ENGLISH GRAMMAR. - icsarchive.org · ENGLISH GRAMMAR. (PART 2) ... which should have the check marks be are numbers 1, 5, 6, 8, ... soon reached the other side. Here, as we

ENGLISH GRAMMAR. (PART 2)

Serial 30778 Edition 2

[6): 1. Phrase and Sentence.—In Part 1, Exercise II,

you are directed to put a check mark (4) before all the sentences. This is to test your knowledge of the difference between a sentence and a phrase, for several phrases, or non-sentences, are included in that list. Turn to your marks to see whether they are co=

i'e sentences, which should

have the check marks be are numbers 1, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, and 17. A11 he 'non-sentences because they do not make cMpit . They do not contain a subject and a predicate: j.

A sentence is a gr of expressing a complete thought. A sentence states 'A 'A L , aks a question, or delivers a command. Every sentence must have a subject (something about which something is said) and a predicate (something said about the subject). The subject may be modified by adjectives and adjective modifiers. The predicate may be modified by adverbs and adverbial modifiers. These modifiers are frequently prepositional phrases. A prepositional phrase is a group of related words modifying some element of a sentence, the first word of the phrase being a preposition.

A phrase used to modify a noun or a pronoun is called an adjective modifier. A phrase used like an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb is called an adverbial modifier.

00vION1ID ST INYZSNATIOMAI. T!TSOOX COPANY. ALL SIOKYS *1$*YI3

ENGLISH GRAMMAR, PART 2

EXERCISE I (a) In the following sentences several prepositional phrases are

adjective modifiers. Find them. Point out the word that each modifies. The telegram in the yellow envelope was not prepaid. The

boy with the dirty face, when he delivered it at the door of the hotel room, demandod eighty-five ccnt. The woman at the threshold was about to hand him three quarters and a dime when her husband in a loud voice 7said, "Wait." He looked at the figures on the blank with the word "Charges." With a rapid but delicate motion of his hand he swept the eraser at the end of a pencil across the figures. A few lines in soft lead vanished, leaving the easily recognized first marks in their places. The correct charge for the message was thirty-five cents. With a flip of her fingers his wife tossed two coins at the waiting messenger. Before the boy reached the office a brief telephone report had settled his stay with the Western Union.

(b) In the following prepositional phrases are adverbial modifiers. Find gir use.

The returning m j'at\the office and tossed his delivery meet ero4 -t)iter 'hc clerk looked up with a searching gLtfii tie turned away to the waiting bench. He nid bia his glasses and jerked his thumb towards the mitnagei!slittle office. The boy pointed to himself with an- air pfsnrprise. The man nodded with a.decided grunt The scraping feet turned toward the rear of the room and passed through the opening into the silence which reigned in the old man's office. "You're fired." The words came from the top of the desk. The "old man" didn't even turn in his chair. Unless he summoned a person, no one came into his presence. One urchin declared alter he had waited for further remarks that he believed the "old man" put his foot on a button and the talking machine did the test.

EXERCISE II

Go baik to (a) of Exercise 1. Can you find any prepositional phrases which modify verbs? Explain their use.

Go over (b) of Exercise 1. Can you find any prepositional phrases which modify nouns? Explain their use.

2. Prepositions and Adverbs.—While prepositions are still in mind, you will be able to learn this important fact and thus save yourself confusion between words used in some


sentences as prepositions and in other sentences as adverbs or other parts of speech. Remember that a preposition does not stand by itself. It is the first word of a prepositional phrase. An adverb may stand alone as the modifier of a verb.

He fell down. (Down is an adverb.) He rode down the mountain. (Down is a preposition.) The sound moved on. (On is an adverb.) He fought on the Union side. (On is a preposition.) I never saw you before. (Before is an adverb.) I have much work before me. (Before is a prepositior..) Come inside! (Inside is an adverb.) The inside story was not known to all. (Inside is an adjective.) The inside of the cup was scratched. (Inside is a noun.) The ball fell inside the foul line. (Inside is a preposiion.) The cowboy left his pony outside. (Ouiside is an adverb.) The blackmailer is outside human relations. (Outside is a preposition.) The airplane soared above. It sailed gracefully above-._, ,. ..lieee is a preposition.)

3. Changes of Ea.rts..h.—Two things have shown a very irnportantpouMe giasp an your stuay of grammar. In Part I you saw how somjioiina .be used as common nouns or as proper nouns. Intliéreceding group of sentences you have seen the word inside used as a noun, a preposition, an adjective, and an adverb. The important principle to grasp is that its use determines what part of speech a word is. The use in a sentence will be the best guide for study. If you understand clearly the uses of the various parts of sentences you should not have much trouble.

4. Let us look at a few examples of this principle of our speech.

The word well may be many partsf speech, with several uses. You are well today. Your guest plays tennis well. He will be a well man again. Whenever she thinks of her early life, tears well from her eyes. A 50400t well is needed to supply water to that house. Well, why don't you get ready to go? The baby is not feeling well this morning.

Explain all the uses of well in these sentences. 762-4


The sun gives light. She always wears light colors. That wood is so light that a man can carry a cord of it. We light the open gas grate to try to be cozy around it. Even Rome has a light snowfall nearly every winter.

What are the uses of Ugh: in these sentences?

EXERCISE III Explain the parts of speech of the words in italics by showing theit

use in the sentence:

1. We seldom find mushrooms in the nearby meadows. 2. This property was a lucky find for us. 3. The silk wasfine. 4. A fine of ten dollars wai imposed for speeding. 5. The ground was rocked by an earthquake. 6. Two large stones g'1fii: 7. The printing press h knowledge. 8. There wasa greatresfip: tf the bank. 9. Will you press thcl r':

10. Silorsbraveali:- : : 11. An Indian brave sr.a 12. Rescuing a person f: .sing?i3 brave deed because of the

panic which so often seizes t-. -. 13. Almost all animals slcre 1 14. He owns a shoe s!ore. 15. He leaves his hardest work until the last minute. 16. The leaves on this tree lest until the first frost. 17. Toni, will you go last? 18. All school books should be perfectly clear in style. 19. That school of fish is moving up the inlet. 20. School yourself in habits of industry.

5. Remember this direction. Whenever you wish to decide on what part of speech a certain word is, consider its use in the sentence. That should give you accurate informa-tion.

EXERCISE IV Mark with the abbreviations listed in Part I, Exercise XIX, the parts

of speech of the italicized words in the following extract:

The Arkansas at this point, and for several hundred miles below, is nothing but a broad sand.bed. over which a few scanty threads


of water are swiftly gliding, now and then expanding into wide shallows. At several places, duri,g the autumn, the water sinks into the sand and disappears cUogether. At this season, were it not for the numerous quicksands, the river might be forded almost anywhere without difficulty, though its channel is often a quarter of a mile wide. Our horses jumped down the bank, and wading through the water, or galloping freely over the hard sand-beds, soon reached the other side. Here, as we were pushing through the tii1 grass, we saw several Indians not far off; one of them waited until we came up, and stood for some moments in perfea silence before us, looking at us askance with his little snake-like eyes. Henry explained by signs what we wanted, and the Indian gathering his buffalo-robe about his shoulders, led the way toward the vilh:ge without speaking a word.

CHANGES OF FORM

6. You have already seen ho certin parts of speech are changed in order to secure dEferc:t. ieanings. You have seen the three degrees,po$tive, covparative, and superlative, of adjectives and a&Es. the 4frnt ways of writing common and proper n ebanges in verbs to express present, past, and fu ur i:nie. an,& to show if an action is completed or is still progressing. You have become somewhat familiar with the different forms of pronouns for different uses in the sentences, even when the meanings are related. Thus, we say I. me, and mine to indicate relations concerning the same person, or he, his, and him; she, hers, her.

These various changes will, in most cases, not be new knowl-edge to you. The purpose of the discussion &mcerning them here will be to recall them to your mind for correct use.

NOUNS

PLURALS OF NOUNS.

7. When a noun indicates one thing, person, or place, it is in the singular number. City, wall, motor, bench, woman, child.

When a noun indicates more than one, it is in the plural number. Cities, walls, motors, béncies, women, children.


1. The usual way to form the plural of nouns is to add s to the singular. If the sound demands it, or if the plural has an extra sy:lable in pronunciation, es is added.

Write the plurals of these words. Add s or es. table monkey cellar bird loss joy brush duke ditch bush attorney master clock stamp almanac 1)asture wheel princess wish turkey cano.i house airplane latch donkey dress press goddess fox chimney book chorus box church debt chauffeur shoe bridge alley waitress brother ranch gulf mouth wait: picture arch valley

2 Ea noun ends in t44d the letter immediately before the y is not a v the plural is formed by changing this y t1 4 Csty, cities, story,

a-i stories.- Write the plurals of I

family- caddy jury fairy party aca elny pony pantry laundry secretary army enemy sky country injury theory any daisy reply baktsy gipsy canary lily penn' lady berry fly ditty baby cherry robbery

3. Many nouns ending in o add es. Write the plurals of these nouns (add es) and memorize their spelling.

herc. volcano embargo tomato echo torpedo potato manifc-so veto negro buffalo mosquito cargo bravo flamingo tornado

4. The following nouns ending in o add s. Learn the spelling of their plural forms.

banjo contralto curio dynamo cu&oo chromo portfolio cameo albino folio halo stiletto solo radio - piano studio


5. Some nouns ending in f or fe change th / or fe to yes. Let the pronunciation of the plural help to guide you. Write the plurals of these words and then memorize them.

beef calf sheaf knife life loaf self half thief wharf wolf elf shelf leaf wife

6. The following nouns have irregular plurals. You know their spoken forms. Let them guide you, but learn the spellings.

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAl. man men parenthesis parentheses tooth teeth stratum strata ox oxen madam mesdames crisis crises child children brother brethren foot feet woman women ltte lice mouse mice synopses goose 9 on phenomena

7. In comnound rt which re3rescnts more than one or the part by the rest, usually receives the plural

X11

SINGULAR PLURAL . SINGLIL.AR PLURAL attorney-at-law attorneys-at-law eyetooth eyeteeth man-of-war men-of-war teacup teacups mother-in-law mothers-in-law railroad railroads half-sister half-sisters workman workmen court-martial courts-martial grandmother grandmothers hanger-on hangers-on airplane airplanes passer-by passers-by forefoot forefeet courtyard courtyards yacht club yacht clubs forgec-me-not forget-me-nots game warden game wardens

A few compounds pluralize both words: man-child, men-children; Knight Templar, Knights Tern piars.

Note that compound nouns are single names composed of two or more words: newspaper, mousetrap, son-in-law, grass plot.

Usage varies so widely in the writing of compound words, that you should always consult a dictionary whenever you are in doubt whether to use a hyphen, to write the words as a solid compound, or to give the parts as separate words.

8 ENGLISH GRAMMAR, PART 2

8. Many nouns have the same form in both singular and plural. Consider carefully these special cases.

sheep grouse species shad deer swine series turbot chamois moose vermin salmon corps quail reindeer pickerel means pains heather bison

Some nouns are used only in the plural. archives bellows pincers thanks ashes riches proceeds trousers alms knickerbockers scissors victuals billiards clothes shears vespers breeches dregs morals oats overalls matins eaves tongs forceps pliers tweezers tidings

The following nouns arep1urin form but retain a singular meaning:

athletics mea , hydraulics gymnastics rna$ rtrts amends civics p.yszcs economics

Some nouns are usa in the singular. These are prin- cipally the names of thaterials or qualities.

wheat purity gold wisdom iron pride aluminum patience rice steel mercury conscience

A few nouns, singular in form, are used only in a plural sense. -

poultry cattle people police

Proper nouns form their plurals regularly. SisGutAR PT.LiutL SINGULAR PLURAL

Tom The Toms Smith The Smiths Susie The two Susies Weston The Westons

There are three Margarets and four Ruths in the crowd. All the Carpenters and the Kellys joined in the family celebration. None of the Martyns and the Pecks attended.

If the proper noun is preceded by a title, the title is made plural.

Miss Brown The Misses Brown Mr. Long Messrs. Long

The plural title of address, Messrs., has been borrowed from the French. It is an abbreviation of the plural form Messieurs

ENGLL'JJ 4.ija p.... -

and should be pronounced Mh'yrs in two syllables. For the plural form of Mrs., the word Mesdames (ma-dzne'), a French form, has also been borrowed. This is used frequently in newspapers in such an item as this: "The guests included the Misses Glover, Hart, Dickinson; Mesdames Horton, Easton, Paddklon, Dunkirk."

Mrs. Sawyer Mesdames Sawyer Miss Poole The 3Lsses Poole

While you may not have occasion to use these forms, you should know them.

Memorize the following: spoonful spoonfuls cupful cupfuls handful handfuls

For plurals of all words of peculiar form and foreign appear-ance consult the dictionary.

- GENDER OF NOtN3

8. A second change of form is seen in some nouns when they name creatures of the male sex or of the female sex Man, woman; actor, actress; horse niaie; duke, duchess; boy, girl; husband, wife. The change in form to denote sex is termed gender.

A noun which names creatures of the male sex is masculine in gender.

workman, waiter, widower, nephew, lion, hero, Louis.

A noun which names creatures of the female sex is feminine in gender.

workingwoman, waitress, widow, niece, lioness, heroine, Louisa.

Many nouns can undergo no change for they name things without sex, or with either sex.

table, book, child, leader, home, sky, ocean, ieath.

A noun which names something wit-iout sex is said to be neuter in gender.

desk, diamond, patriotism, roof, rowboat.

A noun which names something which may be of either sex is said to be in the common gender.

child, pet, pupil, dancer, singer, violinist, Mend, leader.


9. If a pronoun somewhere indicates the sex of the creature named by such a noun as just described, that noun is called masculine or feminine.

The child hurt his finger. The pet had her fur clipped. The pupil recited his lesson. The dancer bowed her thanks. The singer lost his voice. The violinist ran her fingers over the strings.

The sense of the sentence also frequently shows clearly the gender of a noun ordinarily in the common gender. The manager married his stenographer. She has lost her youngest chi!d—a beazttfui girl. In the first sentence the gender of manager is plainly shown to be masculine by the use of the pronoun his. The sense of t..entence shows that stenographer must be a noun of ender. In the second sentence, the noun gir e person as the noun chid. What then mu & child?

:to. Study this us 'orrns. Be sure you know what the words

MASCULINE FmwrINn. '..•M±uz F.usrn emperor emprcss youth maiden host hostess wizard witch enchanter enchantress uncle aunt heir heiress sir madam master mistress lord lady negro negress gander goose Jew Jewess buck doe prince princess bachelor maid giant giantess bull cow tiger tigress landlord landlady patron patroness man-servant maid-servant Francis Frances cock hen bridegroom bride earl countess

POSSESSIVES OF XOtNS

11. Nouns have one other change of form to indicate possession. Instead of saying, This is the book of Rob, we say, This is Rob's book. Notice the pelling of Rob. The

ENGLISH GRAMMAR, P.ART 2

wages of the workmen are small. The wvrk,nen's wages are small. The records of the teams are good. The teams' records are good.

Notice the spelling of the nouns denoting possession.

12. To form the possessive of a singular noun add an apostrophe and an s. -

boy, boy's; man, man's; poet, poet's; woman, woman's.

If a plural noun ends ins, add only the apostrophe after the s. boys, boys'; poets, poets'; girls, girls'; kings, kings'.

If the plural does not end in s, add an apostrophe and s. men, men's; women, women's; children, children's.

Caution.—Do not use the apostrophe unless possession is shown. Ordinary plurals do not require this mark. Some erroneously write The girt±' (' th' girl's) have gone home. No possession is here incatI th apostrophe should be omitted. If you rc: : rdii denoting possession usually immediately prcc: :? noun over ,which it denotes possession, you will be o confuse these forms. The possessive forms are pro. :-: the following:

The child's books have lx- Frank's necktie is a handsome one.

PRONOUNS

13. As pronouns stand for nouns, they also have number and gender, and indicate possession. These forms are easily recognized, for the words used as pronouns are comparatively few, and frequently the form itself shows (either person or number, if not both.

Father thought that he could not afford to buy an automobile.. Aunt Mary said that she would furnish part of the money. Father then said that if she would help, he would buy it.

Which of the pronouns refers to a person cf the male sex? He. Which refers to some person of the female sex:? She. Which refers to a neuter noun or something without life? It. What then is the gender of each of these pronouns? He—maculine; she—feminine; it—neuter.


Let us look at the pronouns again. Do they denote one or more than one? One only. Then in what nurpher are they? Mention some pronouns which refer to more than one. We, us, they. In what number are these pronouns?

14. Compare the pronouns in the following sentences: I shall ask John to go. You may go tomorrow if your mother will let you. John decided that he couldn't go without his father's consent.

Which of these pronouns denotes the person speaking? Which apply to the person spoken to? Which refer to the person spoken of?

These pronouns—I,you, your, he, his—stand for persons and are called personal pronouns.

From these sentences, you sce that a person may be repre-sented (1) as speaking; (2) as znazen to; (3) as spoken of. Can you mention other pronouns which represent persons in each of these three war—

What two pronoun in the preceding sentences indicate possession? Your and s. Which in the following sentences show possession also

The boys left their car at the garage. Here are my books. Will you leave them at your house?

15. If you are not already familiar with the following forms, memorize them, for a knowledge of them will aid you in speaking correctly.

Pzsoti. Paoous Singular,

Person Person Person spoken of speaking spoken to masculine ftmithne neuter

I you he she it MY your his her its mine yours him hers' me

Plural Persons Persons Persons

speaking spoken to spoen of we you they our your their ours yours theirs us them

16. Points to Remember.—A pronoun must always agree with its antecedent in gender and number. Mary sent her mother a fine gold watch. Her, a proncun of the feminine gender, singular number, agrees with its antecedent Mary.

The pronouns it and they are neuter gender when they represent neuter nouns. When the car siid&d it threw the bundles out. They were soaked by the rain.

The pronouns they, their, them may be common gender, masculine gender, or feminine gender, the gender depending upon that of the antecedent.

The children told me they would go. They—common gender. The men have increased the output of their factory. Their—masculine

gender. Why did not the women make known their decisions? Their—feminine

gender.

You, your, and yours dne or to more than one. They may also be

Mary, where are you goip? Ygul.r;emirine. Tom and Henry, why db- i:YD*—plural, masculine. No personal pronoucv n'tripostrophe and s. These

are correct: Yours truly, he orir.c. You see it is printed as it's, but this contracted form always

stands for it is. This should be carefully noted: Never write it's when you mean its.

EXERCISE V

The speaker told us of a man out in California in 1947 who owned a ranch. He heard that gold had been discove-ed in southern California and so with a passion for gold, he sold his ranch and went away, never to return. The new ewner put a mill upon a stream that ran through te ranch. One day his little daughter brought into their house some wet sand from the race-way and sifted it through her fingers before the fire. A friend. who was visiting them noticed the shining scales. These scales were the first real gold discovered in California.

(a) Select from the preceding paragraph five nouns in the singular number. Then determine what is the plural form of these nouns and use the plural forms in sentences. Try to select nouns that form their plurals in different ways.

(b) Mention five pronouns properly used in the paragraph and show that the number and the gender of each pronoun are the correct ones.


VERBS 17. You have already seen some of the changes in forr

of verbs to express different meanings. Let us look at a few of these changes arranged in order and explained.

What different meanings do these verbs have? I smoke five cigarettes. I smoked a cigar yesterday. I shall smoke one pipeful before I turn in.

These three forms—smoke, smoked, shall smoke—indicate three different times. These verbs are in the present tense, the past tense, the future tense.

Tense is the form of the verb which indicates the time of its action.

Construct sn ncescorEt 4.hdture tenses of these verbs:

count work ' tOT sail dance labor t laugh paddle tramp trel-n chew curl bob fish Tl6rve hammer regulate vote shovel excavate rent rz.ck jump

18. Forming Tense.—How is the past tense of these verbs made? By adding ed to the first verb: count, counted.

This is the regular way of making the past tense of a verb. All such verbs are called regular verbs.

How did you make the future tense? You used with the main verb another verb, will or shall, which helped to form the future tense. All helping verbs are called auxiliary verbs or auxiliaries, which name explains the purpose and use of the helping verb.

19. Futuro Tense. —The future tense has slight changes in the auxiliary verb used. If you learn the following forms and use them to express future time you will be correct.

I shall earn we Shall earn you will earn - you will earn he will earn they will earn


Notice that with the pronouns I and we the correct auxiliary is shall. With the pronouns you, he, slw, it, and they, and with nouns, the correct auxiliary is will. Learn these auxili-aries by repeating them with several vtrbs in the future tense until you always speak with the correct one.

I shall protect we shall protect you will protect you will protect it will protect they will protect

I shall return we shall return you will return ' you will return she will return they will return

Insert the correct future 1. 1 succeed 2 3

\\e You

sulton6rriw runemt

4. She be prepl-.c.. ". 5. They make , vestment. 6. We never hear of taain. 7. It lost thrh the . 8. It not help mattes-s. 9. I not accept the invitation.

10. We be lonely after this work has bee-i completed. 11. He never pry that loan. 12. We find no four-leaved clovers in this field. 13. It never do to let him see your disappointment. 14. I give you your wages when the work is finished. 15. They rush in at the last moment, and I say

coldly, "How early you are!" 10. I make you an apple pie if you promise not to

ask for more at dinner. 17. We never make the connection unless this train makes

up some of the lost time. 18. It soon be an hour late and then wha: we do? 19. That - be a pretty pickle to be in for the family

be expecting us. 20. I send them a telegram if you check the

frunks. Then they not be so worried.


PROGRESSIVE VERB FORMS

20. Even in the three tenses just studied, present, past, and future, the forms of the verbs as listed may not say exactly what is intended. Are these two sentences exactly alike in

meaning? Water runs. Water is running.

Which sentence shows that the action is actually progressing at the exact moment when the fact is stated? Because of its meaning this kind of verb is called the pro ressive form. The following verbs are in the present tense, progressive form:

The strikers are attacking the city. I am perspiring. The golfer is putting on the The engine is running The days are groing sIi

The young persons are The cherries are ripeni4g .... The speed is slackezung The clouds are gathcrink.

21. There is a progreWffriin the past.tense. When I woke up the rain .wcs powig in. He couldn't help himself, for the financial crash -.vas mocing too rapidly.

The verbs in these sentences show that in the past time some action was continuing. The action was not completed, as the simple past tense indicates. They walked to the end of the pier. The action, we know from this past tense, was completed. If, however, the sentence reads, As they were walking to the end of the 'ier, their hats blew off, the action of walking as expressed by the verb was progressing. While he was eating his wife's first &iscuit, he was wishing it might be her last. The actions expressed by was eatin and was wishing were continuing in the past.

Observe that in every instance the verb in the progressive form has the ending ing. Also observ.i th.t with the present tense progressive am, is, or are is a part of the verb, arid that with the past tense progressive was or were is used.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR, PART 2 17

EXERCISE Viii

Compose sentences using these verbs in the progressive form of the present tense:

want reach stop offend help skid insult mail overcharge deceive ask undersell reply talk profit

EXERCISE IX

Compose sentences using these verbs in the progressive form of the past tense:

serve telephone ail attack perform

call address type dictate print

22. The future r I Y progressive form. It indicates that the action will bntihuing in the future time. The simple future means thaihe action will take place. but it conveys the idea that it will be completed. Think of what these sentences mean.

I shall leave town tomorrow. They will defeat the other team. All teachers will receive higher salaries. Laboring men will return to their usual jobs.

Don't these give you an idea that the action expressed by the verb will be done, completed?

Let us look at these future progressive orms to see what they mean. -

I shall be leaving before you get out of bed. They will be defeating every visiting team unless that pitcher'S delivery

is solved. Next year all teachers will be receiving a higher salarv. Laboring men will be returning to their usual jobs if few foreigners are

admitted to this country.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR, PART

F.XERCISE X Compose sentences using the following verbs in the progressive form the future tease:

compose move add forge etpress act copy explain obey conceal travel question love change discover trust place wash visit happen

EXERCISE XI

Mark the verbs in this paragraph. Use pi. for the present tense, P. for the past tense, and f. for the future tense. Place a p. before those letters if any of the verbs are in the progressive form.

We were passing over a burnt tract where the ground was hot beneath the horses' feet." 13V

Pmg we were descending to a

softer section where wesiccessioxt of little valleys which were amply wa =11c.: I shill never forget the relief we felt. We ,w 'ld* and goseberries which were growing alongis Gbildrcztnd many of the men had struggled from l* iin' of The tLiers' march and were gathering the fruit. Argrp further, the view changed rapidly. The burning omt - behind us; before us the ocean-like pr•: ':! ht. I stopped for a drink and wn - .kniymiss-dmyrifle. As rode back, I - ... ..:; :. ::an who passed me. I was giving up all hope of my weapon, when a you-tg brave galloped up to me and solemnly presented it. I rewarded him with one of my spurs. His horse dashed away when he used it. I suppose he is still thanking his white friend, but I shall always be regret-ting its absence, for I rode so long with only one that it made me an uneven rider. I shall never be a perfect horseman.

ItECT37,&R VERBS

23. Regular verbs form their past tense by adding d oi ed. The form of-the regularverb used after have, has, had is formed in exactly the sante manner, by adding d or ed. These two changes always indicate the regular verb.

I walk every afternoon. I walked down town last week. I hare walked every day this year in rain, snow, and broiling sun. For other regular verbs see Exercises VI, VIII, IX, and X.


IRREGULAR VERBS

24.. Many verbs do not form the past tense and the form used with have, had, has, by adding ed, bit they form these parts irregularly and'are known as irregular verbs.

For example, the present tense of go is go, the past tense is went, while the form used with has, have or had is gone.

The form of the verb used with has, ham', had, is called the past participle.

Note the changes in the irregular verbs shown here: PnnSENT TENSE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICXPL.E

see saw had seen sing sang has sung do did have done

IMPORTANT—Do not *: of I: ::e. had, as a part of the past participle. Th :o help in determining what is the proper these helping words. The words gone. 5C.;: s::';. and d;'-ie the past participles.

25. The correc: romor verbs are extremely important in both wrY:: L -: :. Because the past tense and the past pa:- :- H -.: --: - Thrent in form, spelling, and pronunciatka, :re e:r:-: :: :ing and speaking are due to these verbs than to ai:v o: single aspect of our language. You can drill yourself to know the correct words. If you are careful to write and speak only the correct forms always, you will improve your speech markedly.

EXERCISE xu Notice the forms of the irregular verbs in the following paragraph.

Recall to mind other forms of the same verbs. For instance, look at thought; recall think and had thought.

Tom and Harold lay on the ground. Torn thought of the happy days he would spend in the, country. Haroh kid his hand on Tom's shoulder just as the dinner bell rang charly. They ran into the house as quickly as possible. They came to the table with their hair brushed. While at dinner Harold gare a detailed account of a debate in which he had written a speech for the negative side. He spoke with ease of the disadvantages of

763-5


unrestricted immigration. Harold toid how he hod gone to the park where he had seen a queer bird. When he asked the keeper for its name the latter said he did not know it. Harold ihosigk

it strange that even the keeper was ignorant of the name.

USING IRREGULAR VERBS CORRECTLY

26. Have you heard errors in the use of the following irregular verbs? They are the most troublesome because they are the most frequently used in speech. Note that in every instance the helping word have, has, or had precedes the past participle. Remember that such forms as I seen, in which the past participle is used without a helping word, are always incorrect, and that the past tense form must be used alone as a verb. Such--forms as I have knew, He had saw, She has went, ss Avoid these illiter- ate forms.

Putsa'er Ts's (j1Psr Tstik Pacr PtRncn'LE know has known

see kraw1 had seen go have gone do d14 / has done lie - has lain sit sat, has sat

lay laid have laid set set has set

27. Several of the following exercises contain lists of many of the most common irregular verbs. Memorize the forms of these verbs so that you may know how to use them correctly. Then decide what are the correct forms to be inserted in the sentences given in the exercises and in other sentences in which you use various forms of the verbs.

Observe that while the third column in these lists is headed Past Participle, it includes an auxiliary—has, hare, had. Only the second term in each verb form in this column should be classified as the past participle. Thus, arisen, not had arisen, is the participle. The two words, however, make up the com-plete verb, the tense of the verb depending upon the help-ing verb that precedes the participle. You will learn later. (Art. 29) how to determine the tense.

PRESm-r Tssn PAsT TERSE

arose awoke was bore bore beat began bent bade bid bound bit

PAsr PARTICIPLE

had arisen has awaked have been has born has borne had beaten has begin have bent had bidden have bid have bound have bitten have bled have blown had broken has bred has brought

broadcasted

arise awake be (or am) bear

beat begin bend bid (to command) bid (to offer money) bind bite bleed blow break breed bring


EXERCISE XIII

build have built burst btrt had burst

Select from the preceding list the proper form of the verb and insert it in the space left:

1. (arise) He at seven yesterday morning. 2. (arise) The moon has already 3. (beat) The hockey team has not been so badly this year. 4. (bite) When he kicked the lap dog it him on the leg. 5. (bite) 1 didn't know I had been so badly by mosquitoes. 6. (bleed) Before she was found she had to death. 7. (bleed) The wound less and less as the blood coagulated. S. (blow) Dont out the gas! -

9. (blow) The wind hard all lx.st night. 10. (blow) A fine old tree has been down. 11. (broadcast) He has every evening for a week. 12. (break) Recently Battleship all r.--cc track records. 13. (break) This contrivance has again. 14. (bite) You have off more thas you can chew. 15. (begin) Who the fight today? 16. (begin) Well, one of you must have it.

found fled

ENGLISH GRAMMAR. PART 2

PRESENT TENSE buy cast catch choose cling come cost

cut deal

dig

do draw drink drive dwelt eat fall feed feel fight find flee

EXERCISE MIX

PAST TENSE bought cast caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt

Jdug I digged

did

PAST PARTICIPLE have bought had cast had caught had chosen had clung had come had cost had crept have cut has dealt has dug has digged have done have drawn have drunk-have driven have dwelt had eaten have fallen have fed have felt has fought have found have fled

Insert the proper form of the verb:

I. (choose) Which necktie did you ? 2. (choose) 1 the red one before I w any others. 3. (choose) Had I looked longer I might have a quieter

color. 4. (come) When he first into the room I was amazed at

his eyes. 5. (come) He had all the way home in the driving snow. 6. (come) Have you across that li.t of expenses yet? 7. (come) I as soon as you sent for me. S. (creep) When we went over the top we out of the

trenches one by one. 0. (creep) We had only a few yard; when a dud fell near us.

10. (cut) Has your employer your aiary? 11. (cut) He the salary of all the office force a month ago. 12. (draw) How much money have you from the honk? 13. (draw) I enough yesterday to hat over the holiday.


14. (drink) That foreigner no ice water until he landed in New York.

15. (think) But since then he has his share. 16. (drink) Last summer I no iced-tea, but this year I've

practically nothing else. 17. (eat) When I was a boy we dinner at noon. 18. (eat) You must have potatoes cocked like this. 19. (eat) When do we ? 20. (eat) Have you everything? 21. (flee) When the river bank broke the farmers before the

water. 22. (flee) All of them had before them was much danger.

PRESENT TENSE fling fly forget forsake freeze get give go grind grow hang hang (put to death hide hit hold hurt keep know lay (to place) lead leave lend let

EXERCXSE XV

PAST TENSE

grew hung hanged hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led left lent. let

PAST Putrzcirtn has flung has flown had forgotten had forsaken have frozen has got have given have gone have ground has grown had hung have hanged has hidden have hit have held have hurt have kept has known have laid have led have left had lent had let


1. (fly) The birds south early last fall. 2. (forget) You your umbrella yesterday. Why have

you your checkbook today? 3. (freeze) The water has to a depth of four inches..

ENGLISH GRAMMAR, P \RT 2

4. (freeze) Has the ice cream vet? S. (give) I had never a beggar money before but when

he told me that yarn I him a dollar. 6. (grow) How tail you have since I saw you. 7. (grow) That tree that tail in three years. S. (hang) Have you all the picture4? 9. (hang) The murderer has been in the courtyard of the jail.

10. (know) You all about ears, don't you? 11. (know) Why haven't you about thi; failure long before now? 12. (know) I he would prepare his theme carefully. 13. (lay) The lawyer the will away several years ago. 14. (lay) Many a man has a paper away for safety and has

then forgotten where he it. - 15. (lay) I know I the book on this table yesterday. 16. (lay) Have you it anywhere else? 17. (lay) The author the scene of the story in Ireland - 18. (lay) Don't your coat, and hat there so close to the window. 19. (lay) The hen has another egg. 20. (lay) She cine yrstiday.

EXERCISE XVI

PRESEXT TSNsE P..s-r TENS PAST P.RTICrPLn

lie (to recline) lay had lain lose lost has lost make made have made mean meant have meant meet met have met pay paid has paid put put have put read read (red) have read ride rode have ridden ring rang have rung rise rose have risen run ran have run say said has said see saw have seen sell mid have sold send sent had sent set set have set shake shook have shaken shed shed has shed shine shone have shone show showed have shown shrink shrank have shrunk


Insert the proper form of the verb: 1. (lie) When I down to rest in the afternoon I find myself

listening for the postman. 2. (lie) In our first home, I always in a soundproof room. 3. (lie) Even there I have for hour.; before I could get to

sleep. 4. (lie) When I wa a boy in school, I never late in the

morning. 5. (lie) I had there only an hour wh.m the bellboy knocked. 6. (lie) This umbrella has in the hottom of the closet for

years. Shall I let it there longer? 7. (lie) Go down and rest. 8. (lie) The old farm just over the hill from this one. 9. (li) Let the tired dog.. there.

10. (lie) Come, get up. You have in this hammock long enough.

11. (ride) If you have ever.- -.-.- in that ear you know why walking is called a pleasure.

12. (ring) Some one rat two o'clock this morn.

13 (rise) As the Qbred men from their seats.

14.. (run) After he was heir of the family away. The cook after bim inier after the cook; the policeman after them.

15. (run) When the youngster had all around the town, he sat down on a curbstone and patiently waited intil he was found.

16. (shake) The house was by an earthquake twice in one week.

17. (shake) The dog the water over the clean dresses of the lookers-on.

18. (show) The inquirer was through six apartments. 19. (shrink) When my woolens were washed, they so I

could not wear them. 20. (see) What have you new in the papers? Yesterday

I that the President is coming to our city.

EXERCISE XVU

PRESET TENSE PAST TERSE PAST PAIrnCIPt.

shut shut have shut sing sang have sung sink sank has sink sit sat have sat


PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE PAST PARTg&t.E

slay slew had slain sleep slept have slept slide slid have slid slit slit have slit smite smote have smitten speak spoke had spoken speed sped have sped speed (regular also) speeded have speeded spend spent have spent spin spun have spun spit spit have spit split split had split spread spread had spreaa spring sprang had sprung steal stole have stolen stick have stuck stride have stridden

Insert the proper form

1. (sing) After he h. I n I left. 2. (sing) At the reir .1 much better. 3. (sit) Every day jist : .:.iJ at the window. 4. (sit) She had -. rs seeing life go past. 5. (sit) Farmers say t:.a ben, but the correct expression is

the hen 6. (sit) Please do;;:. :; that chair and wait. 7. (sit) The hen on her eggs until they are hatelied. S. (sit) How long have you there? 9. (smite) The youth has been by the girl's pretty face.

10. (speak) Suck words should not have been ,even as a joke. 11. (speak) Last Sunday the minister interestingly for an

hour. 12. (spring) As soon as I put the cat down, she at the startled

dog. 13. (speed) After he had struck the baby carriage, the motorist

away. 14. (steal) The lad until he was twelve years old heeanse he

knew no better. 15. (steal) In that time he had thousands of dollars' worth

of merchandise. 16. (stride) When the boy was finally cktected, the policeman

through the throng and put his hand rougLly on the lad's shoulder. 17. (set) The youngster had the vase back on the counter. 18. (sit) Then he had down quietly and waited to see what

would happen to him next.


27

Pisn TENSE

strike strive swear sweep

swing take teach tear tell think throw thrust tread wear weave weep wet win wind wring write

EXEItCISE XVIII

PAST TENSE

struck strove swore swept swam swung took-taught tore told thought threw thrust

Ptsr PARTICIPLE

have struck have striven has sworn have swept have swum had swung have taken have taught have torn have told had thought had thrown have thrust have trodden' have worn have woven have wept has wet has won has wound have wrung have written


1. (strike) Sin o'clock just 2. (strike) The steamer had a snag. 3. (sweep) The office boy raised so much dust when he that

we preferred the dirt to his cleanliness. 4. (swim) Caesar across a river witl his armor on. 5. (swim) The young woman had beyond her depth, but

a guard ordered her back when he saw she was growing tired. 6. (throw) The pitcher was accused becausc he easy balls

to hit. 7. (throw) Some of the fans claimed he hadat a carefully

pitched ball in an entire inning. 8. (wet) When the eat her feet she retreated hastily. 9. (write) Shakespeare thirty-seven plays and several

poems. 10. (write) Have you any letters ho:ne this week? ii. (write) My broker has , offering me several bonds pay-

ing seven per cent. 12. (write) My clerk has my reply on her machine.


13. (wring) My bathing suit is still wet although I it out yesterday.

14. (swear) The motorman at tic driver who blocked the - trac, but the latter showed that he also had a little in his time.

15. (teach) My mother school before she was married. 16. (teach) She had only a year, hwevcr. 17. (sit, set, lie, lay) A farmer was asked whether he spoke of a

hen as silting or . He said this use of words didn't interest him, but when a hen cackled he always wanted to know whether she was or lying.

CORRECT USAGE

The following expressions are correct:

1. Lay aside some money for a t'y day. 2. The hen kid a dozen eggt in 3. He laid aside the !ette unt:i it.

4. I was laying the :t. in 5. Where did you k; snectacl& 6. Set the dishes on Z. 7. The ornament was se: thelf. 8. I have three five-dollar b::. 9. You must sit upstraiht -:..t.

10. My lawyer sat down to ex: '.:n :itc case tome. 11. We sat together for Over an lcnr. 12. I might be silting there still if the news of the withdrawal of the

suit had not reached us by accident. 13. How long have you been silting all alone? 14. I lie in bed as late as possible every morning. 15.' When I opened my eyes last Sunday I lay quietly trying to decide

where I was. 16. I roust have lain there ten minutes before I remembered that I was

visiting my brother in the country. 17. I must have undressed in a hurry for I found that ray clothes were

lying on the floor. iS.' The picture was hung too high to be seen. 19. The prisoner was finally hanged for the murder. 20. He raised himself from the road and then lay dawn again. 21. I shall set the hen tonight. She must sit in this box. 22. Tonight I shall lie down for an hour alter dinner. 23. Lie down, Pido. 24. I shall not get up early but shall lie in bed until I am rested. 25. 1 never before saw a sailboat so far out o the water.


ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REGARDING VERBS

28. Compound Tenses.—The three tenses named and discussed earlier in this lesson—the present tense, the past tense, and the future tense—are known as the simple tenses and indi-cate simply the time of an action. No name has thus far been given to you for the verb forms consisting of the auxiliaries had, Jw.c, have, shall haz'c. will have, and the past participial form of the verb, as in have spoken, has wriflen, had spoken, shall have written, will have spoken, although these forms have occurred in many sentences. These are known as compound tenses or perfect tenses and indicate the degree of completeness of an action.

The compound tenses 'are present perfect, past perfect, future perfect, the name itself r1lhoviug the time of the com-pleted action. The sign of the present perfect tense is the auxiliary have or has, as Irith'n written. The sign of the past perfect ter: : ::d, as He had wriUen. The sign of the future perket ::: r-:7i have or shall hove, as I shall have wrillcn. He will ,':.:: wriz:cn.

All the compound tenses have ,ressive forms, though the future perfect progressive is rarely used.

He has been singing for some time. Pre'.ent perfect progressive

He had been screaming for several minutes before we heard him. Past perfect progressive

I shall have been working for this company two years tomorrow. Future perfect progressive

Become thoroughly familiar with these tense forms so that you may recogniz each one readily.

29. Principal Parts of Verbs.—Practically all verbs have four principal parts which alone or in various combinations make up the different tenses or forms of the verb. These four parts are the present tense form, the past tense form, the present participle, and the past participle.

These points should be remembered in connection with these parts:


The simple present tense form is the uninflected form of the verb, and may be used alone as a verb to denote present time, or with some auxiliary to denote some other tim&or tense.

The birds sing at break of day. Sing—simple present tense. The birds sing whenever some person sings. Sing, sings—simple present

tense. Mary can sing well. Kate does' sing well. Can sing, does sing—

present tense containing an auxiliary. Mary did sing when she was younger. Did sing—past tense. Our choir will sing several anthems. Will sing—future tense.

The simple past tense form is always used alone as a verb. It is never correctly preceded by an auxiliary. For example, saw, the past tense form of see, is correctly used in I saw him yester-day, but incorrectly employed in I have s.rw him several times. Frequently, however, an auxiliary is used with another verb form to make up a verb . 'ddndting past time and conse- quently in the past tens

I did not help him daJ &ip!_pat tense. We were helping iathet tIIê hat.;Wer& helping—past tense, pro-

gressive form

The chief point to be remembered about the past participle is that it is never used alone as a verb. It requires an auxiliary in order to form a verb phrase. The past participle may, however, occur in combinations that make up almost any tense.

Your letters are neatly written. Are writtet—present tense. All my letters were written yesterday. Were written—past tense. That letter should be written now. Should be written—past tense. We have written to her. Have written—present perfect tense. They had written to father concerning the matter. Had written—past

perfect tense.

The present participle is the form used in making up the pro-gressive form of verbs. Two points to keep in mind about the progressive form are that this form always has the ending in9, and that it must be preceded by an auxiliary in order to make up a predicating verb, the complete verb consisting of two or more words. It may occur in any tense.

I am writing to mother. Am writing—present tense. We were writing when you called us. Were writing—past tense. I shall be writing for hours. Shall be writing—future tense.

I have been writing an account of the affair. Have been writing—present perfect tense.

I had been writing for a long time and felt very tired. Had been writing—past perfect tense.

Occasionally you will hear the future perfect progressive. By April 1, they will have been working for ten years. Will have been

working—future perfect tense.

It is advisable for you to memorize the simple present and the simple past tense forms, as well as the past participles in order that you may avoid errors in using them. This is especially true of these parts of irregular or strong verbs, as usually the past tense form and the past participle are unlike. You will find many of the irregular verbs listed on pages 19 to 27. Note that in the second column in each list occurs the past tense, while in the third column is the past participle. When you study these forms, do not regard has, J1Tk14,, as a part of the participle. These words are auxili. bw lists in order to help you become familiar the past participle is always used ith an !xih4'v Otier auxiliaries common!) used with the past pa, tic iic was, were.

30. Verb Denions.— erinal parts of several irregular verbs are so otet i'rrectly that these verbs are called Verb Demons.. So: e are: Sec. come, go, run, sit, lie, give, begin, ring, do, write, take, sing, drink, break, freeze, show, and lay. Learn the principal parts cf all these demons and then test your use of them. Devise sentences containing the correct forms of those that cause you difficulty, using these forms until you are satisfied that you will never again feel con-fused concerning them or will improperly use them.

EXERCISE XIX

Cross out the wrong forms. 1. For anumlrof years I have (saw, seen) afl -he parades that have

been held in this city. 2. I (rung, rang) the befl loudly. 3. For yeaxsshe has (went, gone) to the clinic every Saturday. 4. Have those boys ever (took, taken) part in such contests? 5. Charles (ran, run) as fast as Torn. 6. Has she (set, sat) there long? 7. Bobby has (drunk, drank) all his milk. & Who (sang, sung) the tenor solo?

9. She has (broken, broke) the vase. 10. Have you (wrote, written) many replies?

VERB DRILLS Do not use the simple past tense with a helping verb. Do not use the

past participle without a helping verb.

Supply the proper form of begin in each of the following sentences: 1. 1 to study music at the age of seven. 2. Have you the work on the building? 3. The first World War in 1914. Example: I began to study music at the age of seven. Supply the proper form of come: L He had from Florida to visit my uncle. 2. From what city did your letter ? 3. When the ninth inning . the score was a tie.

Supply the proper form of 1. Have you all that y(!. .ta-wd to do? 2. Yes, I it lopg.ago. 3. They have their work rv:eztiy.

Supply the proper form- I. Yesterday John e 2. Have you ! 3. What has he Supply the proper form of lie or lay: 1. Don't on the cold ground. 2. He his plans carefully. 3. How long should you there?

31. How to Use Shall and lViU, Should and Would. The following rules for the use of the auxiliaries shall and will, with their past tense forms should and would, have for many years been observed by those who think that a distinction should be made in the use of these terms.

To represent simple futurity, use shall or should in the first person, both singular and plural numbers; use will or would in the second and third persons, both singular and plural. That is, use shall or should with I and we: use will or would with all other subjects.

I shall I should we shall we should you will you would you will you would he. she, it will he, she, it would they will they would


I shall go next Monday. We shall return home on Tuesday. If you had invited me, I should have gone. She will expect you at one o'clock. It will probably rain before night. We expected that they would be there. They will take us with them.

To express determination, resolution, desire, threat, or promise on the part of the speaker, use will or would in the first per-son, and .thail or should in the second and third persons.

I will I would we will we would you shall you should you shall you should he shall he should they shall they should

I will go in spite of what you Fay. You shall do what your father ::dyou to do. It shall not happen again,4I :. You promised that it sull happvn ;ain. Were you my boy, yü: :

They shall do what yoUasf

In interrogative sent r:::f.'d is required with a subject of the first perso!:. f: :1ject of the second or the third person, use the auxi.ary ,-:f :tv logically be expected in the answer.

QUESTION ANSWER Shall I miss the car? You will miss it. Should I ask her? You should ask her. Will he help us? He will. - Will you meet me at seven? I will. Would you go if you could? I would.

Would is frequently used in all three persons to express cus-tomary or habitual action. Would may also be used to express a wish.

Every day, we would go for a ride. Would that I knew what to do.

The auxiliary should is very often used in the sense of ought to express duty, obligation, propriety, or expectation.

He should have gone to help her.


You should be more considerate of your mother. We should start at six o'clock.

Today some persons do not make any distinction in the use of shall and will and whatever distinction has existed is perhaps gradually disappearing. Notwithstanding this trend, however, many reputable speakers and writers disapprove of the tendency to use shall and will interchangeably, and distinguish between the two auxiliaries. They regard the correct use of these words as a criterion of education. It, therefore, seems advisable to observe distinctions in the use of shall and will until the majority of cultivated persons decide that no distinction is necessary, or until the interchangeable use of these terms is no longer dis-puted, but is safely established.

In accordance with the ME11 each blank with shall orwil.i: :

1. I see that Jtz' tre. 2. I write my 3 You not lea'iii . 4 They stop fo- 5. 1 believe that I rret t1i 6. She cannot come in, for I nt ope2 the door. 7. The class see everything as it is. S. Richard said, "1 visit my amt next week." 9. Richard says that he visit his aunt next week.

10. Maybe they not come until Tuesday.

PARTS OF SPEECH

32. It is important to remember that very often a word may be used as different parts of speech. Illustrations are:

ADvx ass P5.EI'OSU IOiS

Jill came tumbling after. He returned after the accident. She went below. Below us Lay the valley.

Noun. The calm lasted for three days. Adjective. Calm words show quiet minds. Verb. Calm your angry minds.

Noun. Yesterday he bought a large farm. Adjective. The farm tools were carefully placed in the shed. Verb. Father and I farm fifty acres of land.


35

EXERCISE XXI

After each of the following sentences write the part of speech to which the word in italics belongs:

I. lVrong seldom prospers. 2. You have taken the wrong road. 3. Edward often spells words wrong. 4. You wrong me by your suspicions. 5. The outside of the castle is gloomy. 6. We have an outside stateroom. 7. The messenger is waiting outside. S. I shall ride outside the coach. 9. Th4t boat isasloop.

JO. That isrnyuncle. 11. You said that you would help me. 12. Neither road leads to Utica. 13. Neither of us arrived in time. 14. Neither Tom nor I was late , 15. I am waiting for the tin. 16. You have plenty of nefor the train is late. 17. Hurrah! the battle i$ won. 18. 1 heard a loud hur,h. 19. The enemy flees. Oeriñn hurid.;..j

i-:xEIteIsI XXII

Make each of the f.ilowing words do the work of four parts of speech:

calm round little under near slight brown floor right fine paint next cross brush behind watch trust before

three or

spring paper trick quiet service treasure

Would you use nouns, pronouns, and verbs accurately and effectively? Then use their various forms until they come to you readily and you feel confident that you never employ any form wrongly. Develop an understanding and a command of these three elements of the English language that will enable you to use them as you desire.

765-6


ADDITIONAL DRILL IN SELECTING NOUNS, PRONOUNS, AND VERBS

Make a list of the nouns, the pronouns, and the verbs in the following sentences:

(I) He has shown th4j ,Eeadership are adapted to military tasks.

(2) During these test S01 men ar picked by their officers as having that extra pertonane whi :o the i r. tined eye signifies leader-ship.

(3) In the Signal Corpst :m tobea telephone lineman, a motion-picture technician, a dr nan, or a teletype operator.

(4) When she finished speaking she stood quietly for a moment, then lifted her head and began to sing that beautiful sing "Rock of Ages."

(5) A recently designed portable bridge can carry tanks and troops by a cable suspended between steel towers erected on each side of a river.

Have you prepared a complete list of the nouns and the pro-nouns in the foregoing sentences? Now try to devise sentences containing these words as you would use hem in your conver-sation or in your writing. Also observe how they are used by those with whom you converse or to whon you listen and in articles, books, magazines, and newspapers you read.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR (PART 2)

Serial 3077B

Edition 2

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

Notice to Students.—Study the Instrucilon Paper thoroughly before yor attempt to cr.srer these questions. Read each question carefully and be sure you understand it; teen write the best ansuer you can. When your answers are completed, examine them closely, correct oil the errors you can find, and see that every question is answered; then mail your work to us.

(1) What are some of the changes that words undergo in order to express different rn dn$?

(2) Make a list of the altc4 'words in the following sentences Then mertion, th past of pech of each word in italics and explain wnv tk wiongs to that part of speech

(a) The men went to the h nzl, in the month (b) They always camp ouror'ntonth. (c) After seeing their camp utensilstI knew inst what to buy.. (d) The leaves are very still this evening. (e) The old oak tree is still standing in the yard below us. (j) The officer found a still in the attic and threw it to the men below. (g) Yes, these are fast colors. (It) Why did you run so fast? (i) They frequently fast for several days. (1) Sometimes, a few days' fast is beneficial.

Ex.tMi'LE: (a) Camp is a noun because it is the name of something.

(3) Write the plurals of these words: box man-of-war tooth mo s-se crisis goddess Smith father-in-law haY-sister analysis bakery brother Mr. Martin spo3nful ranch tomato piano alley army ox goose wife negro chili woman

(4) Select ten of the plural forms you have given in Question 3 and compose sentences contaning these nouns


(5) For each word listed write the form that denotes a creature of the opposite sex:

actress wizard horse landlady heroine emperor negress Jewess uncle heir nephew lord gander duchess daughter

(6) (a) Explain how possession is indicated in nouns. (b) Write one or more sentences containing two singular nouns and two plural nouns denoting possession.

(7) (a) Write two sentences in which the form of the pronoun is influenced by that of its antecedent; also tell why you have used certain forms of the proifouns. (b) Explain the difference in meaning between its and i's. Use each in a sentence.

(8) Use each of the following verbs in sentences to indicate present time, past time, and future time:

(a) note; (b) know; (c) teach. EXAMPLE hammer Present He hammers te Past Who hammered thi j/ Future He will hammer steidiIy.-i

(9) (a) Tell what distinction is commonly made in the use of the auxiliaries shall and will in expressing future time. (b) Illustrate this distinction by means of five sentences in which shall and'will express futurity.

(10) (a) Write three sentences using three verbs in the progressive form of the present tense. (b) Write three sentences using three other verbs in the progressive form of the past tense. (c) Write three sentences using three other verbs in the progressive form of the future tense.

EXAMPLE: (a) Present Progressive We are doing our best. (b) Past Progressive He was preparing a lesson. (c) Future Progressive Will she be playing the violin?

(11) Mention five regular and five irregular verbs and use correctly in a sentence some form of each verb you mention.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR, J'ART 2

(12) (a) Why is a knowledge of the forms of irregular verbs necessary? (b) Use correctly in some sentence the past oarticipiál form of each of the following verbs: see, dthsk, eat, know, tie (to recline), write.

(13) Write the following sentence, inserting in each blank space the correct form of the word preceding the sentence:

(a) (know) How could he have that you were with us? (b) (blow) Throughout the night we knew that the wind was

very hard, and this morning we were not surprised to find that the pine tree had been down.

(c) (eat) Have you your lunch? Why did you not your dessert?

(d) (fall) The man over the tree which had during the night.

(c) (drink) Jack has been .. •be m.)re this year than ever before but Robert has not .c .àny.ral months.

(J) (go) Where did you yqsterdi*y I called for you but found that you had

(g) (know) I oould not have where the woman was living

(Ii) (lay) The girl the books on tIe table but she should not nave them there.

(s) (lie) Why don't you down to rest? Mother has been down for an hour.

(j) (steal) We found that the clerk had much merchandise but he has promised that he will never again.

(14) Write the following sentences correctly:

(a) Tell the dog to lay down. (b) You have been laying here for an hour. (c) The murderer is to be hung for his crime. (d) Set down there beside the fireplace. (e) Have you been setting and smoking all alone? (f) He lay the money there an hour ago. (g) I will probably go there in the morning. (h) Every morning last week he tome late to work. (1) When l seen him he told me that hewould 1)e with us at five o'clock

Mail your work on this lesson as soon as yu have finished it and looked it over carefully. DO NOT HOLD IT until another lesson is ready.

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR. - icsarchive.org · ENGLISH GRAMMAR. (PART 2) ... which should have the check marks be are numbers 1, 5, 6, 8, ... soon reached the other side. Here, as we