Enterprise Architecture and Semantic TechnologiesEnterprise Architecture and Semantic Technologies

Ralph HodgsonRalph HodgsonExecutive Partner

TopQuadrant, Inc

rhodgson@topquadrant.com

www.topquadrant.com

724-846-9300

June 7, 2004

Motivating ExampleMotivating Example::Finding a HumidifierFinding a Humidifier

Web service discovery– Find a supplier of a humidifier for a 2000 square feet

apartment that has a dealer within 20 miles of Alexandria VA and that offers at least a 2 year service contract

– Challenges:

Is the supplier a dealer or the manufacturer?If it’s a manufacturer do I need to make another search for the

dealers?Does the manufacturer supply through outlets such as Home

Depot?How do I compare the specifications?Is the service contract included in the price?How will I make a choice?Do I really need to restrict my search to within 20 miles?

Maybe it can be shipped from across the US inexpensively.

Motivating ExampleMotivating Example::Getting to this eventGetting to this event

Web service composition– Find the cheapest flight from any Washington airport to

Palm Springs area on the 5th of June, one day either sidethen

Arrange car rental for the duration of the stay,then

Find a four start hotel for up to $100 in the Palm Springs Area from the night of June 5th till the day of return flight,

thenSend all details to my PC Calendar and my PDA (or Cell-Phone)And

Notify me when this is done

– Challenges:How can I specify my intent?Did every service I used understand my intent?Did everything happen?Was there a better deal that I missed? Should I have waited another day?

Motivating ExampleMotivating Example::On-Demand EnterprisesOn-Demand Enterprises

“On-Demand” means sense making, dynamic discovery, decision support and coordination.

Challenges:– How do I deal with

disruptions in the supply chain?

– How do I deal with spikes in demand , where can I source more goods?

– How do I track across multiple supply routes?

– How do I remember successful partnering arrangements?

Bank

Shipper

Customer

Tax office

Merchant

URI, HTML, HTTPStaticWWW

Serious Problems in information•finding

•extracting•representing•interpreting

•and maintaining

RDF, RDF(S), OWLSemantic Web

Source: Dieter Fensel

The The General VisionGeneral Vision

Representing Semantics:Representing Semantics:Above and Beyond XMLAbove and Beyond XML

XML (Extensible Markup Language)

RDFS (RDF Schema)

OWL (Ontology Web

Language)

OWL-S Logic

Knowledge

Classes

Assertions (as Triples)

Structures

OWL-LSemantic Web Services

RDF (Resource Description Framework)

Assertions as Triples?Assertions as Triples?

Enterprise

Line Of Business

Service

operates provides

“Meaning is always in the relationships between things”

Enterprise operates LineOfBusiness

LineOfBusiness provides Service

Examples of RDF Triples (NASA Shuttle OntologyExamples of RDF Triples (NASA Shuttle Ontology))

3 ?- load. % RDF: Shared 5 blank nodes % Parsed "Digital_Shuttle_v29.owl" in 0.51 sec; 3,194 triples 4 ?- rdf(S,P,O). S = 'http://www.topquadrant.com/ontologies/nasa/ecs/ds.owl' P = 'http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type' O = 'http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Ontology' ;;

S = 'http://www.topquadrant.com/ontologies/nasa/ecs/ds.owl' P = 'http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#imports' O = 'http://protege.stanford.edu/plugins/owl/protege' ;;

S = 'http://www.topquadrant.com/ontologies/nasa/ecs/ds.owl#ResourceConcept' P = 'http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type' O = 'http://www.topquadrant.com/ontologies/nasa/ecs/nasa_class.owl#_NASA-CLASS' ;;

S = 'http://www.topquadrant.com/ontologies/nasa/ecs/ds.owl#NASAenterpriseConcept' P = 'http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type' O = 'http://www.topquadrant.com/ontologies/nasa/ecs/nasa_class.owl#_NASA-CLASS' ;;

S = 'http://www.topquadrant.com/ontologies/nasa/ecs/ds.owl#DesignReportDocument' P = 'http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type' O = 'http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class' ;;

S = 'http://www.topquadrant.com/ontologies/nasa/ecs/ds.owl#DesignWorkproduct' P = 'http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type' O = 'http://www.topquadrant.com/ontologies/nasa/ecs/nasa_class.owl#_NASA-CLASS'

Static

Dynamic

Bringing the computer back as a device for computation

URI, HTML, HTTP RDF, RDF(S), OWL

WWW Semantic Web

UDDI, WSDL, SOAP

Web Services

Source: Dieter Fensel

The The General General VisionVision

Bringing the web to its full potential

Static

Dynamic UDDI, WSDL, SOAP

Web Services

URI, HTML, HTTP RDF, RDF(S), OWL

WWW Semantic Web

Intelligent Web Services

The The General General VisionVision

Source: Dieter Fensel

What you get with SemanticsWhat you get with Semantics

Web Services Semantic Web Services

Intent Service discovery and execution

Discovery, Execution and Interactions and reasoning at the agent or application level

Key Ideas Communication-level description of how a service is invoked.

Semantic-level description of what a service can do (service profile), what happens when the service is invoked (service model) and how a service is invoked (service grounding).

How Messages using XML XML + Web service ontology models

Composition

No direct support for composite applications

Automated Web services including service composition and interoperation

Standards UDDI, SOAP, WSDL, WS-Security, WS-Transaction, WS-ReliableMessaging, …

Builds on SOAP, WSDL, WSFL, XLANG and BPEL4WS using RDF[S], OWL, and OWL-S

OWL-S Service ConceptOWL-S Service Concept

Source: images from presentation by Terry Payne, University of Southampton

knowledge representations for describing Web Services

Service ProfileService Profile

High-level description of a service Used for advertisements and requests A profile contains:

– a human readable description of the service– functional attributes

Inputs, outputs, preconditions, effects– non-functional attributes

guarantees of response time or accuracy, cost of the service, etc.

Process ModelProcess Model

ProcessProcess

SimpleProcess

SimpleProcessAtomic

Process

AtomicProcess

CompositeProcess

CompositeProcess

ControlConstruct

ControlConstruct

SequenceSequence SplitSplit Repeat UntilRepeat Until…

realizes

expandsTo

collapsesTorealizedBy

composedBy

Atomic processes – directly executable and black box

Simple processes – abstract views, non-executable atomic process (no grounding), simplified representation of composite process

Composite processes - consists of other processesdefined by control construct

•Sequence•Split•…•RepeatUntil

GroundingGrounding

Specifies how to execute a service Each AtomicProcess has a grounding Current specification

– Mapping to WSDL– AtomicProcess -> Operation– Input/Output -> Message Parts

Why Semantics for Web Services?Why Semantics for Web Services?

For the Service Provider:– Precise definition of service descriptions

for input and output data typingfor quality of service

– Classification of servicesfor promotion, discovery, and matchmaking

For the Service User:– Precise definition of requests

for service discovery– Sense-making

for reconciliation and negotiation of requests and responses across different vocabularies

So What’s Happening?So What’s Happening?

These two communities are now exchanging ideas and achieving synergy and alignment

– UDDI Standards group is actively discussing use of RDF– UML community is starting to be interested in OWL– Industry specific vocabularies like STEP are being translated to OWL– Mainstream software development conferences like this one now

have interest in Semantic Technology

The Semantic Web Community has developed knowledge representation languages and computational models for authoring and reasoning about unambiguous, machine interpretable Web content: RDF, RDF(S), DAML+OIL, OWL, and OWL-S

Powerful and disruptive technology

The Software Engineering Community has been generating standards for computing infrastructure, choreography and process modeling: WSCI, BPML, XLANG, WSFL, WSCL, WSFL, WSCL, BPSS, WS-*, BPEL4WS

Still far from seamless

interoperation

Web Services ArchitectureWeb Services Architecture

Connected ApplicationsConnected Applications

MessagingMessaging

XMLXML

TransportsTransports

SecureSecure ReliableReliable TransactedTransacted

Meta

data

Meta

data

ManagementManagement BusinesBusiness s

ProcessProcess……DevicesDevices MobileMobile

P2PP2P EAIEAI B2BB2B GridGrid

Operational Engine

Semantic Web Services ArchitectureSemantic Web Services Architecture

Connected ApplicationsConnected Applications

MessagingMessaging

XMLXML

TransportsTransports

SecureSecureReliableReliable TransactedTransacted

Meta

data

Meta

data

ManagementManagementBusiness Business ProcessProcess ……DevicesDevices MobileMobile

P2PP2P EAIEAI B2BB2B GridGrid

On-Demand Capability Builder

Dis

cove

ry

Mon

itor

ing

Sensor and Responder

Semantic Technology

ClassicXML

Technology

?

Plan

ning

Lea

rnin

g

Con

figu

rati

on

On-Demand Infrastructure

Semantic

Registry

Task Compos

er

Process-Based Web

Services DirectoryDiscover

y Assistant

Semantic

Mediator

Goal-Directed Planner

Capability Matcher

Bringing Semantics to Bringing Semantics to Web Services ArchitectureWeb Services Architecture

Transport

Messaging

Description

Composable

Service

Assurances

Service

Composition

HTTP, TLS, MSMQ, SMTP

XML, SOAP, WS-Addressing, WS-Routing

XSD, WSDL, UDDI, WS-Policy

Security

WS-Security

WS-Trust

WS-SecureConversation

WS-Federation

BPEL4WS

WS-ReliableMessaging

Transactions

WS-Coordination

WS-AtomicTransaction

WS-BusinessActivity

WS A from: Nigel Watson, Microsoft Australia, “WSA: An XML Web Services Architecture”, Monash University WSA Seminar Sept 2003

Web Services TimelineWeb Services Timeline

It’s all about “Discovery” and “Making Connections”

NASA Digital Shuttle ProjectNASA Digital Shuttle Project

NASA OntologiesNASA Ontologies

© Copyright 2001 -2004 TopQuadrant Inc., “TopMIND Tutorial/Workshop”, slide 24

TopQuadrant

Why integration?An Illustrative Imagined Scenario

12. The launch occurred.

NASA Knowledge sources EO

1. An equipment anomaly delays the

Space Shuttle launch

2. An engineer searches databases for similar problems

3. With incomplete answers, he consults

other engineers about the faulty

equipment

4. Searches were made for the

supplier and where it was used elsewhere

on the Shuttle

5. The equipment was installed over 20 years ago and all of

the required information could

not be found.

6. The people that would know had

retired and had to be located

SDSKSC PRACA

7. Retirees were brought back to work

on the problem

8. On their advice, more document searches were

conducted.

9. Key documents were found in the

archives of a building

10. Important information was

communicated to relevant parties

11. A solution was decided

JSC PRACA GFE PRACA JEEVES MRCS CVAS CV

Disclaimer

This scenario is fictitious and is not based on any actual occurrences on the Space Shuttle. It is inspired by the movie entitled “The Space Cowboys”.

© Copyright 2001 -2004 TopQuadrant Inc., “TopMIND Tutorial/Workshop”, slide 25

TopQuadrant

Semantic Technology allows rules to be shared across applications and enables Interoperability

Knowledge need not live

in each application

Middleware

App. 2

IL

AL

SI

ERP

SI

Semantic Engine

QueryOntology Models

Enterprise Ontology Models

Interoperability Ontology Models

SI

PDM

SI

SI

CRMData

Warehouse

WS

WS

WS

WS

WS

WS

WS

Application 1

Interaction LogicApplication LogicSemantic Interface

App. N

IL

AL

SI

DB

SI

WS

Persistence Transactions

ProcessAuthorizati

onComm

s.

© Copyright 2001 -2004 TopQuadrant Inc., “TopMIND Tutorial/Workshop”, slide 26

TopQuadrant

Future Scenario – Leaking valve is discovered on STS-nnn

NASA Knowledge sources

EOSDSKSC PRACA JSC PRACA GFE PRACA JEEVES MRCS CVAS CVano

Shuttle Knowledge Hub

Shuttle Knowledge AdvisorProfilesSpace

Shuttle Ontology

1. Leaking valve delays Shuttle

launch

2. Engineer asks the Knowledge

Advisor about the valve that is

leaking – has it happened before?

System reports previous incidents.

3. Engineer asks who supplied the valve, relevant

Engineering Orders (EOs) and Drawing

numbers also where the valves

are used

4. Engineer determines what needs to be done

to replace the valves

5. New EOs are raised and the

problem is fixed

6. Shuttle mission is ready for launch

Federal Enterprise Architecture OntologyFederal Enterprise Architecture Ontology

Take Away PointsTake Away Points

The needs of Agile, On-Demand Enterprises:

– “Decentralized but Connectable”“sense-making”“dynamic capability discovery” “decision support””services (de-)composition” “value-net memory”

The importance of Semantic Technology:

– Well past the starting gateWeb ontologies and terminology languagesActive W3C Standardization efforts

– Dynamic interoperability

Where to find out moreWhere to find out more::TopQuadrantTopQuadrant

TopQuadrant Capability Cases Galleries: http://www.topquadrant.com/topGallery/tq_topgallery.htm

TopQuadrant Reports:http://www.topquadrant.com/tq_white_papers.htm

TopQuadrant Seminarshttp://www.topquadrant.com/seminars/topmind.htm

Where to find out more:Where to find out more:

Web-SitesWeb-Sites

OWL– http://www.w3.org/2004/01/sws-pressrelease– http://www.w3.org/2004/01/sws-testimonial

Semantic Web– http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/– http://www.semwebcentral.org/

Rules– http://www.ruleml.org– http://www.daml.org/2003/11/swrl/

Web services– http://www.w3.org/2002/ws/– http://www.uddi.org

WS-*– WS-Coordination: http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/library/ws-coor/

BPEL4WS– http://xml.coverpages.org/bpel4ws.html– http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/webservices/library/ws-bpel

Semantic Web Services– http://www.daml.org/services/– http://www.swsi.org/

Where to find out moreWhere to find out more::Semantic Technologies: Books (1 of 2)Semantic Technologies: Books (1 of 2)

John Davies, Dieter Fensel & Frank van Harmelen:, “Towards the Semantic WEB – Ontology Driven Knowledge Management”, John Wiley, 2002

Johan Hjelm, “Creating the Semantic Web with RDF”, John Wiley, 2001

Sheller Powers, “Practical RDF”, O’Reilly, 2003

Vladimir Geroimenko (Editor), Chaomei Chen (Editor), “Visualizing the Semantic Web”, Springer-Verlag, 2003

Where to find out moreWhere to find out more::Semantic Technologies: Books (2 of 3)Semantic Technologies: Books (2 of 3)

Dieter Fensel, Wolfgang Wahlster, Henry Lieberman, James Hendler (Eds.): “Spinning the Semantic Web: Bringing the World Wide Web to Its Full Potential”, MIT Press, 2002

Dieter Fensel: “Ontologies: A Silver Bullet for Knowledge Management and Electronic Commerce”, Springer Verlag, 2001

Michael C. Daconta, Leo J. Obrst, Kevin T. Smith: “The Semantic Web: A Guide to the Future of XML, Web Services, and Knowledge Management”, John Wiley, 2003

M. Klein and B. Omelayenko (eds.), “Knowledge Transformation for the Semantic Web”, Vol. 95, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, IOS Press, 2003

Where to find out moreWhere to find out more::Semantic Technologies: Books (3 of 3)Semantic Technologies: Books (3 of 3)

Jeff Pollock and Ralph Hodgson, "Adaptive Information: Improving Business ThroughSemantic Interoperability, Grid Computing, and Enterprise Integration" to be published by Wiley Computer Publishing, Summer, 2004.