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WARNING: The technology herein is controlled by U.S. Export Administration Regulations. Any export or re-export of this technology must comply with the EAR.
Controlled by ECCN: 9E991 Date: 09-01-11
Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Enhanced Stall Recovery Procedure
Captain Philip AdrianChief Pilot Regulatory Affairs737 Chief Technical PilotThe Boeing Company
Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Enhanced Stall Recovery
Goal
To reduce the number of worldwide stall-related transport accidents
Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Enhanced Stall Recovery
Obstacles and Causes to meeting the goal
•Flight crews may not recognize stall situation
– Limited training exposure to stall recovery– Limited actual stall experience, simulator envelope validation– Precursors are often varied
•Flight crews may react inappropriately to stick shaker (SS) onset
– Some flight crews pull column aft at stick shaker (SS) onset– Some flight crews are unfamiliar with SS or its implications
Past training: minimize altitude loss
Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Enhanced Stall Recovery
FAA/Industry Working Group Deliverables
• Stall Recovery Template– ATR, Airbus, Boeing, Bombardier, Embraer
• Training– FAA Working Group– Boeing FOTB and FCTM Updates
• Simulators– Adequate to accomplish Approach to Stall– Recommend checks and improvements
• FAA Practical Test Standards (PTS)– First indication of an impending stall (added aural
and/or visual warnings)– It is expected that some loss of altitude will occur
during recovery
Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Enhanced Stall Recovery
Preliminary enhanced stall recovery emphasis changes:
Stall Recovery Considerations Traditional Procedures Delivered Procedures
Disconnect autothrottle/autopilot
A “note” in paragraph 1st step of procedure• Manual control is essential
Altitude and column Minimize Altitude Loss & Push
Nose down pitch control-ApplyNose down pitch trim-As needed• Reduce the angle of attack• Some altitude loss may be necessary
Thrust Maximum As needed• Max thrust can create pitch moment
CRM PM role not defined PM role clearly defined
Information presentation Paragraphs of guidance Procedural text
Actions(Boeing and Manufacturers Working Group)
Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Enhanced Stall Recovery
Preamble to Stall Recovery Template
•Pilot careers – We fly airplanes from various airplane manufacturers
•Manufacturers should attempt to find commonality among procedures
•The template should be used by current and future aircraft manufacturers
Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Enhanced Stall Recovery
Preamble to Stall Recovery Template (continued)
Process used in past initiatives:
Label the differences, find commonalities, create a simple, easy to understand template
•Upset Recovery Training Aid
•Stabilized Approach Recommendations Flight Safety Foundation)
•Smoke, Fire and Fumes industry template for Non Normal Checklist
Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Enhanced Stall Recovery
Preamble to Stall Recovery Template (continued)
•Label the differences – Stick pushers vs. stick shakers
– Turboprops vs. turbojets
– wing mounted engines vs. tail mounted engines
– Fly-by-wire vs. non-fly-by-wire
•Find the commonalities
•Create a simple, easily understandable Stall Recovery Template
Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Enhanced Stall Recovery
Preamble to Stall Recovery Template (continued)
•Rationale for each step is included
•Configuration changes are not included in the template
– Specific procedure for a particular airplane, OEM will provide guidance
•Manufacturers
– Deviate from template if the airplane's operating characteristics require it
Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Enhanced Stall Recovery
Stall Recovery Template (With Rationale)
• Publish procedural steps, followed by
• Rationale
– Purpose of the step
– Reason for its sequential placement
Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Enhanced Stall Recovery
Stall Recovery Template (With Rationale)
•Apply to the majority of today’s airplanes– May deviate due to specific airplane
characteristics
•Typical difference– Configuration changes (such as flap extension)
could be required at a specific point during the procedure
Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Enhanced Stall Recovery
Stall Recovery Template (With Rationale)
Immediately do the following at the first indication of stall (buffet, stick shaker, stick pusher, or aural or visual indication) during any flight phases except at lift off
Note: Manufacturer’s Lift-Off procedures vary by airplane
Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Enhanced Stall Recovery
Stall Recovery Template
1. Autopilot and autothrottle…………….…Disconnect
2. a) Nose down pitch control……………..Apply untilout of stall (no longer have stall indications)
b) Nose down pitch trim…….…………. As Needed
3. Bank………………………………..…….Wings Level
4. Thrust …………………………………….As Needed
5. Speed brakes…………………….…………...Retract
6. Return to the desired flight path
Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved. Enhanced Stall Recovery
Immediately do the following at the first indication of stall (buffet, stick shaker, stick pusher, or aural or visual indication) during any flight phases except at lift off
Note: Manufacturer’s Lift Off procedures varies by airplane.
1 Autopilot and autothrottle……………………...Disconnect
Rationale While maintaining the attitude of the aircraft, disconnect the autopilot and autothrottle. Ensure the pitch attitude does not change adversely when disconnecting the autopilot. This may be very important in mis-trim situations. Manual control is essential to recovery in all situations. Leaving one or the other connected may result in in-advertent changes or adjustments that may not be easily recognized or appropriate, especially during high workload situations.
Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved. Enhanced Stall Recovery
2 a) Nose down pitch control…Apply until out of stall (no longer have stall indications)
b) Nose down pitch trim..……………………...As needed
Rationale a) The priority is reducing the angle of attack. There have been numerous situations where flight crews did not prioritize this and instead prioritized power and maintaining altitude. This will also address autopilot induced full back trim.
b) If the control column does not provide the needed response, stabilizer trim may be necessary. However, excessive use of pitch trim can aggravate the condition, or may result in loss of control or in high structural loads
Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved. Enhanced Stall Recovery
3 Bank………………………………………………..Wings level
Rationale This orientates the lift vector for recovery.
4 Thrust……………………………………………….As needed
Rationale During a stall recovery, many times maximum power is not needed. When stalling, the thrust can be at idle or at high thrust, typically at high altitude. Therefore, the thrust is to be adjusted accordingly during the recovery. For engines installed below the wing, applying maximum thrust can create a strong nose up pitching moment, if speed is low. For aircraft with engines mounted above the wings, thrust application creates a helpful pitch down tendency. For propeller driven aircraft, thrust application energizes the air flow around the wing, assisting in stall recovery.
Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved. Enhanced Stall Recovery
5 Speed brakes………………………………………..…Retract
Rationale This will improve lift and stall margin.
6 Return to the desired flight path
Rationale Apply gentle action for recovery to avoid secondary stalls then return to desired flight path.
Copyright © 2011 Boeing. All rights reserved.
Enhanced Stall Recovery
Thank you