1

COLmiddotLEGI INTERNACIONAL SEK-CATALUNYA DEPARTAMENT DE LLENGUumlES ESTRANGERES

English Department CREDIT

VARIABLE

CURS

200809

UNIT 1

English Tenses ndash Examples

Explanation Past Present Future

Simple Past Simple Present Future I Simple

action that takes place

once never or several times

He played football

every Tuesday

He plays football every

Tuesday

He will is going to

play football every Tuesday

actions that happen one

after another

He played football and

then he went home

He plays football and

then he goes home

He will play football

and then he will go

home

state He loved football He loves football He will love football

Past Progressive Present Progressive Future I Progressive

action going on at that

moment

He was playing

football

He is playing football He will be playing

football

actions taking place at

the same time

He was playing

football and she was

watching

He is playing football

and she is watching

He will be playing

football and she will be

watching

Past Perfect Simple Present Perfect

Simple

Future II Simple

action taking place

before a certain

moment in time

emphasises the result

He had won five

matches until that day

He has won five

matches so far

He will have won five

matches by then

Past Perfect

Progressive

Present Perfect

Progressive

Future II Progressive

action taking place

before a certain

moment in time (and

beyond) emphasises

the duration

He had been playing

football for ten years

He has been playing

football for ten years

He will have been

playing football for ten

years

2

Table of English Tenses

tense AffirmativeNegativeQuestion Use Signal

Words

Simple Present A He speaks

N He does not speak

Q Does he speak

action in the present taking

place once never or several

times facts

actions taking place one after

another action set by a

timetable or schedule

always every hellip

never normally

often seldom

sometimes

usually

if sentences type I

(If I talk hellip)

Present Progressive A He is speaking

N He is not speaking

Q Is he speaking

action taking place in the

moment of speaking

action taking place only for a

limited period of time action

arranged for the future

at the moment

just just now

Listen Look

now right now

Simple Past A He spoke

N He did not speak

Q Did he speak

action in the past taking place

once never or several times

actions taking place one after

another action taking place in

the middle of another action

yesterday 2

minutes ago in

1990 the other

day last Friday

if sentence type II

(If I talked hellip)

Past Progressive A He was speaking

N He was not speaking

Q Was he speaking

action going on at a certain

time in the past actions taking

place at the same time action

in the past that is interrupted

by another action

when while as

long as

Present Perfect Simple A He has spoken

N He has not spoken

Q Has he spoken

putting emphasis on the result

action that is still going on

action that stopped recently

finished action that has an

influence on the present

action that has taken place

once never or several times

before the moment of speaking

already ever

just never not

yet so far till

now up to now

3

Simple Present (Present Simple) - Introduction

Simple present is also called present simple

The simple present expresses an action in the present taking place once never or several times It is also

used for actions that take place one after another and for actions that are set by a timetable or schedule

The simple present also expresses facts in the present

1Simple Present Write down the missing sentences

affirmative negative question

I I am hungry

you You are Sam

he He is not here

she Is she loud

it It is okay

we Are we fine

you You are not friendly

they Are they happy

4

2Simple Present Arrange the words to make sentences in simple present

1 I to collect stamps - -----------------------------

2 we to play card games - ---------------------------

3 he to read comics - -----------------------------

4 Chris to sing in a band - ----------------------------

5 we to have a hamster - -------------------------------

6 Andy and John to like cola - -------------------------

7 she to be nice - ---------------------------------

8 they to help their parents - ------------------------------

9 the children to speak English - -----------------------------

10 I to buy a newspaper every Saturday - --------------------------

3Simple Present Make negative sentences

1 I watch TV - -----------------------

2 We play football - -----------------------------

3 It is boring - -----------------------------

4 She cleans her room - -------------------------------

5 You ride your bike every weekend - ------------------------------

6 Sandy takes nice photos - ---------------------------------

7 They open the windows - ------------------------------

8 He buys a new CD - -------------------------------

9 I am late - ----------------------------------

10 She has a cat - ---------------------------------

4Simple Present Arrange the words below to make questions

1 she to collect stickers - ---------------------------------------

2 they to play a game - ------------------------------------

3 the cat to sleep in the cats bed - --------------------------

4 she often to dream - -------------------------------

5 he to play streetball - ----------------------------------

6 you to be from Paris - ---------------------------------

7 the pupils to wear school uniforms - ---------------------------------

8 you to go to the cinema - ----------------------------------

9 she to have friends - ---------------------------------

10 he to read books - -----------------------------------

5

Simple Present - Exceptions in Spelling

The 3rd person singular is usually formed by adding s But there are a few exceptions to the rule

The verbs can may might must remain the same in all forms So dont add s

example he can she may it must

Verbs ending in o or a sibilant (ch sh s x) add es instead of s

example do - he does wash - she washes

A final y after a consonant becomes ie before s

example worry - he worries

But A final y after a vowel (a e i o u) is not modified

example play - he plays

5Simple Present Exercise on Exceptions in Spelling Write down the third person singular of the following verbs

1 I can - he -------------------------

2 I go - he --------------------------

3 I wish - he -------------------------

4 I must - he ------------------------------

5 I hurry - he --------------------------

6 I do - he ------------------------------

7 I may - he -------------------------------

8 I kiss - he ----------------------------------

9 I worry - he -----------------------------

10 I teach - he ---------------------------

Nouns - Articles Plural and Possessive Case

Important things to keep in mind when using nouns are which article to use and how to form the plural and how to form the possessive case

Article

Direct article ndash the example the house

Indirect article a an

a - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a consonant example a car a university

an - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a vowel example an apple an hour

6

6Exercises on Nouns

Indirect Articles Which indirect article is correct

1 -----------key

2 ------------bus

3 -------------orange

4 -------------apple

5 -------------watch

6 -------------ice-cream

7 ----------------umbrella

8 ---------------university

9 ---------------8-year-old girl

10 --------------hour

7Exercises on Nouns

Direct Article

Decide whether you must or must not use the direct article

1 We went to ---------------------cinema

2 We usually have ------------------dinner at seven oclock

3 He plays ------------------tennis very well

4 Can you play ----------------------guitar

5 This is my last year at -------------------school

6 Jane loves listening to ----------------------radio

7 They went to London by --------------------plane

8 We are going to see my cousins on ----------------------Sunday

9 Last night at eight we were watching ------------------news on BBC

10 That was an important day in ----------------------history

Plural Spelling Rules

general rule singular form + s example a car - two cars

after s ch x z the plural is formed by adding es example a box - two boxes

y after a consonant is changed to ie before the plural s example a city - two cities

After o the plural is usually formed by adding es (this is not the case however with words used for

electric gadgets and music radio video disco) example a tomato - two tomatoes

8Exercises on Nouns

Singular or Plural

Fill the gaps with the correct form of the nouns (singular or plural)

1 They ate some (tomato) -----------------------

2 You can put (sugar) --------------------in your tea

3 We have to buy new (furniture) -------------------------

4 I need to wash my (hair) --------------------------

7

5 We had lots of (fun) ----------------------------

6 The Milfords have a lot of (money) ---------------------------

7 How many (people) -----------------------were at the cinema with you

8 Could you give some (information) ---------------------------on your project

9 In this hotel (family) ---------------------------are very welcome

10 Those (man) ----------------------------seem to be very tired

Possessive Case of Nouns

adding s of phrase

usually used for people usually used for things

Ronnys brother the name of the school

If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things often the s is

added instead of using an of phrase

example Germanys economy or the ecomony of Germany

When using the possessive case with a time s is added

example a three weeks holiday

9Exercises on Nouns

Possessive Case Fill the gaps with the possessive case of nouns Decide whether you have to use s or an of phrase

1 The boy has a toy rarr Its the ----------------------------

2 Peter has a book rarr Its -----------------------

3 The magazine has my picture on its cover rarr My picture is on -------------------------

4 Our friends live in this house rarr Its -----------------------------

5 There is milk in the glass rarr Its -------------------------------

6 This house has a number rarr What is -----------------------------

7 The walk lasts two hours rarr Its ----------------------------

8 John has a sister Jane rarr Jane is ------------------------------

9 The film has a name Scream rarr Scream is -------------------------------

10 This school is for girls only rarr Its a ------------------------------

8

Pronouns

(Personal Possessive Relative and Reflexive Pronouns)

Pronouns are words like I me (personal pronouns) or my mine (possessive pronouns)

Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

subject form object form possessive adjective possessive pronoun

I me my mine myself

you you your yours yourself

he him his his himself

she her her hers herself

it it its its itself

we us our ours ourselves

you you your yours yourselves

they them their theirs themselves

Personal Pronouns - Subject Form

example We have got some books

Personal Pronouns - Object Form

example The books are for us

Possessive Adjectives

example These are our books

Possessive Pronouns

example The books are ours

Reflexive Pronouns

9

example He can carry the bags himself

Relative Pronouns

example This is the man who lives next door

10Exercise on Pronouns

Personal Pronouns ndash Subject Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns Note that Sue is the person speaking The () means that you are asked a question

1 My name is Sue (Sue) ---------------------am English And this is my family

2 My mums name is Angie (Angie) --------------------------is from Germany

3 Bob is my dad (My dad) -----------------------is a waiter

4 On the left you can see Simon (Simon) -----------------------is my brother

5 (Sue and Simon) ------------------------------are twins

6 Our dog is a girl Judy (Judy) ------------------------------is two years old

7 (Sue Simon Angie and Bob) --------------------------live in Canterbury

8 (Canterbury) --------------------------is not far from London

9 My grandparents live in London (My grandparents) -------------------------often come and see us

10 What can () -------------------------------tell me about your family

11Exercise on Pronouns

Personal Pronouns Object Aaron was on a business trip to California He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family Fill in the correct pronouns

1 My sister Jane loves books This novel is for (she) -----------------------------

2 My children like Disney films The video is for (they) -----------------------------

3 My brother Matt collects picture postcards These postcards are for (he) ---------------------------

4 My parents like Latin music The CD is for (they) ----------------------------

5 I like watches This nice watch is for (I) ------------------------

6 My wife and I love sweets These sweets are for (we) ------------------------

7 My nephew likes cars The toy truck is for (he) ---------------------

8 My neighbour wants to go to California next year The guide book is for (she) ----------------------

9 Here is another souvenir I dont know what to do with (it) --------------------------

10 You know what - Its for (you) -------------------------

12Exercise on Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives

1 Where are (you) ----------------------friends now

2 Here is a postcard from (I) --------------------friend Peggy

3 She lives in Australia now with (she) ------------------family

4 (She) -----------------------husband works in Newcastle

5 (He) -----------------------company builds ships

6 (They) -------------------------children go to school in Newcastle

7 (I) ----------------------husband and I want to go to Australia too

10

8 We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter

9 (We) --------------------------winter

10 Because it is (they) -----------------------summer

13Exercise on Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns

1 This book is (you)------------------------

2 The ball is (I) ------------------------------

3 The blue car is (we) --------------------------

4 The ring is (she) ---------------------

5 We met Paul and Jane last night This house is (they) -----------------------

6 The luggage is (he) ------------------------

7 The pictures are (she) ------------------------------

8 In our garden is a bird The nest is (it) ---------------------------

9 This cat is (we) ---------------------------

10 This was not my fault It was (you) ----------------------------

14Exercise on Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns

1 I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------

2 The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror

3 Freddy youll have to do your homework -------------------

4 You dont need to help them They can do it -----------------------

5 I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour

6 Boys can you make your beds ------------------

7 She made --------------------a pullover

8 What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror

9 The father decided to repair the car ------------------------

10 We can move the table -----------------------

READING

15Christmas in England

In English speaking countries children donrsquot get their presents on

Christmas Eve (24 December) Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep Santarsquos reindeer can fly

11

and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the

chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree

In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their

presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys

Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas

pudding

26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on

that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is

called Boxing Day

Questions on the text

Answer the questions according to the text

1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip

in front of the house

in the sitting room

on top of the house

2 Santa puts the presents hellip

under the tree

in the chimney

in his bag

3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day

People used to fight for their presents on that day

People hang around all day watching TV

People received little gift boxes on that day

16A Christmas Carol

Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost

Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail

Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to

Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat

busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either

Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew

ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said

ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo

12

ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo

ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a

year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo

ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even

tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent

him out

When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place

they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money

ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the

office

When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit

ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk

ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you

donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo

Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home

Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge

wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky

but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked

himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire

Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The

noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was

Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses

ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo

ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo

ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared

about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance

Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo

When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge

went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately

13

17Questions on the text

Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text

1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------

2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------

3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------

4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------

5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------

Find a synonym for each word in the text

1 spirit - -------------------------------

2 next - --------------------------------

3 start - --------------------------------

4 happy - -----------------------------

5 at once - ----------------------------

6 shut - -------------------------------

Comparison of Adjectives

Positive Form

Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions

as hellip as

Example Jane is as tall as John

not as hellip as not so hellip as

Example John is not as tall as Arnie

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)

one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)

two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)

positive form comparative form superlative form

clean cleaner (the) cleanest

Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est

silent bdquoe‟ is dropped

Example late-later-latest

final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i

Example easy-easier-easiest

final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled

14

Example hot-hotter-hottest

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)

adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)

positive form comparative form superlative form

difficult more difficult most difficult

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)

positive form comparative form superlative form

good better best

bad ill worse worst

little (amount) less least

little (size) smaller smallest

much many more most

far (place +

time)

further furthest

far (place) farther farthest

late (time) later latest

late (order) latter last

near (place) nearer nearest

near (order) - next

15

old (people and things)

older oldest

old (people) elder eldest

18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives

Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)

1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours

2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one

3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read

4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers

5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world

6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains

7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer

8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth

9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer

10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all

19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as

1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen

2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer

3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister

4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can

5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum

6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine

7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I

8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday

9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you

10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do

Question Tags

Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to

That‟s not really difficult is it o)

Form

positive main clause rarr negative question tag

negative main clause rarr positive question tag

Examples

You are Tom aren‟t you

He isn‟t Joe is he

16

main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag

You‟ve got a car haven‟t you

20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags

1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------

2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------

3 You are John -------------------------------

4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------

5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------

6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------

7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------

8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------

9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------

10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------

Short Answers

Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short

answers are very commonly used

To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a

form of bdquobe‟)

Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)

Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)

Question Affirmative Negative

Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t

Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t

Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t

Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t

Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟

17

Question Affirmative Negative

Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t

If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟

Question Affirmative Negative

Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not

But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t

21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form

1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------

2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------

3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------

4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------

5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------

6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----

-------------------

7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------

8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------

9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------

READING

22New York

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor

The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand

On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July

4 1776)

4

2Simple Present Arrange the words to make sentences in simple present

1 I to collect stamps - -----------------------------

2 we to play card games - ---------------------------

3 he to read comics - -----------------------------

4 Chris to sing in a band - ----------------------------

5 we to have a hamster - -------------------------------

6 Andy and John to like cola - -------------------------

7 she to be nice - ---------------------------------

8 they to help their parents - ------------------------------

9 the children to speak English - -----------------------------

10 I to buy a newspaper every Saturday - --------------------------

3Simple Present Make negative sentences

1 I watch TV - -----------------------

2 We play football - -----------------------------

3 It is boring - -----------------------------

4 She cleans her room - -------------------------------

5 You ride your bike every weekend - ------------------------------

6 Sandy takes nice photos - ---------------------------------

7 They open the windows - ------------------------------

8 He buys a new CD - -------------------------------

9 I am late - ----------------------------------

10 She has a cat - ---------------------------------

4Simple Present Arrange the words below to make questions

1 she to collect stickers - ---------------------------------------

2 they to play a game - ------------------------------------

3 the cat to sleep in the cats bed - --------------------------

4 she often to dream - -------------------------------

5 he to play streetball - ----------------------------------

6 you to be from Paris - ---------------------------------

7 the pupils to wear school uniforms - ---------------------------------

8 you to go to the cinema - ----------------------------------

9 she to have friends - ---------------------------------

10 he to read books - -----------------------------------

5

Simple Present - Exceptions in Spelling

The 3rd person singular is usually formed by adding s But there are a few exceptions to the rule

The verbs can may might must remain the same in all forms So dont add s

example he can she may it must

Verbs ending in o or a sibilant (ch sh s x) add es instead of s

example do - he does wash - she washes

A final y after a consonant becomes ie before s

example worry - he worries

But A final y after a vowel (a e i o u) is not modified

example play - he plays

5Simple Present Exercise on Exceptions in Spelling Write down the third person singular of the following verbs

1 I can - he -------------------------

2 I go - he --------------------------

3 I wish - he -------------------------

4 I must - he ------------------------------

5 I hurry - he --------------------------

6 I do - he ------------------------------

7 I may - he -------------------------------

8 I kiss - he ----------------------------------

9 I worry - he -----------------------------

10 I teach - he ---------------------------

Nouns - Articles Plural and Possessive Case

Important things to keep in mind when using nouns are which article to use and how to form the plural and how to form the possessive case

Article

Direct article ndash the example the house

Indirect article a an

a - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a consonant example a car a university

an - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a vowel example an apple an hour

6

6Exercises on Nouns

Indirect Articles Which indirect article is correct

1 -----------key

2 ------------bus

3 -------------orange

4 -------------apple

5 -------------watch

6 -------------ice-cream

7 ----------------umbrella

8 ---------------university

9 ---------------8-year-old girl

10 --------------hour

7Exercises on Nouns

Direct Article

Decide whether you must or must not use the direct article

1 We went to ---------------------cinema

2 We usually have ------------------dinner at seven oclock

3 He plays ------------------tennis very well

4 Can you play ----------------------guitar

5 This is my last year at -------------------school

6 Jane loves listening to ----------------------radio

7 They went to London by --------------------plane

8 We are going to see my cousins on ----------------------Sunday

9 Last night at eight we were watching ------------------news on BBC

10 That was an important day in ----------------------history

Plural Spelling Rules

general rule singular form + s example a car - two cars

after s ch x z the plural is formed by adding es example a box - two boxes

y after a consonant is changed to ie before the plural s example a city - two cities

After o the plural is usually formed by adding es (this is not the case however with words used for

electric gadgets and music radio video disco) example a tomato - two tomatoes

8Exercises on Nouns

Singular or Plural

Fill the gaps with the correct form of the nouns (singular or plural)

1 They ate some (tomato) -----------------------

2 You can put (sugar) --------------------in your tea

3 We have to buy new (furniture) -------------------------

4 I need to wash my (hair) --------------------------

7

5 We had lots of (fun) ----------------------------

6 The Milfords have a lot of (money) ---------------------------

7 How many (people) -----------------------were at the cinema with you

8 Could you give some (information) ---------------------------on your project

9 In this hotel (family) ---------------------------are very welcome

10 Those (man) ----------------------------seem to be very tired

Possessive Case of Nouns

adding s of phrase

usually used for people usually used for things

Ronnys brother the name of the school

If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things often the s is

added instead of using an of phrase

example Germanys economy or the ecomony of Germany

When using the possessive case with a time s is added

example a three weeks holiday

9Exercises on Nouns

Possessive Case Fill the gaps with the possessive case of nouns Decide whether you have to use s or an of phrase

1 The boy has a toy rarr Its the ----------------------------

2 Peter has a book rarr Its -----------------------

3 The magazine has my picture on its cover rarr My picture is on -------------------------

4 Our friends live in this house rarr Its -----------------------------

5 There is milk in the glass rarr Its -------------------------------

6 This house has a number rarr What is -----------------------------

7 The walk lasts two hours rarr Its ----------------------------

8 John has a sister Jane rarr Jane is ------------------------------

9 The film has a name Scream rarr Scream is -------------------------------

10 This school is for girls only rarr Its a ------------------------------

8

Pronouns

(Personal Possessive Relative and Reflexive Pronouns)

Pronouns are words like I me (personal pronouns) or my mine (possessive pronouns)

Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

subject form object form possessive adjective possessive pronoun

I me my mine myself

you you your yours yourself

he him his his himself

she her her hers herself

it it its its itself

we us our ours ourselves

you you your yours yourselves

they them their theirs themselves

Personal Pronouns - Subject Form

example We have got some books

Personal Pronouns - Object Form

example The books are for us

Possessive Adjectives

example These are our books

Possessive Pronouns

example The books are ours

Reflexive Pronouns

9

example He can carry the bags himself

Relative Pronouns

example This is the man who lives next door

10Exercise on Pronouns

Personal Pronouns ndash Subject Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns Note that Sue is the person speaking The () means that you are asked a question

1 My name is Sue (Sue) ---------------------am English And this is my family

2 My mums name is Angie (Angie) --------------------------is from Germany

3 Bob is my dad (My dad) -----------------------is a waiter

4 On the left you can see Simon (Simon) -----------------------is my brother

5 (Sue and Simon) ------------------------------are twins

6 Our dog is a girl Judy (Judy) ------------------------------is two years old

7 (Sue Simon Angie and Bob) --------------------------live in Canterbury

8 (Canterbury) --------------------------is not far from London

9 My grandparents live in London (My grandparents) -------------------------often come and see us

10 What can () -------------------------------tell me about your family

11Exercise on Pronouns

Personal Pronouns Object Aaron was on a business trip to California He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family Fill in the correct pronouns

1 My sister Jane loves books This novel is for (she) -----------------------------

2 My children like Disney films The video is for (they) -----------------------------

3 My brother Matt collects picture postcards These postcards are for (he) ---------------------------

4 My parents like Latin music The CD is for (they) ----------------------------

5 I like watches This nice watch is for (I) ------------------------

6 My wife and I love sweets These sweets are for (we) ------------------------

7 My nephew likes cars The toy truck is for (he) ---------------------

8 My neighbour wants to go to California next year The guide book is for (she) ----------------------

9 Here is another souvenir I dont know what to do with (it) --------------------------

10 You know what - Its for (you) -------------------------

12Exercise on Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives

1 Where are (you) ----------------------friends now

2 Here is a postcard from (I) --------------------friend Peggy

3 She lives in Australia now with (she) ------------------family

4 (She) -----------------------husband works in Newcastle

5 (He) -----------------------company builds ships

6 (They) -------------------------children go to school in Newcastle

7 (I) ----------------------husband and I want to go to Australia too

10

8 We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter

9 (We) --------------------------winter

10 Because it is (they) -----------------------summer

13Exercise on Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns

1 This book is (you)------------------------

2 The ball is (I) ------------------------------

3 The blue car is (we) --------------------------

4 The ring is (she) ---------------------

5 We met Paul and Jane last night This house is (they) -----------------------

6 The luggage is (he) ------------------------

7 The pictures are (she) ------------------------------

8 In our garden is a bird The nest is (it) ---------------------------

9 This cat is (we) ---------------------------

10 This was not my fault It was (you) ----------------------------

14Exercise on Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns

1 I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------

2 The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror

3 Freddy youll have to do your homework -------------------

4 You dont need to help them They can do it -----------------------

5 I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour

6 Boys can you make your beds ------------------

7 She made --------------------a pullover

8 What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror

9 The father decided to repair the car ------------------------

10 We can move the table -----------------------

READING

15Christmas in England

In English speaking countries children donrsquot get their presents on

Christmas Eve (24 December) Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep Santarsquos reindeer can fly

11

and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the

chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree

In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their

presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys

Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas

pudding

26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on

that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is

called Boxing Day

Questions on the text

Answer the questions according to the text

1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip

in front of the house

in the sitting room

on top of the house

2 Santa puts the presents hellip

under the tree

in the chimney

in his bag

3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day

People used to fight for their presents on that day

People hang around all day watching TV

People received little gift boxes on that day

16A Christmas Carol

Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost

Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail

Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to

Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat

busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either

Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew

ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said

ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo

12

ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo

ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a

year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo

ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even

tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent

him out

When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place

they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money

ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the

office

When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit

ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk

ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you

donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo

Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home

Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge

wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky

but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked

himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire

Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The

noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was

Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses

ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo

ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo

ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared

about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance

Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo

When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge

went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately

13

17Questions on the text

Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text

1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------

2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------

3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------

4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------

5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------

Find a synonym for each word in the text

1 spirit - -------------------------------

2 next - --------------------------------

3 start - --------------------------------

4 happy - -----------------------------

5 at once - ----------------------------

6 shut - -------------------------------

Comparison of Adjectives

Positive Form

Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions

as hellip as

Example Jane is as tall as John

not as hellip as not so hellip as

Example John is not as tall as Arnie

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)

one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)

two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)

positive form comparative form superlative form

clean cleaner (the) cleanest

Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est

silent bdquoe‟ is dropped

Example late-later-latest

final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i

Example easy-easier-easiest

final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled

14

Example hot-hotter-hottest

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)

adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)

positive form comparative form superlative form

difficult more difficult most difficult

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)

positive form comparative form superlative form

good better best

bad ill worse worst

little (amount) less least

little (size) smaller smallest

much many more most

far (place +

time)

further furthest

far (place) farther farthest

late (time) later latest

late (order) latter last

near (place) nearer nearest

near (order) - next

15

old (people and things)

older oldest

old (people) elder eldest

18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives

Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)

1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours

2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one

3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read

4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers

5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world

6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains

7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer

8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth

9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer

10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all

19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as

1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen

2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer

3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister

4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can

5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum

6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine

7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I

8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday

9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you

10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do

Question Tags

Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to

That‟s not really difficult is it o)

Form

positive main clause rarr negative question tag

negative main clause rarr positive question tag

Examples

You are Tom aren‟t you

He isn‟t Joe is he

16

main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag

You‟ve got a car haven‟t you

20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags

1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------

2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------

3 You are John -------------------------------

4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------

5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------

6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------

7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------

8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------

9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------

10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------

Short Answers

Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short

answers are very commonly used

To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a

form of bdquobe‟)

Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)

Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)

Question Affirmative Negative

Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t

Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t

Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t

Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t

Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟

17

Question Affirmative Negative

Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t

If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟

Question Affirmative Negative

Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not

But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t

21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form

1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------

2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------

3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------

4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------

5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------

6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----

-------------------

7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------

8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------

9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------

READING

22New York

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor

The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand

On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July

4 1776)

5

Simple Present - Exceptions in Spelling

The 3rd person singular is usually formed by adding s But there are a few exceptions to the rule

The verbs can may might must remain the same in all forms So dont add s

example he can she may it must

Verbs ending in o or a sibilant (ch sh s x) add es instead of s

example do - he does wash - she washes

A final y after a consonant becomes ie before s

example worry - he worries

But A final y after a vowel (a e i o u) is not modified

example play - he plays

5Simple Present Exercise on Exceptions in Spelling Write down the third person singular of the following verbs

1 I can - he -------------------------

2 I go - he --------------------------

3 I wish - he -------------------------

4 I must - he ------------------------------

5 I hurry - he --------------------------

6 I do - he ------------------------------

7 I may - he -------------------------------

8 I kiss - he ----------------------------------

9 I worry - he -----------------------------

10 I teach - he ---------------------------

Nouns - Articles Plural and Possessive Case

Important things to keep in mind when using nouns are which article to use and how to form the plural and how to form the possessive case

Article

Direct article ndash the example the house

Indirect article a an

a - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a consonant example a car a university

an - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a vowel example an apple an hour

6

6Exercises on Nouns

Indirect Articles Which indirect article is correct

1 -----------key

2 ------------bus

3 -------------orange

4 -------------apple

5 -------------watch

6 -------------ice-cream

7 ----------------umbrella

8 ---------------university

9 ---------------8-year-old girl

10 --------------hour

7Exercises on Nouns

Direct Article

Decide whether you must or must not use the direct article

1 We went to ---------------------cinema

2 We usually have ------------------dinner at seven oclock

3 He plays ------------------tennis very well

4 Can you play ----------------------guitar

5 This is my last year at -------------------school

6 Jane loves listening to ----------------------radio

7 They went to London by --------------------plane

8 We are going to see my cousins on ----------------------Sunday

9 Last night at eight we were watching ------------------news on BBC

10 That was an important day in ----------------------history

Plural Spelling Rules

general rule singular form + s example a car - two cars

after s ch x z the plural is formed by adding es example a box - two boxes

y after a consonant is changed to ie before the plural s example a city - two cities

After o the plural is usually formed by adding es (this is not the case however with words used for

electric gadgets and music radio video disco) example a tomato - two tomatoes

8Exercises on Nouns

Singular or Plural

Fill the gaps with the correct form of the nouns (singular or plural)

1 They ate some (tomato) -----------------------

2 You can put (sugar) --------------------in your tea

3 We have to buy new (furniture) -------------------------

4 I need to wash my (hair) --------------------------

7

5 We had lots of (fun) ----------------------------

6 The Milfords have a lot of (money) ---------------------------

7 How many (people) -----------------------were at the cinema with you

8 Could you give some (information) ---------------------------on your project

9 In this hotel (family) ---------------------------are very welcome

10 Those (man) ----------------------------seem to be very tired

Possessive Case of Nouns

adding s of phrase

usually used for people usually used for things

Ronnys brother the name of the school

If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things often the s is

added instead of using an of phrase

example Germanys economy or the ecomony of Germany

When using the possessive case with a time s is added

example a three weeks holiday

9Exercises on Nouns

Possessive Case Fill the gaps with the possessive case of nouns Decide whether you have to use s or an of phrase

1 The boy has a toy rarr Its the ----------------------------

2 Peter has a book rarr Its -----------------------

3 The magazine has my picture on its cover rarr My picture is on -------------------------

4 Our friends live in this house rarr Its -----------------------------

5 There is milk in the glass rarr Its -------------------------------

6 This house has a number rarr What is -----------------------------

7 The walk lasts two hours rarr Its ----------------------------

8 John has a sister Jane rarr Jane is ------------------------------

9 The film has a name Scream rarr Scream is -------------------------------

10 This school is for girls only rarr Its a ------------------------------

8

Pronouns

(Personal Possessive Relative and Reflexive Pronouns)

Pronouns are words like I me (personal pronouns) or my mine (possessive pronouns)

Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

subject form object form possessive adjective possessive pronoun

I me my mine myself

you you your yours yourself

he him his his himself

she her her hers herself

it it its its itself

we us our ours ourselves

you you your yours yourselves

they them their theirs themselves

Personal Pronouns - Subject Form

example We have got some books

Personal Pronouns - Object Form

example The books are for us

Possessive Adjectives

example These are our books

Possessive Pronouns

example The books are ours

Reflexive Pronouns

9

example He can carry the bags himself

Relative Pronouns

example This is the man who lives next door

10Exercise on Pronouns

Personal Pronouns ndash Subject Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns Note that Sue is the person speaking The () means that you are asked a question

1 My name is Sue (Sue) ---------------------am English And this is my family

2 My mums name is Angie (Angie) --------------------------is from Germany

3 Bob is my dad (My dad) -----------------------is a waiter

4 On the left you can see Simon (Simon) -----------------------is my brother

5 (Sue and Simon) ------------------------------are twins

6 Our dog is a girl Judy (Judy) ------------------------------is two years old

7 (Sue Simon Angie and Bob) --------------------------live in Canterbury

8 (Canterbury) --------------------------is not far from London

9 My grandparents live in London (My grandparents) -------------------------often come and see us

10 What can () -------------------------------tell me about your family

11Exercise on Pronouns

Personal Pronouns Object Aaron was on a business trip to California He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family Fill in the correct pronouns

1 My sister Jane loves books This novel is for (she) -----------------------------

2 My children like Disney films The video is for (they) -----------------------------

3 My brother Matt collects picture postcards These postcards are for (he) ---------------------------

4 My parents like Latin music The CD is for (they) ----------------------------

5 I like watches This nice watch is for (I) ------------------------

6 My wife and I love sweets These sweets are for (we) ------------------------

7 My nephew likes cars The toy truck is for (he) ---------------------

8 My neighbour wants to go to California next year The guide book is for (she) ----------------------

9 Here is another souvenir I dont know what to do with (it) --------------------------

10 You know what - Its for (you) -------------------------

12Exercise on Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives

1 Where are (you) ----------------------friends now

2 Here is a postcard from (I) --------------------friend Peggy

3 She lives in Australia now with (she) ------------------family

4 (She) -----------------------husband works in Newcastle

5 (He) -----------------------company builds ships

6 (They) -------------------------children go to school in Newcastle

7 (I) ----------------------husband and I want to go to Australia too

10

8 We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter

9 (We) --------------------------winter

10 Because it is (they) -----------------------summer

13Exercise on Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns

1 This book is (you)------------------------

2 The ball is (I) ------------------------------

3 The blue car is (we) --------------------------

4 The ring is (she) ---------------------

5 We met Paul and Jane last night This house is (they) -----------------------

6 The luggage is (he) ------------------------

7 The pictures are (she) ------------------------------

8 In our garden is a bird The nest is (it) ---------------------------

9 This cat is (we) ---------------------------

10 This was not my fault It was (you) ----------------------------

14Exercise on Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns

1 I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------

2 The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror

3 Freddy youll have to do your homework -------------------

4 You dont need to help them They can do it -----------------------

5 I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour

6 Boys can you make your beds ------------------

7 She made --------------------a pullover

8 What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror

9 The father decided to repair the car ------------------------

10 We can move the table -----------------------

READING

15Christmas in England

In English speaking countries children donrsquot get their presents on

Christmas Eve (24 December) Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep Santarsquos reindeer can fly

11

and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the

chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree

In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their

presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys

Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas

pudding

26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on

that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is

called Boxing Day

Questions on the text

Answer the questions according to the text

1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip

in front of the house

in the sitting room

on top of the house

2 Santa puts the presents hellip

under the tree

in the chimney

in his bag

3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day

People used to fight for their presents on that day

People hang around all day watching TV

People received little gift boxes on that day

16A Christmas Carol

Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost

Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail

Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to

Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat

busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either

Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew

ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said

ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo

12

ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo

ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a

year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo

ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even

tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent

him out

When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place

they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money

ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the

office

When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit

ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk

ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you

donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo

Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home

Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge

wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky

but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked

himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire

Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The

noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was

Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses

ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo

ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo

ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared

about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance

Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo

When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge

went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately

13

17Questions on the text

Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text

1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------

2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------

3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------

4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------

5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------

Find a synonym for each word in the text

1 spirit - -------------------------------

2 next - --------------------------------

3 start - --------------------------------

4 happy - -----------------------------

5 at once - ----------------------------

6 shut - -------------------------------

Comparison of Adjectives

Positive Form

Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions

as hellip as

Example Jane is as tall as John

not as hellip as not so hellip as

Example John is not as tall as Arnie

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)

one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)

two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)

positive form comparative form superlative form

clean cleaner (the) cleanest

Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est

silent bdquoe‟ is dropped

Example late-later-latest

final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i

Example easy-easier-easiest

final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled

14

Example hot-hotter-hottest

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)

adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)

positive form comparative form superlative form

difficult more difficult most difficult

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)

positive form comparative form superlative form

good better best

bad ill worse worst

little (amount) less least

little (size) smaller smallest

much many more most

far (place +

time)

further furthest

far (place) farther farthest

late (time) later latest

late (order) latter last

near (place) nearer nearest

near (order) - next

15

old (people and things)

older oldest

old (people) elder eldest

18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives

Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)

1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours

2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one

3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read

4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers

5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world

6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains

7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer

8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth

9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer

10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all

19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as

1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen

2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer

3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister

4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can

5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum

6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine

7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I

8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday

9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you

10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do

Question Tags

Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to

That‟s not really difficult is it o)

Form

positive main clause rarr negative question tag

negative main clause rarr positive question tag

Examples

You are Tom aren‟t you

He isn‟t Joe is he

16

main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag

You‟ve got a car haven‟t you

20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags

1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------

2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------

3 You are John -------------------------------

4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------

5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------

6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------

7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------

8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------

9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------

10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------

Short Answers

Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short

answers are very commonly used

To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a

form of bdquobe‟)

Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)

Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)

Question Affirmative Negative

Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t

Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t

Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t

Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t

Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟

17

Question Affirmative Negative

Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t

If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟

Question Affirmative Negative

Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not

But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t

21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form

1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------

2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------

3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------

4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------

5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------

6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----

-------------------

7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------

8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------

9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------

READING

22New York

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor

The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand

On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July

4 1776)

6

6Exercises on Nouns

Indirect Articles Which indirect article is correct

1 -----------key

2 ------------bus

3 -------------orange

4 -------------apple

5 -------------watch

6 -------------ice-cream

7 ----------------umbrella

8 ---------------university

9 ---------------8-year-old girl

10 --------------hour

7Exercises on Nouns

Direct Article

Decide whether you must or must not use the direct article

1 We went to ---------------------cinema

2 We usually have ------------------dinner at seven oclock

3 He plays ------------------tennis very well

4 Can you play ----------------------guitar

5 This is my last year at -------------------school

6 Jane loves listening to ----------------------radio

7 They went to London by --------------------plane

8 We are going to see my cousins on ----------------------Sunday

9 Last night at eight we were watching ------------------news on BBC

10 That was an important day in ----------------------history

Plural Spelling Rules

general rule singular form + s example a car - two cars

after s ch x z the plural is formed by adding es example a box - two boxes

y after a consonant is changed to ie before the plural s example a city - two cities

After o the plural is usually formed by adding es (this is not the case however with words used for

electric gadgets and music radio video disco) example a tomato - two tomatoes

8Exercises on Nouns

Singular or Plural

Fill the gaps with the correct form of the nouns (singular or plural)

1 They ate some (tomato) -----------------------

2 You can put (sugar) --------------------in your tea

3 We have to buy new (furniture) -------------------------

4 I need to wash my (hair) --------------------------

7

5 We had lots of (fun) ----------------------------

6 The Milfords have a lot of (money) ---------------------------

7 How many (people) -----------------------were at the cinema with you

8 Could you give some (information) ---------------------------on your project

9 In this hotel (family) ---------------------------are very welcome

10 Those (man) ----------------------------seem to be very tired

Possessive Case of Nouns

adding s of phrase

usually used for people usually used for things

Ronnys brother the name of the school

If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things often the s is

added instead of using an of phrase

example Germanys economy or the ecomony of Germany

When using the possessive case with a time s is added

example a three weeks holiday

9Exercises on Nouns

Possessive Case Fill the gaps with the possessive case of nouns Decide whether you have to use s or an of phrase

1 The boy has a toy rarr Its the ----------------------------

2 Peter has a book rarr Its -----------------------

3 The magazine has my picture on its cover rarr My picture is on -------------------------

4 Our friends live in this house rarr Its -----------------------------

5 There is milk in the glass rarr Its -------------------------------

6 This house has a number rarr What is -----------------------------

7 The walk lasts two hours rarr Its ----------------------------

8 John has a sister Jane rarr Jane is ------------------------------

9 The film has a name Scream rarr Scream is -------------------------------

10 This school is for girls only rarr Its a ------------------------------

8

Pronouns

(Personal Possessive Relative and Reflexive Pronouns)

Pronouns are words like I me (personal pronouns) or my mine (possessive pronouns)

Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

subject form object form possessive adjective possessive pronoun

I me my mine myself

you you your yours yourself

he him his his himself

she her her hers herself

it it its its itself

we us our ours ourselves

you you your yours yourselves

they them their theirs themselves

Personal Pronouns - Subject Form

example We have got some books

Personal Pronouns - Object Form

example The books are for us

Possessive Adjectives

example These are our books

Possessive Pronouns

example The books are ours

Reflexive Pronouns

9

example He can carry the bags himself

Relative Pronouns

example This is the man who lives next door

10Exercise on Pronouns

Personal Pronouns ndash Subject Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns Note that Sue is the person speaking The () means that you are asked a question

1 My name is Sue (Sue) ---------------------am English And this is my family

2 My mums name is Angie (Angie) --------------------------is from Germany

3 Bob is my dad (My dad) -----------------------is a waiter

4 On the left you can see Simon (Simon) -----------------------is my brother

5 (Sue and Simon) ------------------------------are twins

6 Our dog is a girl Judy (Judy) ------------------------------is two years old

7 (Sue Simon Angie and Bob) --------------------------live in Canterbury

8 (Canterbury) --------------------------is not far from London

9 My grandparents live in London (My grandparents) -------------------------often come and see us

10 What can () -------------------------------tell me about your family

11Exercise on Pronouns

Personal Pronouns Object Aaron was on a business trip to California He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family Fill in the correct pronouns

1 My sister Jane loves books This novel is for (she) -----------------------------

2 My children like Disney films The video is for (they) -----------------------------

3 My brother Matt collects picture postcards These postcards are for (he) ---------------------------

4 My parents like Latin music The CD is for (they) ----------------------------

5 I like watches This nice watch is for (I) ------------------------

6 My wife and I love sweets These sweets are for (we) ------------------------

7 My nephew likes cars The toy truck is for (he) ---------------------

8 My neighbour wants to go to California next year The guide book is for (she) ----------------------

9 Here is another souvenir I dont know what to do with (it) --------------------------

10 You know what - Its for (you) -------------------------

12Exercise on Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives

1 Where are (you) ----------------------friends now

2 Here is a postcard from (I) --------------------friend Peggy

3 She lives in Australia now with (she) ------------------family

4 (She) -----------------------husband works in Newcastle

5 (He) -----------------------company builds ships

6 (They) -------------------------children go to school in Newcastle

7 (I) ----------------------husband and I want to go to Australia too

10

8 We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter

9 (We) --------------------------winter

10 Because it is (they) -----------------------summer

13Exercise on Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns

1 This book is (you)------------------------

2 The ball is (I) ------------------------------

3 The blue car is (we) --------------------------

4 The ring is (she) ---------------------

5 We met Paul and Jane last night This house is (they) -----------------------

6 The luggage is (he) ------------------------

7 The pictures are (she) ------------------------------

8 In our garden is a bird The nest is (it) ---------------------------

9 This cat is (we) ---------------------------

10 This was not my fault It was (you) ----------------------------

14Exercise on Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns

1 I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------

2 The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror

3 Freddy youll have to do your homework -------------------

4 You dont need to help them They can do it -----------------------

5 I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour

6 Boys can you make your beds ------------------

7 She made --------------------a pullover

8 What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror

9 The father decided to repair the car ------------------------

10 We can move the table -----------------------

READING

15Christmas in England

In English speaking countries children donrsquot get their presents on

Christmas Eve (24 December) Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep Santarsquos reindeer can fly

11

and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the

chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree

In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their

presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys

Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas

pudding

26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on

that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is

called Boxing Day

Questions on the text

Answer the questions according to the text

1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip

in front of the house

in the sitting room

on top of the house

2 Santa puts the presents hellip

under the tree

in the chimney

in his bag

3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day

People used to fight for their presents on that day

People hang around all day watching TV

People received little gift boxes on that day

16A Christmas Carol

Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost

Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail

Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to

Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat

busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either

Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew

ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said

ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo

12

ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo

ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a

year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo

ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even

tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent

him out

When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place

they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money

ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the

office

When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit

ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk

ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you

donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo

Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home

Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge

wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky

but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked

himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire

Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The

noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was

Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses

ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo

ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo

ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared

about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance

Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo

When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge

went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately

13

17Questions on the text

Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text

1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------

2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------

3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------

4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------

5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------

Find a synonym for each word in the text

1 spirit - -------------------------------

2 next - --------------------------------

3 start - --------------------------------

4 happy - -----------------------------

5 at once - ----------------------------

6 shut - -------------------------------

Comparison of Adjectives

Positive Form

Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions

as hellip as

Example Jane is as tall as John

not as hellip as not so hellip as

Example John is not as tall as Arnie

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)

one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)

two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)

positive form comparative form superlative form

clean cleaner (the) cleanest

Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est

silent bdquoe‟ is dropped

Example late-later-latest

final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i

Example easy-easier-easiest

final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled

14

Example hot-hotter-hottest

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)

adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)

positive form comparative form superlative form

difficult more difficult most difficult

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)

positive form comparative form superlative form

good better best

bad ill worse worst

little (amount) less least

little (size) smaller smallest

much many more most

far (place +

time)

further furthest

far (place) farther farthest

late (time) later latest

late (order) latter last

near (place) nearer nearest

near (order) - next

15

old (people and things)

older oldest

old (people) elder eldest

18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives

Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)

1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours

2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one

3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read

4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers

5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world

6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains

7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer

8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth

9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer

10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all

19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as

1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen

2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer

3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister

4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can

5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum

6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine

7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I

8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday

9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you

10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do

Question Tags

Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to

That‟s not really difficult is it o)

Form

positive main clause rarr negative question tag

negative main clause rarr positive question tag

Examples

You are Tom aren‟t you

He isn‟t Joe is he

16

main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag

You‟ve got a car haven‟t you

20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags

1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------

2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------

3 You are John -------------------------------

4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------

5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------

6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------

7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------

8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------

9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------

10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------

Short Answers

Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short

answers are very commonly used

To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a

form of bdquobe‟)

Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)

Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)

Question Affirmative Negative

Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t

Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t

Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t

Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t

Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟

17

Question Affirmative Negative

Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t

If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟

Question Affirmative Negative

Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not

But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t

21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form

1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------

2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------

3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------

4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------

5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------

6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----

-------------------

7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------

8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------

9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------

READING

22New York

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor

The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand

On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July

4 1776)

7

5 We had lots of (fun) ----------------------------

6 The Milfords have a lot of (money) ---------------------------

7 How many (people) -----------------------were at the cinema with you

8 Could you give some (information) ---------------------------on your project

9 In this hotel (family) ---------------------------are very welcome

10 Those (man) ----------------------------seem to be very tired

Possessive Case of Nouns

adding s of phrase

usually used for people usually used for things

Ronnys brother the name of the school

If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things often the s is

added instead of using an of phrase

example Germanys economy or the ecomony of Germany

When using the possessive case with a time s is added

example a three weeks holiday

9Exercises on Nouns

Possessive Case Fill the gaps with the possessive case of nouns Decide whether you have to use s or an of phrase

1 The boy has a toy rarr Its the ----------------------------

2 Peter has a book rarr Its -----------------------

3 The magazine has my picture on its cover rarr My picture is on -------------------------

4 Our friends live in this house rarr Its -----------------------------

5 There is milk in the glass rarr Its -------------------------------

6 This house has a number rarr What is -----------------------------

7 The walk lasts two hours rarr Its ----------------------------

8 John has a sister Jane rarr Jane is ------------------------------

9 The film has a name Scream rarr Scream is -------------------------------

10 This school is for girls only rarr Its a ------------------------------

8

Pronouns

(Personal Possessive Relative and Reflexive Pronouns)

Pronouns are words like I me (personal pronouns) or my mine (possessive pronouns)

Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

subject form object form possessive adjective possessive pronoun

I me my mine myself

you you your yours yourself

he him his his himself

she her her hers herself

it it its its itself

we us our ours ourselves

you you your yours yourselves

they them their theirs themselves

Personal Pronouns - Subject Form

example We have got some books

Personal Pronouns - Object Form

example The books are for us

Possessive Adjectives

example These are our books

Possessive Pronouns

example The books are ours

Reflexive Pronouns

9

example He can carry the bags himself

Relative Pronouns

example This is the man who lives next door

10Exercise on Pronouns

Personal Pronouns ndash Subject Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns Note that Sue is the person speaking The () means that you are asked a question

1 My name is Sue (Sue) ---------------------am English And this is my family

2 My mums name is Angie (Angie) --------------------------is from Germany

3 Bob is my dad (My dad) -----------------------is a waiter

4 On the left you can see Simon (Simon) -----------------------is my brother

5 (Sue and Simon) ------------------------------are twins

6 Our dog is a girl Judy (Judy) ------------------------------is two years old

7 (Sue Simon Angie and Bob) --------------------------live in Canterbury

8 (Canterbury) --------------------------is not far from London

9 My grandparents live in London (My grandparents) -------------------------often come and see us

10 What can () -------------------------------tell me about your family

11Exercise on Pronouns

Personal Pronouns Object Aaron was on a business trip to California He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family Fill in the correct pronouns

1 My sister Jane loves books This novel is for (she) -----------------------------

2 My children like Disney films The video is for (they) -----------------------------

3 My brother Matt collects picture postcards These postcards are for (he) ---------------------------

4 My parents like Latin music The CD is for (they) ----------------------------

5 I like watches This nice watch is for (I) ------------------------

6 My wife and I love sweets These sweets are for (we) ------------------------

7 My nephew likes cars The toy truck is for (he) ---------------------

8 My neighbour wants to go to California next year The guide book is for (she) ----------------------

9 Here is another souvenir I dont know what to do with (it) --------------------------

10 You know what - Its for (you) -------------------------

12Exercise on Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives

1 Where are (you) ----------------------friends now

2 Here is a postcard from (I) --------------------friend Peggy

3 She lives in Australia now with (she) ------------------family

4 (She) -----------------------husband works in Newcastle

5 (He) -----------------------company builds ships

6 (They) -------------------------children go to school in Newcastle

7 (I) ----------------------husband and I want to go to Australia too

10

8 We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter

9 (We) --------------------------winter

10 Because it is (they) -----------------------summer

13Exercise on Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns

1 This book is (you)------------------------

2 The ball is (I) ------------------------------

3 The blue car is (we) --------------------------

4 The ring is (she) ---------------------

5 We met Paul and Jane last night This house is (they) -----------------------

6 The luggage is (he) ------------------------

7 The pictures are (she) ------------------------------

8 In our garden is a bird The nest is (it) ---------------------------

9 This cat is (we) ---------------------------

10 This was not my fault It was (you) ----------------------------

14Exercise on Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns

1 I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------

2 The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror

3 Freddy youll have to do your homework -------------------

4 You dont need to help them They can do it -----------------------

5 I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour

6 Boys can you make your beds ------------------

7 She made --------------------a pullover

8 What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror

9 The father decided to repair the car ------------------------

10 We can move the table -----------------------

READING

15Christmas in England

In English speaking countries children donrsquot get their presents on

Christmas Eve (24 December) Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep Santarsquos reindeer can fly

11

and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the

chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree

In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their

presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys

Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas

pudding

26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on

that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is

called Boxing Day

Questions on the text

Answer the questions according to the text

1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip

in front of the house

in the sitting room

on top of the house

2 Santa puts the presents hellip

under the tree

in the chimney

in his bag

3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day

People used to fight for their presents on that day

People hang around all day watching TV

People received little gift boxes on that day

16A Christmas Carol

Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost

Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail

Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to

Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat

busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either

Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew

ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said

ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo

12

ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo

ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a

year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo

ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even

tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent

him out

When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place

they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money

ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the

office

When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit

ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk

ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you

donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo

Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home

Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge

wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky

but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked

himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire

Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The

noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was

Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses

ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo

ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo

ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared

about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance

Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo

When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge

went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately

13

17Questions on the text

Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text

1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------

2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------

3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------

4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------

5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------

Find a synonym for each word in the text

1 spirit - -------------------------------

2 next - --------------------------------

3 start - --------------------------------

4 happy - -----------------------------

5 at once - ----------------------------

6 shut - -------------------------------

Comparison of Adjectives

Positive Form

Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions

as hellip as

Example Jane is as tall as John

not as hellip as not so hellip as

Example John is not as tall as Arnie

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)

one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)

two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)

positive form comparative form superlative form

clean cleaner (the) cleanest

Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est

silent bdquoe‟ is dropped

Example late-later-latest

final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i

Example easy-easier-easiest

final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled

14

Example hot-hotter-hottest

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)

adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)

positive form comparative form superlative form

difficult more difficult most difficult

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)

positive form comparative form superlative form

good better best

bad ill worse worst

little (amount) less least

little (size) smaller smallest

much many more most

far (place +

time)

further furthest

far (place) farther farthest

late (time) later latest

late (order) latter last

near (place) nearer nearest

near (order) - next

15

old (people and things)

older oldest

old (people) elder eldest

18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives

Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)

1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours

2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one

3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read

4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers

5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world

6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains

7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer

8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth

9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer

10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all

19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as

1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen

2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer

3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister

4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can

5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum

6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine

7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I

8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday

9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you

10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do

Question Tags

Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to

That‟s not really difficult is it o)

Form

positive main clause rarr negative question tag

negative main clause rarr positive question tag

Examples

You are Tom aren‟t you

He isn‟t Joe is he

16

main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag

You‟ve got a car haven‟t you

20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags

1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------

2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------

3 You are John -------------------------------

4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------

5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------

6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------

7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------

8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------

9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------

10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------

Short Answers

Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short

answers are very commonly used

To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a

form of bdquobe‟)

Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)

Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)

Question Affirmative Negative

Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t

Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t

Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t

Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t

Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟

17

Question Affirmative Negative

Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t

If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟

Question Affirmative Negative

Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not

But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t

21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form

1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------

2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------

3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------

4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------

5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------

6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----

-------------------

7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------

8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------

9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------

READING

22New York

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor

The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand

On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July

4 1776)

8

Pronouns

(Personal Possessive Relative and Reflexive Pronouns)

Pronouns are words like I me (personal pronouns) or my mine (possessive pronouns)

Personal Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

subject form object form possessive adjective possessive pronoun

I me my mine myself

you you your yours yourself

he him his his himself

she her her hers herself

it it its its itself

we us our ours ourselves

you you your yours yourselves

they them their theirs themselves

Personal Pronouns - Subject Form

example We have got some books

Personal Pronouns - Object Form

example The books are for us

Possessive Adjectives

example These are our books

Possessive Pronouns

example The books are ours

Reflexive Pronouns

9

example He can carry the bags himself

Relative Pronouns

example This is the man who lives next door

10Exercise on Pronouns

Personal Pronouns ndash Subject Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns Note that Sue is the person speaking The () means that you are asked a question

1 My name is Sue (Sue) ---------------------am English And this is my family

2 My mums name is Angie (Angie) --------------------------is from Germany

3 Bob is my dad (My dad) -----------------------is a waiter

4 On the left you can see Simon (Simon) -----------------------is my brother

5 (Sue and Simon) ------------------------------are twins

6 Our dog is a girl Judy (Judy) ------------------------------is two years old

7 (Sue Simon Angie and Bob) --------------------------live in Canterbury

8 (Canterbury) --------------------------is not far from London

9 My grandparents live in London (My grandparents) -------------------------often come and see us

10 What can () -------------------------------tell me about your family

11Exercise on Pronouns

Personal Pronouns Object Aaron was on a business trip to California He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family Fill in the correct pronouns

1 My sister Jane loves books This novel is for (she) -----------------------------

2 My children like Disney films The video is for (they) -----------------------------

3 My brother Matt collects picture postcards These postcards are for (he) ---------------------------

4 My parents like Latin music The CD is for (they) ----------------------------

5 I like watches This nice watch is for (I) ------------------------

6 My wife and I love sweets These sweets are for (we) ------------------------

7 My nephew likes cars The toy truck is for (he) ---------------------

8 My neighbour wants to go to California next year The guide book is for (she) ----------------------

9 Here is another souvenir I dont know what to do with (it) --------------------------

10 You know what - Its for (you) -------------------------

12Exercise on Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives

1 Where are (you) ----------------------friends now

2 Here is a postcard from (I) --------------------friend Peggy

3 She lives in Australia now with (she) ------------------family

4 (She) -----------------------husband works in Newcastle

5 (He) -----------------------company builds ships

6 (They) -------------------------children go to school in Newcastle

7 (I) ----------------------husband and I want to go to Australia too

10

8 We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter

9 (We) --------------------------winter

10 Because it is (they) -----------------------summer

13Exercise on Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns

1 This book is (you)------------------------

2 The ball is (I) ------------------------------

3 The blue car is (we) --------------------------

4 The ring is (she) ---------------------

5 We met Paul and Jane last night This house is (they) -----------------------

6 The luggage is (he) ------------------------

7 The pictures are (she) ------------------------------

8 In our garden is a bird The nest is (it) ---------------------------

9 This cat is (we) ---------------------------

10 This was not my fault It was (you) ----------------------------

14Exercise on Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns

1 I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------

2 The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror

3 Freddy youll have to do your homework -------------------

4 You dont need to help them They can do it -----------------------

5 I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour

6 Boys can you make your beds ------------------

7 She made --------------------a pullover

8 What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror

9 The father decided to repair the car ------------------------

10 We can move the table -----------------------

READING

15Christmas in England

In English speaking countries children donrsquot get their presents on

Christmas Eve (24 December) Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep Santarsquos reindeer can fly

11

and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the

chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree

In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their

presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys

Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas

pudding

26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on

that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is

called Boxing Day

Questions on the text

Answer the questions according to the text

1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip

in front of the house

in the sitting room

on top of the house

2 Santa puts the presents hellip

under the tree

in the chimney

in his bag

3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day

People used to fight for their presents on that day

People hang around all day watching TV

People received little gift boxes on that day

16A Christmas Carol

Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost

Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail

Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to

Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat

busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either

Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew

ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said

ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo

12

ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo

ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a

year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo

ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even

tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent

him out

When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place

they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money

ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the

office

When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit

ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk

ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you

donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo

Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home

Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge

wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky

but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked

himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire

Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The

noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was

Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses

ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo

ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo

ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared

about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance

Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo

When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge

went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately

13

17Questions on the text

Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text

1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------

2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------

3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------

4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------

5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------

Find a synonym for each word in the text

1 spirit - -------------------------------

2 next - --------------------------------

3 start - --------------------------------

4 happy - -----------------------------

5 at once - ----------------------------

6 shut - -------------------------------

Comparison of Adjectives

Positive Form

Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions

as hellip as

Example Jane is as tall as John

not as hellip as not so hellip as

Example John is not as tall as Arnie

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)

one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)

two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)

positive form comparative form superlative form

clean cleaner (the) cleanest

Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est

silent bdquoe‟ is dropped

Example late-later-latest

final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i

Example easy-easier-easiest

final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled

14

Example hot-hotter-hottest

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)

adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)

positive form comparative form superlative form

difficult more difficult most difficult

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)

positive form comparative form superlative form

good better best

bad ill worse worst

little (amount) less least

little (size) smaller smallest

much many more most

far (place +

time)

further furthest

far (place) farther farthest

late (time) later latest

late (order) latter last

near (place) nearer nearest

near (order) - next

15

old (people and things)

older oldest

old (people) elder eldest

18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives

Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)

1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours

2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one

3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read

4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers

5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world

6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains

7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer

8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth

9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer

10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all

19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as

1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen

2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer

3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister

4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can

5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum

6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine

7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I

8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday

9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you

10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do

Question Tags

Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to

That‟s not really difficult is it o)

Form

positive main clause rarr negative question tag

negative main clause rarr positive question tag

Examples

You are Tom aren‟t you

He isn‟t Joe is he

16

main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag

You‟ve got a car haven‟t you

20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags

1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------

2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------

3 You are John -------------------------------

4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------

5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------

6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------

7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------

8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------

9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------

10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------

Short Answers

Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short

answers are very commonly used

To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a

form of bdquobe‟)

Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)

Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)

Question Affirmative Negative

Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t

Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t

Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t

Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t

Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟

17

Question Affirmative Negative

Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t

If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟

Question Affirmative Negative

Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not

But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t

21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form

1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------

2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------

3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------

4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------

5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------

6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----

-------------------

7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------

8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------

9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------

READING

22New York

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor

The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand

On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July

4 1776)

9

example He can carry the bags himself

Relative Pronouns

example This is the man who lives next door

10Exercise on Pronouns

Personal Pronouns ndash Subject Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns Note that Sue is the person speaking The () means that you are asked a question

1 My name is Sue (Sue) ---------------------am English And this is my family

2 My mums name is Angie (Angie) --------------------------is from Germany

3 Bob is my dad (My dad) -----------------------is a waiter

4 On the left you can see Simon (Simon) -----------------------is my brother

5 (Sue and Simon) ------------------------------are twins

6 Our dog is a girl Judy (Judy) ------------------------------is two years old

7 (Sue Simon Angie and Bob) --------------------------live in Canterbury

8 (Canterbury) --------------------------is not far from London

9 My grandparents live in London (My grandparents) -------------------------often come and see us

10 What can () -------------------------------tell me about your family

11Exercise on Pronouns

Personal Pronouns Object Aaron was on a business trip to California He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family Fill in the correct pronouns

1 My sister Jane loves books This novel is for (she) -----------------------------

2 My children like Disney films The video is for (they) -----------------------------

3 My brother Matt collects picture postcards These postcards are for (he) ---------------------------

4 My parents like Latin music The CD is for (they) ----------------------------

5 I like watches This nice watch is for (I) ------------------------

6 My wife and I love sweets These sweets are for (we) ------------------------

7 My nephew likes cars The toy truck is for (he) ---------------------

8 My neighbour wants to go to California next year The guide book is for (she) ----------------------

9 Here is another souvenir I dont know what to do with (it) --------------------------

10 You know what - Its for (you) -------------------------

12Exercise on Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives

1 Where are (you) ----------------------friends now

2 Here is a postcard from (I) --------------------friend Peggy

3 She lives in Australia now with (she) ------------------family

4 (She) -----------------------husband works in Newcastle

5 (He) -----------------------company builds ships

6 (They) -------------------------children go to school in Newcastle

7 (I) ----------------------husband and I want to go to Australia too

10

8 We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter

9 (We) --------------------------winter

10 Because it is (they) -----------------------summer

13Exercise on Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns

1 This book is (you)------------------------

2 The ball is (I) ------------------------------

3 The blue car is (we) --------------------------

4 The ring is (she) ---------------------

5 We met Paul and Jane last night This house is (they) -----------------------

6 The luggage is (he) ------------------------

7 The pictures are (she) ------------------------------

8 In our garden is a bird The nest is (it) ---------------------------

9 This cat is (we) ---------------------------

10 This was not my fault It was (you) ----------------------------

14Exercise on Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns

1 I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------

2 The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror

3 Freddy youll have to do your homework -------------------

4 You dont need to help them They can do it -----------------------

5 I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour

6 Boys can you make your beds ------------------

7 She made --------------------a pullover

8 What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror

9 The father decided to repair the car ------------------------

10 We can move the table -----------------------

READING

15Christmas in England

In English speaking countries children donrsquot get their presents on

Christmas Eve (24 December) Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep Santarsquos reindeer can fly

11

and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the

chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree

In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their

presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys

Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas

pudding

26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on

that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is

called Boxing Day

Questions on the text

Answer the questions according to the text

1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip

in front of the house

in the sitting room

on top of the house

2 Santa puts the presents hellip

under the tree

in the chimney

in his bag

3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day

People used to fight for their presents on that day

People hang around all day watching TV

People received little gift boxes on that day

16A Christmas Carol

Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost

Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail

Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to

Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat

busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either

Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew

ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said

ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo

12

ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo

ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a

year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo

ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even

tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent

him out

When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place

they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money

ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the

office

When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit

ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk

ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you

donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo

Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home

Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge

wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky

but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked

himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire

Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The

noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was

Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses

ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo

ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo

ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared

about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance

Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo

When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge

went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately

13

17Questions on the text

Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text

1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------

2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------

3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------

4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------

5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------

Find a synonym for each word in the text

1 spirit - -------------------------------

2 next - --------------------------------

3 start - --------------------------------

4 happy - -----------------------------

5 at once - ----------------------------

6 shut - -------------------------------

Comparison of Adjectives

Positive Form

Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions

as hellip as

Example Jane is as tall as John

not as hellip as not so hellip as

Example John is not as tall as Arnie

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)

one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)

two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)

positive form comparative form superlative form

clean cleaner (the) cleanest

Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est

silent bdquoe‟ is dropped

Example late-later-latest

final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i

Example easy-easier-easiest

final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled

14

Example hot-hotter-hottest

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)

adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)

positive form comparative form superlative form

difficult more difficult most difficult

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)

positive form comparative form superlative form

good better best

bad ill worse worst

little (amount) less least

little (size) smaller smallest

much many more most

far (place +

time)

further furthest

far (place) farther farthest

late (time) later latest

late (order) latter last

near (place) nearer nearest

near (order) - next

15

old (people and things)

older oldest

old (people) elder eldest

18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives

Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)

1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours

2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one

3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read

4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers

5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world

6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains

7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer

8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth

9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer

10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all

19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as

1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen

2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer

3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister

4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can

5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum

6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine

7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I

8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday

9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you

10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do

Question Tags

Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to

That‟s not really difficult is it o)

Form

positive main clause rarr negative question tag

negative main clause rarr positive question tag

Examples

You are Tom aren‟t you

He isn‟t Joe is he

16

main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag

You‟ve got a car haven‟t you

20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags

1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------

2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------

3 You are John -------------------------------

4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------

5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------

6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------

7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------

8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------

9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------

10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------

Short Answers

Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short

answers are very commonly used

To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a

form of bdquobe‟)

Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)

Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)

Question Affirmative Negative

Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t

Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t

Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t

Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t

Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟

17

Question Affirmative Negative

Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t

If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟

Question Affirmative Negative

Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not

But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t

21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form

1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------

2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------

3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------

4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------

5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------

6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----

-------------------

7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------

8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------

9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------

READING

22New York

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor

The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand

On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July

4 1776)

10

8 We want to see Peggy and (she) ------------------------family next winter

9 (We) --------------------------winter

10 Because it is (they) -----------------------summer

13Exercise on Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns

1 This book is (you)------------------------

2 The ball is (I) ------------------------------

3 The blue car is (we) --------------------------

4 The ring is (she) ---------------------

5 We met Paul and Jane last night This house is (they) -----------------------

6 The luggage is (he) ------------------------

7 The pictures are (she) ------------------------------

8 In our garden is a bird The nest is (it) ---------------------------

9 This cat is (we) ---------------------------

10 This was not my fault It was (you) ----------------------------

14Exercise on Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns

1 I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ----------------------

2 The girl looked at ----------------------in the mirror

3 Freddy youll have to do your homework -------------------

4 You dont need to help them They can do it -----------------------

5 I introduced -----------------to my new neighbour

6 Boys can you make your beds ------------------

7 She made --------------------a pullover

8 What happens when a fighting fish sees ------------------------in the mirror

9 The father decided to repair the car ------------------------

10 We can move the table -----------------------

READING

15Christmas in England

In English speaking countries children donrsquot get their presents on

Christmas Eve (24 December) Santa comes at night when everyone is asleep Santarsquos reindeer can fly

11

and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the

chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree

In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their

presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys

Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas

pudding

26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on

that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is

called Boxing Day

Questions on the text

Answer the questions according to the text

1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip

in front of the house

in the sitting room

on top of the house

2 Santa puts the presents hellip

under the tree

in the chimney

in his bag

3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day

People used to fight for their presents on that day

People hang around all day watching TV

People received little gift boxes on that day

16A Christmas Carol

Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost

Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail

Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to

Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat

busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either

Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew

ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said

ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo

12

ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo

ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a

year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo

ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even

tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent

him out

When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place

they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money

ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the

office

When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit

ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk

ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you

donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo

Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home

Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge

wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky

but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked

himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire

Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The

noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was

Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses

ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo

ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo

ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared

about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance

Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo

When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge

went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately

13

17Questions on the text

Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text

1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------

2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------

3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------

4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------

5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------

Find a synonym for each word in the text

1 spirit - -------------------------------

2 next - --------------------------------

3 start - --------------------------------

4 happy - -----------------------------

5 at once - ----------------------------

6 shut - -------------------------------

Comparison of Adjectives

Positive Form

Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions

as hellip as

Example Jane is as tall as John

not as hellip as not so hellip as

Example John is not as tall as Arnie

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)

one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)

two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)

positive form comparative form superlative form

clean cleaner (the) cleanest

Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est

silent bdquoe‟ is dropped

Example late-later-latest

final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i

Example easy-easier-easiest

final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled

14

Example hot-hotter-hottest

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)

adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)

positive form comparative form superlative form

difficult more difficult most difficult

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)

positive form comparative form superlative form

good better best

bad ill worse worst

little (amount) less least

little (size) smaller smallest

much many more most

far (place +

time)

further furthest

far (place) farther farthest

late (time) later latest

late (order) latter last

near (place) nearer nearest

near (order) - next

15

old (people and things)

older oldest

old (people) elder eldest

18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives

Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)

1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours

2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one

3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read

4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers

5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world

6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains

7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer

8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth

9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer

10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all

19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as

1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen

2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer

3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister

4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can

5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum

6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine

7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I

8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday

9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you

10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do

Question Tags

Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to

That‟s not really difficult is it o)

Form

positive main clause rarr negative question tag

negative main clause rarr positive question tag

Examples

You are Tom aren‟t you

He isn‟t Joe is he

16

main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag

You‟ve got a car haven‟t you

20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags

1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------

2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------

3 You are John -------------------------------

4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------

5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------

6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------

7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------

8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------

9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------

10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------

Short Answers

Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short

answers are very commonly used

To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a

form of bdquobe‟)

Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)

Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)

Question Affirmative Negative

Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t

Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t

Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t

Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t

Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟

17

Question Affirmative Negative

Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t

If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟

Question Affirmative Negative

Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not

But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t

21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form

1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------

2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------

3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------

4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------

5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------

6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----

-------------------

7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------

8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------

9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------

READING

22New York

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor

The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand

On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July

4 1776)

11

and take him from house to house They land on the roofs of the houses and then Santa climbs down the

chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree

In the morning of Christmas Day (25 December) children usually get up very early to unwrap their

presents Then they have plenty of time to play with their new toys

Christmas dinner is served in the early afternoon Most people eat turkey and sprouts and a Christmas

pudding

26 December is called Boxing Day It hasnrsquot always been a holiday People used to go back to work on

that day where their bosses gave them little Christmas presents in small boxes Thatrsquos why the day is

called Boxing Day

Questions on the text

Answer the questions according to the text

1 Santarsquos sleigh lands hellip

in front of the house

in the sitting room

on top of the house

2 Santa puts the presents hellip

under the tree

in the chimney

in his bag

3 Why is 26 December called Boxing Day

People used to fight for their presents on that day

People hang around all day watching TV

People received little gift boxes on that day

16A Christmas Carol

Chapter 1 ndash Marleyrsquos Ghost

Marley was dead to begin with ndash therersquos no doubt about that He was as dead as a doornail

Marley and Scrooge were business partners once But then Marley died and now their firm belonged to

Scrooge who was a stingy and heartless old man Once upon a time on Christmas Eve old Scrooge sat

busy in his office It was very cold outside and in Scroogersquos office it was not much warmer either

Suddenly a cheerful person entered the office It was Scroogersquos nephew

ldquoA merry Christmas uncle God save yourdquo Fred said

ldquoBahrdquo said Scrooge ldquoHumbugrdquo

12

ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo

ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a

year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo

ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even

tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent

him out

When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place

they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money

ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the

office

When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit

ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk

ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you

donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo

Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home

Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge

wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky

but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked

himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire

Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The

noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was

Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses

ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo

ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo

ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared

about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance

Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo

When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge

went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately

13

17Questions on the text

Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text

1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------

2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------

3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------

4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------

5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------

Find a synonym for each word in the text

1 spirit - -------------------------------

2 next - --------------------------------

3 start - --------------------------------

4 happy - -----------------------------

5 at once - ----------------------------

6 shut - -------------------------------

Comparison of Adjectives

Positive Form

Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions

as hellip as

Example Jane is as tall as John

not as hellip as not so hellip as

Example John is not as tall as Arnie

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)

one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)

two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)

positive form comparative form superlative form

clean cleaner (the) cleanest

Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est

silent bdquoe‟ is dropped

Example late-later-latest

final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i

Example easy-easier-easiest

final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled

14

Example hot-hotter-hottest

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)

adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)

positive form comparative form superlative form

difficult more difficult most difficult

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)

positive form comparative form superlative form

good better best

bad ill worse worst

little (amount) less least

little (size) smaller smallest

much many more most

far (place +

time)

further furthest

far (place) farther farthest

late (time) later latest

late (order) latter last

near (place) nearer nearest

near (order) - next

15

old (people and things)

older oldest

old (people) elder eldest

18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives

Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)

1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours

2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one

3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read

4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers

5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world

6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains

7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer

8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth

9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer

10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all

19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as

1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen

2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer

3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister

4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can

5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum

6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine

7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I

8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday

9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you

10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do

Question Tags

Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to

That‟s not really difficult is it o)

Form

positive main clause rarr negative question tag

negative main clause rarr positive question tag

Examples

You are Tom aren‟t you

He isn‟t Joe is he

16

main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag

You‟ve got a car haven‟t you

20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags

1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------

2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------

3 You are John -------------------------------

4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------

5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------

6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------

7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------

8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------

9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------

10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------

Short Answers

Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short

answers are very commonly used

To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a

form of bdquobe‟)

Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)

Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)

Question Affirmative Negative

Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t

Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t

Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t

Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t

Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟

17

Question Affirmative Negative

Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t

If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟

Question Affirmative Negative

Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not

But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t

21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form

1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------

2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------

3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------

4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------

5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------

6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----

-------------------

7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------

8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------

9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------

READING

22New York

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor

The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand

On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July

4 1776)

12

ldquoChristmas a humbug unclerdquo said Scroogersquos nephew ldquoYou donrsquot mean that I am surerdquo

ldquoI dordquo said Scrooge ldquoWhatrsquos Christmas time to you You have to pay bills without money Yoursquore a

year older but not an hour richer Keep Christmas in your way and let me keep it in minerdquo

ldquoKeep it But you donrsquot keep itrdquo said Scroogersquos nephew who was a very friendly young man He even

tried to cheer Scrooge up and invited him for dinner on Christmas Day But Scrooge said no and sent

him out

When Scroogersquos nephew left two gentlemen came in to collect money for the poor who had no place

they could go Stingy Scrooge however didnrsquot give the gentlemen any money

ldquoAre there no prisons Are there no workhousesrdquo he asked sarcastically and told them to leave the

office

When it was time to close the office Scrooge talked to his clerk Bob Cratchit

ldquoYou want all day off tomorrow donrsquot yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIf that is okay Sirrdquo answered the clerk

ldquoItrsquos not okayrdquo said Scrooge ldquoand it is not fair After all I have to pay you for the day although you

donrsquot work But if it must be I want you to start work even earlier the following morningrdquo

Cratchit promised that he would and the two went home

Scrooge lived all alone in an old house The yard was very dark and scary that night and when Scrooge

wanted to unlock the door he had the feeling that he saw Marleyrsquos face there This was rather spooky

but Scrooge was not frightened easily ldquoHumbugrdquo he said opened the door and walked in He locked

himself in however which he usually didnrsquot do But then he felt safe again and sat down before the fire

Suddenly Scrooge heard a noise deep down below as if somebody was dragging a heavy chain The

noise came nearer and nearer and then Scrooge saw a ghost coming right through the heavy door It was

Marleyrsquos ghost and his chains were long they were made of cash-boxes keys and heavy purses

ldquoWho are yourdquo said Scrooge

ldquoIn life I was your partner Jacob Marleyrdquo

ldquoBut why do you come to me nowrdquo

ldquoI must wander through the world and I wear the chains because I was so stingy in life I only cared

about business but not about the people around me Now I am here to warn you You still have a chance

Ebenezer Three spirits will come to you Expect the first tomorrow when the bell tolls onerdquo

When he had said these words Marleyrsquos ghost disappeared and the night became quiet again Scrooge

went straight to bed without undressing and fell asleep immediately

13

17Questions on the text

Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text

1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------

2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------

3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------

4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------

5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------

Find a synonym for each word in the text

1 spirit - -------------------------------

2 next - --------------------------------

3 start - --------------------------------

4 happy - -----------------------------

5 at once - ----------------------------

6 shut - -------------------------------

Comparison of Adjectives

Positive Form

Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions

as hellip as

Example Jane is as tall as John

not as hellip as not so hellip as

Example John is not as tall as Arnie

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)

one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)

two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)

positive form comparative form superlative form

clean cleaner (the) cleanest

Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est

silent bdquoe‟ is dropped

Example late-later-latest

final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i

Example easy-easier-easiest

final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled

14

Example hot-hotter-hottest

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)

adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)

positive form comparative form superlative form

difficult more difficult most difficult

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)

positive form comparative form superlative form

good better best

bad ill worse worst

little (amount) less least

little (size) smaller smallest

much many more most

far (place +

time)

further furthest

far (place) farther farthest

late (time) later latest

late (order) latter last

near (place) nearer nearest

near (order) - next

15

old (people and things)

older oldest

old (people) elder eldest

18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives

Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)

1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours

2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one

3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read

4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers

5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world

6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains

7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer

8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth

9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer

10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all

19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as

1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen

2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer

3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister

4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can

5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum

6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine

7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I

8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday

9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you

10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do

Question Tags

Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to

That‟s not really difficult is it o)

Form

positive main clause rarr negative question tag

negative main clause rarr positive question tag

Examples

You are Tom aren‟t you

He isn‟t Joe is he

16

main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag

You‟ve got a car haven‟t you

20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags

1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------

2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------

3 You are John -------------------------------

4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------

5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------

6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------

7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------

8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------

9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------

10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------

Short Answers

Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short

answers are very commonly used

To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a

form of bdquobe‟)

Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)

Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)

Question Affirmative Negative

Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t

Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t

Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t

Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t

Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟

17

Question Affirmative Negative

Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t

If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟

Question Affirmative Negative

Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not

But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t

21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form

1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------

2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------

3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------

4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------

5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------

6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----

-------------------

7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------

8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------

9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------

READING

22New York

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor

The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand

On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July

4 1776)

13

17Questions on the text

Who is who Complete the sentences according to the text

1 Jacob Marley ----------------------------------------------------------------

2 Fred -------------------------------------------------------

3 Bob Cratchit ------------------------------------------------

4 Scrooge -------------------------------------------------------

5 The two gentlemen ------------------------------------------------------

Find a synonym for each word in the text

1 spirit - -------------------------------

2 next - --------------------------------

3 start - --------------------------------

4 happy - -----------------------------

5 at once - ----------------------------

6 shut - -------------------------------

Comparison of Adjectives

Positive Form

Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions

as hellip as

Example Jane is as tall as John

not as hellip as not so hellip as

Example John is not as tall as Arnie

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er-est)

one-syllable adjectives (clean new cheap)

two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy happy pretty dirty clever)

positive form comparative form superlative form

clean cleaner (the) cleanest

Exceptions in spelling when adding -er -est

silent bdquoe‟ is dropped

Example late-later-latest

final bdquoy‟ after a consonant becomes i

Example easy-easier-easiest

final consonant after short stressed vowel is doubled

14

Example hot-hotter-hottest

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)

adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)

positive form comparative form superlative form

difficult more difficult most difficult

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)

positive form comparative form superlative form

good better best

bad ill worse worst

little (amount) less least

little (size) smaller smallest

much many more most

far (place +

time)

further furthest

far (place) farther farthest

late (time) later latest

late (order) latter last

near (place) nearer nearest

near (order) - next

15

old (people and things)

older oldest

old (people) elder eldest

18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives

Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)

1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours

2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one

3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read

4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers

5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world

6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains

7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer

8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth

9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer

10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all

19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as

1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen

2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer

3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister

4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can

5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum

6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine

7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I

8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday

9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you

10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do

Question Tags

Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to

That‟s not really difficult is it o)

Form

positive main clause rarr negative question tag

negative main clause rarr positive question tag

Examples

You are Tom aren‟t you

He isn‟t Joe is he

16

main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag

You‟ve got a car haven‟t you

20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags

1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------

2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------

3 You are John -------------------------------

4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------

5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------

6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------

7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------

8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------

9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------

10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------

Short Answers

Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short

answers are very commonly used

To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a

form of bdquobe‟)

Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)

Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)

Question Affirmative Negative

Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t

Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t

Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t

Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t

Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟

17

Question Affirmative Negative

Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t

If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟

Question Affirmative Negative

Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not

But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t

21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form

1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------

2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------

3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------

4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------

5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------

6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----

-------------------

7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------

8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------

9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------

READING

22New York

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor

The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand

On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July

4 1776)

14

Example hot-hotter-hottest

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (moremost)

adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y-er)

positive form comparative form superlative form

difficult more difficult most difficult

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)

positive form comparative form superlative form

good better best

bad ill worse worst

little (amount) less least

little (size) smaller smallest

much many more most

far (place +

time)

further furthest

far (place) farther farthest

late (time) later latest

late (order) latter last

near (place) nearer nearest

near (order) - next

15

old (people and things)

older oldest

old (people) elder eldest

18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives

Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)

1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours

2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one

3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read

4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers

5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world

6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains

7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer

8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth

9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer

10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all

19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as

1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen

2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer

3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister

4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can

5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum

6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine

7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I

8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday

9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you

10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do

Question Tags

Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to

That‟s not really difficult is it o)

Form

positive main clause rarr negative question tag

negative main clause rarr positive question tag

Examples

You are Tom aren‟t you

He isn‟t Joe is he

16

main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag

You‟ve got a car haven‟t you

20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags

1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------

2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------

3 You are John -------------------------------

4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------

5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------

6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------

7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------

8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------

9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------

10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------

Short Answers

Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short

answers are very commonly used

To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a

form of bdquobe‟)

Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)

Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)

Question Affirmative Negative

Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t

Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t

Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t

Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t

Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟

17

Question Affirmative Negative

Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t

If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟

Question Affirmative Negative

Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not

But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t

21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form

1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------

2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------

3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------

4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------

5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------

6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----

-------------------

7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------

8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------

9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------

READING

22New York

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor

The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand

On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July

4 1776)

15

old (people and things)

older oldest

old (people) elder eldest

18Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives

Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative)

1 My house is (big) --------------------------than yours

2 This flower is (beautiful) --------------------------than that one

3 This is the (interesting) -------------------------book I have ever read

4 Non-smokers usually live (long) ------------------------------than smokers

5 Which is the (dangerous) ---------------------------animal in the world

6 A holiday by the sea is (good) ---------------------------than a holiday in the mountains

7 It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ----------------------------than a beer

8 Who is the (rich) -----------------------------woman on earth

9 The weather this summer is even (bad) --------------------------------than last summer

10 He was the (clever) --------------------------------thief of all

19Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives (as as) Fill in the comparison with as as

1 John is (tall) ---------------------------------Glen

2 Janet is (beautiful) ----------------------------------Jeniffer

3 You are (crazy) ------------------------------------my sister

4 We can run (fast) --------------------------------they can

5 My mom is (not strict) ---------------------------------your mum

6 Your mobile phone is (not trendy) -----------------------------------------mine

7 Matrix II was (not interesting) -------------------------------------Matrix I

8 This yoghurt (not taste good) --------------------------------the one I bought yesterday

9 I can do (many press-ups) --------------------------------------you

10 I (not earn much money) ------------------------------you do

Question Tags

Question tags are used in conversation to get a (positive) reaction from the person you are talking to

That‟s not really difficult is it o)

Form

positive main clause rarr negative question tag

negative main clause rarr positive question tag

Examples

You are Tom aren‟t you

He isn‟t Joe is he

16

main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag

You‟ve got a car haven‟t you

20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags

1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------

2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------

3 You are John -------------------------------

4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------

5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------

6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------

7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------

8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------

9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------

10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------

Short Answers

Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short

answers are very commonly used

To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a

form of bdquobe‟)

Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)

Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)

Question Affirmative Negative

Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t

Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t

Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t

Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t

Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟

17

Question Affirmative Negative

Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t

If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟

Question Affirmative Negative

Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not

But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t

21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form

1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------

2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------

3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------

4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------

5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------

6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----

-------------------

7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------

8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------

9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------

READING

22New York

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor

The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand

On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July

4 1776)

16

main clause with auxiliary verb rarr use auxiliary verb in question tag

You‟ve got a car haven‟t you

20Exercise on Question Tags Complete the sentences with the correct question tags

1 Mr McGuinness is from Ireland ----------------------------------------

2 The car isnt in the garage ------------------------------------

3 You are John -------------------------------

4 She went to the library yesterday ---------------------------------

5 He didnt recognize me ---------------------------------

6 Cars pollute the environment ----------------------------------

7 Mr Pritchard has been to Scotland recently ---------------------------------

8 The trip is very expensive ------------------------------------

9 He wont tell her ----------------------------------------------

10 Hugh had a red car -------------------------------------

Short Answers

Saying bdquoYes I do No I don‟t‟ in English is more polite than just saying bdquoYes No‟ That‟s why short

answers are very commonly used

To form the short answer you use the first word from the question (This is either an auxiliary verb or a

form of bdquobe‟)

Use the long form (he does) in affirmative answers (yes)

Use the short form (he doesn‟t) in negative answers (no)

Question Affirmative Negative

Do we know him Yes we do No we don‟t

Can she see me Yes she can No she can‟t

Have they read the book Yes they have No they haven‟t

Is he hungry Yes he is No he isn‟t

Mind If bdquoyou‟ is the subject of the question bdquoyou‟ must be replaced by bdquoI‟ or bdquowe‟

17

Question Affirmative Negative

Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t

If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟

Question Affirmative Negative

Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not

But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t

21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form

1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------

2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------

3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------

4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------

5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------

6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----

-------------------

7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------

8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------

9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------

READING

22New York

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor

The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand

On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July

4 1776)

17

Question Affirmative Negative

Do you know him Yes I we do No I we don‟t

If the question starts with bdquoare you‟ bdquoare‟ must sometimes be replaced by bdquoam‟

Question Affirmative Negative

Are you hungry Yes I am No Irsquom not

But rarr Yes we are No we aren‟t

21Exercise on Short Answers Complete the short answers with the correct form

1 Are you from Germany - Yes ------------------------ No ------------------------

2 Are Peter and Sue your friends - Yes -------------------- No ----------------------

3 Has your sister got a car - Yes ---------------------- No ------------------------

4 Do you speak English - Yes ------------------------ No ----------------------------

5 Can he play football - Yes ----------------------- No --------------------------

6 Had they lived in London before they moved to Manchester - Yes --------------------- No -----

-------------------

7 Is she going by bus - Yes ---------------------- No ---------------------------

8 Did you talk to him - Yes -------------------------- No ------------------------------

9 Have you been waiting for long - Yes --------------------- No ------------------------------

READING

22New York

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor

The statue represents the goddess of liberty with a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand

On the tablet you can see the date of the ) Declaration of Independence ldquoJULY IV MDCCLXXVIrdquo (July

4 1776)

18

The copper statue is 46 meters high and was made by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi and Gustave Eiffel

(who also built the Eiffel Tower) It was given to the United States by France on the occasion of the

100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence

Empire State Building

The Empire State Building was opened on May 1 1931 It is an office building but the platform at the

top of the building is also a popular tourist attraction

Its height from bottom to the 102nd floor is 381 meters Including the broadcasting tower which was

added in the 1950s the total height is 4435 meters

Before the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11 2001 the Empire State building was the

second highest building in New York The Freedom Tower which is planned to be constructed on

Ground Zero will again be higher than the Empire State Building

Central Park

Central Park lies in Manhattan and covers an area of 34 kmsup2 (4 km times 800 m) It is one of the most

famous city parks and not only a popular oasis for New Yorkers but also for migrating birds

Short Answers

Using a short answer in English is more polite than just saying Yes No For further information check

out our grammar section

19

23Exercise Read the text again and answer the following questions with a short answer (The first sentence is given as an

example)

1 Is the Statue of Liberty made of copper ------------------------

2 Does the Statue of Liberty stand on Liberty Island ---------------------------

3 Is the Empire State Building more than 500 meters high ---------------------------

4 Can tourists go to the platform of the Empire State Building ---------------------------

5 Are there any birds in Central Park -----------------------------

Present ContinuousProgressive - Introduction

The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action

The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking

place only for a short period of time It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged

for the near future

Present progressive is also known as present continuous

Present ContinuousProgressive - Form

Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing

Use

am with the personal pronoun I

is with the personal pronouns he she or it (or the singular form of nouns)

are with the personal pronouns you we they (or the plural form of nouns)

affirmative negative question

I I am playing I am not playing Am I playing

he she it He is playing He is not playing Is he playing

20

you we they

You are playing You are not playing Are you playing

Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions

In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb

In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be

Present Continuous Progressive - Form

24Exercise on Form

Complete the table with the correct forms

affirmative negative question

I I am working

you You are jumping

he He is not dreaming

she Is she sleeping

it It is snowing

we Are we singing

you You are not fighting

they Are they reading

25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive

1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------

2 it to rain - --------------------------------

3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------

21

4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------

5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------

6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------

7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------

8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------

9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------

10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------

Present Perfect Simple

The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an

influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result

Form of Present Perfect

Positive Negative Question

I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken

he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken

For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example

after a final e only add d love ndash loved

final consonant after a short stressed vowel

or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled

admit ndash admitted

travel ndash travelled

final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried

Use of Present Perfect

puts emphasis on the result

Example She has written five letters

action that is still going on

Example School has not started yet

action that stopped recently

22

Example She has cooked dinner

finished action that has an influence on the present

Example I have lost my key

action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking

Example I have never been to Australia

26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action

1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------

2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------

3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------

4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------

5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------

6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------

7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------

8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------

9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------

10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------

27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores

1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------

2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------

4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------

5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------

6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------

7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------

8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------

9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------

10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------

28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury

1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------

23

3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------

4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------

5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------

7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------

9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------

29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple

1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------

6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------

8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)

1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today

2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp

3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet

4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------

5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters

6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time

7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school

8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet

9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss

10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet

31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning

Decide whether to use some or any

1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends

2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends

3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters

4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table

24

5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine

6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you

7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits

8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead

9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left

20

you we they

You are playing You are not playing Are you playing

Tips on how to form negative sentences and questions

In negative sentences we put not between the form of be and the verb

In questions we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be

Present Continuous Progressive - Form

24Exercise on Form

Complete the table with the correct forms

affirmative negative question

I I am working

you You are jumping

he He is not dreaming

she Is she sleeping

it It is snowing

we Are we singing

you You are not fighting

they Are they reading

25Present ContinuousProgressive - Form Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive

1 I to read a book - ------------------------------------

2 it to rain - --------------------------------

3 he to repair his bike - -----------------------------------

21

4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------

5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------

6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------

7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------

8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------

9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------

10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------

Present Perfect Simple

The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an

influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result

Form of Present Perfect

Positive Negative Question

I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken

he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken

For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example

after a final e only add d love ndash loved

final consonant after a short stressed vowel

or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled

admit ndash admitted

travel ndash travelled

final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried

Use of Present Perfect

puts emphasis on the result

Example She has written five letters

action that is still going on

Example School has not started yet

action that stopped recently

22

Example She has cooked dinner

finished action that has an influence on the present

Example I have lost my key

action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking

Example I have never been to Australia

26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action

1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------

2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------

3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------

4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------

5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------

6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------

7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------

8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------

9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------

10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------

27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores

1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------

2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------

4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------

5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------

6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------

7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------

8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------

9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------

10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------

28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury

1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------

23

3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------

4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------

5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------

7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------

9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------

29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple

1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------

6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------

8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)

1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today

2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp

3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet

4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------

5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters

6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time

7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school

8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet

9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss

10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet

31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning

Decide whether to use some or any

1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends

2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends

3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters

4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table

24

5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine

6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you

7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits

8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead

9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left

21

4 they to watch a film - -------------------------------------

5 the cat to sleep on the chair - -----------------------------

6 Jane and Emily to do their homework - -----------------------------

7 Bill to wait at the bus stop - ---------------------------------

8 we to listen to the radio - ---------------------------------

9 the children to play a game - ------------------------------

10 Laura to walk the dog - -----------------------------

Present Perfect Simple

The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently but has an

influence on the present It puts emphasis on the result

Form of Present Perfect

Positive Negative Question

I you we they I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken

he she it He has spoken He has not spoken Has he spoken

For irregular verbs use the participle form For regular verbs just add ldquoedrdquo

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding lsquoedrsquo

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example

after a final e only add d love ndash loved

final consonant after a short stressed vowel

or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled

admit ndash admitted

travel ndash travelled

final y after a consonant becomes i hurry ndash hurried

Use of Present Perfect

puts emphasis on the result

Example She has written five letters

action that is still going on

Example School has not started yet

action that stopped recently

22

Example She has cooked dinner

finished action that has an influence on the present

Example I have lost my key

action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking

Example I have never been to Australia

26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action

1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------

2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------

3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------

4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------

5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------

6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------

7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------

8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------

9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------

10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------

27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores

1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------

2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------

4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------

5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------

6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------

7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------

8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------

9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------

10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------

28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury

1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------

23

3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------

4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------

5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------

7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------

9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------

29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple

1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------

6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------

8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)

1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today

2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp

3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet

4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------

5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters

6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time

7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school

8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet

9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss

10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet

31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning

Decide whether to use some or any

1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends

2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends

3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters

4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table

24

5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine

6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you

7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits

8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead

9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left

22

Example She has cooked dinner

finished action that has an influence on the present

Example I have lost my key

action that has taken place once never or several times before the moment of speaking

Example I have never been to Australia

26Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write positive sentences in present perfect simple The following people have just completed an action

1 Bob visit his grandma ----------------------------------------------

2 Jimmy play on the computer ------------------------------------------

3 Sue and Walter wash their car -----------------------------------------------------

4 Andrew repair his bike -----------------------------------------------------

5 Phil help Anne with maths ----------------------------------------------------------

6 Brad and Louise watch a film ----------------------------------------------------------------

7 Tamara talk to her best friend -----------------------------------------------------------

8 Bridgette draw a picture ----------------------------------------------------------

9 Carol read a computer magazine -------------------------------------------------------------

10 Tom and Alice be to a restaurant -------------------------------------------------------------

27Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple Write negative sentences in present perfect simple The weather was wonderful today So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores

1 Sarah not wash the dishes ----------------------------------------------------------------

2 Anita not clean the kitchen -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

3 Maureen and Gavin not water the plants ----------------------------------------------------------------

4 Joey not make his bed -------------------------------------------------------------------

5 David not buy milk --------------------------------------------------------------

6 Lisa not be to the bakers -----------------------------------------------------------------

7 Aran and Jack not do their homework ---------------------------------------------------------------

8 Jane and Ben not tidy up their rooms ------------------------------------------------------------------

9 Alex not feed the hamster --------------------------------------------------------------------

10 Hazel not empty the bin -------------------------------------------------------------

28Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Sentences with never in Present Perfect Simple Write sentences in present perfect simple Place never before the main verb In a contest people get the chance to do something theyve never done before This is what the participants told the jury

1 Fergal never sail on the Pacific ------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 Rebecca never stay at a five-star hotel -----------------------------------------------------------------

23

3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------

4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------

5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------

7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------

9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------

29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple

1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------

6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------

8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)

1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today

2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp

3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet

4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------

5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters

6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time

7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school

8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet

9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss

10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet

31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning

Decide whether to use some or any

1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends

2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends

3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters

4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table

24

5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine

6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you

7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits

8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead

9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left

23

3 Jason never watch a world-cup final -------------------------------------------------------------------

4 Rachel and Gareth never climb Mount Kilimanjaro -------------------------------------------------

5 Elaine never see a whale --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6 Ruth never spend her holiday in Mexico --------------------------------------------------------------

7 Connor never be to Canada ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

8 Lisa and Holly never cycle around England ----------------------------------------------------------

9 Barry never drive a Ferrari -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 Clare never meet Mickey Mouse -----------------------------------------------------------------------

29Exercise on Present Perfect Simple

Questions in Present Perfect Simple Write questions in present perfect simple

1 you answer the question ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 Jenny lock the door --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3 Walter call us --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4 you see the picture ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5 your parents get the letter -------------------------------------------------------------------------

6 it rain a lot ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7 how often we sing the song --------------------------------------------------------------------------

8 Maureen watch the film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9 how many books Bob read ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 ever you be to London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

30Exercise on Present Perfect Simple Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple)

1 I (not work) ---------------------------------------------------today

2 We (buy) ---------------------------------------------------a new lamp

3 We (not plan) --------------------------------------------------our holiday yet

4 Where (be you) -----------------------------------------------

5 He (write) ---------------------------------------five letters

6 She (not see) ---------------------------------------------------him for a long time

7 (be you) ---------------------------------------------at school

8 School (not start) --------------------------------------------------yet

9 (speak he) ----------------------------------------------to his boss

10 No he (have not) ---------------------------------------the time yet

31Exercise on some and any - some - in affirmative sentences and questions where we expect the answer to be yes - any - in negative sentences and general questions also in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning

Decide whether to use some or any

1 Sue went to the cinema with ---------------------------------------------------of her friends

2 Jane doesnt have ------------------------------------------------friends

3 Have you got ---------------------------------------------brothers or sisters

4 I think you should put ---------------------------------------flowers on the table

24

5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine

6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you

7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits

8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead

9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left

24

5 Could you check if there are --------------------------------calls on the answering machine

6 Did they have --------------------------------------------news for you

7 Would you like ---------------------------------------biscuits

8 No thanks I think Ill have --------------------------------sandwiches instead

9 Im afraid there arent ----------------------------------sandwiches left