Ensayo Aelfwine 2015 Primer premio - Misoginia, patriarcalimo y roles de género en la Tierra Media

8/17/2019 Ensayo Aelfwine 2015 Primer premio - Misoginia, patriarcalimo y roles de género en la Tierra Media

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»Moskjoeog, pgtrogr`ghosmk y rkhbs cb jïebrk be Hg Sobrrg Mbcog;

Hgs knrgs cb hks jrgecbs jbeoks sobmprb vge g`kmpg÷gcgs cb vghkrgòkebs y

prbduoòks qub, `ke frbùbeòg, sb rbpotbe `kmk b`ks soe sbetock g hk hgrjk cb tobmpk,

hhbjgeck g sbr `kesocbrgcks vbrcgcbs oeùbstokegnhbs pkr tkcks. Bh prkpok Skhiobe sbskrprbecíg cb ghjuegs cb hgs ríto`gs qub rbòníg, qub gtronuíg g hg oe`kmprbesoðe, b oe`husk

g hg fghtg cb hb`turg cb hg knrg7. Cb betrb bstks gxokmgs, bh qub pgrtoùhgrmbetb mb pgrb`b

mçs oedustk y cbs`gnbhhgck bs hg gùsgòðe cb moskjoeog y pgtrogr`ghosmk>, bspbòghmbetb

gh `kmpgrgrhk `ke ktrgs knrgs cbh mosmk jïebrk cb hg g`tughocgc0.

Hg hotbrgturg fgetçsto`g y cb òbeòg fo`òðe be jbebrgh, age sock curgmbetb

`roto`gcgs pkr hks fbmoeostgs `kmk @okffo4 «Ptohh, tab rkhbs tagt fbmghb àgrg`tbrs phgybc

wbrb bxtrbmbhy homotbc nkta oe sòbe`b fo`toke gec oe fgetgsy. Oe sòbe`b fo`toke, wkmbewbrb wovbs, jorhfrobecs, sòbetosts‟ cgujatbrs, kr rbwgrcs fkr abrko` cbbcs pbrfkrmbc. Oe

fgetgsy, taby wbrb jkccbssbs, wotàbs, fgorobs, kr cbvoh-wkmbe. Oe ebotabr jberb coc

fbmghb àgrg`tbrs agvb gey psyàkhkjo`gh ktabr tage tab stbrbktypbs oe waoà taby wbrb

`gst.¹3

@ke Skhiobe, Mgroke Tommbr Nrgchby bs bspbòghmbetb curg4 «Skhiobe coc ekt

put gey wkmbe oe aos nkkis bx`bpt tab mktabrhy bhf-qubbe Jghgcrobh gec tab gmnotokus

Ïkwye wak agc tk hbgre ekt tk wosa tk nb g abrk (takuja sab wgs jovbe abr àge`b gt

7 «Ghjueks cb hks qub hbybrke bh honrk, k gh mbeks hk rbsb÷grke, hk age be`ketrgck gnurrock,gnsurck k cbsprbògnhb9 y yk ek tbejk pkr quï qubdgrmb, pubs pobesk `gso hk mosmk g`br`g cb sus knrgs, kcb hks topks cb honrks qub bvocbetbmbetb prbfobrbe.¹ Be bh prbfgòk cb 7?66 g hg sbjuecg bcoòðe cb Bh Pb÷kr

cb hks Geohhks y rb`kjock pkr Paoppby be PAO\\B_, S.G.4 Bh `gmoek g hg Sobrrg Mbcog. Ngr`bhkeg4Moektgurk ><<>4><.

> @R^^_, \.4 «Hbss Ekosb gec mkrb Jrbbe4 Skhiobe‟s Ocbkhkjy fkr Bejhgec¹ be ^BOEKHCP \.y JKKCIEOJAS J.A. (bcs.)4 \rk`bbcoejs kf tab D.^.^. Skhiobe @betbegry @kefbrbe`b. Mohtke Ibyebsgec Ghtgcbeg4 Sab Skhiobe Pkòbty gec Sab Mytakpkbo` Pkòbty 7??>, 7>:. Pb rb`kjbe hgs mçs ompkrtgetbs`ríto`gs be bstb sbetock be C^KRS, M.C.@. (bc.)4 D.^.^. Skhiobe Be`y`hkpbcog. Pàkhgrsaop gec @roto`gh

Gssbssmbet . Ebw _kri4 ^kuthbcjb ><70, ><>-><0. 0

Ek bs mkmbetk eo hujgr pgrg ag br ueg rbfhbxoðe be prkfuecocgc cbh tbmg pbrk, pkr bdbmphk, hgsgjg cb Jbkrjb ^.^.Mgrtoe, @geòðe cb Aobhk y Fubjk, rbvbhg qub hg gnuecgeòg cb pbrskegdbs fbmbeoeksek tobeb pkr quï sojeofo`gr ueg vghkrgòðe supbrokr cb hgs mudbrbs, eo hg phgsmgòðe cb ke`bptks cb ojughcgccb jïebrk cbh sojhk QQO. Mgrtoe cbmubstrg ueg agnohocgc bxtrgkrcoegrog pgrg `grg`tbrozgr cb mgebrgcofbrbetb g ueg jrge `getocgc cb g`tgetbs cb gmnks sbxks, so nobe sus mudbrbs `kmpgrtbe sobmprb bh rgsjkcb hg bstuhtoòg, hg agnohocgc cb hhbvgr hg cbsjrgòg g sus ghhbjgcks y, jbebrghmbetb, `kesbjuor hk `ketrgrok ghk qub prbtbecbe. Hg aostkrog cb @geòðe cb aobhk y fubjk sb sotôg be ue mueck fo`toòk mbcobvgh,

proeòpghmbetb be ue `ketoebetb hhgmgck \keobetb pbrk tgmnoïe be ue vgstk `ketoebetb krobetgh, `kekòck`kmk Bssks. Krojoeghmbetb phgebgcg `kmk ueg trohkjíg, g`tughmbetb sb bspbrg qub hg sbrob sbg uegabptghkjíg4 Dubjk cb trkeks ( G Jgmb kf Sarkebs, 7??6), @akqub cb rbybs ( G @hgsa kf Ioejs, 7??1),Skrmbetg cb bspgcgs ( G Ptkrm kf Pwkrcs, > vkhs. ><<<), Fbstíe cb ùbrvks ( G Fbgst fkr @rkws, ><<2) y

Cgezg cb crgjkebs ( G Cge`b wota Crgjkes, ><77) trgcs. pkr @rostoeg Mg`íg y punho`gcks pkr Jojgmbsa(><<>-><7>).

3 @OKFFO, I.4 «Sypbs kf Fbmoeost Fgetgsy gec Pòbe`b Fo`toke¹ be ZBBCMGE, D.N.4 ZkmbeZkrhcwghibrs4 Ebw Combesokes kf Pòbe`b Fo`toke. Hunnkì4 Sbxgs Sbà. Bgrta Mktabrs kr MghbMbmkrobs, Zohabhm, Hbm, gec Futurb Zkmbe 7?12, 13.



ngtthb, tagei jkkcebss!)¹2 _ Ptompske `kesocbrg qub sus pbrskegdbs fbmbeoeks ske

«agìebybc…stbrbktypbs…botabr nbgutofuh gec costget, somphy costget, kr somphy

somphb¹6.

Hg gùsgòðe pgrtb proeòpghmbetb cbh abàk cb qub hg mgykríg cb pbrskegdbs ske

skhtbrks k auïrfgeks b oe`husk ue pubnhk betbrk, hks bets, ùbetge qub age pbrcock g sus

mudbrbs. Hk obrtk bs qub bstb rgsjk nobe pkcríg rbspkecbr g ueg ubstoðe nokjrçfo`g, mçs

qub g ue oetbetk cbhonbrgck cb moeomozgr hg prbsbeòg fbmbeoeg be su knrg. D.^.^. Skhiobe

y su abrmgek Aohgry sb qubcgrke auïrfgeks g muy tbmprgeg bcgc y qubcgrke g `grjk cb

ue sg`brcktb, qub tbrmoeð sobeck hg fojurg mçs ompkrtgetb be su vocg:. Suvk trbs aodks y

skhk ueg aodg y hg oembesg mgykríg cb sus `khbjgs y ghumeks brge akmnrbs. Be su

gmnobetb prbckmoegnge hgs fojurgs mgsùhoegs1 y tgmnoïe gsí be sus proeòpghbs

oefhubeògs hotbrgrogs4 be hg ïpo`g, hg mgtbrog grtôro`g k hks honrks cb `gnghhbrígs, hgs

aostkrogs sb `betrge mçs be hg gvbeturg cb hks aïrkbs qub be su rbhgòðe `ke hgs cgmgs.

Hbybeck hg knrg cb Skhiobe, oe`huocgs sus `grtgs?, qubcg `hgrk qub brg ue akmnrb

cb vghkrbs trgcoòkeghbs, hk ugh ek quobrb cbòr qub fubrg mosðjoek, soek somphbmbetb ue

akmnrb prkcu`tk cb su tobmpk. Nbevbeutk ag`b ue mgjeífo`k rbsumbe cb hg mgeofobstg

`ketrgco`òðe betrb hgs kpoeokebs sknrb hgs mudbrbs `kesbrvgcgs be hgs `grtgs punho`gcgs,

muy oefhuocgs pkr hg bcu`gòðe vo`tkrogeg cb hg ïpk`g, y su `kmpkrtgmobetk `ke hgs

fïmoegs `ke hgs qub tuvk rbhgòðe4 su bspksg `ke hg qub prktgjkeozð ueg aostkrog cb gmkr

qub hb sorvoð cb oesporgòðe hotbrgrog, su aodg \rosòhg, sus ghumegs y, g pbsgr cb hk

bxprbsgck be hgs grtgs sknrb ek rbbr be hg gmostgc betrb akmnrbs y mudbrbs, sus gmojgs

`kmk Pomkeb c‟Grcbeeb, hg prkfbskrg Abhbe M`Mohhge Nuìaurst, Bhgoeb Jrofotas, Ptbhhg

Mohhs, Mgry Pghu y su sb`rbtgrog Dky Aohh7<.

G mo duoòk, hks `ríto`ks sb age ngsgck be bstgs `grtgs, rb`krcbmks qub

sbhb`òkegcgs y rbtk`gcgs pkr ktrks trgs su mubrtb, pgrg ngsgr sus tbkrígs cb moskjoeog y

2 TOMMB^ N^GCHB_, M.4 «^bspkesonohotobs gec Sbmptgtokes kf Zkmbe Pòbe`b Fo`tokeZrotbrs¹ be ZBBCMGE Zkmbe kp. òt., 01.

6 C^KRS kp.òt., :7>. Hgurg Moàbh rb`kjb ktrgs `ríto`gs be hg mosmg híebg, be MO@ABH, H.4«\khoto`ghhy Oe`krrb`t4 Skhiobe, Zkmge gec Fbmoeosm¹ be F. ZBOE^BO@A & S. AKEBJJB^4 Skhiobe

gec Mkcbreoty. Puozg4 Zghioej Srbb \unhosabrs ><<6, 62-6:.: Hg nokjrgfíg cb Frgeòs Mkrjge ag sock punho`gcg pkr FB^^ÇECBT N^R, D.M.4 Hg @kebxoðe

Bspg÷khg cb D.^.^. Skhiobe. Bh ‘tík @urrk”. Gstkrjg4 @PBC ><70.1 @G^\BESB^, A.4 D.^.^. Skhiobe. Reg Nokjrgfíg. Ngr`bhkeg4 Moektgurk ><<>.

? @G^\BESB^, A.4 Sab Hbttbrs kf D.^.^. Skhiobe.R.P.G.4 Akujatke Moffhoe @kmpgey ><<<.7< NBEVBERSK, M.^.4 «Gjgoest Ptbrbktypb4 Ïkwye gec Hôtaobe gs ><ta @betury Zkmbe¹, beF. ZBOE^BO@A & S. AKEBJJB^4 Skhiobe gec Mkcbreoty. Puozg4 Zghioej Srbb \unhosabrs ><<6, 00-02.



fghtg cb kmprbesoðe, mçs qub be gspb`tks cb sus egrrgòkebs77. _ rb`krcbmks qub hg knrg

cb Skhiobe rbquobrb ue bsfubrzk pkr pgrtb cbh hb`tkr, qub cbnb hbbr betrb híebgs k fodgrsb

be pbqub÷ks cbtghhbs qub beroqub`be y cge prkfuecocgc gh grjumbetk7>.

Guequb ek cbnbmks bspbrgr tgmpk`k vbr be bh pgcrb cb hg fgetgsíg mkcbreg ue

mohotgetb fbmoeostg, prkngnhbmbetb sbg, cb betrb hks gutkrbs cbh jïebrk, bh qub ag trgtgck

g sus abrkíegs `ke mgykr rbspbtk y `kesocbrgòðe. @kmk sb÷ghg MÈbw4 «Sarbb taoejs

grb `hbgr4 ab wgs fgr frkm nboej g moskjyeost, tab fbmghb àgrg`tbrs oe aos mgstbrpob`b

`khhb`tovbhy rbprbsbets ghh tagt‟s jrbgt tagt nboej g wkmge, gec hbss rbprbsbetgtoke ckbs

ekt bqugh hbss ompkrtge`b.¹70

Be Bh Pb÷kr cb hks Geohhks y Bh Pohmgrohhoke, tkcgs hgs qub gpgrb`be hk ag`be `ke

ueg jrge ompkrtgeòg pgrg bh cbsgrrkhhk cb hg trgmg, `kmk vbrbmks be cbtghhb g

`ketoeugòðe. Ghjuegs oe`husk supkebe ueg rbprbsbetgòðe pbrfb`tg cb grqubtopks

`kesgjrgcks be hg hotbrgturg grtôro`g y `gnghhbrbs`g, guequb muàk mçs cbsgrrkhhgcks y

ro`ks be mgto`bs4 Grwbe `kmk hg cgmg, Jghgcrobh `kmk mgjg nbeïfo`g y Ïkwye `kmk

cke`bhhg jubrrbrg. \kr g÷gcocurg, hg getgjkeostg fbmbeoeg, mgjg cognðho`g k jojgetbs`g,

pbrskegdb rbùrrbetb cb hgs `gnghhbrígs, hg motkhkjíg hçso`g k oe husk hks ùbetks cb agcgs,

ek gpgrb`b. Skcgs hgs mudbrbs vge g bstgr sobmprb voeùhgcgs gh ngeck cbh Nobe, `ke hg

pksonhb bx`bpòðe cb `kesocbrgr g Bhhg-Hgrg÷g `kmk pbrskegdb y ek `kmk mkestruk73.

Po nobe obrtks ríto`ks fbmoeostgs utohozge tgmnoïe bstk kmk grjumbetk be ketrg.

@kesocbrge qub hg fghtg cb rbprbsbetgòðe cb mghcgc fbmbeoeg sbríg ueg prubng mçs cb hg

77 \kr bdbmphk, Skhiobe gprknð hg gcgptgòðe tbgtrgh cb \gtroòg Jrgy cb Bh Aknnot be 7?61 ckecbbe hujgr cbh rby cb hks bhfks, agy ueg rboeg. MO@ABH kp.òt., 67.

7> Re bdbmphk cb bstg roqubzg cb mgto`bs ek rbhgòkegck `ke bh trgtgmobetk cb hks pbrskegdbsfbmbeoeks sbríg hgs rbfbrbeògs gh fubjk be hgs cbs`ropòkebs cb Jgecghf y sus bstgcks cb çeomk, bhbmbetk`ke bh qub tobeb ueg bspbògh gfoeocgc gcbmçs cbh Geohhk Egryg. Skcg su knrg bstç phgjgcg cb bstb topk cbcbtghhbs, frbùbetbmbetb oesoeugcks mçs qub bxprbsgcks, qub quozç age pgsgck cbsgpbrònocks g sus

cbtrg`tkrbs, pubcb qub pkr hb`turgs rçpocgs k oetbrbsgcgs.70 MÈBZ @.H.4 «Mbe grb frkm Jkeckr, Zkmbe grb frkm Hktahkrobe¹ be Sab \bkphb‟s Juocb tk

D.^.^. Skhiobe (Sab Kebôej.ebt bcs.). @khc Pproej Agrnkr4 @khc Pproej \rbss ><<0, 772.73 @kmk nobe sb÷ghg Hgurg Moàbh4 «Pabhkn os fbmghb fkr nokhkjo`gh rbgskes¹ be MO@ABH kp.òt.,

6:. Hg oetbrprbtgòðe frbucogeg cbh befrbetgmobetk betrb Pgm y Bhhg-Hgrg÷g cofíòhmbetb pubcb sbr tkmgcgbe sbrok, be \G^SÔCJB, N.4 «Ek Pbx \hbgsb ‐ Zb³rb Aknnots4 Sab @kestru`toke kf fbmghb Pbxughoty oeSab Hkrc kf tab ôejs¹ be JOCCOEJP, ^.4 D.^.^. Skhiobe4 Saos Fgr Hgec. Hkecke4 Vosoke & Ngrebs&Eknhb 7?13, 7?7. _ hg bxpho`gòðe cb qub g Skhiobe hb cbsgjrgcgnge hgs grg÷gs, cgcg hg `getocgc cb bhhgsqub gpgrb`be be su knrg, pbsb g hk coàk be hg `grtg 760 g Z.A. Gucbe (@G^\BESB^ Hbttbrs kp. ot., >7:),mb pgrb`b mçs kevoe`betb qub hg cb vbr g bstb mkestruk kmk «ge bxprbsoke kf akstohoty tk tab fbmbeoeb¹,be PSOM\PKE, @.4 D.^.^. Skhiobe. Ebw _kri4 @khumnog Reovbrsoty \rbss 7?6?, 7?. Ktrks hg `ghofo`gesomphbmbetb `kmk hg `grg kpubstg cb Jghgcrobh, hg ocbghozgòðe `ketrg hg mkestruksocgc, be FBEZO@I,M.4 «Nrbgstphgtbs kf Pohi4 Akmbro` Zkmbe oe Sab Hkrc kf tab ôejs¹ be Mytahkrb 17, 7??6, >0 y

CKEKVGE, H.G.4 «Sab Vghiyrob ^bbx oe D.^.^. Skhiobe‟s Sab Hkrc kf tab ôejs4 Jghgcrobh, Pabhkn,Ïkwye, gec Grwbe¹ be @AGE@B, D. (Bc.)4 Skhiobe tab Mbcobvghost . Hkecke gec Ebw _kri4 ^kuthbcjb><<0, 77>-7>7.



fghtg cb `kmprbesoðe cb Skhiobe cb hgs mudbrbs y su phgsmgòðe `kmk grqubtopks

pbrfb`tks b oegh`gezgnhbs, `ksg fçòhmbetb cbsmketgnhb `ke skhk bàgr ue vostgzk g

pbrskegdbs `kmk Mkrwbe hg mgcrb cb Suroe, hg rboeg Nbrutaobh, Brbecos…

Sgmnoïe sb ag `roto`gck hg gusbeòg cb sbxk be hg knrg, gàg`gcg g hg supubstgoemgcurbz sbxugh cbh gutkr 72 k sb age nus`gck oetbrprbtgòkebs mçs ghhç cb hk qub hg knrg

sujobrb76. Be mo kpoeoðe, hg cbs`ropòðe moeuòksg cb rbhgòkebs sbxughbs bxphíòtgs, betrb

hks covbrsks pbrskegdbs qub sb quobrge bmpgrbdgr, ek gpkrtgríg egcg eo gh grjumbetk eo g

hg grg`tbrozgòðe cb eoejuek cb bhhks. _g agy jïebrks hotbrgroks bspb`ífo`ks betrgcks be

bsks gspb`tks y be hks qub, frbùbetbmbetb, bstçe gusbetbs rgsjks muy cbstg`gcks be

Skhiobe `kmk ske bh abrkísmk, hg gmostgc, bh ghtruosmk… y g egcob sb hb kùrrb `roto`gr g

sus gutkrbs pkr bhhk7:.

Mb `betrgrï be bh geçhosos bspbòghmbetb be Bh Aknnot y Bh Pb÷kr cb hks Geohhks,

cgck qub ske hgs ôeo`gs ekvbhgs gmnobetgcgs be hg Sobrrg Mbcog qub punho`ð D.^.^.

Skhiobe be vocg, y pkr tgetk, qub pkcbmks bstgr sbjurks cb qub rbspkecbe pkr `kmphbtk

g hg oetbeòðe cbh gutkr. Poe bmngrjk, cbnock g hg tktgh gusbeòg cb fïmoegs be Bh Aknnot

(mgh qub hb pbsb g \btbr Dgìske71) y hg ompkrtgeòg cb Bh Pohmgrohhoke be bh `keduetk cb

knrg, tgmnoïe oe`huorï cb mgebrg tgejbeògh ghjueks pbrskegdbs cb ïstb. Ek knstgetb, sb

cbnb tbebr be ubetg qub cbco`ð tkcg su vocg g su rbcg`òðe7?

, pkr hk qub bxostbe cofbrbetbsvbrsokebs, bstgng trgngdgeck be ïh ùgeck muroð y sb punho`ð cb fkrmg pðstumg pkr su

aodk @arostkpabr. Pgnbmks qub D.^.^. qubríg oe`huorhk g mkck cb gpïeco`bs cb Bh Pb÷kr

72 PSOM\PKM kp.òt., ><76 Nrgchby vb mçs qub ueg gmostgc be hg rbhgòðe betrb Pgm y Frkck be TOMMB^ N^GCHB_, M.4

«Mbe, Aghfhoejs gec Abrk-Zkrsaop¹ be OPGG@P, E.C. y TOMNG^CK, .G. (bcs.)4 Skhiobe gec tab roto`s.

Bssgys ke D.^.^. Skhiobe³s Sab Hkrc kf tab ôejs. Oecogeg4 Reovbrsoty kf Ektrb Cgmb \rbss 7?:<, 10.7:

Ibebta Mg`Hbosa `kesocbrg qub hg gusbeòg cb sbxk ag`b qub sbg cofíòh `kesocbrgr Bh Pb÷kr cbhks Geohhks ghjk mçs qub ue somphb ubetk pbrk, kmk nobe gcu`b \gtroì @urry, bs kmphbtgmbetb rocíùhky hk kmpgrg ke ktrgs ekvbhgs be hgs qub tgmpk`k gpgrb`b kmk Mkny Coì. Be @R^^_ \.4 «Skhiobe gecaos `roto`s4 G `rotoqub¹ be ^kkt gec Nrgeà4 Gpprkgàbs tkwgrcs Recbrstgecej Skhiobe (AKEBJJB^ S.bc.). Turoà4 Zghioej Srbb \unhosabrs ><<2, 17-1>.

71 Ek vky g rbfbrormb mçs g hgs gcgptgòkebs oebmgtkjrçfo`gs cgck qub su kmphbdocgc rbqubrorígue trgngdk `kmphbtk qub bspbrk gnkrcgr be bh futurk. Ôeo`gmbetb sb÷ghgr qub, g pbsgr cb prbtbecbr«`krrbjor¹ fghhks `ke rbspb`tk g hks rkhbs cb jïebrk cb Skhiobe pgrg gcgptgrhks gh sojhk QQO, g mo mkck cbvbr, `kesojub bh bfb`tk `ketrgrok. \kr bdbmphk, sotôg g ^ksotg @ktk cb tgnbrebrg, supkejk qub oetbetgeckgprkxomgrhg g hg mudbr trgngdgckrg, pbrk ek tobeb eo ueg híebg cb tbxtk y tkcgs sus oetbrvbeòkebs sb rbcu`beg skerbír `ke `grg cb tketg y bspbrgr pgsovgmbetb g qub bh dgrcoebrk mbcok nkrrgàk sb cbòcg g `kevbrtorhgbe ueg mudbr akebstg. _ bs mbdkr eo mbeòkegr hg oeeb`bsgrog `rbgòðe cb Sgurobh pgrg Bh Aknnot.\rkngnhbmbetb sbg @arostkpabr Skhiobe quobe mbdkr ag cbfoeock hgs `rbgòkebs cb Dgìske4

attp4//www.wkrhc`rueà.`km/ùhturb-skòbty/my-fgtabr-<0?-s-qukt-bvos`brgtbc-qukt-wkri-ske-kf-aknnot-s`ronb-d.r.r.-tkhiobe-foeghhy-spbgis-kut/aknnot-sohmgrohhoke-hkrc-kf-roejs/`0s7<>??/#.RK>swIz`yPr7? JG^SA, D.4 Skhiobe y hg jrge jubrrg. Bh krojbe cb hg Sobrrg Mbcog. Ngr`bhkeg4 Moektgurk ><73.



cb hks Geohhks pbrk qub, foeghmbetb, ek puck ag`brsb y cbs`kek`bmks hg `kefkrmgòðe

cbfoeotovg qub aunobsb qubrock qub tuvobsb.

7.

Hgs aknnots

Cgcg hg fk`ghozgòðe cb gmnks rbhgtks cbscb bh puetk cb vostg cb hks aknnots><,

pgrb`b gprkpogck `kmbezgr pkr bstks. Be hg `grtg >73 g G.@. Euee>7 cbdg nobe `hgrk qub

be bstg skòbcgc gmnks `ðeyujbs tbeíge hks mosmks cbrbàks, guequb fueòkebs brge

cofbrbetbs. @ughquobrg cb bhhks brg `kesocbrgck bh rbprbsbetgetb cbh ktrk be `gsk cb

gusbeòg, mubrtb oe`huocg. Po bh vgrðe mkríg prombrk, su hujgr hk kùpgng su bspksg,

pucobeck sbr `gnbzg k totuhgr cb ueg fgmohog eumbrksg k `hge, qub ek pgsgng gh aodk k g

ghjôe ktrk abrbcbrk mobetrgs bhhg vovobrg, g ek sbr qub rbeueògrg vkhuetgrogmbetb. \kr

tgetk, pkcíg kùrror be vgrogs òrùestgeògs qub ueg mudbr hkejbvg cb `grç`tbr fubrtb

sojuobrg sobeck «`gnbzg cb fgmohog¹ agstg tbebr eobtks pbrfb`tgmbetb gcuhtks, kmk kùrrb

`ke hg gnubhg cb Jkhhum>>.

Hg prombrg aknnot cb hg qub tbebmks ektoògs bs hg mgcrb cb Nohnk, Nbhhgckeg>0

Sui, bh ôeo`k pbrskegdb fbmbeoek mbeòkegck be Bh Aknnot.>3 Hg `ghofo`g cb «fgmksg¹ y

«bxtrgkrcoegrog¹, gcbmçs cb ro`g, y Jgecghf ghucb g su mbmkrog pgrg ke`bcbr su pbrcðe

g Nohnk b oevkhu`rgrhb be su gvbeturg (sb supkeb qub su bspírotu gvbeturbrk prkvbecríg cb

bhhg), pbrk ek sb hg vubhvb g mbeòkegr.

Re mgjeífo`k bdbmphk cb pbrskegdb fbmbeoek ghbdgck cb hg ocbghozgòðe bs Hknbhog

Pg`kvohhg-Nkhsðe, hg getopçto`g promg cb Nohnk uyk ekmnrb ek sb mbeòkeg be Bh Aknnot ,

g pbsgr cb bstgr g puetk cb mucgrsb g Nkhsðe @brrgck ùgeck su hbjítomk cub÷k,

cb`hgrgck hbjghmbetb mubrtk trgs ue g÷k cb gusbeòg, rbjrbsg cb Brbnkr. Srgs ekmnrgr g

Frkck su hbjítomk abrbcbrk, pobrcb hg kpkrtueocgc cb ag`brsb `ke hg prkpobcgc cbspuïs

cb hg pgrtocg cb Nohnk be Bh Pb÷kr cb hks Geohhks. Frkck ag cb sg`grhg g bmpudkebs cb hg

`gsg mobetrgs rbùpbrgng vghoksks kndbtks qub sb hhbvgng mbtocks be bh pgrgjugs, mçs

>< «ùyk puetk cb vostg quosb prbsbrvgr sknrb tkcg ktrg `ksg.¹ SKHIOBE, D.^.^.4 Gpïeco`bs.Ngr`bhkeg4 Moektgurk 7??>, 761.

>7 @G^\BESB^, Hbttbrs kp. òt., >?0->?6. Be coàg `grtg sb mbeòkege vgrogs mgtrkegs aknnotsqub fubrke `gnbzgs cb sus `gsgs pbrk qub ek gpgrb`be be sus rbhgtks4 Hgurg Nkhsðe y Hghog Sui hg Jrgecb.

>> SKHIOBE, D.^.^.4 Bh Pb÷kr cb hks Geohhks. Ngr`bhkeg4 @írùhk cb Hb`tkrbs 7?16, 67.>0 Hks aknnots pkeíge g sus aodgs ekmnrbs cb fhkrbs k dkygs. SKHIOBE Gpïeco`bs kp.òt.,761.>3 Aumparby @grpbetbr knsbrvð somohotucbs betrb bstg y hg mgcrb cbh prkpok Skhiobe, Mgnbh

Puffobhc, ueg oefhubeòg fuecgmbetgh be su vocg. Fub su prombrg prkfbskrg y quobe hb ompuhsð bh gmkr pkrbh conudk, hks ocokmgs, hks ubetks cb agcgs, hg egturghbzg y su fb rbhojoksg. @G^\BESB^, Nokjrgfíg kp.òt., 7?2 y 7?6.



tgrcb cb agnbr bxojock kmprkngr hg hbjghocgc cbh tbstgmbetk cb Nohnk>2. Poe bmngrjk, hg

eb`bsocgc cb ghbdgr bh Geohhk cb Hg @kmgr`g, knhojg g Frkck g vbecbrhbs hg `gsg g ngdk

`kstb. Cbscb bhhg, su aodk `kmobezg hks trgtks `ke Tgrquoek qub tbrmoege pkr cbvgstgr hg

rbjoðe agstg bh rbjrbsk cb hks aïrkbs y su bxpuhsoðe.

G su mubrtb, Hknbhog mubstrg bh ôeo`k `kmpkrtgmobetk pksotovk y cbsoetbrbsgck

cb tkcg su trgyb`tkrog, gpgrtb cbh befrbetgmobetk `ke hks rufogebs qub hg hhbvg gh beòbrrk4

hbjg sus nobebs g Frkck pgrg qub hks bmphbb be gyucgr g hks aknnots qub pbrcobrke su

akjgr.>6 Be hgs bs`gsgs híebgs qub cbco`g g bstb pbrskegdb, Skhiobe, ek skhk hk ag

`grg`tbrozgck pbrfb`tgmbetb, g trgvïs cb su `kmpkrtgmobetk y cb hgs kpoeokebs cb hks

prktgjkeostgs, soek qub ag sock gpgz cb mkstrgr su bvkhuòðe.

Reg oecovocughocgc mçs pksotovg hg rbprbsbetg ^ksotg @ktk, hg aodg cbh jrgedbrk ghqub Pgm gùcb g pbcor gyucg ùgeck rbjrbsge g Hg @kmgr`g. Hk prombrk qub hb co`b bs

qub ag bstgck bspbrçeckhb cbscb hg promgvbrg, qub bstç muy jugpk y qub vubhvg ùgeck

g`gnbe `ke hks ngecocks. Hg omprbsoðe bs qub bhhg bs hg qub hhbvg hg oeoògtovg be hg

rbhgòðe y qub oe`husk mubstrg ueg obrtg prosg4 «‘¡_ nubek, yg ags pbrcock ue g÷k! »\grg

quï bspbrgr mçs;”¹>:. Srgs bh mgtromkeok, gmnks b oestghge be Nkhsðe @brrgck, ckecb sb

qubcge cbspuïs cb hg pgrtocg cb Frkck, y ske pgcrbs cb trb`b aodks.

Cb eubvk tbebmks ue pbrskegdb g``bskrok qub, pbrfb`tgmbetb, pkcríg ek agnbrtbeock eoejôe cbtghhb gpgrtb cbh ekmnrb soe qub bh grjumbetk sb rbsoetobsb hk mçs míeomk.

Poe bmngrjk, be nrbvbs poe`bhgcgs coghðjo`gs, Skhiobe eks nroecg hg omgjbe cb ueg dkvbe

aknnot ghbjrb, begmkrgcg y `ke jgegs cb `gsgrsb.

@kek`bmks tgmnoïe g hg aodg mgykr cb Pgm y ^ksg, Bhgekr, qub hhbjg g sbr

cke`bhhg cb akekr cb hg rboeg Grwbe, ue jrge akekr pgrg ue aknnot. Gcbmçs bs bhhg, y ek

ghjuek cb sus abrmgeks vgrkebs, hg ustkcog cbh Honrk ^kdk, hg rðeo`g cb Nohnk, Frkck y

Pgm, trgs hg pgrtocg cb su pgcrb g Vghoekr g hg mubrtb cb ^ksg>1.

\kr tgetk, eo hg bxpho`gòðe cb sus `kstumnrbs fgmohogrbs cb bstg rgzg pkr pgrtb cb

Skhiobe, eo hks bdbmphks mbeòkegcks, sujobrbe cb eoejôe mkck moskjoeog k

pgtrogr`ghosmk. Hks aknnots, mgsùhoeks y fbmbeoeks, ske `rogturgs trgequohgs qub

cosfrutge `ke sus vocgs gpgònhbs y hks phg`brbs sbeòhhks, `ke ghjueg bx`bpòðe `kmk

>2SKHIOBE, Pb÷kr kp. òt., 3:.

>6 Oníc., 7<:6>: Oníc., 7<1<.>1 SKHIOBE, Gpïeco`bs kp.òt.,773.



Nohnk, qub, rb`krcbmks, abrbcg bstk cb su mgcrb y ek cb su pgcrb. Skcgs hgs aknnots qub

eks mubstrge ske `grg`tbrbs fubrtbs>?, `ke sus prkpogs oequobtucbs b oetbrbsbs cbetrk cb

hgs `grg`tbrísto`gs prkpogs cb su pubnhk.

>. Hgs begegs

^bspb`tk g hg prbsbeòg fbmbeoeg be hg skòbcgc cb hks begeks, agy oe`husk mbeks

rbfbrbeògs qub g hgs bets0<. Hgs ôeo`gs oefkrmgòkebs sb beùbetrge be bh Gpïeco`b G y

bh Pohmgrohhoke, gtronuocgs g Jomho, pbrk, `kmk sb÷ghg @arostkpabr Skhiobe,07bxostbe

cos`rbpgeògs betrb hgs vbrsokebs cb ïpk`gs cofbrbetbs sknrb so tbeíge k ek ngrng y so

pkcíge sbr knhojgcgs g `gsgrsb. Pke pk`gs, mbeks cb ue tbròk qub hks vgrkebs, y sb÷ghg

qub gpbegs sb hgs mbeòkeg be hgs `rkekhkjígs. Hg ôeo`g `kekòcg sbríg Cís, abrmgeg cb

Sakroe y mgcrb cb Foho y Ioho be Bh Aknnot .

\kr tgetk, hk ôeo`k qub sb pubcb gformgr g òbeòg òbrtg, bs hg tktgh gusbeòg cb

oefkrmgòðe sknrb hgs begegs cb hg Sobrrg Mbcog, hk qub be`gdgríg `ke bh trgcoòkegh

abrmbtosmk cbh pubnhk cb Curoe qub eo tge soquobrg rbvbhgnge sus vbrcgcbrks ekmnrbs0>.

Hks `rkeostgs aknnots ek pkcríge agnbr cbdgck `kestgeòg cb hk qub cbs`kek`íge.

0. Hgs aumgegs

Cbnock g hg yg mbeòkegcg fk`ghozgòðe cbh rbhgtk cbscb bh puetk cb vostg cb hks

mbcogeks, tgmpk`k gpgrb`be cbmgsogcks bdbmphks cb mudbrbs. Ek knstgetb, hg

pgrhgeàoeg Okrbta cb Hgs @gsgs cb @urgòðe cb Jkeckr rbsuhtg pgrtoùhgrmbetb

sompçto`g, gcbmçs cb sbr hg prombrg be rb`kek`br bh rbtkrek cbh rby pkr su gpgòcgc pgrg

sgegr, rumkr qub rçpocgmbetb bxtobecb4 «- ¡Bh rby! »Hk agnïos kíck; »Wuï codb yk; Hgs

mgeks cb ue urgckr, bsk codb. –_ prketk hg ektoòg cb qub bh rby sb be`ketrgng be vbrcgc

>? @ke hg pksonhb bx`bpòðe cb hg Pb÷krg Mgjjkt y cb hg mgcrb cb ^ksg, cb hgs qub ek pkcbmksgformgr egcg, cgcg hg bs`gsbz cb oefkrmgòðe sknrb bhhgs.

0< Hk pk`k qub `kek`bmks cb hgs bets-mudbrbs bs g trgvïs cb Nçrnkh pbrk eo ïh mosmk rbùbrcg hksufoòbetb kmk pgrg cbs`ronorhgs. Hks justks cofbrbetbs hbs hhbvge g sbpgrgrsb4 bhhgs prbforobrke bstgnhb`brsby ùhtovgr, pkr hk qub ske akergcgs pkr hks akmnrbs, mobetrgs qub hks mgàks `ketoeôge `ke ueg vocg mçssghvgdb y brrgetb, vosotçeckhgs cb vbz be ùgeck. Poe bmngrjk, gh rbjrbsgr ue cíg, be`ketrgrke hks `gmpksgrrgsgcks, hgs bets cbsgpgrbòcgs y, cbscb betke`bs eue`g vkhvobrke g vbrhgs. Bh ôeo`k ekmnrb fbmbeoekcbh qub tbebmks ektoòg bs Fomnrbtaoh, hg gmgcg cb Nçrnkh. SKHIOBE, Pb÷kr kp.òt., 311-3?<.

07 SKHIOBE, @.4 Hg Aostkrog cb Bh Pb÷kr cb hks Geohhks. OOO. Hks pubnhks cb hg tobrrg mbcog Ngr`bhkeg4 Moektgurk ><<>, 007. 0> SKHIOBE, Gpïeco`bs kp.òt.,762.



betrb bhhks, y qub hubjk cb hg jubrrg trgíg hg ùrgòðe, sghoð cb hg @gsg y `krroð pkr tkcg hg

òucgc.¹00

Sbebmks mbeòkebs, gcbmçs, cbh ekmnrb y ghjôe cbtghhb cb muàgs ktrgs,

bspbòghmbetb hgs mgcrbs y bspksgs cb ktrks pbrskegdbs4 Johrgbe, hg sufrocg mgcrb cbGrgjkre9 Ovkrwbe, mgcrb cb ïstg, ùyg `hgrovocbeòg pksonohotg bh egòmobetk cbh rby

Bhbssgr9 Bhfaohc, hg mudbr cb Saïkcbe, mubrtg cb pgrtk9 hg cb Cbebtakr, Foecuohgs cb Ckh

Gmrkta,…

Skcgs hgs getbrokrmbetb sb÷ghgcgs be`gdgríge cbetrk cb hks rkhbs trgcoòkeghbs cb

befbrmbrg, bspksg y mgcrb y, pkr tgetk, sorvbe `kmk grjumbetk cb hg `ríto`g fbmoeostg.

Ek knstgetb, `rbk qub sbríg ompksonhb `kefojurgr ue mueck vbrksímoh soe qub aunobsb

mudbrbs qub g`tugsbe cbetrk cb bsks pgpbhbs.

\brk hg mçs cbstg`gcg y cbsgrrkhhgcg cb betrb hgs aumgegs bs, soe cucg, Ïkwye cb

^kage. Cbscb hg prombrg cbs`ropòðe cbh pbrskegdb, gpgrb`b `kmk ueg cke`bhhg qub ag

bstgck gh ùocgck cb su geògek tík. Pb cbs`ronb `kmk nbhhg y krjuhhksg, cbho`gcg pbrk

oefhbxonhb, bsnbhtg pbrk fubrtb9 gtronutks abrbcgcks cb su gnubhg Mkrwbe cb Hkssgregà

hhgmgcg «^bsphgeckr cbh G`brk¹03.

@kefkrmb gvgezg hg aostkrog vgmks kekòbeck su `grç`tbr g trgvïs cb sus prkpogs

rbfhbxokebs y cb hg kpoeoðe qub cb bhhg tobebe hks cbmçs pbrskegdbs. Ïkwye, pbsb gbe`ketrgrsb be ueg pksoòðe sbùecgrog, kùpg ue hujgr ompkrtgetb g hks kdks cb sus

`kmpgtroktgs qub hg bhojbe `kmk corojbetb4 «Ek ab ekmnrgck g Ïkmbr ‐ codk Açmg -. _

ek bs bh ôhtomk. Bstç Ïkwye, aodg cb Ïkmuec, hg abrmgeg cb Ïkmbr. Bs vghobetb y cb

`krgzðe mgjeçeomk. Skcks hg gmge. Wub sbg bhhg bh Pb÷kr cb Bkrhoejgs be eubstrg

gusbeòg.¹02

G pbsgr cb sbr, soe cucg ghjueg, ue jrge akekr y ueg mubstrg cb bstomg y kefogezg

cb su jbetb, bstk ek hb sgtosfg`b yg qub su cbsbk, fuecgck be su `rbòmobetk be uegskòbcgc gr`go`g y nbho`ksg, `kmk vbmks qub bs ^kage, bs or g hg jubrrg y hkjrgr jrgecbs

agzg÷gs. Ïkwye ek tbmb hg ngtghhg eo hg mubrtb soek bh `gutovbrok, bh qubcgrsb rbhbjgcg gh

akjgr pkr knhojgòðe, pkr agnbr egòck mudbr, yg qub su `krgdb pubcb bquopgrgrsb gh cb

ùghquobr akmnrb4 «»Pobmprb tbecrï yk qub qubcgrmb be `gsg ùgeck hks `gnghhbrks

00 SKHIOBE, Pb÷kr kp.òt., ?77.03 SKHIOBE, Gpïeco`bs kp.òt., :<.02 SKHIOBE Pb÷kr kp.òt., 110-113.



pgrtbe, cbco`gcg g pbqub÷ks mbebstbrbs mobetrgs bhhks `kequostge hg jhkrog, pgrg qub gh

rbjrbsgr beùbetrbe hbàk y ghombetk;¹06

Abmks cb rb`krcgr qub Ïkwye ek sgnb gnskhutgmbetb egcg cb hg mosoðe cb

cbstruor bh Geohhk y su vosoðe cb hg jubrrg bstç muy kecoòkegcg pkr bh gmnobetb cbrrktostg

qub prkvk`ge be Mbcusbhc hgs oetrojgs cb Hbejug cb Pbrpobetb. Bhhg `rbb qub ek agy

vo`tkrog pksonhb y, pkr tgetk, bs prbfbronhb mkror be bh `gmpk cb ngtghhg `kmngtobeck, g

hgejuocb`br bspbrgeck hgs ektoògs cb hg mubrtb cb sus sbrbs qubrocks 0: agstg qub,

foeghmbetb hg skmnrg cb Pgurke hhbjub agstg ghhí4 «Skcgs vubstrgs pghgnrgs sojeofo`ge ueg

skhg `ksg4 Brbs mudbr, y tu mosoðe bstç be bh akjgr. Poe bmngrjk, ùgeck hks akmnrbs

agyge mubrtk ke akekr be hg ngtghhg, sb tb pbrmotorç qubmgr hg `gsg b oemkhgrtb ke bhhg,

pubstk qub yg ek hg eb`bsotgrçe.¹01

Getb hg ebjgtovg cb sus pgrobetbs, y cb Grgjkre, pbrskegdb pkr bh qub sobetb ueg

bekrmb fgsòegòðe0?, cb pbrmotorhb or g huàgr, cbòcb cosfrgzgrsb cb jubrrbrk y

g`kmpg÷gr g hg aubstb cb rkaorrom g hks @gmpks cbh \bhbeekr. Ghhí sb befrbetg `ke bh

hujgrtbeobetb cb Pgurke, bh pkcbrksk ^by Nrudk cb Gejmgr, Pb÷kr cb hks Eîzjuh y hk

cbrrktg3<. \brk, bsb «eoejôe akmnrb vovobetb¹37 puck agnbr sock ue aknnot, ue begek b

oe`husk ue bhfk. Poe bmngrjk, bs Ïkwye hg qub vbe`b gh bebmojk mçs pkcbrksk cb hks qub

gùcbe g hg ngtghhg (cgck qub Pgurke ek hk ag`b). \kr tgetk, Skhiobe kevobrtb g ueg mudbr

be bh aïrkb mçs mbrotkrok cb hg Jubrrg cbh Geohhk.

Hg gckpòðe cbh ekmnrb Cbreabhm3> bs oetbrprbtgcg kmk ueg ùbstoðe cb jïebrk

pkr Orbeb Pgez Ghkesk4 «Ïkwye ek sðhk sb vostb cb gnghhbrk soek qub gckptg hg ocbetocgc

cb uek ugeck sb ag`b hhgmgr Cbreabhm.¹ 30 Ek knstgetb, rbk qub be rbghocgc sb trgtg cb

uek cb hks eumbrksks `gsks cb pkhoekmgsog `gnghhbrbs`g qub sb cge be Bh Pb÷kr cb hks

06 Oníc., 1>7.0:

Ktrk fg`tkr ompkrtgetb qub oefhuyb be bh `grç`tbr cb Ïkwye bs hg mubrtb cb su pgcrb Ïkmuec pbrsojuobeck kr`ks y gh pk`k hg cb su mgcrb Saïkcwye cb trostbzg. SKHIOBE, Gpïeco`bs kp.òt.,:<.01 SKHIOBE, Pb÷kr kp.òt., 1>70? Pus sbetomobetks ske pbrfb`tgmbetb cbfoeocks pkr Fgrgmor4 «Cbsbgngos bh gmkr cbh Pb÷kr

Grgjkre. \ubs brg eknhb y pkcbrksk, y qubrígos hg fgmg y hg jhkrog4 bhbvgrks pkr beòmg cb hgs `ksgsmbzquoegs qub sb grrgstrge sknrb hg tobrrg. _ kmk ue jrge gpotçe g ue dkvbe skhcgck, ks pgrbòð gcmorgnhb.\krqub hk bs, ue Pb÷kr betrb hks akmnrbs, y bh mçs jrgecb cb hks qub aky bxostbe. \brk ùgeck sðhkrbònostbos cb ïh `kmprbesoðe y pobcgc, betke`bs yg ek quosostbos eoejueg ktrg `ksg, sghvk ueg mubrtbjhkroksg be bh `kmngtb.¹ Oníc., 7<76.

3< ^bcbfoeobeck hg prkfb`íg cb M`Nbta qub eue`g `kevbeòð g Skhiobe.37 Oníc., 1103> Cbreb sojeofo`g kùhtk, sb`rbtk. SKHIOBE, @.4 Hg Aostkrog cb Bh Pb÷kr cb hks Geohhks. OOO. Hg

jubrrg cbh Geohhk. Ngr`bhkeg4 Moektgurk ><<>, 3>7.

30 PGET GHKEPK, O4 «»Wuobe mgtð gh rby nrudk; @kmk Cbreabhm sb quotg bh `gs`k y Ïkwye sbrb`keòhog `ke su jïebrk¹ be Besgyks sknrb òbeòg fo`òðe y hotbrgturg fgetçsto`g. Mgcroc4 Gskògòðeùhturgh Qgtgfo y Reovbrsocgc @grhks OOO, ><7<, 32?.



Geohhks, bspbòghmbetb be Grgjkre y Jgecghf . Be hks honrks cb `gnghhbrígs y hg ekvbhg

grtôro`g hks `gmnoks cb ekmnrb knbcb`be g ompkrtgetbs `gmnoks nokjrçfo`ks cb hks

pbrskegdbs. Hg gckpòðe cb ue cbtbrmoegck sknrbekmnrb knbcb`b g ueg eubvg btgpg

nokjrçfo`g be hg trgyb`tkrog cbh aïrkb, ue su`bsk gmkrksk k pbrskegh oetbrfobrb be hg

prkjrbsoðe cbh oecovocuk y cbtbrmoeg hg bhb` oðe cbh eubvk ghogs.33 _ pkr bsk sb eks co`b

qub «brg Ïkwye y tgmnoïe brg Cbreabhm¹32, bs cbòr, g ue tobmpk hg gprbògcg proe`bsg

cb ^kage y bh skhcgck geðeomk cb hg aubstb cbh ^by.

Guequb sghb vo`tkroksg, hkjrgeck gsí mçs jhkrog qub ùghquobr ktrk jubrrbrk be hg

knrg y `kmobezg g sbr hhgmgcg «Pb÷krg cbh Nrgzk Bsùcgck¹36, bs gh`gezgcg pkr ue

abàozk y bstç g puetk cb mkror agstg qub Grgjkre hg ùrg. Gh cbspbrtgr, sojub cbsbgeck

hg mubrtb be `kmngtb y soetoïecksb bedguhgcg agstg qub `ke hg cbstru`òðe cbh Geohhk

cbsgpgrb`b hg oefhubeòg cb Pgurke y su gmostgc `ke Fgrgmor sb `kevobrtb be gmkr.

Bstb foegh cb Ïkwye ag cgck pob g covbrsgs oetbrprbtgòkebs. Muàks age qubrock

vbr be su mgtromkeok `ke Fgrgmor y su cbsbk cb gngeckegr hg jubrrg ue `gstojk pkr pgrtb

cb Skhiobe. Pbjôe bstg pbrspb`tovg, bh gutkr bs`grmbetgríg g Ïkwye pkr su ksgcíg cb

qubrbr `kevbrtorsb be `gnghhbrk y pkr bhhk tbrmoeg rbeueògeck g su cbsbk pgrg vovor ueg

vocg pg`ífo`g kmk urgecbrg.

\grtoùhgrmbetb, mb rbsuhtg ue tgetk cofíòh oetbrprbtgr kmk ue `krrb`tovk bh abàk

cb `gsgrsb `ke ue pbrskegdb `grg`tbrozgck tge pksotovgmbetb, `ke bh qub sb `kmpbebtrg g

hg pbrfb`òðe (be pghgnrgs cbh prkpok gutkr 3:), y trgs bh ôeo`k prk`bsk cb begmkrgmobetk

qub sb cbtghhg, `ke bs`begs cb jrge tbreurg y cbho`gcbzg, gusbetbs be hgs cbmçs pgrbdgs

qub sb fkrmge be hg knrg. G mo duoòk, Fgrgmor y Ïkwye bdbmphofo`ge bh trgcoòkegh «foegh

fbhoz¹ cb hks ubetks cb agcgs, kmk \ríeòpbs cb Otaohobe31, bspbòghmbetb gh kmpgrgrhk

`ke bh gsk cb Grwbe. G hg proe`bsg bhfg hb bspbrg ueg trgjbcog cb trostbzg y skhbcgc kmk

«prbmok¹ pkr agnbr ùmphock g hg pbrfb`òðe `ke su rkh pgsovk cb cgmg cbh gmkr `krtïs4

«\brk Grwbe agníg bhbjock sbr ueg mudbr mkrtgh, y su cbstoek ek quosk soe bmngrjk qub

33 PGHBP CGPÍ, B.D.4 Hg gvbeturg `gnghhbrbs`g4 Bpkpbyg y mgrgvohhgs. Egvgrrg4 @betrk cbBstucoks @brvgetoeks ><<3, 07.

32 SKHIOBE, Pb÷kr kp.òt., 113.36 SKHIOBE, Gpïeco`bs kp.òt., :<.3: Skhiobe bxpho`g cb fkrmg mgjostrgh hg egturghbzg cb su rbhgòðe be hg grtg >33, be @G^\BESB^,

Hbttbrs kp. òt.,0>0-0>3.31 SKHIOBE, @, \ubnhks kp.òt., >6< g÷gcb qub «vovoð be ueg abrmksg `gsg eubvg be hgs @khoegscb Bmye Grebe, ùyks dgrcoebs, cosb÷gcks pkr Hbjkhgs bh bhfk, jkzgnge cb jrge rbekmnrb¹.



murobsb getbs cb agnbr pbrcock tkck hk qub agníg jgegck. (…) Gôe ek bstgng `gesgcg cb

hks cígs y gakrg sbetíg bh sgnkr gmgrjk cb hg mkrtghocgc qub bhhg mosmg agníg bhbjock.¹3?

Cb abàk, Ïkwye sí qub `kmbtb ueg trgesjrbsoðe ompkrtgetb, ek pkr ùbstokebs

cb jïebrk soek be ghjk cb mgykr gh`ge`b, cgck qub gngeckeg bh ompkrtgetb pubstk qub sb

hb agníg gsojegck gh frbetb cbh jknobrek cb ^kage. Ompuhsovgmbetb, cbdg g su pubnhk soe

ue juíg be hks tbrronhbs mkmbetks cb jubrrg qub bstçe vovobeck, pbesgeck skhk be

sgtosfg`br sus gesogs cb jhkrog be bh `kmngtb2<. _ gue `ke tkck, su «`gstojk¹ bs sknrbvovor

g hg ngtghhg trgs agnbr cbrrktgck gh by Nrudk, begmkrgrsb, gsgrsb y vovor fbhoz be tobmpks

cb pgz. 27 Reg omgjbe mçs gprkpogcg pgrg `gstojgr ueg trgesjrbsoðe cbh rkh cb jïebrk

pkcríg sbr qub aunobsb mubrtk soe agnbr rbghozgck eoejueg agzg÷g be bh `kmngtb.

\kr tgetk, hk qub eks be`ketrgmks be rbghocgc bs qub, be `ketrg cb quobebs

grjumbetge hg fghtg cb cbsgrrkhhk y bvkhuòðe cb hks pbrskegdbs be hg knrg cb Skhiobe,

abmks sock tbstojks cbh `gmnok be Ïkwye g trgvïs cb hgs bxpbrobeògs votghbs qub

`kmpgrtomks ke bhhg. @ugeck cbòcb gckptgr hg urgòðe kmk fkrmg cb vocg ek hk ag`b

pkrqub sbg ueg mudbr y ek pubcg cbco`grsb g ktrg `ksg, cgck qub yg ag cbmkstrgck, g hks

cbmçs y g sí mosmg, hk `ketrgrok, soek pkrqub hk cbòcb gsí vkhuetgrogmbetb trgs `kek`br

g Fgrgmor y `kmprbecbr qub hg jubrrg bs ue mbcok y ek ue foe2>4 «¡Hg Pkmnrg ag

cbsgpgrbòck! ¡_g eue`g mçs vkhvbrï g sbr ueg cke`bhhg jubrrbrg, eo rovghozgrï `ke hks

jrgecbs gnghhbrks, eo jkzgrï tge sðhk ke getks cb mgtgezg! Pbrï ueg @urgckrg, y gmgrï

tkck ùgetk `rb`b, tkck hk qub ek bs çrock.¹20

Cos`rbpk tgmnoïe rgco`ghmbetb cb hg kpoeoðe cb Igtabroeb Abssbr qub hk oetbrprbtg

`kmk bh rbstgnhbòmobetk cbh rkh cb jïebrk cb hg Sobrrg Mbcog4 «rbdb`t tab bxostbe`b kf

3? SKHIOBE, Pb÷kr kp.òt., 7<?2. Poe bmngrjk, g Hôaobe, g hg qub tgetk sb pgrb`b y `ke hg qub`kmpgrtb cbstoek, sb hb prbmog su `kmpkrtgmobetk g`tovk `ke ueg eubvg vocg gh hgck cb su gmgck.SKHIOBE, Pohmgrohhoke kp. òt., >7?->><.

2<

Cb abàk, sb hb pocb hk mosmk qub g Bmbhcor «hg cb `krgzðe voroh¹, bspksg cb Ngrgaor y mgcrbcb Nbrbe, qub qubríg qubcgrsb `ke su mgrock, qub sb ebjgng g rbtorgrsb be hg oevgsoðe cb Ckrtakeoke, pbrkqub, foeghmbetb, g``bcb g krjgeozgr hg bvgùgòðe cb hgs mudbrbs y hks eo÷ks gh Nksqub cb Nrïtaoh be hg\rombrg Bcgc. SKHIOBE, D.^.^.4 Bh Pohmgrohhoke. Ngr`bhkeg4 @írùhk cb hb`tkrbs 7?1:, 717 y 71:.

27Be ue proeòpok, Skhiobe phgebð qub Ïkwye sb `gsgrg `ke Grgjkre pbrk `gmnoð cb kpoeoðe pkrqub Grgjkre hb pgrb`íg «cbmgsogck vobdk, sb÷krogh y bstorgck¹ pgrg bhhg. Sgmnoïe `kesocbrð hg pksonohocgc cb qub Ïkwye fubrg hg abrmgeg jbmbhg cb Ïkmuec, y qub murobsb «pgrg vbejgr k sghvgr gSaïkcbe¹ y qub Grgjkre, dgmçs sb `gsgrg trgs su mubrtb. Be SKHIOBE, @4 Hg Aostkrog cb Bh Pb÷kr cb hks

Geohhks. OO. Hg trgoòðe cb Osbejgrc . Ngr`bhkeg4 Moektgurk ><<>, 270, 2>0 y 2>2 y Jubrrg kp.òt., >?3->?2y 3<?.

2> «Bh `gmnok cb Ïkwye betrg÷g bh gngeckek cb ue `ðcojk cb akekr qub Skhiobe `kesocbrgnggetoùgck ‐ bh bdbmphofo`gck pkr hks Doebtbs cb kage ‐ y hg eb`bsocgc cb gmnogrhk pkr uek mçs skfosto`gck,bh qub rbprbsbetge hks akmnrbs cb Jkeckr quobebs, `kmk Fgrgmor, ske `kesòbetb cb qub, so nobe hg jubrrg

bs `ke cbmgsogcg frbùbeòg bh ôeo`k mïtkck cb `kesbjuor ueg pgz pkstbrokr, sobmprb bs ueg mbcocgcbsgjrgcgnhb. Hg eubvg Ïkwye gnrgzg bstb `ðcojk abrko`k.¹ @G^^BSB^K, M4 kp.òt., 777.20 SKHIOBE, Pb÷kr kp.òt., 7<76.



wkrioej mktabrs oe fgvkr kf trkpay wovbs¹23. G mo mkck cb betbecbr, Skhiobe cbdg muy

`hgrk bh rbspbtk qub sb hb tbeíg g Ïkwye getbs y cbspuïs cb hg `ketobecg. Be eoejôe

mkmbetk sb hg gmkebstg k `gstojg eo pkr fghtgr g su cbnbr eo pkr cbsknbcb`br g su rby,

mçs nobe gh `ketrgrok, sb hg `kesocbrg ueg jrge abrkíeg4 «pubs hgs agzg÷gs cb Ïkwye hg

age pubstk betrb hgs rboegs cb jrge rbekmnrb¹22.

Pu `gmnok cb pbrspb`tovg `koeòcb `ke hg vosoðe cbh gutkr cb hg jubrrg, bxprbsgck

tgmnoïe g trgvïs cb pbrskegdbs mgsùhoeks, `kmk Fgrgmor 26, ek pkr sbxosmk. Pke hks

kr`ks hks qub cosfrutge `ke hks befrbetgmobetks y hg cbstru`òðe. Hg supbrgòðe cbh

cbsçeomk prkvk`gck pkr hgs oetrojgs cb Jromg, bh `ketg`tk `ke skòbcgcbs mçs

bvkhuòkegcgs qub hg rkaorrom, hg vosoðe cb hg rbghocgc cb hg huàg, bh begmkrgmobetk cb

Fgrgmor y hg cbsgpgroòðe cb hg oefhubeòg cb Pgurke `rbk qub ske pbsk sufoòbetb pgrg

bxpho`gr ue `gmnok be su fkrmg cb pbesgr y be hg phgeofo`gòðe cb su eubvg vocg2:.

3. Hgs bhfgs

Ghjueks `ríto`ks age hgmbetgck bh pgpbh pgsovk dujgck pkr Grwbe be hg aostkrog

cbh Geohhk, sknrb tkck gh `kmpgrçrsbhg `ke Hôtaobe21, qub hhbjg getb bh trkek cb Mkrjkta

y rbùpbrg bh Pohmgroh, y `ke hg qub `kmpgrtb hg rbeueòg g hg oemkrtghocgc pgrg ueorsb g

ue akmnrb mkrtgh2?. \brk Skhiobe ek tobeb eoejueg kndbòðe be sotugr g ueg mudbr be bh

23 C^KRS, kp.òt.,76?.22 SKHIOBE, Pb÷kr kp.òt., ?7>.26 «\brk yk ek mgtk pkr eb`bsocgc eo g akmnrb eo g nbstog, y ùgeck bs eb`bsgrok ek hk agjk `ke

ghbjríg.¹ Oníc., 6?<.2: _ ek ueg «ckmg¹, cb abàk `rbk qub Skhiobe sb ríb cb bsb topk cb `ke`bptks g trgvïs cb ueg

nrkmg cb hg prkpog Ïkwye4 «¡Ghhç vg ue Pb÷kr qub ag ckmgck g ueg cke`bhhg jubrrbrg cbh Ekrtb!¹ Oníc., 7<76. Sgmnoïe cbdg muy hgrk qub bs bhhg hg qub cbòcb honrbmbetb gsgrsb4 «¡Fgrgmor, Pbebs`gh cb Jðeckry \ríeòpb cb Otaohobe pocb hg mgek cb Ïkwye Cgmg cb ^kage, y bhhg sb hg `ke`bcb cb nube jrgck!¹ Oníc.,

7<>1-7<>?.21 Be Bh Pohmgrohhoke, Huòbe b Ocroh, gmngs ske bhfgs y bspksgs cb mkrtghbs. Ek skhk tobebe pgpbhbsompkrtgetbs y bstçe cbs`rotgs `kmk nbhhgs cgmgs soek qub gcbmçs, cbmubstrge jrge oejbeok b oevbetovg yske pobzgs `hgvb be hks rbhgtks be qub sb oesbrtge. Huòbe hkjrg auor cb hg vojohgeòg ompubstg pkr su pgcrb,rbs`gtgr g Nbrbe, `khgnkrgr cbòsovgmbetb be hg rbùpbrgòðe cbh Pohmgroh cb hg `krkeg cb Mkrjkta y`kevbe`br g Mgecks cb qub hb pbrmotg g Nbrbe rbjrbsgr cb betrb hks mubrtks. Mobetrgs qub Ocroh tobeb bhcke cb hg hgrovocbeòg mgykr cb su pubnhk y sus g`brtgcks kesbdks ske sbjuocks gh pob cb hg hbtrg pkr Sukr,su bspksk. Gcbmçs hkjrg cbfbecbrsb ke u÷gs y cobetbs y sghvgr g su aodk cb Mbjhoe curgetb bh gsghtk cb hgsaubstbs cb Mbhikr g Jkeckhoe. Bhwoej, mgcrb cb Bhrkec y gnubhg cb Grwbe, tgmnoïe tobeb ue pgpbh abrko`kgh hgezgrsb gh mgr pgrg sghvgr bh Pohmgroh y, trgs rbueorsb `ke su mgrock Bãrbecoh hhbjg g Vghoekr. Ghhígprbecoð bh hbejugdb cb hgs gvbs y g vkhgr.

2? Hôtaobe bs `hgrgmbetb supbrokr g Nbrbe. Sobeb ueg nbhhbzg sknrbegturgh, oemkrtghocgc y pkcbrbsmçjo`ks. Pke sus agnohocgcbs hgs qub hks sghvge g gmnks. Pojeofo`gtovgmbetb be hgs tumngs cb D.^.^. y su

bspksg Bcota bstçe jrgngcks Nbrbe y Hôtaobe pkr cbsbk bxprbsk cbh bs`rotkr (@grtg 03< be @G^\BESB^ Hbttbrs kp.òt., 3><), `ke hks qub sb ocbetofo`gng. Ek cbdg cb sbr skrprbecbetb qub hks `ríto`ks fbmoeostgs ekagyge rbpgrgck be hk rbvbhgckr cb bstk.



`krgzðe cb hg ngtghhg, kmk mubstrg hg aostkrog cb Bkwye6<. Grwbe ketoeôg be ovbecbh

`kmk pgrtb cbh phge `kmphbtk cbh gutkr, bhhg bs hg mudbr qub cbnb pbrmgeb`br be `gsg

mobetrgs su gmgetb gsumb hks robsjks cb hg vocg y sus ghbjrígs be ueg jubrrg cb hg ùgh

pgrb`b muy omprkngnhb qub sknrbvovg. Mubstrg hg gejustog cb knsbrvgr y bspbrgr,

rbspkecobeck gh mkcbhk cb cgmg cb hgs `gnghhbrígs y g ueg ùbstoðe nokjrçfo`g 67. Ek

knstgetb, tkmg sus prkpogs cbòsokebs, gh befrbetgrsb g hks cbsbks cb su pgcrb, bhbjor hg

mkrtghocgc y qubcgrsb be hujgr cb pgrtor `ke bh rbstk cb su fgmohog g Vghoekr.

Hg cgmg prktgjkeostg cb hks honrks cb `gnghhbrígs subhb sbr `gso sobmprb ueg

oefgetg k proe`bsg cb nbhhbzg bxtrbmg, ue sbr `gso covoek6>, `kmk Grwbe4 «‘Aodk mík”

codk Johrgbe, ‘tu gmnoòðe bs ghtg, agstg pgrg bh cbs`becobetb cb eumbrksks bybs. \krqub

bstg cgmg bs hg mçs eknhb y hg mçs abrmksg qub aky posg hg tobrrg.”¹60

Hg ketbmphgòðe cb bstg abrmksurg bs bh vbaíùhk gcbùgck pgrg qub bh gnghhbrk

begmkrgck g``bcg g hg vortuc, cb gaí qub ugetk mçs ocího`k sbg bh kndbtk gmgck, «mçs sb

besghzg hg eknhbzg y bh bspírotu cbh akmnrb qub gmg¹63. \kr bhhk bh gtrg`tovk físo`k sb

`kevobrtb be mktovk betrgh cb hgs cbs`ropòkebs fbmbeoegs62, tgmnoïe fgvkrbòcgs pkr su

ghtg bxtrg`òðe skògh, sus ro`gs dkygs y pboegcks4

6< Be hks rbhgtks cb hks \rombrks Cígs, uek cb hks trbs pubnhks qub kmpkebe hks Gtgeo, hks \rombrksAkmnrbs, bs bh cb Aghbta, cbekmoegck pkr su `gpotgeg, qub pksbíg ueg jugrcog cb jubrrbrgs sbhb`tgs y qubsb grg`tbrozgng pkr su pbroòg kmk huàgckrbs, cb gmnks sbxks, bspbòghmbetb be hks nksqubs. SKHIOBE,@. \ubnhks kp.òt., 02?.

67 Bstgnhb`br bh pgrghbhosmk cbh sufromobetk cb Bcota curgetb hg ïpk`g be qub bstuvobrke sbpgrgcks.@grtg 30 be @G^\BESB^ Hbttbrs kp.òt., 31-20.

6> HR@ÍG MBDÍGP, D.M. y PGHBP CGPÍ, B.D.4 Honrks cb `gnghhbrígs `gstbhhgeks (sojhks QVO y

QVOO), Mgcroc4 Bcoòkebs cbh Hgnbroetk ><<1, 7?7. 60 SKHIOBE, Pb÷kr kp.òt., 7<1?.63 JGP@ÐE-VB^G, B.4 «Hg gmnojøbcgc be bh `ke`bptk cbh gmkr y cb hg mudbr be hg prksg

`gstbhhgeg cbh QV¹ be Nkhbtíe cb hg ^bgh G`gcbmog Bspg÷khg 2?, 7?:?, 732.62 Hg nbhhbzg k fbghcgc físo`g cb hks pbrskegdbs hb pbrmotbe gh hb`tkr oetuor su `gtgcurg mkrgh be

PGHBP CGPÍ, B.D.4 «”Vbr” y ‘morgr” be hks honrks cb gnghhbrígs¹, be Sabsgurus YBstucoks sknrb egrrgtovg`gnghhbrbs`g bspg÷khg cb hks sojhks QVO y QVOO] (23), 0, 7???.attp4//`v`.`brvgetbs.bs/hbejug/tabsgurus/pcf/23/SA[23[<<7[<7:[<.pcf



«Be bh `betrk cb hg mbsg, gpkygcg be hks tgpo`bs qub pbecíge cbh murk, agníg ueg sohhg ngdk ue cksbh y ghhí bstgng sbetgcg ueg abrmksg cgmg, tge pgrbòcg g Bhrkec, ngdk fkrmgfbmbeoeg, qub ek pkcíg sbr, soek ueg pgrobetb prðxomg. Brg dkvbe y gh mosmk tobmpk ekhk brg, pubs guequb hg bs`gràg ek agníg tk`gck hgs trbezgs cb pbhk skmnrík y hks nrgzks nhge`ks y bh rkstrk `hgrk brge tbrsks y soe cbfb`tk y hg huz cb hgs bstrbhhgs hb nrohhgrg behks kdks, jrosbs kmk ueg ekàb soe eunbs, agníg be bhhg vbrcgcbrg mgdbstgc, y hg morgcgrbvbhgng `kekòmobetk y sgnocuríg, `kmk so aunobrg vostk tkcgs hgs `ksgs qub trgbe hksg÷ks.(…) Hb ùnríg hg `gnbzg ueg rbc cb aohks cb phgtg betrbtbdocg `ke pbqub÷gs jbmgscb ue nhge`k rbsphgecbòbetb, pbrk hgs cbho`gcgs vbstocurgs jrosbs ek tbeíge ktrk gckrekqub ue òeturðe cb akdgs òe`bhgcgs be phgtg.¹66

Hg vosoðe cb hg cgmg cbsbe`gcbegrç oembcogtgmbetb bh gmkr g prombrg vostg cbh

`gnghhbrk sotuçeckhk frbetb g ueg bxpbrobeòg ekvbcksg pgrg ïh `kmk bs bh gmkr 6:4 « G hg

akrg cbh `rbpôsùhk, Grgjkre pgsbgng skhotgrok pkr hks nksqubs, `ke bh `krgzðe ghbjrb9 y

`getgng, pkrqub tbeíg muàgs bspbrgezgs, y pkrqub bh mueck brg nbhhk. _ cb prketk,

mobetrgs gôe `getgng vok ueg cke`bhhg qub `gmoegng pkr ue prgck betrb hks trke`ks nhge`ks cb hks gnbcuhbs9 y sb cbtuvk mgrgvohhgck, `rbybeck agnbrsb bxtrgvogck be ue

sub÷k (…) cbscb gqubh mkmbetk gmð g Grwbe Recðmobh aodg cb Bhrkec.¹61

Ktrk cb hks rgsjks `kmuebs cb hgs cgmgs cb hks honrks cb `gnghhbrígs, qub Grwbe

`kmpgrtb, bs su jrge pgsovocgc, frbetb g hg oe`gesgnhb g`tovocgc y mkvohocgc qub mubstrge

hks `gnghhbrks, sus gmgcgs sb mgetobebe `kmk sbrbs bstçto`ks qub gjugrcge ompgòbetbs

hg hhbjgcg k ektoògs4 «Be gusbeòg cb Grgjkre vbhgng pkr ïh cb hbdks `ke bh pbesgmobetk9

y be hg hgrjg pbrk bspbrgezgcg bspbrg aozk pgrg ïh ue bstgecgrtb, ue bstgecgrtb rbgh, qubegcob pkcríg cbsphbjgr soek gqubh qub rbovoeco`gsb bh sb÷krík cb hks Eômbeðrbgeks y hg

`krkeg cb Bhbecoh.¹6?

Srgs vbe`br g Pgurke y rbùpbrgr bh trkek cb Jkeckr sb prkcu`b bh mgtromkeok cb

hg pgrbdg y hg rbekvgòðe cbh hoegdb cb Eômbekr :<. Cb mgebrg qub hg `kefojurgòðe cbh

pbrskegdb cb Grwbe krrbspkecb g hg pbrfb`òðe gh cb hg cgmg cb hks honrks cb gnghhbrígs4

cbstg`g pkr su nbhhbzg, sus mkcghbs, sus gckreks y su ghtk hoegdb. ^bspkecb gh rkh

trgcoòkegh cb «bspksg-prbmok¹, guequb su «foegh fbhoz¹ cb hks ùbetks cb agcgs sbtrgesfkrmg be hg trgjbcog cb ckhkr y skhbcgc qub mbeòkegmks getbs.

66 SKHIOBE, Pb÷kr kp.òt., >0:6: PGHBP, Gvbeturg kp.òt., 2<.61 SKHIOBE, Pb÷kr kp.òt., 7<11.6? Oníc., 7<?>.:< Bxostbe ùgtrk ueokebs cb mkrtghbs y bhfgs, gcbmçs cb hg cb Grgjkre y Grwbe bstç hg cb

Motarbhhgs b Omrgzór, ge`bstrks cbh príeòpb Omrgaoh cb Ckh Gmrkta. Be hgs ktrgs cks, hgs bhfgs sknrbsghbe pkr su `krgdb y cbtbrmoegòðe pkr beòmg cb sus gmgcks4 Hôtaobe y Nbrbe b Ocroh y Sukr, gmngs pgrbdgsgetbpgsgcks cb Grgjkre y Grwbe.



Cb betrb sus bs`gsgs gpgroòkebs:7, cbstg`g hg ôhtomg, yg `kmk rboeg cb Jkeckr.

Bs hg prombrg be cgrsb ubetg cb qub Frkck ek pkcrç urgrsb y hb bcb su phgzg g Vghoekr,

gcbmçs cb ue `khjgetb qub hb `kefkrtg be hks pbkrbs bposkcoks cb su befbrmbcgc:>.

Pu fghtg cb ue pgpbh mçs ompkrtgetb sb cbnb tgetk g ùbstokebs cb oefhubeògshotbrgrogs, `kmk g qub sb trgtg cb ueg oe`krpkrgòðe tgrcíg gh grjumbetk, trgs cbòcor qub

Grgjkre ek brg ue nube mgrock pgrg Ïkwye y eb`bsotgr ueg rboeg pgrg Jkeckr :0. Sgmnoïe

oefhuyb hg cosmoeuòðe jbebrgh cb hg pgrtoòpgòðe cb hks bhfks be hks g`ketbòmobetks cb

hg Sobrrg Mbcog, prbpgrçecksb pgrg hg pgrtocg y cbdgeck yg bh pbsk cbh cbstoek cbh mueck

be mgeks cb hks akmnrbs.

Pu gnubhg Jghgcrobh bs hg rboeg cb Hkrobe, hg mçxomg corojbetb cb su pubnhk:3 y

uek cb hks pk`ks pbrskegdbs prbsbetbs g hk hgrjk cb hgs ùgtrk Bcgcbs. Be su duvbetuc pgrtoòpð `kmk corojbetb be hg rbnbhoðe `ketrg hks Vghgr :2, mçs tgrcb rbeueòð gh pbrcðe

y, be hg ïpk`g cb hg gvbeturg cb Nohnk, fkrmð pgrtb cbh @keòhok pgrg bxpuhsgr gh

Eojrkmgetb, Pgurke, cbh Nksqub Ebjrk:6. Jrgògs gh pkcbr cb Ebeyg, bh Geohhk cbh Gjug,

hgezð ue skrtohbjok cb prktb`òðe sknrb su rboek:: qub ompbcíg hg betrgcg gh bebmojk y hk

vkhvíge oevosonhb gh Kdk cb Pgurke:1, pkr hk qub, ek sðhk bs ueg jrge `gnbòhhg cb su

pubnhk y ueg pkcbrksg mgjg, bs ueg cb hks trbs provohbjogcks qub jugrcge hks geohhks cb

pkcbr ek `ketgmoegcks pkr Pgurke.Hgs agcgs, mgjgs y sgnogs ske hgs rbspkesgnhbs be hks honrks cb `gnghhbrígs cb

eumbrksks be`getgmobetks qub sb hhbvge g `gnk be gyucg k pbrduoòk cb hks aïrkbs. Pke

pbrskegdbs g`bptgcks `ke skrprbecbetb ekrmghocgc be bh mueck fo`toòk cb hgs knrgs, soe

:7 Be ôvbecbh duetk g su pgcrb k g Grgjkre be bh `gpítuhk 7 cbh Honrk OO cb Hg @kmueocgc cbh

Geohhk y hg hhbjgcg g Jkeckr pgrg hg nkcg be bh 2 cbh Honrk VO cbh ^btkrek cbh ^by, gcbmçs cb hgs nrbvbsrbfbrbeògs cb hks Gpïeco`bs. :> SKHIOBE, Pb÷kr kp. òt., 7<>2-7<>6.:0 Vbr ektg 03.:3 Cb @bhbnroge, aodg cb Jghgcrobh y @bhbnrke, bspksg cb Bhrkec y mgcrb cb hks jbmbhks Bhhgcge y

Bhrkaor y cb Grwbe, gpbegs tbebmks ektoògs. Gh rbjrbsgr cb ueg vosotg gh rboek cb sus pgcrbs fub gprbsgcgy tkrturgcg pkr kr`ks agstg qub sus aodks hg rbs`gtge. Bhrkec hkjrg ùrgrhg pbrk yg ek sb sbetíg fbhoz be hgSobrrg Mbcog y pgrtb g Vghoekr. SKHIOBE, Gpïeco`bs kp.òt., ?1.

:2 SKHIOBE, Pohmgrohhoke kp. òt., ?2. Be hg `grtg 031 g @gtabroeb Foechgy ùbetg qub be su duvbetuc sbetíg oe`hoegòkebs cb gmgzkeg y sb sudbtgng hks `gnbhhks `kmk ueg `krkeg be hk ghtk cb hg`gnbzg ùgeck oetbrvbeíg be agzg÷gs gthïto`gs. @G^\BESB^, Hbttbrs kp.òt., 3>1.

:6 Oníc., 027.:: Gh ojugh qub aozk Mbhoge pgrg prktbjbr Nbhbrogec. Be Bh Pohmgrohhoke sb ùbetg qub Jghgcrobh

gprbecoð muàk cb hg Mgog. Oníc.,700.:1 Fubrke gtg`gcks trbs vb`bs cbscb Ckh Juhcur pbrk fubrke rbàgzgcks. SKHIOBE, Gpïeco`b kp.òt., 7<?.



bxpho`gr eo sus pkcbrbs eo su krojbe sknrbegturgh:? y gsí kùrrb tgmnoïe be Bh Pb÷kr cb hks

Geohhks4 «\ubs bstk bs hk qub tu jbetb hhgmg mgjog, guequb ek betobeck `hgrgmbetb quï

quobrbe cbòr, y pgrb`b qub usgrge hg mosmg pghgnrg pgrg agnhgr cb hks bejg÷ks cbh

bebmojk. \brk ïstg, so quobrbs, bs hg mgjog cb Jghgcrobh”¹1<

Bs ghtg, nbhhg, `ke bh `gnbhhk ckrgck oetbesk y vg vbstocg cb nhge`k, gh ojugh qub

Vovoge, hg Cgmg cbh Hgjk grtôro`g, qub gyucg y prktbjb g Hgezgrktb, `kmk Jghgcrobh g

Grgjkre. Hg cbs`ronb, gcbmçs, `kmk «krjuhhksg, fubrtb y rbsubhtg¹17, «`ke bh cke cb

pbebtrgr be hg mbetb cb ktrks¹1> pbrk `kmprbesovg `ke hks cbmçs, bx`bptk `ke Fégekr, bh

qub trgbrç hg cbsjrgòg g hks Ekhckr.

Gcbmçs pksbb pkcbrbs prkfïto`ks `ke su bspbdk cb gjug10. Bh cke prkfïto`k bs bh

gtronutk mçs `grg`tbrísto`k cb hgs agcgs mbcobvghbs prk`bcbetbs cb hg trgcoòðe grtôro`g ybstgs prkfb`ígs ùmphbe ueg fueòðe bstru`turgetb be bh rbhgtk, `kevortoïecksb be

vbrcgcbrks phgebs cb g`tugòðe ompubstks cbscb bh bxtbrokr gh prktgjkeostg134 «‘Pb mb

pocoð qub g Grgjkre hb codbrg bstk4 »Cðecb bstçe gakrg hks Côebcgoe, Bhbssgr, Bhbssgr;

»\kr quï tus jbetbs gecge brrgetbs ghhç hbdks; @br`geg bstç hg akrg be qub vkhvbrçe hks

\brcocks y cbh Ekrtb cbsòbecg hg @kmpg÷íg Jros. \brk skmnríg bs hg sbecg qub tb fub

rbsbrvgcg4 hks mubrtks vojohge bh `gmoek qub hhbvg gh Mgr.”¹12

\kr ktrk hgck, g cofbrbeòg cb hks sg`rofoòks qub eks omgjoegmks qub cbnbríg sufrorue `gnghhbrk aostðro`k soe fkrtueg, be hg fo`òðe `gnghhbrbs`g y be hg hotbrgturg fgetçsto`g,

hks mgjks sb be`grjge cb sgtosfg`br ùghquobr eb`bsocgc cbh aïrkb. Gsumbe hg `gtbjkríg

cb ckegetbs y surtbe gh prktgjkeostg cb ughquobr topk cb kndbtk k oestrumbetk qub fgòhotb

bh ùmphomobetk cb sus cofbrbetbs bmprbsgs y `ke tkcks hks oestrumbetks fkrdgcks pkr ue

sgnbr mostbroksk, hg mosoðe cbh aïrkb sb vb gnk`gcg gh ïxotk.16 Jghgcrobh betrbjg vghoksks

kndbtks g hg @kmpg÷íg ùgeck sb cbtobebe be Hðrobe4 «Hg Cgmg oe`hoeð hg `gnbzg y hubjk

sb vkhvoð g Nkrkmor y hb cok ue òeturðe cb krk, y g Mbrry y g \oppoe hbs cok pbqub÷ks

:? AÖEOJ, P.4 «Ghjuegs ektgs sknrb agcgs, mgjgs y sgnogs be hgs ekvbhgs cb `gnghhbrígs¹, be@G@AK NHB@RG (`kkrc.)4 Cb hg hotbrgturg `gnghhbrbs`g gh «Wuodktb¹. Tgrgjkzg4 \rbesgs Reovbrsotgrogs><<:, >10.

1< SKHIOBE, Pb÷kr kp.òt., 0:3.17 SKHIOBE, @, \ubnhks kp.òt., 0:?.1> Oníc., 0?<.10 Bstb topk cb pbrskegdbs subhbe bstgr rbhgòkegcks `ke bh mueck gùçto`k y sohvbstrb `kmk ag

bstucogck @grhks Ghvgr be GHVG^, @.4 «Mudbrbs y agcgs be hg hotbrgturg mbcobvgh¹ be HG@G^^G,M.B.4 Bvkhuòðe egrrgtovg b ocbkhðjo`g cb hg hotbrgturg `gnghhbrbs`g. Nohngk4 Reovbrsocgc cbh \gísVgs`k 7??7, >7-03.

13 AÖEOEJ kp.òt., >11.12 SKHIOBE, Pb÷kr kp.òt., 271.16 PGHBP, Gvbeturg kp.òt., 12.



òeturkebs cb phgtg, `ke nrkàbs hgnrgcks `kmk fhkrbs cb krk. G Hbjkhgs hb cok ue gr`k

`kmk hks qub usge hks Jghgcrom, mçs hgrjk y fubrtb qub hks gr`ks cbh Nksqub Ebjrk, y hg

ùbrcg brg cb `gnbhhks ïhfo`ks.¹1:

Hg pbtoòðe mçs bxtrg÷g bs hg cb Jomho, qub skhoòtg ue pbhk cb su mbhbeg, ghjkqub bs`gecghozg g hks cbmçs. Poe bmngrjk, bhhg, hbdks cb mkhbstgrsb, hb betrbjg trbs. Bstb

rbjghk bs gôe mçs sojeofo`gtovk so tbebmks be ùbetg uek cb hks rbhgtks cb hks Cígs

Getojuks ckecb Jghgcrobh sb eobjg trbs vb`bs g cgrhb ue `gnbhhk g Fégekr 11.

Cbspuïs cb hg `gícg cb hg Skrrb Ksùrg, @bhbnrke corojoð bh bdïròtk cb Hðrobe, sb

gpkcbrgrke cb Ckh Juhcur y bs Jghgcrobh quobe cbrrong hks murks y cbdg hgs mgzmkrrgs gh

cbsùnobrtk.1? _, mçs tgrcb, gngeckeg hg Sobrrg Mbcog ke muàg getbhgòðe g @bhbnkre9

bs cbòr, qub `kmpgrtíge hgs rbspkesgnohocgcbs `ke sus sôncotks be hg pgz y be hg jubrrg yqub bhhg tkmgng sus prkpogs cbòsokebs honrb y vkhuetgrogmbetb.

Jghgcrobh, pkr tgetk, bs ueg pkcbrksg abào`brg, hg rbspbtgcg y rbvbrbeògcg rboeg

cb su pubnhk?< y ueg ompkrtgetb ghogcg be hg huàg `ketrg Pgurke, tgetk pkr su pgpbh cb

prkfbtosg `kmk cb gyucgetb. Po nobe, eue`g mb ag pgrbòck qub mbrbz`g bh `ghofo`gtovk cb

«mgtbregh¹ qub hb gtronuyb Mgroke Tommbr Nrgchby?7, soek hg rbprbsbetgòðe cb ue `hgrk

bxpkebetb cb hg fghsbcgc cb hg gformgòðe cb qub ek agy mudbrbs fubrtbs be hg Sobrrg

Mbcog?>.

Skhiobe hg grg`tbrozð kmk krjuhhksg agstg bh puetk cb ek g`bptgr rbjrbsgr ugeck

hks Vghgr hbs `ke`bcbe su pbrcðe y gh cbsbgr bh pkcbr cbh Geohhk pgrg ek mbejugr. Poe

bmngrjk, tgmnoïe bvkhuòkeg, gh ojugh qub Ïkwye, cbòcb rbsostor hg tbetgòðe, skmbtbrsb,

gngeckegr hg Sobrrg Mbcog y su pkcbr, jbebrksocgc y `kesocbrgòðe getb hks Vghgr

hhbjgríge g pksonohotgr qub ue begek, Jomho, fubsb g`bptgck be Vghoekr ?0.

1: SKHIOBE, Pb÷kr kp.òt., 011.11 SKHIOBE, @, \ubnhks kp.òt., 01?.1? SKHIOBE, Gpïeco`bs kp.òt., 7<?.?< Ktrgs rboegs ske Mbhoge, Aghbta cbh \ubnhk cb Aghbta, hgs cb Eômbekr kmk Sgr-Geighomé, Sgr-

Sbhpbroée, Sgr-Vgeombhcé k hg frustrgcg Sgr-Mírobh y be Bh Honrk cb hks @ubetks \brcocks Mbroh-o-Suroeqocb Skh Brbsség.

?7 Pupkejk qub sb ngsg mçs be hgs rbfbrbeògs g hg oesporgòðe mgrogeg cbh pbrskegdb prbsbetbs be

hgs `grtgs (@G^\BESB^, Hbttbrs kp.òt., 3<:), qub be hg Jghgcrobh cbh honrk.?> Dgske Fosabr be C^KRS kp.òt., >>:.?0 SKHIOBE, Gpïeco`bs kp.òt., 11.



2. Coksgs y bspírotus fbmbeoeks

Ngyg cb Krk bs bh ôeo`k pbrskegdb fbmbeoek soe ue prkpðsotk bspb`ífo`k be hg knrg.

Bs ue bspírotu cb hg Egturghbzg, hg Aodg cbh ^ík y bspksg cb Skm Nkmngcoh. Pb ag

`kesocbrgck qub pucobsbe sbr hks Vghgr Guhb y _gvgeeg, `ke hks qub `kmpgrtbe òbrtksrgsjks?3. G trgvïs cb hks cígs qub `kmpgrtbe `ke bhhks hks aknnots, pkcbmks gprbògr su

grmkeíg mgtromkeogh, be goshgmobetk y `kmpgrtobeck hgs rbspkesgnohocgcbs ckmïsto`gs4

«Hubjk, Skm y Ngyg cb Krk sb hbvgetgrke y hompogrke rçpocgmbetb hg mbsg.¹?2

Hks Vghgr ske hks sbrbs mçs pkcbrksks cb hg motkhkjíg `rbgcg pkr Skhiobe, skhk

pkr cbngdk cb Bru k Ohôvgtgr. Vghgr cb gmnks sbxks be ojugh eômbrk, sobtb, y ke pkcbrbs

somohgrbs, hk qub supkeb, `kmk sb÷ghg @rkwb4 «ge omprkvbmbet kvbr mgey mytas wabrb

fbmghb sporotugh pkwbr os hgìoej¹.?6 Mobetrgs qub Mgewé bs bh mçs ompkrtgetb cb hksVghgr, su bspksg Vgrcg k Bhnbrbta bs hg mçs rbvbrbeògcg be Hg Sobrrg Mbcog, hg Pb÷krg

cb hgs Bstrbhhgs. Hgs ktrgs Vghobr, gcbmçs cb hgs cks yg mbeòkegcgs ske4 Eobeeg, Bsté,

Vgoré, Vçeg y Ebssg.?:

Hks Mgogr ske bspírotus sbmocovoeks `rbgcks pgrg gyucgr g hks Vghgr be su tgrbg.

Gh ojugh qub bstks, hks agy mgsùhoeks y fbmbeoeks, cbs`kek`bmks su eômbrk bxg`tk y

hks ekmnrbs cb pk`ks?1. Ohmgré bstç gskògcg `ke hgs bstrbhhgs, Rhoebe bs hg sb÷krg cb hks

mgrbs y gmgcg pkr hks Eômbeðrbgeks, Grobe bs ue bspírotu cb fubjk qub tuvk ue pgpbhompkrtgetb be hg `rbgòðe cb Hks Cks Çrnkhbs cb Vghoekr y tbrmoeð sobeck bh skh??.

\brk, soe cucg, hg mçs `kekòcg betrb hks Mgogr bs Mbhoge, mgcrb cb Hôtaobe y,

pkr tgetk, cb hg qub cbsòbecbe tgetk Bhrkec kmk hks rbybs cb Eômbekr, abrbcbrks cb su

abrmgek Bhrks. Bhwé bh bhfk kyð su `getk y rbeueòð g or g Vghoekr `ke hks cbmçs, sb

qubcð `ke bhhg be hg Sobrrg Mbcog y sb `kevortoð be bh rby Saoejkh cb Ckrogta 7<<. \brk

Mbhoge bs mçs pkcbrksg b ompkrtgetb qub su mgrock y bmphbg sus pkcbrbs pgrg hg

prktb`òðe y bcu`gòðe cb su jbetb, hks Poecgr. @rbg, gcbmçs, ueg prktb`òðe oevosonhb, hg

?3 Igtabroeb Abssbr be C^KRS kp.òt., >32.?2 SKHIOBE, Pb÷kr kp.òt., 703.?6 @^KZB, B.H.4 «\kwbr oe Grcg4 Pkur`bs, Rsbs gec Mosusbs¹ be ^BOEKHCP \. y

JKKCIEOJAS J.A. (bcs.) kp.òt., >:0. Cb abàk, be ktrk `kekòck bdbmphk cb hotbrgturg fgetçsto`g, hgsgjg Crgjkehge`b, cb hks trbs proeòpghbs coksbs, bh ôeo`k fbmbeoek bs bh mghojek4 Sagiosos. Crgjkehge`b

bs ueg sbrob cb ekvbhgs cb fgetgsíg ïpo`g, covococg be vgrogs trohkjígs bs`rotgs proeòpghmbetb pkr M. Zbos yS. Aoìmge y vgroks honrks oecbpbecobetbs qub ubetge aostkrogs rbhgòkegcgs. Hg prombrg ekvbhg, Crgjkes

kf Gutume Swohojat , sb punho`ð be 7?13 y `ketoeôge cbsgrrkhhçecksb eubvks títuhks agstg aky.?: SKHIOBE, Pohmgrohhoke kp. òt., >3->?.

?1 Oníc., 0<-07.?? Oníc., 773-776.7<< Oníc., 6> y 60.

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http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novela



òeturg cb Mbhoge, pgrg prktbjbr sus tobrrgs cb hgs oevgsokebs cb hks kr`ks. _ so bh rby

aunobsb gtbecock g su `kesbdk g`br`g cb hg prubng cb Nbrbe, aunobsbe bvotgck hg ruoeg cb

su rboek7<7.

6. @ke`husokebs

@kmk abmks pkcock gprbògr g trgvïs cb bstb geçhosos, hks pbrskegdbs fbmbeoeks

cb hg knrg cb Skhiobe ek ske eo pk`ks eo pk`k rbhbvgetbs, yg qub be gcg rgzg be`ketrgmks

sknrbsghobetbs bdbmphks y mbeòkebs bxprbsgs cbh gutkr g hg ojughcgc cb cbrbàks,

`gpgòcgcbs y pkcbrbs, be sus aostkrogs y be hgs grtgs. Gngr`ge, gcbmçs, tkck bh bspb`trk

skògh, cbscb hks rkhbs mçs trgcoòkeghbs k g``bskroks cb mgcrbs, bspksgs, gmgs cb `gsg,

befbrmbrgs…agstg pgpbhbs prbpkecbrgetbs y cofbrbetbs gh «trgcoòkegh¹4 rboegs, jubrrbrgs

y abrkíegs qub oe`husk trouefge ckecb hks mgsùhoeks frg`gsge, cbmkstrgeck sbr «bqugh,

kr supbrokr, tk tab mbe oe tabor hovbs gec ekt cbpbecbet upke tabm¹7<>.

\kr ktrk hgck, tgmnoïe cbnbrígmks tbebr be ùbetg qub hks vgrkebs ek sðhk ske

ghtks corojbetbs y beïrjo`ks `kmngtobetbs4 Bhrkec bs ue ùrgecbrk, gcbmçs cb sus ktrks

pgpbhbs, g Grgjkre hb rb`kek`be `kmk rby pkr su `gpgòcgc pgrg hg sgegòðe, ek pkr sus

agzg÷gs nïho`gs, y Nohnk bs ue pbrfb`tk gmk cb `gsg, qub `kòeg, hompog… ùgeck

pbrfb`tgmbetb Skhiobe pkcríg agnbrhb prkpkròkegck ueg `rogcg, cgcg su cbsgakjgcg

pksoòðe b`keðmo`g. Cb abàk, hks aknnots cbstg`ge pkr sus vocgs gpgònhbs, trgequohgs y

rkcbgcgs cb phg`brbs sbeòhhks, ue ocbgh qub bh gutkr `kesocbrg supbrokr4 «Po muàks cb

eksktrks cobrge mçs vghkr g hg kmocg, hg ghbjríg y hgs geòkebs qub gh krk gtbskrgck, ïstb

sbríg ue mueck mçs fbhoz.¹7<0 Re ocbgh cb «gurbg mbcok`rotgs¹ qub `koeòcb `ke bh cb

Skhiobe, be vocg y knrg. Hks pbrskegdbs, fbmbeoeks y mgsùhoeks pkr ojugh, qub ske

`gpg`bs cb g`kmkcgrsb g su cbstoek y ek cbdgrsb hhbvgr pkr hg gmnoòðe, ske hks qub hkjrge

hg fbhoòcgc, mobetrgs qub hks qub ek sb skmbtbe, tbrmoege mgh4 Nkrkmor, Cbebtakr,

Pgrumge, Pgurke, Ktak Pg`kvohhg-Nkhsðe…

Cb mkck qub, `kmk vbmks, hk fbmbeoek bs `kmphbmbetgrok, ek sunkrcoegck g hk

mgsùhoek.7<3 Po nobe bs òbrtk qub subhb gtronuorhbs cofbrbetbs bsfbrgs cb oefhubeòg,

7<7 Oníc., 731 y 7?6.7<> AK\IOEP, H.4 «Fbmghb Gutakroty Fojurbs oe tab Zkris kf Skhiobe, @.P. Hbwos, gec @agrhbs

Zohhogms¹ be ^BOEKHCP \. y JKKCIEOJAS J.A. (bcs.) kp.òt., 062.7<0 SKHIOBE, D.^.^.4 Bh Aknnot gektgck. Ngr`bhkeg4 Moektgurk ><7>, 022.7<3 ^GZHP, M.4 «Sab Fbmoeoeb \roeòphb oe Skhiobe¹ be Mytahkrb 7<, 7?13, ><0.



rbsbrvgeck g bstgs ôhtomgs bh ùocgck cbh akjgr, hg `kesbrvgòðe, hg gjroùhturg y hg

`rbgòðe be jbebrgh, mobetrgs qub hks akmnrbs subhbe sbr mçs eðmgcgs7<2 y cbstg`ge,

sknrb tkck, be hg jubrrg. @kesocbrgr qub, pkr bstg rgzðe, Skhiobe sotôg g hg mudbr be

oefbrokrocgc bs ojekrgr pkr `kmphbtk su ocbkhkjíg prkfuecgmbetb getonbhoòstg7<6 y su gfçe

`kesbrvgòkeostg. @kmk sb÷ghge Ckekvge7<: y Pgefkrc7<1, su g`totuc agòg hg `gpgòcgc

cbstru`tovg mgsùhoeg bs somohgr g hg cb hgs mçs rb`ghòtrgetbs fbmoeostgs.

Skhiobe mubstrg su jrge rbspbtk agòg sus pbrskegdbs fbmbeoeks gh ek nus`gr

`kevbrtorhgs be akmnrbs y be oecovocughozgrhgs y `grg`tbrozgrhgs cb fkrmg cofbrbetb, `ke

sus prkpogs gsporgòkebs, sub÷ks y mbtgs. Ek oetbetg mgsùhoeozgrhgs pkrqub be eoejôe

mkmbetk `kesocbrg qub bsk sbg supbrokr, y, skrprbecbetbmbetb, pgrb`b qub bsk bs hk qub

hb ag jbebrgck mçs `ríto`gs7<?. _, gh `ketrgrok cb hk qub gformg, pkr bdbmphk Dkrjb Fbrrk,

cb qub hgs mudbrbs brge ue mostbrok pgrg Skhiobe77<, bstg vgrobcgc cb `grg`tbrbs cbmubstrg

qub Skhiobe kek`íg pbrfb`tgmbetb hg so`khkjíg fbmbeoeg.

Gcbmçs, hgs mçs cbsgrrkhhgcgs ske mudbrbs fubrtbs, `ke pgpbhbs rbhbvgetbs be hg

trgmg, pbrk `ke cucgs, gesobcgcbs y mobcks9 bs cbòr, pbrskegdbs `ke hks qub pkcbmks

ocbetofo`greks, `kmk hg `ríto`g fbmoeostg Geeg Mubhbenbht prkpujegng qub cbníge

sbr.777Skmge sus prkpogs cbòsokebs y gsumbe hgs `kesbùbeògs cb sus g`tks. B oe`husk

hks pbrskegdbs mçs g``bskroks b orrbhbvgetbs, tobebe rgsjks prkpoks y `gpgòcgc pgrgbvkhuòkegr, sb hbs pbrmotb bquovk`grsb y rb`tofo`gr 77>.

\kr g÷gcocurg, tgmnoïe ùmphb `ke oe`huor, `kmk pocb Tommbr Nrgchby, «rkhb

mkcbhs fkr ekesbxost mbe wak `ge hovb wota strkej wkmbe wotakut tabor mgsùhoeoty

7<2 Bstg cughocgc cb bsfbrgs `kmphbmbetgrogs bstç ohustrgcg be hks bets y bh abàk cb sbr oe`gpg`bscb `kmpgjoegrhgs bs hk qub hks hhbvg g hg bxtoeòðe.

7<6 Nubeg mubstrg cb bhhk hg be`ketrgmks be hg `grtg 63 g su aodk @arostkpabr be @G^\BESB^

Hbttbrs kp. òt., :2-::.7<: CKEKVGE, kp. òt. 7<6.7<1 PGEFK^C, H.4 «Sab Fghh frkm Jrg`b‐Cb`hoeb gec Fghh oe Mocchb-bgrta¹, Mghhkre 00>, 7??2,

7?.7<? @kmpgrtk hg kpoeoðe cb Hgurg Moàbh4 «Of fbmoeosm stgrtbc gs skmbtaoej quotb pksotovb, ot ags

nbbe, kvbrg hh tabsb ybgrs, turebc oetk gektabr ioec kf ckjmg, skmbtaoej tagt must nb fkhhkwbc wotakutqubstokeoej. Zaohb g wkmge‟s skògh rkhb wgs, oe tab pgst, tk nb nbgutofuh, tk jovb norta gec tk rgosb aohcrbe,tk nb g agusbwofb, gec tk tgib `grb tab ckmbsto` b`kekmy, g mkcbre, honbrgtbc wkmge ekwgcgys ags tkagvb g dkn, ags tk nb b`kekmo`ghhy oecbpbecbet ‐ebxt tk nboej nbgutofuh, tk agvb gec rgosb àohcrbe, tk nb gagusbwofb, gec (spbòghhy oe pkkrbr `kuetrobs) tk mgegjb gec `ketronutb tk tab ckebsto` b`kekmy (tab

prbsbet gutkr fgohs tk sbb gey honbrgtoke oe ghh kf tagt). MO@ABH kp.òt., 21. Bstb ckjmg, `ke frbùbeòg sb phgsmg, be hg hotbrgturg fgetçsto`g, be bstbrbktopgcgs vbrsokebs fbmbeoegs cb @kege oevbeònhbs. Be @OKFFOkp. òt., 12.

77< FB^^K, D.4 Hbybeck g Skhiobe. Nubeks Gorbs4 Jhgcous 7??6, >1.777 TOMMB^ N^GCHB_, ^bspkesonohotobs kp.òt., 01.77> Gh `ketrgrok qub ktrks pbrskegdbs mgsùhoeks, `kmk Nkrkmor qub pgjg sus brrkrbs `ke hg vocg.



nboej tarbgtbebc¹770 kmk pubcbe sbr Nbrbe, @bhbnkre, Fgrgmor, Ïkmbr, Jomho, Jgecghf,

Grgjkre… Skcks bhhks mubstrge be eumbrksgs k`gsokebs, be pghgnrgs y g`tugòkebs, su

rbspbtk y gcmorgòðe getb bstgs mudbrbs qub, pgrg egcg, rbspkecbe g ue bstbrbktopgck

pgpbh sunkrcoegck k sbùecgrok.

@ke rbspb`tk g hg gùsgòðe cb ocbghosmk pkr bh be`grbòmobetk cb hg nbhhbzg, sb

cbnb sb÷ghgr qub sb prkcu`b be gmnks sbxks y sb cbnb, soe cucg, mçs gh jïebrk hotbrgrok

y hgs fubetbs, qub g qubrbr `kevbrtorhgs be bspksgs trkfbk. Sgmpk`k vbk be quï mbdkrgríg

hg knrg so ek sb aoòbsb mbeòðe ghjueg gh físo`k k so fubsbe fbks y fbgs. Gcbmçs cb qub,

`kmk yg abmks vostk, bsg ocbghozgòðe ek bs tgh be tkcks hks `gsks, pkr tgetk bs fghsg hg

gformgòðe cb qub hks pbrskegdbs fbmbeoeks cb Skhiobe sbge grqubtopks pbrfb`tks b ocbghbs

oegh`gezgnhbs.

Gh mosmk tobmpk, su vosoðe cbh mgtromkeok tgmpk`k bs ocbghostg soek muy rbghostg.

Ek tkcks hks mgtromkeoks sghbe nobe kmk mubstrge Ghcgroke y Brbecos k Grbcaéh y Böh,

pkr ek mbeòkegr hg sbpgrgòðe gnskhutg cb hks bets, gh ek agnbr betbecomobetk betrb hks

`ðeyujbs. Sgmnoïe sb prkcu`be ueokebs oe`bstuksgs `kmk hgs cb Gr-\agrgzóe y Sgr-

Mírobh k Sôroe y Eobekr k begmkrgmobetks qub kecu`be g hg cbsjrgòg kmk bh cb Foewé

k Mgbjhoe. Bstk mubstrg qub, agy hu`bs y skmnrgs be hgs pgrbdgs cb hg Sobrrg Mbcog y ek

tkcks `kesojube bh «foegh fbhoz¹ cb hks ùbetks cb agcgs.Co`be qub hg nbhhbzg bstç be hks kdks cbh qub morg… quozç bh sbxosmk tgmnoïe.

770 Oníc., 01.

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