Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1. What is language? Some basic properties of Language
• Language codes information in arbitrary ways
• Language is structured
• Language is rule-governed
• Language is innate, and creative
• Language is uniquely human
Next page
What do you know when you know a language, for example, English ?
When you know English, it means you have the knowledge of making grammatical English sentences, that is the ability of speaking English perfectly. But when you are asked to state what this `knowledge' is, it isn't a simple task. We may not able to spell out even a sentence on this question. Most of us are unconscious of what this knowledge is. This unconscious `hidden' knowledge is what we call `linguistic competence'. The linguistic competence is thus the potential of being able to speak a language. Since it is hard to recognize this competence knowledge and it is unavailable to our conscious thought, we look for its answers through the actual realization of our knowledge, which is `linguistic performance'. This linguistic competence is different from 'performance' that reflects the actual use of language. Competence: a person's potential to speak a language; what a native speaker knows Performance: the realization of that potential; how the speaker uses this knowledge
Major subfields of linguistics
What is Linguistics?: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It endeavors to answer the question--what is language and how is represented in the mind? Linguists focus on describing and explaining language and are not concerned with the prescriptive rules of the language (i.e., do not split infinitives). Linguists are not required to know many languages and linguists are not interpreters. The underlying goal of the linguist is to try to discover the universals concerning language.
What do you know when you know a language, for example, English ?
• Phonetic/phonological Competence: Sound System
• Morphological Competence
• Syntactic Competence: Creativity
• Semantic Competence
• Pragmatic Competence
3. Major subfields of linguistics
Phonetics: the study of the production and perception of speech sounds. It is concerned with the sounds of language, how these sounds are articulated and how the hearer perceives them.
Articulatory Phonetics: the production of speech sounds
Acoustic Phonetics: the study of the physical production and transmission of speech sounds.
Auditory Phonetics: the study of the perception of speech sounds.
Phonology: the study of the sound patterns of language. It is concerned with how sounds are organized in a language.
Morphology: the study of word formation and structure. It studies how words are put together from their smaller parts and the rules governing this process.
Syntax: the study of sentence structure. It attempts to describe what is grammatical in a particular language in term of rules.
Semantics: Semantics is the study of meaning. It is concerned with describing how we represent the meaning of a word in our mind and how we use this representation in constructing sentences. Semantics is based largely on the study of logic in philosophy.
Language Acquisition: Language acquisition examines how children learn to speak and how adults learn a second language. Language acquisition is very important because it gives us insight in the underlying processes of language.
Other Disciplines:
Sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of interrelationships of language and social structure, linguistic variation, and attitudes toward language.
Neurolinguistics: Neurolinguistics is the study of the brain and how it functions in the production, perception and acquisition of language.
Historical Linguistics: Historical linguistics is the study of language change and the relationships of languages to each other.
Pragmatics: the study of meaning in context.
Computational linguistics: application of linguistic knowledge into computer science.
영어학 임용 경향
• 단답형
– 2014-15: 평이한 개념형의 문제 위주
– 2016 -: 평이한 개념형이지만 2015년에 비해서는 좀더 지식형의 문제로 출제되었음
• 서술형: 50 단어 내외
– 2014-5: 쉽고 간단한 풀이 위주
– 2016-: 언어학적 지식을 통해 좀더 낳은 풀이가 가능한 지식 + 적용형 문제
영어학 임용 경향
• 논술형
– 논술형: 150 단어 내외
– 14년, 15년에 출제 되었지만 16년 부터 채점의 어려움으로 인해 폐지…
임용 준비를 위한 범위
• 음성학, 음운론
• 통사론
• 형태론
• 담화 화용론
• 영문법
음운론
• Phoneme – consonants: p-f / v-b / z, Z , dZ – vowel: tense vs. lax
• 영어의 음운현상 – Deletion / Epenthesis • police [plis], sentence • ‘buses’
– Assimilation • important [ɪmpɔrtənt] • illogical
– Flapping • butter
음운론
• Syllable and phonotactics – constraints for onset – constraints for coda – differences of phonotactic constraints
between Korean and English
• Syllabic phonology – aspiration – neutralization / Stress • telegraph / telegraphy
• Features • Foot system, sentential stress, intonation
형태론
• 형태론 – derivation과 inflection의 차이 및 특징 – affixation: 영어의 prefix와 suffix들에 대한 숙지. • un: +A A (meaning change) cf. undo • ness: A+ N • complex derivation: activation
– 기타 어형성 방식 • compounding, blending, conversion, clipping,
backformation, acronyms
– Allomorphic rules – Morphophonemic rules: sound change, Stress
Pattern
통사론 I
• 구구조 통사론 – Constituency: • XP: NP, VP, AP, … • X’: N’, V’, A’, …
– Syntactic processes in relation with constituents • movement
– topicalization, VP-preposing, Heavy NP shift, …
• substitution – pronoun substitution, one substitution, do-so test
– distinction between complements and adjuncts
통사론 II
• 통사현상 – NP
• number and agreement • partitive NPs and measure NPs
– some of the books , three feet of wire, …
– Binding • reflexive, pronoun, R(eferring) expression
– Raising and Control • believe vs. persuade
– Tough construction – Relative clauses – questions, indirect questions – particles vs. prepositions – verb alternation: unergative / unaccusative – coordination
담화, 화용론
• 의미론 – Negation: logical negation, partial negation.. – markedness and blocking effects – tense – Aspectual classes: stative, active, achievement, accomplishment
• Discourse – Information packaging
• articles: old information, new information • focus, topic • syntactic phenomena: passivization, preposing, postposing, inversion, …
• 화용론 – presupposion – speech acts: locutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary, – Gricean Maxim: quantity, quality, relation, manner
