REVIEWER

WEEK 1

Communication - "communicare" (Latin) means to share, or to make common- the process of sending and receiving verbal and non-verbal messages to create shared meaning (Sellnow, 2005)- the process of understanding and sharing meaning (McLean, 2003)- interactions that build connections between people that helps them to understand each other and to recognize common interests (Zarefsky, 2005)

Verbal Messages - made up of spoken wordsNon-verbal Messages - signals sent by any other means (hands, body, face, and eyes)

COMMUNICATION CONTEXTS

INTRAPERSONAL - communicating with oneself; "self-talk"

IMPERSONAL - communication between two people about general information; is with people we know relatively little about

INTERPERSONAL - communication between two people who already have an identifiable relationship with each other** self-disclosure - sharing personal information not generally known by others

SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION - occurs in a group of about three-ten people (or possibly 20); individuals interact in such a way that each person influences and is influenced by others

PUBLIC COMMUNICATION - takes place among audiences of more than about ten people; **Public Speaking - a sustained formal presentation made by a speaker to an audience **Mass Communication - communication produced and transmitted via media to large audiences

MODELS of COMMUNICATION

Linear Model - one-way process- a speaker sends a message to a listener who receives the message; the speaker's role is to encode it, and the listeners decode**Encoding - the process of putting ideas into symbols (e.g. words that the listener ought to understand)**Decoding - the process of attaching meanings to the symbols we see or hear

source message through channel receiver

Interactive Model - listeners/receivers return feedback to the sender so that meaning is created by both the speaker and the listener

*Feedback - consists of all those verbal and nonverbal messages receivers send back to the senders during the communication interaction

source message through channel receiver feedback source

Transactional Model - simultaneous sending and receiving of messages during a communication situation as well as the numerous ways in which the communication situation might influence the interaction

source message/feedback receiver message/feedback source

BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

1. Situation - place (environment), time, occasion, and cultural context of the communication2. Sender/Source - the person who initiates the communication3. Message - the ideas the sender conveys to the receiver4. Receiver - the person to whom the sender is communicating5. Channels - the pathways through which the message are communicated between sender and receiver (visual channel, auditory channel)6. Feedback - responses from the audience to the speaker, often in the form of nonverbal cues; the messages the receiver sends back to the source7. Interference - any barrier to the communication transaction (external interference--visual or auditory, internal interference--physical or psychological)

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION1. It is constant2. It is transactional3. It is a process4. It is irreversible5. It is learned

WEEK 2

Hearing - a physiological (sensory) process in which sound waves are transmitted to the brain and someone becomes conscious of sound- comes naturally and requires no special trainingListening - a mental operation (psychological) involving processing sound waves, interpreting their meaning, and storing their meaning in memory- an acquired skill that takes practice

TYPES OF LISTENING:

1. Discriminative Listening - "listening between the lines" for meaning conveyed other than through the words themselves; has something to do with being attentive to what is said via verbal and nonverbal cues such as rate, pitch, inflection, volume, quality etc; considering the meaning behind behaviors accompanying the message such as laughing, sighing, and yawning

2. Comprehensive Listening - listening for understanding3. Appreciative Listening - listening for enjoyment through the works and experiences of others (listening to music, environmental sounds, and so on)4. Emphatic Listening - listening to support, help, and empathize with the speaker; occurs often in interpersonal relationships5. Critical Listening - process of hearing, understanding, evaluating, and assigning worth to a message; the most demanding type

SIER MODEL of Critical Listening

Sense - hear the messageInterpret - understand the messageEvaluate - judge the message's strengths and weaknessesReact - assign worth to the message

The ETHICAL LISTENER: BAD LISTENING HABITS1. Becoming distracted the most common bad habit that results to poor listening**Mental distractions**Physical distractions**Visual distractions**Auditory distractions**Limited attention span (the length of time they will attend to a message without distraction)

Strategy: Expend energy (sitting up straight, leaning forward, and maintaining eye contact)**Lack of energy would likely allow the mind to wander

2. Faking attention - causes to miss information

Strategy: Take notes**Effective note taking can increase the probability that you'll remember the information

3. Being unprepared**If you are not prepared to listen, you may lose concentration, become distracted, fail to understand information, or even fall asleep.

Strategy: Get plenty of rest and eat a healthy meal.

4. Prejudging the speaker**Impression formation and Management Theory - we form first impressions of people based on how they look; research suggests that we respond more favorably to formally dressed people than to casually dressed people

Strategy: Listen with an open mind; try not to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of their messages until they have finished speaking

5. Mentally arguing and jumping to conclusions**We tend to know a little bit about a lot of different topics--thanks to technology

Strategy: Consciously force yourself to find value in every speech

6. Listening too hard

Strategy: Listen analytically--analyze the speech as you listen in ways that focus on the speaker's main point and general ideas

WEEK 3

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

Diphthong two adjacent vowel sounds occurring within the same syllableEx. [ei] take; [ai] fight; [oi] boy; [au] - fowl

minimal pair a pair of words that vary by only one sound (regardless of the spelling)Ex. pair bear / phase vase - / load - loan

[The exam will be similar to the activities on critical vowel and consonant sounds that weve had during the lecture and lab. Thus, its purely application.]

WEEK 4

A. WORD STRESS- putting some force, loudness, or importance on a syllable or word; sometimes called as accent- includes primary, secondary, and/or weak stress

RULES:1. Most words in English are stressed in the first syllable2. Most words with two syllables are stressed on the first syllable.3. For intensive and reflexive pronouns, the primary stress is on "self" (ex. yourSELF)4. For compound nouns, the primary stress is on the first component and a secondary stress in the second component. (ex. PLAYground)5. For phrasal verbs, the primary stress is on the adverb or the preposition and the secondary stress is on the verb. (ex. go OUT, move ON)6. A. For figures ending in "-teen" / "-teenth", the primary is on the "teen"B. For figures ending in "-ty" / "-ieth", the primary stress is on the base word.7. Words ending with the suffizes "-tion," "-sion," "-ic," "-ical," and "-ity" have a primary accent on the syllable preceding the ending.8. Many words show a shift in stress to indicate their use. (noun PREsent; verb preSENT)

B. INTONATION - the way one's voice goes up and down at the end of an utterance

1. Rising intonation - questions answerable by Yes or No- end of a phrase / clauses- enumerating series, or counting- tag question asking for information- direct address (How are you, Mr. Smith)

2. Falling Intonation- statement- commands- requests- tag questions indicating displeasure/annoyance/suspicion- questions not answered by Yes or No

C. BLENDING - saying words as a breath unit and then hearing them as a simple thought group is the process of blending words

WEEK 5

Intrapersonal communication can be defined as communication with ones self, and that may include self-talk, acts of imagination and visualization, and even recall and memory.

SELF - ones own sense of individuality, personal characteristics, motivations, and actionsSELF-CONCEPT - what we perceive ourselves to be; the looking-glass self

SOCIAL COMPARISONS - Evaluating ourselves in relation to our peers of similar status, similar characteristics, or similar qualities

Self-reflection is a trait that allows us to adapt and change to our context or environment, to accept or reject messages, to examine our concept of ourselves and choose to improve.

INTERNAL MONOLOGUE - refers to the self-talk of intrapersonal communication

Self-disclosure - information, thoughts, or feelings we tell others about ourselves that they would not otherwise know; a process by which you intentionally communicate information to others

Principles:1. Self-Disclosure Usually Moves in Small Steps2. Self-Disclosure Moves from Impersonal to Intimate Information3. Self-Disclosure is Reciprocal4. Self-Disclosure Involves Risk5. Self-Disclosure Involves Trust

DYADIC Effect - We expect when we reveal something about ourselves that others will reciprocate

STAGES OF CONVERSATION:InitiationPreviewTalking PointsFeedbackClosing

Dimensions of Self

WEEK 6

Small-group communication involves a small number of people, usually engaged in face-to-face interaction, actively working together toward a common goal.

TYPES OF GROUPS:Learning groups sharing and seeking informationSelf- maintenance groups inspire desirable attitudes, understanding and communication patternsProblem-solving groups make decisions regarding a problem

Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people, in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome.

GROUP FORMATSRoundtable private small group discussion using problem-solving procedurePanel Discussion small group of well-informed individuals discussing a topic or problem in front of a large groupSymposium small group of experts in front of a large group using timed presentationsForum a panel or discussion in which audience members can participate in the discussion

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