Enhancing Farmers’ Income through Water Management Technologies developed

under AICRP on Irrigation Water Management

(Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha)

Presented by

Dr. P. Nanda (Principal Scientist)

ICAR - Indian Institute of Water Management Bhubaneswar

1. Broad Bed Furrow Vs Conventional Sowing Method in Different Crops

(Powarkheda)

Seed yield (kg/ha) and WUE of kharif crops under different sowing methods (Pooled data for 3 years)

Sr. No. Treatments

Seed yield (kg/ha) Mean SEY

WUE (kg/ha-cm) 2011-12 2012-13 2014-15 Mean

1 Sorghum in BBF 4389 2857 3333 3526 3526 47.39 2 Sorghum in Conv. 3727 2057 3105 2963 2963 39.19 3 Sesame in BBF 539 091 363 0331 1765 5.72 4 Sesame in Conv. 469 069 267 0268 1429 4.59 5 Soybean in BBF 278 832 447 0519 1038 11.83 6 Soybean in Conv. 294 664 409 0456 912 9.92

• Sorghum yield with BBF sowing = 3526 kg/ha & conventional = 2963 kg/ha) • Net monetary returns in Sorghum-Wheat Crop Sequence= Rs. 46783/ha

• Wheat– sorghum sequence proved superior with max. WEY = 7269 kg/ha • Sorghum – wheat crop sequence gave additional net return of Rs. 34,160 /ha with

B:C ratio of 1.75 in Tribal block – Kesla.

Treatments (crop

sequence)

Wheat equivalent

yield (kg/ha)

Net monetary returns (Rs/ha)

B:C ratio

Wheat – Sorghum

7269 46783 1.75

Wheat – Sesame

5155 14525 1.23

Wheat – Soybean

5265 12623 1.19

Sorghum in Broad Bed Furrow – 180/30 cm

2. Irrigation Scheduling in Paddy Under SRI (ORP) (Powarkheda)

Based on 5 years data, seed yield of rice under SRI with irrigation at 1 DADPW = 4847 kg/ha.

WUE = 92.3 kg/ha-cm Net returns = Rs. 80447 /ha) B:C ratio = 2.23)

Details

Table: Mean seed yield, WUE and economics return at farmers field (pooled of 5 years)

Treatments Seed yield (kg/ha) WUE (kg/ha-cm)

NMR (₹/ha)

B:C ratio 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Mean

Irri. @ 1 DADPW + SRI 4555 5353 4880 4930 4520 4847 92.3 80447 2.23

Irri. @ 1 DADPW +

Transplanting 4087 4713 4450 4462 4346 4411 84.0 67367 2.03

Submergence + traditional

practice 4555 4475 3810 3997 4198 4207 62.3 65247 2.07

Irrigation at 1 DADPW with 55% adoption gave an additional net profit of Rs. 15200/- as compared to traditional method.

COST OF CULTIVATION: • 1 DADPW + SRI = Rs. 64963 /ha

• DADPW + Transplanting = ₹ 64963 /ha

• Continuous submergence + Traditional

practice = Rs. 60963 /ha • Depth of irrigation = 7.5

SRI with 1 DADPW Irrigation (ORP-2) SRI with 1 DADPW Irrigation (ORP-1)

3. Irrigation And Fertilizer Management In Wheat With Zero Tillage (Powarkheda)

Treatments Grain yield

(kg/ha)

Depth of water (cm)

WUE (kg/ha-

cm)

Cost of culti. ( Rs. )

Gross income ( Rs. )

Net income ( Rs. )

B:C ratio

Irrigation levels I1 – Irri. at 0.6 IW/CPE 2571 22.5 (3) 114.2 30326 38565 8239 1.27 I2 – Irri. at 0.8 IW/CPE 3110 22.5 (3) 138.2 30326 46650 16324 1.53 I3 – Irri. at 1.00 IW/CPE 4094 30 (4) 136.5 31326 61410 30084 1.96 I4 – Irri. at 1.20 IW/CPE 4317 37.5 (5) 115.1 32326 64755 32429 2.00

Nitrogen splitting N1 - 50% of recomm. dose as basal + 50 % at 1st Irri. Through Urea.

3587 23.1 155.28 31076 53805 22729 1.73

N2 - 50% of recomm. dose as basal + 25 % at 1st Irri. + 25 % at 2nd Irri. Through Urea

3523 23.1 152.51 31076 52845 21769 1.70

N3 - 34% of recomm. dose as basal + 33 % at 1st Irri. + 33 % at 2nd Irri. Through Urea.

3470 23.1 150.21 31076 52050 20974 1.67

Irrigation and nitrogen management in wheat with zero tillage

Irrigation at 1.2 IW/CPE ratio

• Highest wheat crop under zero tillage = 4317 kg/ha with irrigation at 1.2 IW/CPE. • Highest WUE = 138.2 kg/ha-cm with 1.0 IW/CPE ratio • Max. net return = Rs. 32429 /ha and B:C ratio = 2 with the irrigation at 1.2 IW/CPE. • The effect of splitting of nitrogen was found to be non-significant.

4. Sprinkler Irrigation in Wheat in Tribal Region (Jabalpur)

Status before Intervention in Bichhua village Farmer adopted technology Project Demonstration

Crop Yield t/ha

Wheat Equivalent

Yield

Yield (t/ha)

Water Applied

(cm)

Water Productivity

(kg/m3)

Yield (t/ha)

Water Applied

(cm)

Water Productivity

(kg/m3)

Wheat 1.2 1.2 31.42 28 1.12 3.67 30 1.22

Pea 0.62 1.65 25.60 26 0.98 3.19 28 1.14

Mustard 0.65 1.74 33.68 30 1.13 3.57 32 1.20

Average 0.82 1.53 30.23 28 1.08 3.48 30 1.19

Table. Water productivity of Wheat in Farmer practice and Improved practice

Per quintal rate Pea @ ₹ 4000, Mustard @ ₹ 3300 and Wheat @ ₹ 1500

Positive impact of intervention has been observed on productivity of wheat with 36 % rise.

A significant change of 1.19 kg/m3 in water productivity in technological deprived area was observed.

With sprinkler irrigation to HYV of wheat GW273, the WEY up surged from 1.6 t/ha to 3.07 t/ha.

Successful technology application have increased the wheat yields to 3.5 t/ha even in tribal area.

Still there is a possibility of enhancement of yield by 20% as per potential. This may be achieved by adoption of scientific recommendations at full.

Treatments Grain yield (t/ha)

Stover yield (t/ha)

Gross income

(x 103 Rs. /ha)

Net return (x 103 Rs.

/ha)

Total water use

(m-3 litre/ha)

Water productivity

(kg /grain-m3)

SOWING METHODS CT 4.12 4.70 76.48 38.33 3712 1.11 ZT 4.37 5.03 81.73 49.48 3501 1.25

50% RRSHS 4.54 5.38 85.38 44.63 3401 1.34 100% RRSHS 4.60 5.44 86.47 37.62 3315 1.39

IRRIGATION LEVEL 3 Irrigation 4.12 4.86 77.41 40.72 2945 1.40 4 Irrigation 4.52 5.12 84.29 45.00 3444 1.31 5 Irrigation 4.64 5.46 87.14 45.25 4035 1.15

CT-Conventional Tillage, ZT-Zero Tillage, RRSHS-Residue Retention Sowing through Happy Seeder

5. Residue Management & Irrigation Level in Wheat-Pearlmillet Crop Sequence (Morena)

100% residue + weedicide & interculture tractor operated ridge furrow maker

Zero tillage sowing after cutting of pearlmillet from 5cm above ground

Crop after germination on 100% residue retention of pearlmillet

100% RRSHS gave max. wheat yield = 4.60 t/ha but ZT gave max. net income = Rs. 49480.

While 5 irrigations yielded max. 4.64 t/ha with max. net income = Rs. 45250.

6. Effect of Precision Land Levelling on Pigeonpea under Pigeonpea-Wheat Cropping - Head Reach of Canal

(Morena)

S. No Particulars Farmers

Practice Improved Practice

1. Name of variety ICPL-88039 ICPL-88039 2. Nutrient applied (N:P:K kg/ha) 20:60:40 20:60:40

3. No. and sources of irrigation 1 Canal + 1 Groundwater

2 (Canal) + 1 (Groundwater)

4. Effective rainfall (cm) 405 405 5. Total water applied (cm) 140 100 6. Method of irrigation (cm) Flood Boarder strip 7. Grain yield (t/ha) 1.78 1.95 8. Straw yield (t/ha) 6.13 6.32

9. Gross returns (x 000 ₹ /ha) 88.5 96.5

10. Net profit (x 000 ₹ /ha) 59.1 66.6 11. Water prod. (kg/grain-m3) 0.329 0.386

7. Effect Precision Land Levelling on Wheat after Harvest of Pigeonpea - Head Reach of Canal (Morena)

S. No. Particulars Farmers

Practice Improved Practice

1. Name of variety GW-366 GW-366 2. Nutrient applied (N:P:K:Zn kg/ha) 120:60:40:5 120:60:40:5

3. No. and sources of irrigation 2 (Canal) + 1 (Ground Water)

2 (Canal) + 1 (Ground Water)

4. Effective rainfall (cm) 9.77 9.77 5. Total water applied (cm) 36.52 30.61 6. Method of irrigation (cm) Flood Boarder strip 7. Grain yield (t/ha) 3.90 4.48 8. Straw yield (t/ha) 5.30 5.96

9. Total cost of production (Rs./ha) 43,265 45,115

10. Net profit (Rs. /ha) 34,411 43,761 11. WUE (q grain/ha-cm) 1.07 1.46

8. Effect of Precision Land Levelling on Paddy under Paddy-Wheat Cropping - Head Reach of Canal (Morena)

S. No Particulars Farmers

Practice Improved Practice

1. Name of variety PUSA-1509 PUSA-1509

2. Nutrient applied (N:P:K :Zn kg/ha) 120:60:40:5 120:60:40:5

3. Sources of irrigation Canal + Ground Water

Canal + Ground Water

4. Effective rainfall (mm) 405 405 5. Total water applied (mm) 503 393 6. Method of irrigation (cm) Flood Check basin 7. Grain yield (t/ha) 4.63 5.48 8. Straw yield (t/ha) 5.57 6.49

9. Gross returns (x 000 Rs. /ha) 69.9 82.7

10. Net profit (x 000 Rs. /ha) 33.4 47.1 11. Water prod. (kg grain m-3) 0.510 0.687

9. Effect of Zero Tillage Sowing of Mustard in Conserved Moisture just after Harvest of Paddy - Mid Reach of Canal (Morena)

1. Name of variety NRCDR-2 NRCDR-2

2. Nutrient applied (N:P:S kg/ha) 60:40:40 60:40:40

3. Source of irrigation Canal Canal

4. Effective rainfall (mm) 9 9

5. Total water applied (mm) 65 59

6. Method of irrigation (cm) Flood Boarder strip

7. Grain yield (t/ha) 1.52 1.94

8. Straw yield (t/ha) 3.11 3.94

9. Total cost prod. (x 000 /ha) 21.43 16.83

10. Net profit (x 000 /ha) 28.04 41.16

11. Total water use (m-3 water) 2117 2080

12. Water prod. (kg grain m-3) 0.718 0.931

10. Effect of Ridge Furrow (Intercultural Operation & Water Conservation Practices) in Pearl millet - Tail Reach

S. No. Particulars Farmers Practice Improved

Practice

1. Name of variety Hybrid Hybrid

2. Nutrient applied (N:P:S kg/ha)

80:40:20 80:40:20

3. Sources of irrigation Canal + tubewell Canal + tubewell

4. Effective rainfall (mm) 171 171

5. Total water applied (mm) 140 105

6. Method of irrigation (cm) Flooding Ridge furrow

7. Grain yield (t/ha) 2.85 3.97

8. Straw yield (t/ha) 7.27 9.83

9. Total cost prod. (x 000 ₹/ha) 19.92 20.77

10. Net profit (x 000 ₹/ha) 23.68 39.78

11. Water prod. (kg/grain-m3) 0.793 1.223 Crop stand at maturity

Laser land levelling

Conclusion: Farm Trials Conducted at Chambal Canal Command Area

1. From the results of above mentioned experiments the beneficial crop rotations are –

a) At head reach = pigeonpea – wheat followed by paddy – wheat b) At mid reach = pigeonpea -wheat followed by clusterbean – wheat c) At tail reach = clusterbean - barley followed by pearlmillet – mustard and

pearlmillet – chickpea.

2. Impact of laser leveling on yield raised from 7.8 to 11.2% and increase in water productivity from 5.0 to 12.0%.

3. Among irrigation methods, broad bed and furrow was found best in terms of yield

(8 to 22% in kharif season crops and 6 to 14% in rabi season crops), economic benefits and water productivity in all head, mid and lower reaches of canal command area in all crops except paddy.

11. Irrigation and Fertigation on late sown wheat (Bilaspur)

Treatments Yield (q/ha)

WEE (kg/ha-cm)

Net Profit ( ₹ )

2012 2013 2014 2015 Mean Mean Mean 60:40:20 (NPK kg/ha) 24.59 28.68 36.74 36.04 31.51 132.81 26863 80:50:30 (NPK kg/ha) 29.78 33.30 42.12 40.33 36.38 152.94 33249 100:60:40 (NPK kg/ha) 34.20 34.70 47.23 41.83 39.49 166.01 37234 CD% 4.38 1.45 2.02 1.64 2.79 5 irrigations at CRI, Tillering, late jointing, flowering and milk stage 32.96 37.44 43.81 43.17 39.35 125.13 37310

4 irrigations at CRI, Tillering, flowering and milk stage 30.10 34.52 42.83 40.42 36.97 147.26 34009

3 irrigations at CRI, late jointing, and milk stage 28.49 31.05 41.44 38.20 34.80 161.87 31154

2 irrigations at CRI, and flowering 26.40 25.90 39.64 35.83 31.94 206.73 27205 C.D% 3.29 2.32 1.40 1.61 2.37

Variety: HD 2932 ; Design: Strip ; Replication:4 ; Depth of irrigation: 6 cm

Recommendations: The farmers of Chhattisgarh plain, which

are frequented by hot summer and mild winters, are advised to irrigate at CRI, Tillering, late jointing, flowering and milk stages if enough water is available. In case of limited water, irrigation at CRI and flowering stages are beneficial.

Provide irrigation according to different growth stages since it enhances the yield by 19% and saves 14% of water as compared to traditional cultivation.

Results: Under different level of irrigation 5

irrigatios produced higher grain yield (3.94 t/ha) and higher net return of ₹ 37310/- per ha with 125.13 kg/ha-cm WEE followed by 4 irrigations which gave 3.68 t/ha grain yield ₹ 34009/-per ha net profit with 147.26 kg/ha-cm WEE.

Under different levels of fertility on wheat, 100:60:40 kg/ha yielded higher grain yield of 3.95 t/ha and higher net return of ₹ 37234/- per ha with 166.01 kg/ha-cm WEE followed by 80:50:30, kg/ha.

A view of wheat experiment

12. Drip Irrigation and Mulch on Capsicum (Bilaspur)

Treatment. Plant height (cm)

No. of branch /plant

Periphery of fruit

(cm)

Length of fruit (cm)

Wt. /fruit

(g)

WE (cm)

WEE (kg/ha-

cm)

Yield (t/ha)

100% PE (Main) 35.38 5.15 20.45 7.47 73.00 32.8 149.7 4.91

80% PE 33.82 4.97 19.32 6.48 67.94 26.7 172.2 4.60

(Sub) No Mulch 31.88 4.70 17.33 6.28 65.00 34.7 97.8 3.39 Mulch with 50 micron LLDPE black film 38.69 5.41 22.63 8.33 108.33 27.3 224.1 6.12

Mulch with 50 micron LLDPE red film 35.42 5.16 20.18 7.21 80.83 27.3 187.8 5.13

Mulch with 50 micron LLDPE blue film

36.56 5.30 21.41 7.76 93.33 27.3 216.2 5.93

Mulch with 50 micron LLDPE transparent film

34.25 4.16 19.18 6.81 75.00 27.3 156.0 4.26

Mulch with organic material (paddy straw) 33.80 4.83 18.60 6.53 70.00 34.7 136.1 3.72

Fertilizer Dose: 100:60:40 N: P: K, kg/ha ; Replication: 3

Results: Under different levels of irrigation, the treatment 100% PE gave significantly

higher length of fruit (7.47 cm) than 80% PE. Under different mulch, black film gave higher plant height (38.69 cm), No. of

branch/plant (5.41), periphery of fruit (22.63 cm) and length of fruit (8.33 cm) than others.

In case of weight of fruit (109.33 g) in black was significantly higher than all other treatments.

Fruit yield with 100% PE was 4.91 t/ha with 149.7 kg/ha-cm WEE followed by 80 % PE 4.60 t/ha with 172.2 kg/ha-cm WEE.

Yield of Capsicum (var. gossum l)

Studies conducted at Chiplima to assess the feasibility and performance of different crops/fishes culture in chronically water logged eco-system of Hirakud Command showed that by making land configuration into pond, water channel, bunds and field for growing of rice in field, water chestnut in water channel and vegetable on bunds along with fish culture can result in to gross income of Rs.45,000/- . The system can raise the farm income and provide scope for nutritional security as a variety of crops can be harvested from a single unit with profit.

Multiple use of water resources

Raised bed sunken bed system in the experimental/ demonstration plot

Application of RDF (80:40:40) + 5 kg Zn/ha + 0.2 % B as foliar

spray (2 nos.) along with irrigation at three rainless days interval recorded higher yield (4.16 t/ha) over other treatment combinations.

Application of RDF (80:40:40) + 5 kg Zn/ha + 0.2 % B as foliar spray (2 nos.) along with irrigation at 7 rain less days interval recorded higher water use efficiency (6.99 kg/ha-mm) as compared to other treatment combinations.

Salient findings

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