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Pronunciation: North vs. South
Standard North
‘foot’ [fUt] [fOt]
‘meat’ [mit] [met]
‘sun’ [sön] [sUn]
‘dance’ [dans] [dæns]
Dialect of East Anglia
5. He begun He has begun
He broke He has broke
He drunk He has drunk
He done He has done
He blew He has blew
He come He has come
He chose He has chose
Dialect of East Anglia
7. I wuz weren’t
you wuz weren’t
he wuz weren’t
we wuz weren’t
you wuz weren’t
they wuz weren’t
Dialect of East Anglia
Negative in’t (cf. ain’t)
I in’t a-comen. ‘I’m not coming.’
I in’t done it yet. ‘I haven’t done it yet.’
Dialect of East Anglia
New conjunctions
Go you and have a good wash time I git tea ready.
There weren’t no laburnum, yet no lilac.
The fruit and vegetables weren’t as big as last year, more weren’t the taters and onions.
Dialect of East Anglia
Old progressive formsI’m a-runnenyou’re a-runnenhe’s a-runnenwe’re a-runnenyou’re a-runnenthey’re a-runnen
He wus a-hitten on it. ‘He was hitting it.’I’m a-taken on em. ‘I’m taking them.’
South-Eastern American English
1. Inflected ‘be’(1) That’s how it bees.(2) It bes like that.
2. Omission of ‘be’(1) She nice.(2) They acting silly.
3. ‘Be’ perfect(1) You’re been there.(2) I’m forgot the food yesterday.
South-Eastern American English
4. A-prefixing(1) They came a-lookin’ for the possum.(2) She was a-huntin’ and a-fishin’.(3) Rex was at/on fishin’.
5. Leveling of past-past participle(1) I went – I had went(2) He done the work –
He have done the work(3) They drinked the beer -
They have drinked the beer
South-Eastern American English
6. NP-REL/PP < coordinate/collective NP < lexical NP < pronominal NP
(1) They barks(2) The dogs barks(3) People goes(4) Me and my dog likes to run(5) The dogs in the truck barks
South-Eastern American English
7. Double modals(1) He might could come.(2) He useto couldn’t count.
8. ‘Aint’ is commonly used in place of ‘haven’t’ and ‘aren’t’
(1) She ain’t there.(2) She ain’t never done no work.
South-Eastern American English
10. Was – weren‘t(1) I was I weren’t(2) You was you weren’t
11. ‘Y’all’ serves as a new plural pronoun
12. Regularization of ‘himself ’(1) He saw hisself in the mirror.
South-Eastern American English
13. Comparative forms of adjectives(1) (most) beautifulest(2) (most) awfulest(3) (more) older
11. The –ly marker of adverbs is often omitted.(1) I was exceptional scared.(2) I’m frightful bad at that.
12. Plural of quantified measure nouns(1) I caught 200 pound of flounder.(2) It’s four mile from here.
Mechanisms of language change
Simplifications
1. Omission of copula2. Omission of –ly3. Omission of plural –s after quantified Ns4. Omission of agreement –s
Mechanisms of language change
Analogical extensions/leveling
1. Loss of contrast: past and past PTC2. was – weren’t3. Plural –s for 3.person4. Hisself for himself
Mechanisms of language change
Expressivity
1. Double negation2. Double modals3. y’all4. more ADJ –er/-est4. ‘you’ in imperatives
British vs. American English
British American
[SEdyUl] [skEDUl]
['g{rID] [g@'ra:Z]
[lef'ten@nt]
[lu:'ten@nt]
[Et] [et]
[naID@r] [niD@r]
Gloss
schedule
garage
lieutenant
ate
neither
British vs. American English
Gloss
leisure
tomato
missile
fertile
fragile
British American
[lEZ@r] [liZ@r]
[t@mato] [t@meto]
[mIsaIl] [mIsl]
[fErtaIl] [fErtl]
[fr{DaIl] [fr{DIl]
British vs. American English
1. In American English, [t] has become a flap after stressed syllables, at the beginning of an unstressed syllable (e.g. butter).
2. In American English, [l] is stronger velarized at the end of a word (e.g. call).
3. In British English, [æ] has become [a] in many words.
4. Schwa is more centralized in American English (e.g. but).
British vs. American English
1. In American English, [t] has become a flap after stressed syllables, at the beginning of an unstressed syllable (e.g. butter).
2. In American English, [l] is stronger velarized at the end of a word (e.g. call).
3. In British English, [æ] has become [a] in many words.
4. Schwa is more centralized in American English (e.g. but).
British vs. American English
5. Most British dialects have lost postvocalic [r], while most American dialects have kept it (e.g. [ka] vs. [kar] ‘car’).
Labov 1972: rhotic varieties in NYC
Casual Speech
1 26 6 6
18
0
1020
3040
5060
70
lower class lower workingclass
middleworking class
upper workingclass
lower middleclass
upper middleclass
Labov 1972: rhotic varieties in NYC
Reading
510 11
17 20
30
0
1020
3040
5060
70
lower class lower workingclass
middleworking class
upper workingclass
lower middleclass
upper middleclass
Labov – Rhoticity in NYC
Word list
1016
24 25
60
43
0
10
20
3040
50
60
70
lower class lower workingclass
middleworking class
upper workingclass
lower middleclass
upper middleclass
British vs. American English
Plural of collective nouns
BritishThe hotel make a point of insulting their guests.The government are busy.
AmericanThe hotel makes a point of insulting their guests.The government is busy.
British vs. American English
Prepositions
British Americanbe in hospital be in the hospitalgo to university go to the universitybe in the class be in class
British vs. American English
Get - gotten
British AmericanI have got a pen. I have got a pen.
I have gotten a pen.
British vs. American English
Have-questions
BritishHave you a room of your own?
AmericanDo you have a room of your own?
British vs. American English
Subjunctive
BritishThe judge ordered that he should be held.
AmericanThe judged ordered that he be held.
British vs. American English
Do after auxiliary
BritishHave you read the paper yet? No, but I shall do.
American Have you read the paper yet? No, but I will.
British vs. American English
Ditransitives
British American
Give me it. Give me it.Give it me. *Give it me.
British vs. American English
Conjunctions
BritishI’ll come immediately my class is over.
AmericanI’ll come as soon as my class is over.
British vs. American English
British American
biscuitchipscrispsto grillmarrowmonkey nutsporridgesconesultanas
British vs. American English
British American
biscuit cookiechips french friescrisps potato chipsto grill to broilmarrow squashmonkey nuts peanutsporridge oat mealscone muffinsultanas raisins
British vs. American English
British American
jumper sweaterknickers (woman’s) underpantsnappy diaperpants underwearvest undershirtwaistcoat vest
British vs. American English
British American
high streetlollipop manlorrymotorwayreturn ticketroundaboutdiversion
British vs. American English
British American
high street main streetlollipop man school crossing guardlorry truckmotorway turnpikereturn ticket round-trip ticketroundabout traffic circlediversion detour
British vs. American English
British American
season-ticket holderno tippingvergewingzebraboot
bonnet caravan
British vs. American English
British American
season-ticket holder commuterno tipping no dumpingverge shoulder of roadwing fenderzebra pedestrian crossingboot trunk (of car)bonnet hoodcaravan trailer
British vs. American English
British American
cotcupboarddummydustbingarden off-license storeredundanciesslot machinesticking plasterill