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English Grade 7 References

Fourth Grading

January 22-

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DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH | INDIRECT SPEECH

TENSE CHANGE | TIME CHANGE | PRONOUN CHANGE

REPORTING VERBS | USE OF 'THAT'

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech$ndirect speech %so#eti#es called reported speech&' doesn(t use quotation #arks to enclose what the person said and it

doesn(t ha!e to "e word for word)

*hen reporting speech the tense usually changes) +his is "ecause when we use reported speech' we are usually talking

a"out a ti#e in the past %"ecause o"!iously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past&) +he !er"s therefore usually

ha!e to "e in the past too)For ea#ple,

Direct speech / Quoted speech Indirect speech / Reported speech

$(# going to the cine#a' he said) .e said he was going to the cine#a)

*e could go to the cine#a' he thought) .e thought we could go to the cine#a)

 Tense change

/s a rule when you report so#ething so#eone has said you go "ack a tense, %the tense on the left changes to the tense on

the right&,

Direct speech   Indirect speech

Present simple

She said, "It's cold." ›Past simpleShe said it was cold.

Present continuousShe said, "I'm teaching English online." ›

Past continuousShe said she was teaching English online.

Present perfect simpleShe said, "I've been on the web since 1999." ›

Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.

Present perfect continuousShe said, "I've been teaching English forseven years."

›Past perfect continuousShe said she had been teaching English for sevenyears.

Past simpleShe said, "I taught online yesterday." ›

Past perfectShe said she had taught online yesterday.

Past continuousShe said, "I was teaching earlier." ›

Past perfect continuousShe said she had been teaching earlier.

Past perfectShe said, "The lesson had already started

when he arrived."›Past perfect! #$%E & She said the lesson had already

started when he arrived.Past perfect continuousShe said, "I'd already been teaching for fiveminutes."

›Past perfect continuous! #$%E & She said she'd already been teachingfor five minutes.

any modal verb forms also change(

Direct speech   Indirect speechwill She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow." ›

would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.

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can 

She said, "I can teach English online." ›could She said she could teach English online.

must She said, "I must have a com)uter to teachEnglish online."

›had toShe said she had to have a com)uter to teachEnglish online.

shall 

She said, "*hat shall we learn today+"›should 

She ased what we should learn today.may She said, "ay I o)en a new browser+" ›

might She ased if she might o)en a new browser.

01ote - +here is no change to could' would' should' #ight and ought to)

Direct speechIndirect speech

$ #ight go to the cine#a' he said) .e said he #ight go to the cine#a)• 3ou can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that so#ething is still true' i)e) #y na#e has

always "een and will always "e 4ynne so,-

Direct speech Indirect speech

5y na#e is 4ynne' she said)

6he said her na#e was 4ynne)

or 

6he said her na#e is 4ynne)

• 3ou can also use the present tense if you are talking a"out a future e!ent)

Direct speech (exact quote) Indirect speech (not exact)

"Next week's lesson is on reported 

 speech,"  she said)6he said net week(s lesson will "e on reported speech)

 Time change

$f the reported sentence contains an epression of ti#e' you #ust change it to fit in with the ti#e of reporting)

For ea#ple we need to change words like here and yesterday if they ha!e different #eanings at the ti#e and place of

reporting)

Now + 24 hours - Indirect speech

+oday(s lesson is on presentations)6he said yesterday(s lesson was on presentations)or 

6he said yesterday(s lesson would "e on presentations)

Expressions of time if reported on a different day

this -evening › that -evening

today › yesterday ...

these -days › those -days

now › then

-a wee ago › -a wee before

last weeend › the weeend before last / the )revious weeend

here › there

ne0t -wee › the following -wee

tomorrow › the ne0t/following day

$n addition if you report so#ething that so#eone said in a different place to where you heard it you #ust change the place

%here& to the place %there&)

For ea#ple,-

At wor At ho!e

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"How long have you worked here?"  6he asked #e how long $(d worked there)

Pronoun change

$n reported speech' the pronoun often changes)

 For example:

"e You

"  I teach English online" 

Direct #peech

6he said' I teach English online)I teach English online' she said)

Reported #peech

!he told me she teaches English online

or 

!he told me she taught English online

Reporting Verbs

!aid, told and asked are the #ost co##on !er"s used in indirect speech)

*e use asked to report questions,-

 For example: asked  #ynne what time the lesson started

*e use told  with an o"ject) For example: #ynne told  me she $elt tired

!Note - .ere #e is the o"ject)

*e usually use said  without an o"ject)

 For example: #ynne said  she was going to teach online

$f said is used with an o"ject we #ust include to

 For example: #ynne said  to me that she'd never %een to &hina

!Note - *e usually use told 

 For example: #ynne told  me that( she'd never %een to &hina

+here are #any other !er"s we can use apart fro# said' told and asked)

+hese include,-

accused' ad#itted' ad!ised' alleged' agreed' apologised' "egged' "oasted' co#plained' denied'eplained' i#plied' in!ited' offered' ordered' pro#ised' replied' suggested etc)

• sing the# properly can #ake what you say #uch #ore interesting and infor#ati!e)

For ea#ple,

.e asked #e to co#e to the party,-

 He invited me to the party

 He %egged me to come to the party He ordered me to come to the party

 He advised me to come to the party

 He suggested should come to the partyUse o !That! in reported speech

$n reported speech' the word that is often used)

 For example: He told me that  he lived in )reenwich.owe!er' that  is optional)

 For example: He told me he lived in )reenwich

!Note - +hat is ne!er used in questions' instead we often use if)

 For example: He asked me i$ would come to the partyeference2 htt)(//www.learnenglish.de/grammar/re)orteds)eech.html

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6$584E 8/6+ +E16E

F19+$:16 :F +.E 6$584E 8/6+ +E16E

+he si#ple past is used to talk a"out a co!p$eted action in a ti#e %e&ore now) ;uration is not i#portant) +he ti#e of the

action can "e in the recent past or the distant past)

E</584E6

• John 9a"ot sai$ed to /#erica in =>?@)

• 5y father died last year)

• .e $i'ed in Fiji in =?7A)

• *e crossed the 9hannel yesterday)

3ou always use the si#ple past when you say when so#ething happened' so it is associated with certain past ti#e

epressions

&requenc, o$ten, sometimes, always

$ so#eti#es wa$ed ho#e at lunchti#e)

$ often %rouht #y lunch to school)

a de&inite point in ti!e, last week, when was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago

*e saw a good fil# last week )

*esterday' $ arri'ed in Gene!a)

6he &inished her work at seven o'clock 

$ went to the theatre last night 

an inde&inite point in ti!e, the other day, ages ago, a long time ago 8eople $i'ed in ca!es a long time ago)

6he p$aed the piano when she was a child )

Note* the word ago is a useful way of epressing the distance into the past) $t is placed a&ter the period of ti#e, a week

ago, three years ago, a minute ago)

Be 9areful, +he si#ple past in English #ay look like a tense in your own language' "ut the #eaning #ay "e different)

F:R5$1G +.E 6$584E 8/6+ +E16E

8/++ER16 :F 6$584E 8/6+ +E16E F:R REG4/R CERB6

A&&ir!ati'e

6u"ject D !er" D ed

$ skipped)

Neati'e

6u"ject D did not D infiniti!e without to

+hey didn(t go)

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Interroati'e

;id D su"ject D infiniti!e without to

;id she arri!e

Interroati'e neati'e

;id not D su"ject D infiniti!e without to

;idn(t you play

+: */4 

A&&ir!ati'e Neati'e Interroati'e

$ walked $ didn(t walk ;id $ walk

3ou walked 3ou didn(t walk ;id you walk

.e walked .e didn(t walk ;id he walk

*e walked *e didn(t walk ;id we walk

+hey walked +hey didn(t walk ;id they walk

6$584E 8/6+ +E16E :F +: BE' +: ./CE' +: ;:

#u%ect ,er%

  e .a'e

I was had

ou were had

.e/#he/It was had

0e were had

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#u%ect ,er%

ou were had

1he were had

 1:+E6 :1 /FF$R5/+$CE' 1EG/+$CE' $1+ERR:G/+$CE F:R56

/FF$R5/+$CE

+he affir#ati!e of the si#ple past tense is si#ple)

$ was in Japan last year 

6he had a headache yesterday)

*e did our ho#ework last night)

 1EG/+$CE /1; $1+ERR:G/+$CE

For the negati!e and interrogati!e si#ple past for# of "do"  as an ordinary !er"' use the auiliary "do", e)g) *e didnt

do our ho#ework last night)

+he negati!e of "have"  in the si#ple past is usually for#ed using the auiliary "do" ' "ut so#eti#es "y si#ply

adding not  or the contraction "n't" )

+he interrogati!e for# of "have"  in the si#ple past nor#ally uses the auiliary "do"

E</584E6

+hey werent in Rio last su##er)

*e didnt ha'e any #oney)

*e didnt ha'e ti#e to !isit the Eiffel +ower)

*e didnt do our eercises this #orning)

0ere they in $celand last January

Did ou ha'e a "icycle when you were young

Did ou do #uch cli#"ing in 6witzerland

Note* For the negati!e and interrogati!e for# of a$$ !er"s in the si#ple past' always use the auiliary 'did 3

6$584E 8/6+' $RREG4/R CERB6

6o#e !er"s are irregular in the si#ple past) .ere are the #ost co##on ones)

+: G:

.e went to a clu" last night)

Did he o to the cine#a last night

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.e didnt o to "ed early last night)

+: G$CE

*e a'e her a doll for her "irthday)

+hey didnt i'e John their new address)

Did arr i'e you #y passport

+: 9:5E

5y parents ca!e to !isit #e last July)

*e didnt co!e "ecause it was raining)

Did he co!e to your party last week

REFERE19E http,HHwww)edufind)co#Henglish-gra##arHsi#ple-past-tenseH

Past Perfectftg3 p

FORM

4had 3 )ast )artici)le5

E0am)les(

• 6ou had studied English before you moved to ew 6or.

• Had you studied English before you moved to ew 6or+

• 6ou had not studied English before you moved to ew 6or.

om)lete 7ist of 8ast 8erfect orms

UE ! "ompleted #ction $efore omething in the Past

The 8ast 8erfect e0)resses the idea that something occurred before another action in the )ast. It can

also show that something ha))ened before a s)ecific time in the )ast.

E0am)les(

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• I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to :auai.

• I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.

• Tony new Istanbul so well because he had %isited the city several times.

• Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand+

• She only understood the movie because she had read the boo.

• :ristine had never &een to an o)era before last night.

• *e were not able to get a hotel room because we had not &oo'ed in advance.

•  $( Had you ever %isited the ;.S. before your tri) in <==>+

?( 6es, I had &een to the ;.S. once before.

UE ( Duration $efore omething in the Past )*on+"ontinuous ,er&s-

*ith on&ontinuous @erbs and some non&continuous uses of i0ed @erbs, we use the 8ast 8erfect

to show that something started in the )ast and continued u) until another action in the )ast.

E0am)les(

• *e had had that car for ten years before it broe down.

• ?y the time $le0 finished his studies, he had &een in 7ondon for over eight years.

• They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.

 $lthough the above use of 8ast 8erfect is normally limited to on&ontinuous @erbs and non&

continuous uses of i0ed @erbs, the words "live," "wor," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in

this way even though they are !T on&ontinuous @erbs.

IMPOR.#*. pecific .imes with the Past Perfect

;nlie with the 8resent 8erfect, it is )ossible to use s)ecific time words or )hrases with the 8ast

8erfect. $lthough this is )ossible, it is usually not necessary.

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E0am)le(

• She had %isited her Aa)anese relatives once in 199B before she moved in with them in 199>.

MOREO,ER

If the 8ast 8erfect action did occur at a s)ecific time, the Sim)le 8ast can be used instead of the 8ast

8erfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell

you what ha))ens first, so the 8ast 8erfect is o)tional. or this reason, both sentences below are

correct.

E0am)les(

• She had %isited her Aa)anese relatives once in 199B before she moved in with them in 199>.

• She %isited her Aa)anese relatives once in 199B before she moved in with them in 199>.

REFERE19E http,HHwww)englishpage)co#H!er"pageHpastperfect)ht#l

F/1+/63 C6 RE/4$+3

+he 5agic of a *ish - E#ilyIs 6tory htt)s(//www.youtube.com/watch+vCthS**?fb&r6

Fantasy- +ells a"out things that could not happen in real life)

Ea#ples,

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Reality- a realistic story tells a"out things that could really happen)

Ea#ples

4et see at so#e ea#ples0

/ndy "ought four !olcano "ooks fantasy or reality .ow do you know

/ndy could "uy "ooks a"out !olcanoes)

+he genie flew out of the la#p0 fantasy or reality .ow do you know

Genies are not real' so a genie couldn(t co#e out of a la#p)

+he ant carried the entire hotdog away fro# the picnic) fantasy or reality .ow do you know

/n ant can(t lift an entire hotdog)

+he snow fell until the ground was co!ered with se!eral inches) fantasy or reality .ow do you know

$t can snow and the snow can "e se!eral inches deep)

4et see of so#e "ooks to read)

9an you tell whether it is fantasy or reality out of these "ooks

Friends fall into the 4ost and Found pile and go to a hidden world of lost ite#s)

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+he traditions of a 8ue"lo "oy and his fa#ily are eplained)

+he life in an ant colony and the jo"s each type of ant ha!e)

+he ad!entures of a "oy who tra!els to an island of #onsters and "eco#es king)

REFERE19E www.cnusd.1<.ca.us/cms/lib/$=1==11D</.../Fantasy   %s   Reality.ppt