Unit One:Enlightenment and Transatlantic Revolutions

September 06, 2019

Turn in: Nothing

Do Now: Have out your notebooks (or paper) and something to write with.

Objective: To understand the historical events that led up to what is called the "Modern Era".

What factors cause cultural shifts (large scale changes in society)?

Before we get to the "Modern Era..."

Three key steps, or parts, to what led Latin America and Europe to the "Early Modern Era" -or- the Enlightenment.

Step 1: The Fall of Rome

Step 2: Constant struggles over political rights and class structures

Step 3: Failed conflicts, wars, and revolutions slowly eroded the system.

How did Rome go from the greatest and largest empire the world had ever seen, to dissintegrating at its core?

Could this happen to us???

Take yourself back to Rome, 475 C.E.

The fall of the Roman Empire

• Many reasons for the fall..

• Key reasons:

1. Invasion of Barbarian tribes

2. The rise of the Eastern Empire (Byzantine)

3. The spread of Christianity

4. Corruption, military overspending, and over expanding

Barbarian Tribes

Early Christianity

• Pre-313 AD: persecution of Christian groups

• In 313 AD, the Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan, which accepted Christianity: 10 years later, it had become the official religion of the Roman Empire.

• Growing divide between religion and empire.

• Edward Gibbon- Sighted the religion as a weakness

Side effects of the fall•Progress went backwards - people could see the old work but could not recreate it

•General size and skill of life decreases

•Trade disruption; loss of common currency

•Decline of cities: population shifts out to regressive, agrarian society

•Decline of arts and learning; loss of a common language

•All this leads to a major, disunifying void - eventually this is filled by Christianity

• Politically there’s still a gap, which makes life very dangerous and leads to power for those who can fight (Heirarchy)

Step One:

The turmoil caused by the fall of Rome led to a rigid hierarchical social system in which peasants routinely gave up multiple freedoms to be protected by the upper classes

FeudalismIdea of feudalism: vs. Reality

Middle Ages

• The medieval period of European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance -sometimes referred to as the "Dark Ages."

• Charlemagne, the Emperor of Romans (800 CE)

• Declaration of Magna Carta (1215 CE)

• The Black Death (1348-1350 CE)

Magna Carta

• First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury to make peace between the unpopular King and a group of rebel barons

• It promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons.

What does this remind us of?

'Ring Around the Rosie"...

September 09, 2019

Turn in: Student Survey

Do Now: On the left side your notebooks/paper, list some of the effects of the Fall of Rome.

Objective: Analyze cultural aspects of the Renaissance era

Review!What were the effects of the Fall of the Roman Empire?

Effects simplified:

•Decline in quality of life: length, skill, etc.

•Backwards progress

•Rise in Christianity

•Hierarchy of power

Step Two:(on our way to the modern Era)

• During the 14th century, a cultural movement called humanism began to gain momentum in Italy.

• Among its many principles, humanism promoted the idea that man was the center of his own universe, and people should embrace human achievements in education, classical arts, literature and science.

Humanism

•Origins: Francisco Petrarch, Italy• studying classical Greek/Roman works.

• Started as an upper-class movement• Access

• Idea of man being of great importance, rather than the divine.

Question:If man is now the center of his own world (the main focus), what implications do you think Humanism had on the Church/Christianity?

How did we go from THAT to this?

• Secular curiosity. (Questioning)

• Increasing literacy rates-(Looking back at what came before.)

• Thinking about the individual

• Remember that pyramid? Was it about the individual??

Renaissance (1304-1588)

• A time of revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models (Greek and Roman)

• The word "Renaissance" means rebirth.

• Closely associated with Florance Italy – due to abundant riches.

• Most famous for art and architecture• Michael Angelo, Leonardo Davinci, Rafael

Renaissance Art

• Attention to detail, anatomy, and realism.

• No more scary looking babies!

Renaissance Science

Innovations of the Renaissance

• Printing press!

• Arguably the single most important development in the history of Europe.

• Johannes Gutenberg developed movable type in the 1440s in Germany.

• Printed the Gutenberg Bible in 1455 (translated)

• First printed ads were seen in 1466

• Allowed the masses to be educated, read, and form opinions- this greatly hurt priests/the Catholic Church.

• Led to social upheaval- The Reformation!

Renaissance and Reformation

• Increase in literacy rates meant people could share and receive more and more ideas.

• New ways of thinking about Christianity began to emerge.

• A man named Martin Luther saw a problem with the Catholic Church• Indulgences

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

• German born

• Translated the common bible into German- made it more accessible.

• Nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the town's church

• Due to Renaissance innovations, his ideas were able to spread

• Luther’s challenge produced a storm within the church that eventually drove him to reject some Catholic beliefs and organize his own church

• Led to the creation of Protestantism

95 Theses- As a primary source:

• In your table group, analyze the section of the 95 Theses that you were given.

• Once you have read them all:

• Identify the point Luther was trying to make, then discuss the implications of that point (what effect might it have on society and the Church).

• What might it say about society at the time?

• Be prepared to share.

What kind of Reform did Luther want? What were his main ideas?

Homework:

•Go back through your lecture notes and make comments, questions, or connections if you have not done so already.

• (It is always great practice to review your notes)

September 10, 2019

• Turn In:

• Do now: On the left side of your notebook/notes, describe Humanism and its effect on Renaissance society. What did it lead to?

• Objective: Understand the view of women during the Renaissance and Reformation.

Women and Science/Education

• Middle ages: concept of women- very traditional roles.

- Little to no education

- Marriage and children at a young age

- Only other option was the Church

• Early 15th century, new opportunities for women in the secular realm began to emerge. Push towards humanism (for the elite women).

Women:

• Debates on the nature of women:

• Querelles des femmes- arguments about women.• Women seen as prone to vice or sin, easily swayed, sexually

motivated, therefore men needed to control them.• Women began to argue against these things- stating that

they could participate in education and rational thought.• Female anatomy- scientific evidence of inferiority (larger

pelvis for child bearing)

Did women have a Renaissance?

• Up for debate.

• Did they experience cultural liberations?

• Did they participate in the developments of the arts?

The role of women was a very scarce role.

Women were supposed to be seen and not heard. Women were to be prim and proper, the ideal women. Females were able to speak their minds, but their thoughts and ideas were shaped by men.

Homework:

• Read pages 476-479 (Stopping at Copernicus) in your new books on the Scientific Revolution. Take notes as you read.

September 12, 2019

• Turn in: Nothing! Have out you reading from last night.

• Do Now: In your notes, answer: What was women's role in Renaissance/Reformation Society?

• Objective: Examine the Scientific Revolution and its impact on society!

Renaissance and Science

• Ideas of humanism- focus on the sciences and education.

• Focus on inward thinking- who are we? What are we? HOWare we? And, where are we?

These ideas lead us to.....

Renaissance Science- Scientific Revolution!

• Drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries.

• A new view of nature emerged during the Scientific Revolution, replacing the Greek view that had dominated science for about 2,000 years.

• Huge leaps in astronomy- and how we view the universe!

What caused the Scientific Revolution?

• Ideas of Humanism- Going back to previous works (Greek & Roman)

• Technological innovations from the renaissance helped establish and spread this new process of more critical thinking.• The printing press (major)• Telescope, microscope• The study of mathematics (from the ancient greeks), c

Revolution Scientists and their Contributions:

1. Go back through your assigned document and identify key contributions of your scientist.

2. Then complete the significance portion.

Next: Meet up with your same color!

1. Find some one near you with the same color -discuss what you wrote for the "Significance" portion.

2. Make sure you are on track with one another!

Now: Go back to your table

1. Work as a table group and fill out the rest of your chart.

2. We will discuss so be prepared to share!

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

• Englishman- considered

the greatest scientist of

the scientific revolution.

•Invented calculus,

studied the laws of

gravitation (published in

his work, Principia) in it,

he established the three

laws of motion

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

• Taught mathematics at university.

• First European to use a telescope to make observations of the stars

• Disproved that the “heavens” were made of ethereal materials but were in fact made of earthly materials.

• He was eventually condemned for his beliefs and adherence to the Copernican system and forced under house arrest for the remainder of his life.

Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)

• From Poland, studied math and astronomy.

• Completed a work- “On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres”• Believed in a heliocentric

version of the universe.

• Sun at center with 8 spheres rotating around. Still believed in the heavenly realms.

• How do you think the Church took Copernicus' interpretation of the Universe?

Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673)

• Was an English aristocrat, philosopher, poet, scientist, fiction-writer, and playwright

• Theology outside science

• Education for women

• She was the first woman to attend a meeting at the Royal Society of London in 1667

Homework:

• SS: None! Whoo!

• ELA: None!

September 13, 2019

Turn in: Nothing

Do Now: In your notes/notebook: What were some of the innovations/contributions of the Scientific Revolution?

Objective: Examine how changing culture created conflicts that changed the power dynamics in Europe.

Magellan (c. 1480-1521) and his travels

• In search of fame and fortune, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain in 1519 with a fleet of five ships to discover a western sea route to the Spice Islands.

• During his trip, he discovered what is now known as the Strait of Magellan and became the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean.

• Magellan himself was killed in battle on the voyage, but his expedition proved that the globe could be circled by sea and that the world was much larger than had previously been thought.

What impact (political, social, etc.) does the concept of the world being larger and traversable have?

Step Three:

• A number of failed conflicts, which saw little gain for almost all social classes, slowly eroded the system (pyramid)!

Thirty Years' War• The Thirty Years’ War was a 17th-century religious conflict fought primarily in central

Europe. It remains one of the longest and most brutal wars in human history, with more than 8 million casualties

• - resulting from military battles as well as from the famine and disease caused by the conflict.

• Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II in his role as king of Bohemia, attempted to impose Roman Catholic absolutism on his domains, and the Protestant nobles of both Bohemia and Austria rose up in rebellion.

• As the Thirty Years’ War progressed, it became less about religion and more about which group would ultimately control and govern Europe. In the end, the conflict changed the geopolitical face of Europe and the role of religion and nation-states in society.

Impacts of the Thirty Years War

• England Establishes a model for civil liberties in Europe.

• "No taxation without representation"

• Demonstrates the need for a balance of power in Europe.

- Wars about religion begin to decline and politics become more important

- HUGE percentage of peasant population in Central Europe is dead

- The idea of peace treaties established

- Swiss neutrality is recognized..

Absolutism

• A political theory that absolute power should be vested in one or more rulers.

• Gaining popularity across Europe at this time. (Rulers before)

• The most familiar assertion of absolutism was made by King Louis XIV (1643–1715) of France when he said, “I am the state”.

• “I have no intention of sharing my authority”“L’état, c’est moi.” (I am the state)“One king, one law, one faith.”“The interests of the state must come first”

Absolutism

What in the world was going on around the rest

of the world??

Rebellion in Latin America

• Series of minor revolts throughout Latin America in the 18th century

• Tend to be amongst oppressed workers/natives

• Normally not a threat unless they disrupted cities/the economy.

• Most famous revolt is that of Tupac Amaru II in Peru•Rallied peasants, natives, and other lower class creoles in guerilla warfare.

Tupac- Last indigenous monarch

- Executed and strewn about town by the Spanish for his action in the rebellion

What factors seem to influence political violence (war)/rebellion?

And that brings us to.....

The Enlightenment

Previous steps culminating in the beginning of free, modern social thought, constructs, and norms!

The modern era.

Lets wrap our brains around this...

The Fall of Rome

(476 CE)

Charlemagne(800)

Black Death(1348-1350)

Renaissance1304-1588

The Enlightenment

(1658-1815)

Thirty Years War

The Printing

press(1440s)

The Middle Ages

Scientific Revolution

Enlightenment Defined:

• European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition.

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.

• Five main concepts behind their beliefs

• Reason – truth could be discovered through logic or reasoning

• Nature – what was natural was also good

• Happiness – be happy here and now

• Progress – mankind can always improve

• Liberty – the French philosophes wanted the same liberties that the English had won through Bill of Rights, etc.

Paris

Disagree or Agree?

1. Humans are naturally reasonable beings.

2. Humans are inherently good.

3. Government has a responsibility to respect the rights of its citizens.

4. There are universal laws that govern the way humans behave.

Homework:

Read pages 503-505 (Stopping at Philosophes) and take notes in your notebook.

Due Monday

September 16, 2019

• Turn in: Nothing.

• Do Now: Respond in your notes: What was the Enlightenment? What brought it about?

• Objective: Examine Enlightenment thinkers!

The Enlightenment: Paris 1700s

• Paris becomes the center of learning and ideas in Europe →came out of Thirty Years War looking good

• Questioning authority!

• Philosophes – believed that people could apply logic and reason to all aspects of life• Just like Galileo or Newton did applying reason to science in

the Scientific Revolution

Back to our discussion...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FRvVFW85IcU

Issues of the Enlightenment

3. Government has a responsibility to respect the rights of its citizens.

4. There are universal laws that govern the way humans behave.

Salons!

- Gathering for men AND women to have intellectual discussions about philosophical ideas and concepts

- Flourished in France but were practiced other places as well.

Who were the main thinkers of the

Enlightenment?

Baron de Montesquieu

•Thought Britain was the best-run country on earth

•King/Queen had executive power

•Parliament had legislative power

•Courts had judicial power

•All worked in concert – well-balanced

•Came up with the idea of checks and balances

•One branch of government doesn’t have too much power – is “checked” by another branch

What do Montesquieu's ideas about government remind us of?

Influence on the Constitution

He created the idea of separating government authority into the three major branches: executive, legislative and judicial.

This perspective significantly influenced the authors of the Constitution in establishing laws and division of duties, and also in the inclusion of ways to preserve individual liberties.

John Locke

• English philosophe- one of the most well known and influential

• Natural law and natural rights- certain moral truths can be applied to all people.

• Natural state- all people are equal

• People have right to life, liberty, and estate.

Jean -Jaques Rousseau

•Believed civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness

•The only good government is when people give up rights for the common good

•His social contract was between people working together to create democracy

•Similar to Locke, except Rousseau believed that all people were equal and wanted to abolish all noble titles

Voltaire

•Most famous of the French philosophers

•Used satire to make fun of “important” people•Satire – use of irony, sarcasm or wit to attack folly or stupidity

•Went to jail for his sharp tongue

• Belief in freedom of speech

• Separation of church and state / religious freedom

Thomas Hobbes

• English philosophe

• Believed that we should give our obedience to an accountable sovereign (Absolute monarch)

• Human beings are naturally selfish and need authority

Left side of your notes:

Which philosophe do you most identify with? Why?

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

Homework:

• Finish your response to the previous question:

- One paragraph (4-5 sentences) explanation of your choice of philosophe.

- I will be checking it off for completion tomorrow!

September 19, 2019

• Turn in: Have your notes from last night out. I will be coming around and checking them.

• Do Now: Get a computer from the cart and get with your group to continue research!!

• Objective: Begin to examine pre-French Revolution Society

Group work time! (20ish minutes)

• Use this time to continue your research on your philosophe/ what their views were!

• There are laptops available in the carts and in the back of the room.

At 11:11 we are putting the laptops away!

Absolute Power and Questioning Authority

• Secular questioning/Scientific progress

• Philosphes were questioning authority and the structures of governments!

- Remember Louis XIV, king James I, rebellions in Latin America

• Many absolute rulers existed in Europe at the time.

• Seen as tyrannical rulers who were money/land hungry

All of this power exertion and the questioning of power explode into multiple revolutions around the world!

Everything we have discussed prior to this event were events that helped lead up to the Enlightenment and French revolution.

Fall of Rome (Feudalism) Renaissance and Revival!

Scientific Revolution/ EnlightenmentRevolts/ Revolutions!

Lets wrap our brains around this...

The Fall of Rome

(476 CE)

Charlemagne(800)

Black Death(1348-1350)

Renaissance1304-1588

The Enlightenment

(1658-1815)

Thirty Years War

The Printing

press(1440s)

The Middle Ages

Scientific Revolution

France: Social climate- 1770s

• King Louis XVI and Marie Antionette

The French Revolution: Background

The Estates

• First Estate – Roman Catholic Church• –1% of the population of France

• –Owned 10% of the land in France

• –Provided education and help to the poor

• –Donated 2% of its income to the government

• Second Estate – Rich nobles

• –Owned 70% of the land in France

• –Paid no taxes

• –Only 2% of the population of France

Third Estate

•Everyone else – 97% of population

•Three main groups

–Bourgeoisie (middle class) – 8%

–urban lower class – 14%

–Peasants – 75%

•Bourgeoisie (middle class):

–Traders, merchants, artisans

–Sometimes wealthy but paid high taxes

- No access to power like the 1st and 2nd estate

Third Estate Continued

•Urban lower class:–Workers who lived in cities

–Apprentices, laborers, servants, maids

–Paid little, would often riot if food not available

•Peasants:–80% of the population

–50% of their income paid in taxes to government and tithes to the church

Very bitter and resentful toward nobility (2nd estate)

What caused the Revolution to Break out?

•Enlightenment ideals led to both aristocrats (nobles) and bourgeoisie (middle class) feeling frustrated with the system

–Everything based on monarchs having excessive privilege

–Class structure rigid – could not move from one to another

Causes Continued:

•Despite France’s wealth, the monarchy could not cope with change and crisis

•Bad harvests in 1787 resulted in drop in economic growth

•Food shortages

•Inflation

•Mass unemployment

•All while the upper classes were flourishing

Homework: Read Pages 567-570 in your textbooks and take notes!

September 20, 2019

Turn in: Nothing!

Do Now: Answer in your notes: What were the causes of the French Revolution?

Objective: Understand the events of the French Revolution.

Video viewing:

As you are viewing the video-

- Answer the questions on the handout on a sheet of paper.

- This will be turned in after we finish the movie

Homework:

Continue work on your Enlightenment Project!

September 23, 2019

• Turn in: Nothing

• Do Now: Take out your movie notes!

• Objective: Examine the French Revolution

Recap:

• What was the Estates General?

• What was the Tennis Court Oath?

• What was the storming of the Bastille all about?

• What was the significance of the Declaration of the Rights of Man?

Homework:

• Read pages: 570-573 and take notes for Wednesday!

September 25, 2019

Turn in: Have reading notes out.

Do Now: Get ready for the final round of the Enlightenment Gallery. (Quickly get set up and ready to go)

Objective: Further examine the French Revolution.

Group Evaluations

1. Grab an evaluation form from the files.

2. Grab a pstat booklet

3. 5ish minutes to work on evals. If you do not finish, you will need to take it home.

France Social climate:

*I recommend taking additional notes on these slides!*

John Locke

•Argued that natural rights existed: Life, liberty, and property

•People’s natural rights limit those of the king- if the king disrupted this contract, the people had the right to revolt.

Jean -Jaques Rousseau

•Thought humans were naturally good, but corrupted by society

•The Social contract- humans should never give up natural rights to a king…

•People give up rights not to a king, but for the whole community.

•All political power resides within the people

•Similar to Locke, except Rousseau believed that all people were equal and wanted to abolish all noble titles

France is disintegrating... Louis XVI must act!

•Estates-General

•Had not met since 1614

•Louis XVI forced to call it into session to figure out how to deal with this economic mess (he wanted to raise taxes)

•Each of the three social groups was allowed to have equal representation of 300 delegates each

Estates General Cont.

• Government decides that the Third Estate, since it represents 97% of the population could have double the number of delegates (600 instead of 300)

•June 1789 - Third Estate declares itself a “National Assembly” which could pass laws for the nation

•They find themselves locked out of the meeting, decide to meet at a nearby indoor tennis court

•Vow to remain there until they had written a constitution for France

Storming of the Bastille

•Old fortress in central Paris

•Rumors fly that Louis XVI is going to use army to shut down National Assembly

•People start to stockpile weapons in Paris

•July 14, 1789 - Mob attacks the Bastille looking for gunpowder and weapons

•Seize control of the building, murder the prison guards and parade their heads on the end of pikes around Paris

•Bastille Day (like the Fourth of July)

Chaos Breaks out!

•France is now in full-blown chaos and terror

•Peasants start to attack manor houses looking for food but also to destroy the houses

•October 1789 – Women rioting over price of bread attack Versailles, killing some of the guards

•This forces Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette to leave Versailles and return to Paris to face the revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Man

•National Assembly adopts a document entitled “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen”

•Similar to Declaration of Independence

•States the following:

–“Men are born and remain free and equal in rights”

–Rights include “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression”

Remember John Locke?

Divisions within!

•September 1791 – Assembly completes new constitution providing for a limited monarchy

- king stripped of some powers, but ultimately still king

War and Revolution

•Other Europeans feared chaos if France did not return to being an absolute monarchy

–Austria and Prussia openly urged giving Louis XVI back his power

•Assembly angry with Austria and Prussia for interfering, declares war on both countries in April 1792

Meanwhile...

•Other Europeans feared chaos if France did not return to being an absolute monarchy

–Austria and Prussia openly urged giving Louis XVI back his power

•Assembly angry with Austria and Prussia for interfering, declares war on both countries in April 1792

September 26, 2019

Turn in: Your confidential evaluations if you did not yesterday.

Do Now: In your notes, what kind of government was established by the end of the French Revolution? What conditions is France left in?

Objective: Examine Napoleon and the French Revolution

Assignment:

Answer one question from the bottom of your video handout!

1. Choose one question

2. Needs a thesis

- Must use examples/evidence from the video

3. Have it stapled to your video notes- will turn in on Friday!

"Off With their heads!!"

•Louis XVI was now considered a regular citizen in prison

•Jacobins put him on trial for treason

•Found guilty by a narrow margin, sentenced to death

•January 21, 1793 – executed by beheading

–Guillotine

Robespierre Takes over...

• People are unhappy with the way things are going..

•Robespierre, the brilliant lawyer, starts to gain power through the Assembly

- Jacobian (V. Girondins) Mudit- named after a place – St. Jaques

•Attempts to wipe out all traces of old France

•Created a new calendar which eliminated Sundays (too religious) and having each month contain 30 days

•All months renamed

Committee of Public Safety

•Robespierre becomes leader of this group within the Assembly, making him dictator of France

•Main task of this group: protect the revolution from royalists and other threats

•People tried in the morning, guillotined in the afternoon –questionable justice

•He justified the use of terror in governing- Reign of Terror

•Anyone who disagreed with Robespierre was branded an enemy and executed

•Sometimes simply being less radical than he was made one guilty

•Marie-Antoinette finally executed as well

The Terror ends..

•Finally others in the Assembly turn against Robespierre

•Arrest him, sentence him to be guillotined July 1794

•France is exhausted, broke, and devastated by war

•New government formed called the Directory

–Five middle class men, moderates, restored some order

•Until someone new appears on the scene:

Dun Dun DUNNNNN

Discussion!

Was the French Revolution successful??

Did it improve the lives of those who revolted?

Did it achieve the intended outcomes?

Contributions of the Revolution:

• Within France, it ended the monarchy and led to the creation of the French Republic.

• It led to the redistribution of church property to the government and to the people.

• The most important contribution of the revolution is the Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen, which made all citizens equal before law.

The Terror ends..

•Finally others in the Assembly turn against Robespierre

•Arrest him, sentence him to be guillotined July 1794

•France is exhausted, broke, and devastated by war

•New government formed called the Directory

–Five middle class men, moderates, restored some order

•Until someone new appears on the scene:

Dun Dun DUNNNNN

Napoleon Bonaparte

• Born in Corsica (only famous Corsican in history). Very short.

• Lieutenant by age 16

- joined army of new government after onset of French Revolution

• Defended the delegates of the National Assembly in 1795 against royalist attack

• becomes military hero of Revolution

Rise to Power

• Directory gets into fight and rise of Neo-Jacobins becomes a serious threat (=return of terror)

• France about to descend into violence, Napoleon’s friends urge him to seize power

• Does so in Brumaire Coup (November 1799). Remaining Directory votes to abolish itself, forms consulate with 3 consuls. Bonaparte takes 1st consulship and becomes dictator

Napoleon and France

• Napoleon crowns himself Emperor in 1804.

• Elaborate and dramatic ceremony

• Wants to create his own "American Empire"• Haiti

• Florida

• Louisiana

• French West Indies

Starting an Empire

• Then Napoleon determines to rule all of Europe

• Obsessed with Britain, ostracizing Britain, and beating Britain• Creates a blockade to stop trade with Britain

• In a crunch for cash, Napoleon sells all of Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million

French Revolution and the Americas

•Ideas of the Enlightenment come to Americas around the same time as Europe

•Intellectual atmosphere was one that wanted a move free society, looser caste system, end to slavery, etc., but never really had the stomach to do it

–This was true: for economic (who would produce our resources?)

Revolutions continued..

•American Revolution shows that it is possible for colonies to throw off the yoke of colonial power & have popular sovereignty

•French Revolution perpetuates the idea that Europeans are ready for Enlightenment ideals (esp. end to slavery)

September 30, 2019

• Turn in: Have your homework questions out. I will be coming around to check them off.

• Do Now: Review: What was the Napoleonic Code? What was Napoleons goal for Europe and the world?

• Objective: Examine the Haitian Revolution and the Peninsular War

Long term causes Immediate causes

- Rigid class structure

- Enlightenment thinkers' ideas

- Frustrations with the government's inability to deal with new social realities

- Ideas of the American Revolution

- Collapse of government finances

- Government continuing to borrow money

- Government short on money, yet people continue to spend extravagantly

Quiz Review

- Take notes on answers that you are unsure about

- Chances are...similar questions will be on the unit final!

-Will be less broad, more straight forward!- (Tentatively Oct. 7)

- Hint: Do Nows!

Timeline:

French Revolution

1789 1799

Napoleon seizes power/rules

1815

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

Napoleon Dies

1821

Napoleonic Code

• Code created under Napoleon that embodied many Enlightenment Principles- Equality, tolerance and freedom

• Implemented as a set of laws:

• Equality of all male citizens before the law

• Religious toleration

• Abolition of feudal system

• Applied to all territories under France!!

Haiti

• French influence began in 1625

• French control of what was called Saint-Domingue—modern-day Haiti—began in 1660

• Under French rule, Saint-Domingue grew to be the wealthiest colony in the French empire and, perhaps, the richest colony in the world.

• The colonial economy of Saint-Domingue was based almost entirely on the production of plantation crops for export.

• Enslaved African workers grew sugar in the northern plains and coffee in the mountainous interior.

Haiti Continued

• The slave system in Saint-Domingue was regarded as one of the harshest in the Americas, with high levels of both mortality and violence.

• To supply the plantation system, French owners imported almost 800,000 Africans to the colony

•Explain the socio-cultural and political situation prior to the Revolution.

•How did the revolutionaries in France react to the uprising in Haiti?

•What do Spain & Britain have to do with the Haitian Revolution?

•Who is Toussaint Louverture & why is he important? What was his (and the rest of Haiti’s) style of fighting? What type of governmental system did he establish?

•How did Louverture overreach and upset Napoleon?

•How did Napoleonic France treat slaves and other people of color?

•Who ruled Haiti after Louverture? How did he rule & what was his fate?

•Why did the Haitian Revolution succeed where other similar revolutions failed?

Homework:Please review your notes! Taking 5 minutes to review will not mortally wound you.

October 2, 2019

• Turn in: Have out your Haitian Revolution questions

• Do Now: In your notes: What was the Haitian Revolution? What were its impacts?

• Objective: Examine Napoleon and the Peninsular Wars

Study Guides• Test will be on the 9th!

• Study guides due the same day.

Timeline: What else was Napoleon doing?

French Revolution

1789 1799

Napoleon seizes power/rules

1815

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

Napoleon Dies

1821

Napoleon in Europe• At its biggest in 1812, the French Empire had 130 "departments", ruled over 44 million people, and had a large military in Germany, Italy, Spain, and Poland.

•Napoleon controls Europe except for Britain, Portugal, Sweden, Ottomans; has puppet rulers/family members on the throne in some countries, alliances with others

•The introduction of the Napoleonic Code through the continent increased legal equality, made jury systems, and legalized divorce.

France Under Napoleon

•Napoleon consolidated his power by strengthening the central government.

•Order, security, and efficiency replaced liberty, equality, and fraternity as the slogans of the new regime.

•To fix economy, he sets up national banking system, efficient tax collection

• Napoleon developed a new law code, the Napoleonic Code

Wars on the Peninsula

•Napoleon sends troops across Spain to attack Portugal, causing protest

• Napoleon makes his brother king of Spain, making things worse.

•Spanish fight as guerrillas—small groups that attacked and then disappear; British aid Spanish guerrillas

• Napoleon loses 300,000 soldiers during this Peninsular War; Nationalist rebels fight the French in other conquered territories.

Napoleon in Russia

• Relations with Russia break down, Napoleon decides to invade;

• in June 1812, Napoleon’s army marches into Russia with 420,000 men; Russians use scorched-earth policy—destroying crops, livestock.

•In September 1812, Russians retreat from Moscow ; Napoleon finds Moscow abandoned and burning;

• Napoleon retreats, losing thousands of soldiers to raids, cold weather.

Napoleons Downfall..

•1812—Napoleon’s forces were defeated in Russia. Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia form a new alliance against a weakened France.

•1814—Napoleon abdicated, or stepped down from power, and was exiled to Elba, an island in the Mediterranean Sea.

•1815—Napoleon escaped his exile and returned to France. Napoleon’s last battle where he was defeated by the Duke of Wellington was at Waterloo. Napoleon was forced to abdicate again, and was this time exiled to St. Helena, an island in the South Atlantic.

•1821—Napoleon died in exile.

What caused this downfall?

• The power/survival of Great Britain

• Nationalism/ the spread of nationalism

Congress of Vienna

• As the Napoleonic Wars came to close, the Great Powers of Europe (Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria) started planning for the postwar world.

• To bring about a balance of power in Europe and prevent further conflict, they developed what became known as the Concert of Europe, beginning with the Congress of Vienna.

• The Congress of Vienna dissolved the Napoleonic world and attempted to restore the monarchies Napoleon had overthrown.

Congress continued

• The Congress was the first occasion in history where on a continental scale, national representatives came together to formulate treaties instead of relying mostly on messages between the several capitals.

• The Concert of Europe, formed the basic framework for European international politics until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.

What good did Napoleon do??

• Allowed German states to start unifying into one nation- Nationalism

• Increased nationalism in other key places

• Government for Poland

• Poland had been carved up by Prussia and Russia in the past, now had a chance to have its own government again

• Napoleonic code becomes a somewhat fair system of justicethroughout most of Europe (reaching into Africa and Latin America)

Rebellions in Latin America!

• Napoleons Peninsular War heavily influenced rebellions in Latin America!• Spain – Spanish colonization- duh

• Ideas of the French, Haitian, and American revolutions are spreading.

• People are wanting to push back against authority!

October 3, 2019

• Turn in: Nothing

• Do Now: In your notes: What impact did Napoleon/his empire have on other countries? What was the Congress of Vienna?

• Objective: Examine Revolutions in Latin America

Rebellions in Latin America!

• Napoleons Peninsular War heavily influenced rebellions in Latin America!• Spain – Spanish colonization- duh

• Ideas of the French, Haitian, and American revolutions are spreading.

• People are wanting to push back against authority!

•Latin America is a huge melting pot of different cultures. Indigenous, African and European people make up the bulk of this culture.

• Although most of Latin America was colonized by Spain, the countries of Portugal and France also had major influences on the region.

• Due to war and disease, native populations were decimated.

• The European countries’ demand for free labor led them to engage in the African slave trade.

• During the late 18th and early 19th century the people of Latin America began fighting for independence.

Latin American Rebellions:

Bolivarian Revolution (1811) (1)

Mexican War of Independence (2)

Brazilian Revolution (3)

Rebellions in Latin America!

• Napoleons Peninsular War heavily influenced rebellions in Latin America!• Spain – Spanish colonization- duh

• Ideas of the French, Haitian, and American revolutions are spreading.

• People are wanting to push back against authority!

Timeline of Latin American Revolutions

Haitian Revolution(1791-1804)

Bolivarian Revolution(1811-1823)

Brazilian Revolution(1822-1824)

Mexican War for Independence (1810-1821)