu der grundlicbeil Kenntniss der englisehen

Spraehe, Sitten und Qebraucbe, die er in dem Scbriftchen entwickeU, nurgratuliren. T.ondoner Zeiiung 1S86 Nr. 14^1.

!8 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

Saramlung

indogermanischer Worterbilcher.

1. Hubschmann, H., Etymologic und Lautlehre dej

ossetischen Sprache. 8". VIII u. 151 S. 1887M 4.-

II. Feist, S., Grundriss der gotischen Etymologic8" XVI u. 167 S. 1888. M. 5--

III. Meyer, G^istav, Etymologise hcs WSrtcrbuch deialbancsischen Sprache. 8". 524 S. l8yi. M. 12.—

IV. Ham, Paid, Grundriss der neupersischcn Etymo logic. 8". XXV, 386 S. 1893- M. 15.—

V. Leumann, E. u. J., Etymologischcs Sanskritwortcrhuch (unter der Prcsse).

Grammatikder

Oskisch-Urabrischoii Dialektevon

R. von Planta.

Erster Band ; Einleitung und Lautlehre. 8". VIII u. 600 S.

1892. M. 15 —

.

Zweiter Band: Formcnlchie, Syntax, Sammking der In-

schriften und Glossen, Anhang, Giossar. 8". XX, 765 S. 1897.

M. 20—

.

Nachdem die Sprachwissenschaft die oskisch-umbrischen Dialekteliiiigere Zeit ziemlicl- abseits hat liegfen lassen, herrscht jetzt auf diesemForschung-sgebiet wieder ein erfreulich reg-es Leben. Fast gleichzeitig- siud

drei grossere Arbeiteii erschienen, die sich mit der Lautgeschichte dieser

Mundarten besohaftigen. Davoii ist die umfassendste und bedeutendste dasuns vorliegende Buch eines jungea Schweizers. Die Einleitung giebt zu-

iiachst einen geschichtlichen Ueberbliek iiber die Erforschung der oskisch-umbrischen Mundarten ; ilarauf wird die Stellung der letzteren ini Kreisder altilalischen Sprachen uud ihr Verhaltnis unter sich bebandelt ; waiterwarden die Denkmaler (hauptsiichlieh Inschriften) aufgezahlt und charak-tcrisicrt. Im ersien Kapitel der Lautlehre werden die Alphabete der In-

schriften und die orthographischen Fragen (Bezeiehnung der Consonanten-dehnung, der Vocalliinge etc.) erbrtert. Darauf folgt die Darstcllung derLauterscheinun^en, die sowohl dem slatistisch-descriptiven als auch dementwickelungsgeschichtlichen Betrachtungsstandpunkt gerecht wird. . . .

Wir behalten uns vor, auf das Werk nach Erscheiuen des zweitenBandes etwas ausfiihrlicher zuriickzukommen. Fiir jetzt sei nur noch be-merkt, dass wir es mit einer auf griindlichstem Studinm beruhenden, durch-aus soliden und in manchan Beziehungen geradezu musterhaften Arbeit zu

thun haben, die als ein die gcsammte bisherige Forschung zusamnien-fassendes Handbuch fiir joden, der sich mit den altitalischen Sprachenbcschiiftigt, unentbehrlich sein wird.

Literarisches C^niralblatt iSgS Nr. lo.

Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 29

(gfjaQS uttb <3tubien

©prad^gefd^ic^te unb 3l5oIf§funbe

^rofeRot an btr UnictriltSt ®r«j.

I. 23anb. 8«. VIII, 412 ©. 1885. Tl. 1.—, geb. 3??. 8.-.

Sttbalt: Swr ©^ra^flcjc^td^te. I. 2)a§ inboiicnnauifdie

Uvbolf. II. 3)le ctru§ftfd)C ©prad)frafle. III. lleber ©pracfte

unb i^iterntur ber Stibaitefeu. IV. Sa? I)eutige @ried)ifd).

V. Sonftanttn SatfiaS imb bie ©labenfratje in ©rtecbenlaiib.

3urt)ci9lcid^enben9Jittrf^enfuubc. I. Joltlore. II. 2)larcften=

for^d)uurt nub 5(Itcrt{)um§n)t[fcnfcf)aft. III. 3regt)ptiidje 3Jidrd&en.

IV. 2h-afaifd)c aJJard)en. V. Stmor unb ^ft)c^e. VI. S)ie Qitellen

be§ 2)ecamevone. VII. @ubf[nDif(^e 2}Jdrd)en. VIII. 2)er Dtatten^

fdngcrtton.'oamelii. IX. ®er Lottie be§3:obe§. X.9ii|3baii2BtnHe.

3ut flienntnife beS 2Joif81icbc8. I. Snbifdie iMerseilen.

II. 9'ieugried)ifd)e 2>oIf§poene. HI. ©tubien iiber 'i>a% 8d)naber=

^ii^jfel. 1. 3ur 2itevatitr ber ©d)iiaberl)iipfel. 2. 33terjeile unb

nie^rftvopl)ifd)e§ fiieb. 3. Uebet ben Skturetngang be§ ©d)naber=

i)upfel§. — Stnmerfuugen.

II. fflonb. 8«. VI, 380®. 1893. 3J?. 6.-, geb. 3^.7.-.

Snt)alt: I. %xa\\i 2?opp. — II. ©eorg ©iirtiu^. —III. SStUfptad&e unb aBeltfpradien. — IV. ®tru5fi)d)e§ an§

2legi)ptcn. — V. ®te Shtsipradie be§ @vied)tfdien. — VI. SQon

ber fd)Ie[ifd)en 5Dlnnbart. — VII. 3nv S^nrafteriftif ber inbtt'dicn

gtteratur. 1. SlUgemeine ©runblagen. 2. S)er 3?eba. 3. jRalU

bafa. — VIII. 3igeunerpI)Uologte. — IX. a^oif^Iieber nn§

^Biemont. — X. Sfeugricdiifc^e ^od)jeitabraud)e. — XT. 3nrSSolf'Jtuube ber 3(Ipeiilanber. — XII. f^iimilrfi^ 2>olfi4iteratur.

— XIII. 2)a§ 9{aubent)cfen auf ber ^i^altanfialbinfel. —XIV. Sine ffiefd)td)te ber bt)santinifd)eu fiiteratur. — XV.Srt^en im a^Mttetalter. — XVI. 2)a§ bentige (i5vied)enlaub. -XVII. ®ried)tfdie Dkiieniomente. 1. %o\\ iS^orfu nad) 5(t[)eii.

2. 2ltl)en. 3. 3m Saube ber ^elopiben. - XVIII. 3ante. —XIX. 5(pnlifd)e JJcifetage. 1. 23on 'Sriubifi nad) Secce. 2, Scccc.

3. S?n(iniern, 4. Xarent. — XX. 23ei ben iHlbauefen 3taHen^'.

— XXI. %a% Subilaum ber UniPerfitdt in 5?o(ogiia. — 9hi=

merfuugeu.

Der wissenschaftliche Wert eines Werkes von Gustav Meyer1st stets iiber allem Zweifel erhaben ; das vorliegende ist aber ver-

moge seiner glanzenden Darstellung von Anton Schonbac'i fiir

wUrdig befunden worden, in seinem Buche „Uber Lesen und Bildung,

4. Auflage" unter den Werken aufgefiihrt zu werden, die einen Ehren-platz in dcm geistigen Haushalt jedes Qebildeten verdienen.

30 Veri.ag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

Haridbiichder

neugriechischen Volkssprache.Grammatik, Texte und Glossar.

Von

Dr. A. Thumb,a. o. Professor an der Universitat Freiburg i. Dr

80. XXV, 240 S. mit einer Schrifttafel. 1896. Broschiit M. 6.—

.

in Leinwand gebunden M. 7-—

•

„Endlich einmal eine brauchbare Grammatik der neugriechischen

Volkssprache, ein Buch, das nicht jenes aus alien moglichen Formen zu-

sammeng-ebraute Kauderwelsch der Zeitung'en und Biicher, soudern die in

gesetzmassiger Entwicklung entstandene lebendige Sprache der Gegen-wart lehrt! Th. hat es verstanden, den wichtigsten Sprachstoff auf sehr

kuappem Raume mitzuteilen, indent er sich auf die Verzeichnung der That-

sachen mit den unentbehrlichsten Erklarungeu beschrankte ; die gram-matische Abteilung des Handbuches umfasst nur 124 Seiten ; dann folgeii

gemeinneugriechisehe und dialektische Texte in Poesie und Prosa (S. 127 bis

194), endlich ein Glossar (S. 19"j-239). Hundertmal bin ich nach einempraktischen Handbuch der neugriechischen Volkssprache gefragt wordeS,

und stets war ich in Verlegenheit, was ich den Leuten eigentlich nennensollte ; die gleiche Verlegenheit driickte mich jedesmal, wenn ich eine \ or-

lesung iiber neugriechische Grammatik hielt und den Zuhiirern zur Ver-

einfachung und Erleichterung deS Unterrichts etwas Gedrucktes in die

Hand geben wollte. Wer die Not so an eigenster Haut gefiihlt hat, wird

dem Verfasser fiir seine schone Arbeit doppelt dankbar sein und gerno

darauf verzichten, ihm einzelue Unebenheiten aufzumutzen. Mochte nunauch eine historische Grammatik des Neugriechischen, die dem byzan-

tinischen Studienkreise noch naher liegen wurde , uns bald bescheerl

werden !" A". K. {Byzantinische Ziitschrift i^QS >• ^•^o).

Berneker, Dr. Erich, Die preussische Sprache. Grammatik,

Texte. etymologisches Worterbuch. 8". XII u. 335 S.

1896. M._ 8.-Luick, Karl, Untersuchungen zur engllschen Lautgeschichte.

80. XVIU, 334 S. 1896. M. 9- -

Viljoen, W. J., Beitrage zur Geschichte der Cap-hoUan-dischen Sprache. H". 58 S. 1896. M. 1.50.

Wiedemann, Dr. Oskar, Handbuch der litauischen Sprache.

Grammatik. Texte, Worterbuch. 80. XVI, 350 S. 1897.

M. 9 —In Vorbereitung .sind:

Fortunatow, Philipp F., (Prof. a. d. Univ. Moskau) . Vor-lesungen iiber die Lautlehre der altslavischen (alt-

kirclienslavischen) Sprache. Deutsch von Dr. Kricli

Berneker. 8". ca. 18 Bogen.

Simonyi, Sigmund (Prof. a. d. Universitat Budapest), Die

ungariches Sprache. Geschiclite und Grammatik. 8".

ca. 30 Bogen.

Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 3

1

Griechische Geschichte

Julius Beloch.

I. Band: Bis auf die sophistische Bewegung und denpeloponnesischen Krieg. gr. 8". XII, 637 S 1893.Broschiit M. 7.50. in Halbfran/, gebunden y.50.

II. Band : Bis auf Aristoteles und die Eroberung Asiens.Mit Gesanitregister und einer Karte. gr. 8". XIII, 720 S.

1897. Broschiit M. 9. — , in Halbfrz. gelninden M. 11.—.I. u. II. Band coniplet in 2 Halbfranzbande gebunden M. 20.—

.

„ . . . Das Gauze ist fliessend geschrieben, von durchsich-tiger Klarheit, gleich abgerundet in Foini und Fassung. So tiitt

das Buch mit deni Anspruch auf, dem deutschen Publilcuni zubieten, was es bis jetzt noch nicht besitzt: eine von v\'iiklich

liistorischem Geist getragene und zugleich lesbare GeschichteGrieclienlands.. Kef. steht nicht an zu erkliiren, dass es dicsenAnspruch in weitem Unifang erfijllt. Durch einen freien undweiten Blick, durch urafassende historische Kenntnisse, durchgrilndliche Durcharbeitung des Materials war der Verf. fiir seineAufgabe vorbereitet. Von der Selbstanrligkeit und der vor keinerConsequenz zuri'ickschreckenden Energie seines historischen Ur-teils hat er schon friiher vielfach Proben abgelegt . ,

."

Eduard Meyer im Literarischen Centralblatt i8g4, Nr. 4.

Der eigentliche Vorzug des Werkes liegt auf dem Ge-biete der Darsteilung der wirtscha ft lichen undsocial en Grundlagen desLebens. in denen B. diemateriellen Grundlagen erkennt, auf denen sich die grossartigenUmwalzungen, auch der geistigen und politischen Entwickelungvollzogen. Da B. gerade in dieser Beziehung das Material be-herrscht , vv'ie nicht leicht ein anderer Forscher, so durfte manhierin von seiner Darsteilung Ausfiihrliches und Vorzijglicheserwarten .... Glanzpunkte sind der VII. Abschnitt: DieUmwalzung im Wirtschaftsleben (vom 7- zum 6. Jahrh.) und derXU.: Der wirtschaftliche Aufschwung nach den Perserkriegen.... Ueber die Bevolkerungsverhaltnisse, ijber die Getrcide-einfuhr, iiber das Aufhoren der Natural- und den Beginn derGeldwirtschaft, die Ertriignisse der Industrie und des Handels,fiber Zinsen, ArbeitsRihne etc. erhalten wir die eingehendstenAufschliisse und wundern uns, wie diese wichtigen Dingebei der Darsteilung der griechisch en Geschic hte l)is-

her unberiicksichtigt l)leiben konnten.... Die Form Atx Darsteilung ist eine ausserordentlich

gewandte und fliessende.

Bl. f. d. Gy7n}iasialschidwescn, XXX. Jahrg. S. 6ji u. ff.

^2 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

Soeben erschien: Gresch.ich.te

Griechischen Plastik

Maxime CollignonMitglied des Instituts, Professor an der Faculte des Lettres in Paris.

Erster Band : Anfange -- Friiharchaische Kunst - Reifer Arcbaismus —Die grosser! Meister des V. Jahrhunderts. Ins Deutsche ubertragen

und niit Anmerkungen begleitet von Eduard Thraemer, a. o.

Professor an der Universitat Strassburg. Mit 12 Tateln in Chromo-lithngraphie oder Heliogravure und 281 Abb. im Text. Lex. 8°. XV,592 S. 189". Broschirt M. 20. -

, in eleg. Halbl'ranzband M. 25. - .

Zweiter Band: Der Einfluss der grossen Meister des V. Jahrhunderts —Das IV. Jahrhundert. — Die hellenistische Zeit. — Die griechische

Kunst unter romischer Herrschaft. Ins Deutsche iibertragen von FritzBaiimgarten, Professor am Gymnasium zu Freiburg i B. Mit

12 Tafelu in Chromolithographie oder Heliograviire und 377 Ab-bildungen im Text. Lex. 8°. XII, 763 S. 1898. Broschirt M. 24. -

,

in eleg. Halbfranzband M. 30. —

.

„Collignon's Histoire de la

sculpture grecque, . . . hat mit Rechtuberall eine sehr gunstige Auf-

nahme gefunden. Der Verf. steht

von vorn herein auf dem Boden,der dureh die umwalzenden Ent-

deckungen der letzten Jahrzehntegeschaffen ist, und betrachtet vondieseni neu gewonnenen Stand-

punkte aus audi die alteren That-

sachen und Forschungsergebnisse.Er beherrscht die einschlagigeLite-

ratur, in der die deutsche Forsch-

ung einen bedeutenden Platz ein-

nimmt, und weiss die Streit-

fragen oder die Thatsachen in

geschmackvoller Form und ohneermiiuonde Breite darzustellen.

Eine grosse Anzahl gut aus-

gefiihrter Textillustrationen, nachzum grossten Teil neu ange-fertigten Zeichnungen, dient demTexte zu anschaulicher Belebung

und bietet eiue vornehme Zierde des Buches, sehr verschieden von jenen oft

nichtssagenden Umrissen, welchen wir in ahnlichen Biichern so oft be-

gegnen. So war es ein glucklioher Gedanke, Collignon's Werk demdeutschen Publikum, nlcht bios dem gelehrten, durch eine deutsche Ueber-setzung naher zu bi-ingen. Der Uebersetzer, Dr. Ed. Thraemer, hat seine

nicht ganz einfache Aufgabe vortrefflich gelost: die Darstellung liest

sich sehr gut und man wird nicht leicht daran erinnert, dass man eine

Uebersetzung vor sich hat. Hier und da ist ein leichtes thatsachliches

Versehen stillschweigend berichtigt, anderswo durch einen (als solcher

bezeichneten) Zusatz ein Hinweis auf entgegenstehende AutTassuugen, auf

neuerdings bekannt gewordene Thatsachen, auf neu erschienene Literatur

gegeben . . . Im Ganzen jedoch handelt es sich um eine Uebersetzung,nicht um eine durchgehende Bearbeitung des Originalwerkes, so dass der

Leser Uberall Collignon's Auffassungen ohue frenide Aenderungen kennenlernt .... /s. yLiter. Ceutralblatt i^4g. Nr. JS-/

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