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ENGLISH VOWELS. 組員 : 鄭李淑珠 na1c0015 楊小萱 na1c0027 李嘉麟. Transcription and phonetic dictionaries. Transcription: There are many different transcription of the vowels of English: Why: 1. Accents of English differ greatly in the vowels they use. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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ENGLISH VOWELS
組員 :鄭李淑珠 na1c0015楊小萱 na1c0027李嘉麟
TRANSCRIPTION AND PHONETIC DICTIONARIES
Transcription: There are many different transcription of the
vowels of English:Why: 1. Accents of English differ greatly in the
vowels they use. 2. There is no one right way of
transcribing even a single accent of English.
THE SET OF SYMBOLS USED DEPENDS ON THE REASON FOR MAKING THE TRANSCRIPTION.
For example: * Aiming to reduce English to the
smallest possible set of symbols: sheep; ship => [Gi:p]; [Gip] Luke; look => [lu:k]; [luk]
O: reducing the number of vowel symbols
X: only showing the differ in length , without in quality
* Noting both length and quality differences occur: sheep; ship => [Gi:p]; [GNp]
* Most phonetics instructors and this book prefer:
sheep; ship => [Gip]; [GNp]
Phonetic dictionaries:1. English Pronouncing Dictionary,
16th => EPD 16 (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2003) by Jones, Peter Roach, James
Hartman, Jane Setter * Both British and American
pronunciations ; and a CD
2. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
2nd edition => LPD 2 ( Harlow, U.K.: Pearson, 2000) by John Wells both British and American pronunciations
Both EPD 16 and LPD 2 use [Gi:p];[GNp]only the vowel of bird is different:
LPD 2 [M˜] EPD 16 [Mr]
3. Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)
by Clive Upton, William Kretzschmar and Rfal Konopka
It gives a wider range of both British and American pronunciations than EPD 16 & LPD 2, and it uses a larger set of symbols and a more allophonic transcription than the other two.
Each of the three dictionaries shows the pronunciations typically used by national newscasters:
Standard American Newscaster English
=> American English Standard BBC English => British EnglishCaribbeanBritish English [kWrN@biBn]American English [kB@rNbiBn]
VOWEL QUALITYProblems in describing vowels:1. The terms we are using are simply labels
that describe how vowels sound in relation to one another. They are not absolute descriptions of the position of the body of the tongue.
2. There are no distinct boundaries between one type of vowel and another.
had [W] he [i] [W–D–eN–i]
had – head – say - he he[i] had[W]
had [W] father [A]
Scottish English do not distinguish between the vowels in cam and calm. Speakers with these accents pronounce both had and father with a vowel about halfway between the usual Midwestern American pronunciation of these two vowels.
THE AUDITORY VOWEL SPACEThe positions of the vocal organs in the vowel and tongue moving cannot be said precisely, unless we use x-ray or MRI to monitor the tongue. Therefore, we often simply use labels for the auditory qualities of the different vowels.
heed
had
D headmid low front
father
who
The labels here describe the way one vowel sound relative to another, not the articulations. Linguists have used terms such as acute and grave instead of front and back in the description of vowels. But, for a variety of reasons, these terms did not become widely used.
AMERICAN AND BRITISH VOWELS
heed
hid
head
had
hay
father
author
good
food
balm
bomb
bought
bud