ENV 506 INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT LECTURER: ABD. RAHIM DAL FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES UiTM

ENV 506ENV 506

INTEGRATED SOLID INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTWASTE MANAGEMENT

LECTURER:LECTURER:ABD. RAHIM DALABD. RAHIM DAL

FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCESFACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCESUiTMUiTM

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

A key thrust of National Vision Policy is pursuing environmentally sustainable development to reinforce long-term growth.

Waste represent social, political,economic, physical and environmental concerns.

Preventing and managing waste is the heart of sustainable development.

Plan for future

STATUS OF SOLID WASTE STATUS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIAMANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA

An ever-expanding population and high rates of economic development in Malaysia resulted in the generation of vast amount of waste.

It is estimated about 17,000 ton/day of waste generated in Peninsular Malaysia.

Average per capita generation of waste 0.85 kg/cap/day.

About 1.5 kg/cap/day in Kuala Lumpur.

About 76% of waste generated are collected.

1-2% is recycled and the remainder is taken to disposal sites.

Con’t…Con’t…


About 5% waste collected in KL are reused and recycled.

Over 40% of 175 disposal sites are operating as dumpsite.

Intermediate treatment is limited to small-scale thermal treatment plant in resorted islands.

ROLE OF FEDERAL, STATE AND ROLE OF FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTLOCAL GOVERNMENT

Three level of Government

Federal Government

- Ministry of Housing & Local Government

- Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister Dpt.

- Department of Environment

- Ministry of Health

State Government

Local Authorities

ROLE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENTROLE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

Local Government Department,

MHLG handles all matters related to Solid Waste Management funding and policy development

this is done in coordination with the Economic Planning Unit and others government agencies.


Interagency Cooperation

MHLG has established a Technical Committee on SWM

comprising of relevant government agencies, Local University Researchers and Research Institution.

RESEARCH ON SWM BY MHLG AND RESEARCH ON SWM BY MHLG AND OTHER AGENCIESOTHER AGENCIES

Study on Strategic Plan for SWM.

Study on Safety Closure & Rehabilitation of Landfill Sites in Malaysia.

Study on Solid Waste Composition & Characteristic.

Study on Composting.

ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Local Authorities are the implementing

agencies and have direct responsibility over

solid waste collection, treatment and

disposal.

LEGISLATION RELATED TO SWMLEGISLATION RELATED TO SWM

Local Government Act 1976

Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974

Environment Quality Act 1974

Refuse Collection, Removal and Disposals By-Laws.

Principles to guide development of Strategic Plan:

Direct participation of Federal Government.

Privatization of SWM services

Sustainable waste management

Inter cooperation amongst government and stakeholders.

Public awareness program Development of technical and managerial

capability

THE WAY FORWARD – Strategic PlanTHE WAY FORWARD – Strategic Plan

Waste Hierarchy

(Current Status)

Reduce Reuse Recycling Intermediate

Processing Disposal

THE WAY FORWARDTHE WAY FORWARD

5 % recovery

95% Landfill

Waste Hierarchy

(Targeted 2020)

Reduce Reuse Recycling Intermediate

Processing Disposal


> 20 % Recycling

< 65 % Landfill

15 % Intermediate Processing


Waste Minimization

Reduce / Reuse

Recycling

Incineration (With Energy Recovery)

Incineration(Without Energy Recovery)

LandDisposal

Waste Hierarchy(FUTURE)

Reduce

Reuse

Recycling

Intermediate

Processing

Disposal


Legislation & Institutional

Review existing legislation

Enable federalization and privatization

Enhance waste minimization

Identifying all stakeholders

Institutional strengthening


Privatization

To improve SWM services

To relinquish financial burden

Wider involvement by the private sector

Final stage of agreement (transition period)

BenefitBenefit of private Sector Participation of private Sector Participation

UK & US StudiesCosts have been at least 25% lower due to rationalized

operation and greater management flexibility.

Canadian StudiesCosts have been at least 25% lower in most provinces 60% lower in Atlantic Province High costs in Quebec Province were due to older and

large equipment, large crew sizes and lower productivity.

Latin American Studies Costs have been at least 50% lower due to

higher labor and vehicle productivity

Malaysian Study Costs have been at least 20% lower due to

grater efficiency

Technical Aspect

Integrated solid waste management facilities

New Facilities with appropriate technology

- Transfer Station- Thermal Treatment Plant- Composting Plant

- Sanitary Landfill


INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (ZERO EMISSION)

Solid waste management facilities

Persekitaran Kita

Kitarsemula Sisa & Tenaga

Bahan Binaan

Kitarsemula

Slag

Bahan Tidak Terbakar

atau Buang Ke Tapak

Pelupusan

Pengurusan sisa pepejal yang baik memerlukan pendekatan yang bersepadu.


Public Participation

Lack of public awareness in solid waste management.

Require full attention

A key to success in waste minimization and solid waste management.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTSOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Definition

The discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid

waste in manner that is accordance with the best principles of public health, economic, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and

environmental consideration.

ELEMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTELEMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The activities associated with the management of solid waste from the point of generation to final disposal has been group into five elements.

GenerationStorageCollection, Transportation and Transfer Treatment Disposal

WHAT IS INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT ?

DefinitionDefinition

The selection and application of

suitable techniques, technologies

and management programs to

achieve specific waste

management objective and goals

Hierarchy of ISWMHierarchy of ISWM

Source Reduction

Recycle

Waste Transformation

Landfilling

Monitoring and Evaluation

Hierarchy of ISWMHierarchy of ISWM

Source Reduction

highest rank of the ISWM

most effective way to reduce the quantity waste, costs & env. Impacts.

Involve reducing the amount and/or toxicity of the waste

May occur through the design, manufacture, packaging of products

Cont’Cont’

minimum toxic content,

Minimum volume of material

Longer useful life

May also occur at the household, commercial, industrial facility.

Selective buying patterns & reuse of product & material.

Cont’Cont’

Recycle

Second highest rank

Important factor in reducing the demand or resources & the amount of waste requiring disposal by landfill.

Involved

separation and collection of waste materials

Preparation of the material for Reuse, Reprocessing, remanufacture

Reuse, reprocessing and remanufacture of these materials

Cont’Cont’

Waste Transformation

Involved the physical, chemical or biological alteration

Improve the efficiency of SWM operation & systems

To recover reusable & recyclable materials

To recover conversion products & energy

Heat & biogas

Reduce use of landfill capacity

Cont’Cont’

Landfilling

For solid waste that cannot be recycle & no future use

Residual matter remaining after separation

Residual matter remaining after recovery of combustion products / energy

Involves the controlled disposal of waste

Monitoring and Evaluation

WHAT IS WASTE?

DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS

Definition 1

Defined as wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and

unwanted

Definition 2

By products of human activities. Physically it contains the same materials as are found in

useful products


Definition 3

Refuse is define as putrescrible and non-putrescrible solid wastes including

garbage, ashes, rubbish, street cleanings, dead animal and industrial

wastes


Definition 4

Garbage is the putrescrible animal or vegetable waste generated from the

handling, preparation, consumption of food and is organic in nature


Definition 5

Ash is the residue i.e. the waste product of fuel used for industrial purposes. It is incombustible part of the fuel and is

usually used for the landfilling or as a constituent in cement making.


Definition 6

Rubbish is combustible and non-combustible part of refuse like paper,

rags, wood, and glass

CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTECLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE

Five main categories of solid waste :

Municipal Solid Waste

Agriculture waste

Industrial waste

Hazardous waste

Medical waste

JENIS SISA PEPEJAL TERKAWALJENIS SISA PEPEJAL TERKAWAL

• Sisa Pepejal Awam.

• Sisa Pepejal Import.

• Sisa Pepejal Isi Rumah.

• Sisa Pepejal Keinstitusian.

• Sisa Pepejal Komersial. Sisa Pepejal Pembinaan.

• Sisa Pepejal Perindustrian.

Municipal Solid WasteMunicipal Solid Waste

mainly the household waste include commercial waste and institutional waste.

it composition depends on factors such as living standard, geographical location, type of housing and seasons.

Agriculture wasteAgriculture waste

Wastes and residues resulting from diverse agricultural activities include plant residue and animal waste.

food processing waste is consider as agriculture waste

Some are considered as hazardous waste

Industrial wasteIndustrial waste

comprises waste from industrial

processes

E.g construction, fabrication,

manufacturing, refineries, chemical

plants

Some of these could also include hazardous waste

Hazardous wasteHazardous waste

Wastes or combination of wastes that pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human.

special group of wastes define by certain criteria containing substances causing hazard.

Sometimes hospital waste is also classified as hazardous waste


the hazard effect could be due to any or all of following:

ignitability corrosivity reactivity toxicity infectivity

Medical WasteMedical Waste

Hospital waste includes hazardous and non-hazardous waste.

hazardous waste - clinical waste

Non-hazardous -

Clinical wastes are any waste consist human tissue, blood or other body fluids, excretion include infectious waste.

Urban wasteUrban waste

In the form of solid, semi-solid, liquid and gases

Could organic and anorganic

could divide into six types

Type of urban wasteType of urban waste

household wastes

city wastes

commercial wastes

industrial wastes

liquid waste

gaseous wastes

Household wastesHousehold wastes

consist of wastes generated in the preparation of food

mainly garbage, fuel, residue, house sweeping, household discard, garden wastes and animal dung.

City wastesCity wastes

derived from street cleaning, park, school.

consist mainly paper, dry leaves, animal dung, etc.

commercial wastes commercial wastes

from office, shops and markets, restaurants, hotel

include high proportion of paper, cardboard, wood, food waste ,glass and plastic.

Hospital waste some time include in commercial wastes.

Industrial wastesIndustrial wastes

from the manufacturing and the processing industries, construction .

proposition of wastes depending on the type of industry.

include metal ores, wood, lime, tiles, food waste, special waste and hazardous wastes.

Liquid wasteLiquid waste

include mainly domestic sewage and factory effluents.

could be organic and inorganic liquid.

e.g.Agro wastes chemical factory

gaseous wastesgaseous wastes

could be from exhaust fume of factories, incinerator and chimney discharges.

Sources of solid wastesSources of solid wastes

domestic or residential

municipal services

commercial

Institutional

construction and demolition

treatment plant site

industrial

agricultural

• Type of Solid Waste

Domestic or residentialDomestic or residential

Facilities, activities /location Type of solid wasteSource

Residential Single family & multifamily detached dwelling,

Low, medium & high-rise apartment, etc.

Food waste, paper, cardboard, plastics, textile, leather, yard waste, wood, glass, tin, cans, aluminum, other metal, ash, street leaves, special waste, household hazardous waste.

Special waste:

Bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, yard wastes collected separately, batteries, oil and tires.

Type of Solid Waste

CommercialCommercial

Facilities, activities /location

Type of solid wasteSource

Commercial Stores, restaurants, markets, hotel, motel, print shop, service station, auto repair shop.

Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food waste, glass, metal, special waste, hazardous waste, ets.

InstitutionalInstitutional



Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, governmental centers.

Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food waste, glass, metal, special waste, hazardous waste, ets.

Construction and DemolitionConstruction and Demolition



Construction and demolition

New construction sites, road repair/renovation sites, razing or building, broken pavement.

Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.

Municipal ServicesMunicipal Services



Municipal service

(Excluding treatment facilities)

Street cleaning, landscaping, catch basin cleaning parks and beaches, other recreational areas.

Special waste, rubbish, street sweepings, landscape and tree trimmings, catch basin debris, general waste from parks, beaches and recreational areas.

Treatment plant sitesTreatment plant sites



Treatment plant sites;

Municipal incinerators

Water, waster water and industrial treatment processes, etc.

Treatment plant wastes, principally composed of residual sludges.

Municipal Solid WasteMunicipal Solid Waste



Municipal solid waste

All as above All as above

IndustrialIndustrial



Industrial Construction, fabrication, ligh & heavy manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, demolition, etc.

Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, etc.

Non-industrial wastes including food wastes, rubbish, ashes, demolition & construction wastes, special wastes, hazardous waste.

AgriculturalAgricultural



Agricultural Field and row crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farm, etc.

Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, rubbish, hazardous wastes.

WEEK THREE

ELEMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTELEMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The activities associated with the management of solid waste from the point of generation to final disposal has been group into six elements.

Waste Generation Waste Storage Waste Collection Waste Transfer and Transport Waste Treatment and Disposal

Waste GenerationWaste Generation

Urbanization and industrialization - many changes in the quality and quantity of solid wastes generated

Some of the changes included: change in waste characteristic increased volume of waste use modern techniques in MSWM concentration of large population in a

small area

Con’t….Con’t….

The type of produced depends upon various factors :

standard of living occupation habits of dietary

Average per capita generation of waste 0.85 kg/cap/day. About 1.5 kg/cap/day in Kuala Lumpur.


Housing area generates the largest amount of waste.

The high income group residential areas - high percentage of leaves, glass and plastic

Market areas - large percentage of garbage and leaves,

Hay & straw is the large proposition in commercial areas


Slum areas higher percentage of hay & straw , lower percentage of glass &

WASTE GENERATION IN MALAYSIAWASTE GENERATION IN MALAYSIA

Angg. Penduduk Angg. Sisa Angg. Penduduk Angg. Sisa Angg. Penduduk Angg. Sisadalam kaw. PBT Yang Dihasilkan dalam kaw. PBT Yang Dihasilkan dalam kaw. PBT Yang Dihasilkan

(tan/hari) (tan/hari) (tan/hari)

1. JOHOR 2,252,882 1,915 2,309,204 2,002 2,366,934 2,093

2. KEDAH 1,557,259 1,324 1,596,190 1,384 1,636,095 1,447

3. KELANTAN 1,216,769 1,034 1,247,188 1,081 1,278,368 1,131

4. MELAKA 605,361 515 620,495 538 636,007 562

5. NEG. SEMBILAN 890,597 757 912,862 791 935,683 827

6. PAHANG 1,126,000 957 1,154,150 1,001 1,183,004 1,046

7. PERAK 1,796,575 1,527 1,841,489 1,597 1,887,527 1,669

8. PERLIS 230,000 196 235,750 204 241,644 214

9. PULAU PINANG 1,279,470 1,088 1,311,457 1,137 1,344,243 1,189

10. SELANGOR 3,325,261 2,826 3,408,393 2,955 3,493,602 3,090

11. TERENGGANU 1,038,436 883 1,064,397 923 1,091,007 965

12. KUALA LUMPUR 1,400,000 2,520 1,435,000 2,635 1,470,875 2,755

JUMLAH 16,718,610 15,541 17,136,575 16,248 17,564,989 16,987

Tahun 2000

NegeriBil.

Tahun 2002Tahun 2001

Source: MHLG 2003

Waste Generation in Malaysia

33.6%

13.2%12.7%

3.6%

3.5%

0.9%

7.5%

1.2%

3.7%

20.1%

housing industry commercial offi ce market hospital road park wood others

Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics

32.0

29.5

3.4

7

16.0

2.04.5

0.4 3.7 0.60.9

organic/food waste paper textile/lether wood

plastic rubber glass ceramic

ferrous metal n.ferrous metal others

International Trend in MSW GenerationInternational Trend in MSW Generation

Most Asian country produce lower quantities of waste (mean 0.56 kg/capita/day) except Japan.

The developed industrial countries generate more (mean 0.96 kg/capita/day).

Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong show the pattern of waste generation similar to EC countries (0.86 kg/capita/day)

US is the largest per capita generating of MSW (1.97 kg/capita/day).

Scandinavian countries generated above the per capita EC average (>0.96 kg)

The population size does not influence the rate of waste generation.

Waste compositionWaste composition

Malaysia generate about 72% compostable waste, comprising;organic waste paper textile/leather wood

Garbage is the main component - 37 to 48%

Paper and cardboard is the second most abundant component (18 to 30% is)

Cont’….Cont’….

Plastic waste was at 9 – 16%

KL generate only 9% plastic waste

compare to 14 – 16% generate other three

cities around KL

The composition of MSW reflects the affluence of the society:

The way of life

Economic status

Social behaviour

Waste Composition (K.L.)Waste Composition (K.L.)

No. Source Of Waste Residential Commercial Institutional

1. Food waste & organic 63.1 76.8 40.6

2. Mix paper 6.7 7.6 16.0

3. Mix plastics 14.3 9.0 17.2

4. Textiles 1.7 0.5 0.7

5. Rubber & leather 0.6 0.3 0.1

6. Yard waste 6.3 0.9 18.4

7. Glass 2.1 0.9 1.5

8. Ferrous 2.3 1.4 2.8

9. Aluminum 0.1 0.1 1.3

10. Others 2.8 2.5 1.4

Total (2,3,7,8,9) 25.5 19.0 38.8

Source: Nazeri 2002

Composition of refuse from the municipality of Composition of refuse from the municipality of KL, Petaling Jaya and Penang for the year 1990KL, Petaling Jaya and Penang for the year 1990

Penang Kuala Lumpur Petaling Jaya

Paper & cardboard 25.5 30.0 27.0

Textile & leather 3.4 2.5 3.1

Plastics 11.2 9.8 16.4

Rubber 0.8 0.2 2.0

wood 14.4 3.2 7.0

garbage 32.8 40.8 36.5

Metal ferrous & non-ferrous

2.6 4.6 3.9

Glass & ceramics 1.4 3.0 3.1

Others 8 5.9 1.0

STORAGE

Waste StorageWaste Storage

Including the waste handling, processing, separation and storage.

The type of container use is highly variable depend on the amount of waste generated, the frequency of collection and whether waste separation is mandated.

The most commonly used in Malaysia are the plastic container. Daily collection 7 – 11 litres Weekly collection 20 – 30 litres

WASTE HANDLINGWASTE HANDLING

Refer to the activities associated with managing solid waste until they are place in the containers used for storage.

The activities will vary depending on:

Type of waste materials are separated

Type of collection service

May also requires to move the loaded containers to the collection point.

Residential dwellings Residential dwellings

Three categories most often used:

Low-rise dwelling

Under 4 stories

Single family detached

Single family attach

multifamily


Tenants are responsible for placing the containers of solid waste around their dwelling.

Type of container used depend on whether waste separation is mandated.

Home owner will placed the containers filled with wastes to the street curb.

Medium-rise

From 4 to 7 stories

Handling methods for Low- and medium-rise Apartment depending on the waste storage location and collection method.

Location of storage include basement storage, outdoor storage, occasionally, compactor storage.

High-rise

Over 7 stories

The most common methods are:

Waste are pick up by building maintenance personnel

Waste are taken to the basement/service area by tenants

Waste are placed by the tenants in vertical chute.


Waste discharged in chutes are collected in large containers.

The chutes are available in diameter from 12 to 36 inches ( ) and the most common diameter is 24 inches.

The use of disinfection and sanitizing unit as recommended.

SeparationSeparation

Separation of waste components including:

Paper

Cardboard

Aluminum can

Glass

plastic containers


The effects of storage on the waste components.

The type container to be used The container locationPublic health and aesthetics.

Factors that must be consider in the onsite storage include


Effects of storage on the waste components.

Effects of storing wastes include:

Biological decomposition

Waste will immediately start to undergo microbiological decomposition (putrefaction)

If waste are allowed in storage containers for extended period of time, flies will start to breed and odors compounds can develop.


The absorption of fluids

Components of solid waste have differing initial moisture contents, re-equilibration take place.

The moisture will become distributed throughout the waste.

The degree of absorption depend on the length of time.

Waste also can absorb water from rainfall that enter into container.


The contamination of waste

components

Major waste components may be

contaminated by small amount of waste.

E.g: motor oil, paints, household cleaner.

Effect : reduce the value of the individual waste components for recycling.

Types of containersTypes of containers

The type and capacities of container used depend on:

the characteristics and type of solid waste to be collected.

type of collection system.

The collection frequency

The space available for placement of containers.


Low-rise dwelling (manual curbside

collection)

Container should be light enough to handle easily.

Injury to collector have results from handling container that loaded to heavy.

Upper weight limit between 40 to 65lb.

30 gal. galvanized metal or plastic container is proven the least expensive of storage for low-rise dwelling.


The choice container materials depend on the preferences to the home-owner.

Galvanize metal tend to be noisy when being emptied and can be damage.

Some plastic containers tend to crack under ultraviolet ray and the freezing temperature.

Temporary and disposal containers are routinely used as temporary – remove along the waste.

The problem of temporary containers is difficult to loading them.


The use of all types and different grades of container liners is common.

A disadvantage in the using of liner, if the waste are to be separated by component or they are to be combusted, has to be break up.


Low-rise dwelling (mechanized curbside)

The containers are designed specifically to

work with the container-unloading

mechanism attach to the collection vehicle.

The container size is from about 75 to 120 gallons. 90 gallons container being the most common.


Low- & medium-rise apartment

The two most common types have been use are:

Individual plastic or galvanized metal

Large portable or fix container

The container is kept in enclosed areas which easy access to nearby street.

The containers are equipped with caster or roller


High-rise apartment

Where chutes are available separation

storage containers are not used.

The most common storage for wastes

accumulate from apartment include:

Enclosed storage containers or disposal bags

Large open-top containers for uncompacted

waste, bulky items,

Large open-top container for recycle materials.

Cont’’….Cont’’….

Commercial facilities

Types of container depend to a large extents the on the methods use of collection

Usually large open-top containers are used for unseparated waste

The use of container equipped with compaction mechanism

Special onsite processing equipment may also be used – recoverable material


Container storage locations

Depend on the type of dwelling or commercial

and industrial facilities, available space and

access to collection service.

Residential dwelling

Low-rise detached dwellings usually are

placed

At the sides of rear of the house

In alley

In or next to the garage

Commercial & industrial Commercial & industrial facilitiesfacilities

depend on the location of available space & service access condition

location & type of containers not own by the commercial or industries Solid waste that

The contents of large containers are removed by elevator to the:


Large storage container

Compactors used in conjunction with storage containers

Stationary compactors

Other processing equipments.


The older large office & commercial buildings are used inadequate equipment and tend to create handling problem.

All of the office paper is now collected for recycle.

Public Health & AestheticsPublic Health & Aesthetics

Public Health

Infestation of vermin & insects – mechanical vectors

Most effective control is proper sanitation.

Use container with tight lids.

The period washing the container

Periodic removal biodegradable materials

Excellent description of solid waste-disease relationship


Aesthetics

Related to the production of odors & un-maintenance of sanitary condition.

Odors can be controlled;

through the use container with tight lids

Reasonable collection frequency.

If odors persist, the contents of the container – spray with the masking deodorant

To maintain aesthetic condition, the container should scrubbed & wash periodically


Depot

simple enclosure of brick wall low public health aesthetic value Commonly found in development

countries

The common communal storage methods used in Asian country include:


Enclosure

slightly improvised depot within an enclosure around the storage area.

Exposed to rain and causes air pollution and odors

Not suitable in modern society


Fixed storage bins

more appropriate and hygienic Occasionally, an irrseponsible

people tend to burn the refuse in the bin.

If not emptied regularly become threat to human health.


Portable steel bins

commonly used in Malaysia can be easily loaded/unloaded

Drum

200 litres drum provided in some cities in Asia


Concrete pipe Section

Found in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Capacity depend on size of pipe

scavengers and animal always

messing up the bins

COLLECTION

Planning the waste collection systemPlanning the waste collection system

Factors need to be consider:

population distribution & density topography & road layout characteristic of the waste & quantity disposal method used weather condition type & number vehicles available number of location of transfer station road design

Collection of solid wasteCollection of solid waste

The term collection included:

picking up of solid waste from the sources,

hauling of wastes to the location where the contents of the collection vehicle are emptied

The unloading of collection vehicle is also consider part of the collection operation.

The activities associated hauling & unloading are similar


Activities associated with hauling and unloading similar for most collection system

The gathering or picking up of SW vary with the characteristic of:

the facilities.

Activities.

location where wastes are generated.

method use for storage of accumulated wastes between collections.


Collection in an urban area is difficult and complex:

Development of urban and sub-urban

Generation become more diffuse & quantity of waste increases.

The responsible of the municipal or district council the privet waste management companies.

Low-rise detach dwelling (commingled)Low-rise detach dwelling (commingled)

Manual method use for collection residential waste include:

The direct lifting & carrying of loaded containers to the collection vehicle.

The rolling the loaded containers on their rims to the collection vehicle

The use of small lifts for rolling loaded to the collection vehicle.


The method of waste collection will influence the quality and quantity of recovered material and the mode of disposal.

Basically, four common types of residential collection service

curb

alley

setout-setback

setout


Curb

Door to door collection

Homeowner responsible for placing the containers.

Most common method in Malaysia

Terrace houses or link houses

material collected from the home by the collection crew


In other case the collection vehicle equipped with auxiliary container – then emptied to the collection vehicle

The use of small satellite vehicles

The empty bins are taken back by the owners


Disadvantages:

the bins are messed up by scavengers

bin are stolen

animal sometimes mess up the bins – looking for food


Alley

Door to collection

Also call back lane collection

Commonly used in many part of Asia


Setout-setback

Door to collection

Containers are set out from homeowner’s property and set back after emptied by additional crew.

Use two groups of collectors

Faster


Setout

Door to collection

Same as setout-setback except:

Homeowners is responsible to return the container to storage location.

Individual house collection

bungalow


Manual methods

Manual methods used for the collection of residential waste include:

The direct lifting & carrying of loaded containers to vehicle

Rolling the loaded container to the vehicle

Use small lift for rolling loaded container

Low- and Medium-rise ApartmentsLow- and Medium-rise Apartments

Curbside collection is common for most low- and medium-rise apartments.

Maintenance staff is responsible for transporting the containers to the street for curb collection

If large containers are used, the collection vehicle will equipped with unloading mechanisms.

High-rise ApartmentsHigh-rise Apartments

Usually large containers are used to collect wastes large apartment building.

The contents of the containers may be emptied mechanically or may be hauled to an off-site location.

Commercial & industrial FacilitiesCommercial & industrial Facilities

Manual & mechanical means are used to collect wastes.

In many large cities solid wastes are collected early morning or late evening

Plastic bag, cardboard boxes and other disposal container are used in manual collection.

Collection usually accomplished with three or four person crew


containers usually used are:

Movable containers

Container that can be couple to large stationary compactor

Large capacity open top containers

Collection of waste Collection of waste (separated at source)(separated at source)

Must be collect gathered together before they can be recycle.

The method of collection include:

Curbside collection using conventional & special designed collection vehicle

Incidental curb collection

Delivery by homeowners to drop-off & buy-back centers.

Residential Residential (curbside collection)(curbside collection)

Recyclable materials are collected separately from commingled waste.

Some programs require residents to separate several different material & store in their own containers.

Other programs only one or two containers to store commingled recyclable.

The vehicle used are for collect the separated waste are:

standard collection vehicle

specialized collection vehicle.

Type of Collection SystemType of Collection System

The system used may classified from several points of view such as:

The mode of operation.

Equipment use

Type of waste collected

collection system have been classified according to their mode of operation into two categories.

Hauled container systems (HCS)

Stationery container systems (SCS)


Hauled Container Systems (HCS)

Suitable for removal of waste where the rate of generation is high.

The use of large containers reduce handling time.

The advantage:

is the flexibility – many different sizes & shapes for the collection all types of waste.

Require one truck & driver to accomplish the collection cycle


Disadvantage

the use of vary large containers leads to low-volume utilization unless loading aids provided.

Three types of haul container system:

Hoist truck

tilt-frame container

Trash trailer


Hoist truck systems

container size from 0.2 to 10 cu3 (2 to 12 yd3)

Applicable in only limited cases which are:

For small operation and collects from a few pickup points

For the collection of bulky item and industrial rubbish


Tilt-frame container

Widely use especially among private collectors

Used tilt frame loaded vehicle and large containers.

Suitable for collection of all types of solid waste rubbish.

Various type of large containers are available for use with these vehicles

Open-top containers are used at warehouse and construction sites

Large containers in conjunction with stationary compactors are common at apartment, commercial, and transfer station.

Trash trailer

Similar to tilt frame container system

Better for the collection heavy rubbish & often used for the demolition waste.


Pneumatic and hydraulic system

More complex than hydraulic systems.

Use low pressure air and vacuum conduit system to transport rubbish through underground pipe

transport wastes from high density apartments or commercial activities to central location for processing.

Reduces traveling time & increases the waste collection efficiency & minimize management cost.

Hydraulic transports is being used for the transport of food wastes

The major problem of this method is the / waste water used for transporting the wastes must be treated.

This system practical in areas where proper processing facilities are incorporated into treatment system.

Automated pneumatic waste collection & disposalAutomated pneumatic waste collection & disposal


Routes of Collection

The guideline should be taken in to

consideration when design the layout the

collection routes:

Existing policies and regulations

the number & arrangement of the containers

Frequency of collection

Existing system characteristic the number crew

Vehicle type

Begin and end should be near arterial street.

In hilly area:

Should start at the top and proceed downhill as the vehicle become loaded

The last container to be collected must be located nearest to the disposal site

Traffic congested location

Should be collect as early in the day

Sources at extremely large quantities

Serviced during the first part of the day

Scattered pickup points

the number & arrangement of the containers

distance between containers

number of block & arrangement

Layout of collection routesLayout of collection routes

The general steps involved in establishing route include:

Preparation of location maps

Data analysis

Preliminary layout of routes

Evaluation of the preliminary routes & the development of balanced route by successive trials

Collection routes Layout – Step1Collection routes Layout – Step1

Map of the commercial, industrial, or resident housing area to be serve.

Plot the solid waste pickup point:LocationCollection frequency

Number of containers

Enter on the map the estimate quantity of waste at each pickup location (if use mechanically loaded containers)


For residential sources - assume that approximately the same average quantity number of homes per block will be shown

Use the tracing paper once the basic data have been entered on the work map

WEEK SIX

WASTES TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT

Transfer StationTransfer Station

The transfer of wastes from one location to another – more distant location

Contents small collection vehicles are transferred to large vehicles to transport the waste over extended distances

Transfer and transport operation also used in conjunction with MRFs to transport recover material to markets/residue material and waste-to-energy facilities.

The need for transfer operationThe need for transfer operation

Transfer and transport operations become necessity when haul distance to available disposal sites increase.

Also become necessity when disposal sites cannot be reach directly by highway (sites in remote control).

Transfer station isTransfer station is integral part of all types of MRFs and MR/TFs

The time require for transportation is the key factor especially in the traffic congested city.

Located between the disposal site & the centre of the city

The function are volume reduction & sorting of waste for recycling

Additional factor that tend to make the use of transfer station includes:

The occurrence of illegal dumping due to excessive haul distances

The location of disposal sites relatively far from collection routes

The use of small-capacity collection vehicles

The existence of low-density residential service area

Classified into three type

Direct load

Storage load

combined direct load and storage load

Types of transfer stationTypes of transfer station

Direct load

Small capacity

Wastes discharge directly into the open-

top trailer to be use to transport to

compaction facilities.

large capacity

The wastes in collection emptied directly into transport vehicle, or

The wastes in the collection vehicles are emptied temporarily onto unloading platform

The wastes are then push into the transport trailers.

The new technology of direct-load transfer station, replace the use of open-top transfer vehicle with the compaction facilities.

The compaction facilities can be use to compact wastes into the transfer trailers.

Storage load

Wastes are emptied directly into a storage pit then they are loaded into transport vehicles

Various types of auxiliary equipment are used to load the wastes into the transport vehicles.

The different between direct-load and storage-load is the capacity to store wastes.

combined direct load and storage load

Multipurpose facilities that service a

broader range of users

It can be a materials recovery operation

diagramdiagram

The operation of transfer stationThe operation of transfer station

Factors to be consider for location of Factors to be consider for location of transfer station. transfer station.

As near as possible to the collection area. easy access to highway minimal public and environmental

risk/objection economical aspects capacity of collection vehicle storage space require time require to unload the collection trucks

number of trucks that will use facilities transfer trailer capacity operation hours type of waste processes

Motor Vehicle transportMotor Vehicle transport

Collection

Compactors

commonly use for door to door collection

Equipped with compacter facilities

capacity 12m3

Use for the compactable waste

Roll on roll off (RORO)

Top-open truck used for commercial and residential areas

For bulky and uncompactable wastes

Side loader

Without compactor

Manually door to door collection

Open trucks

Used for transporting bulky & uncompactable wastes.

Used for door to door collection

Not recommended for garbage and refuse

Hand cartsCommonly use by the street sweepers

Transfer station

Open-top semitrailer

Capacity 40m

Enclose semitrailer

Equipped with satationary compactor

Drop-bottom open-top semitrailer

Unloaded with hydraulic tipping ramp

WEEK SEVEN

Waste Treatment and disposalWaste Treatment and disposal

ideally the disposal methods should meet the following condition:

environment friendly

cause no health hazard

economically less demanding

maximum recycling options

Should not be labour intensive

Waste TreatmentWaste Treatment

The treatment of solid waste prior to disposal includes:

recycling compaction pulverisation

Waste disposalWaste disposal

ideally the disposal methods should meet the following condition:

environment friendly

cause no health hazard

economically less demanding

maximum recycling options

Should not be labour intensive

Disposal without treatment: dumping in water dumping on land direct disposal (sanitary land field)

Disposal involve some treatment incineration biological treatment pyrolysis

Disposal On LandDisposal On Land

Landfill method

Define as the physical facilities use for the disposal of residual in the surface soils of the earth.

Sanitary landfill refer to engineered facilities for the disposal of SWM designed and operated to minimize the public health and environmental impacts

One of the primary technologies use to disposal of solid waste.

The most economically if suitable land is available at low cost, environmentally accepted method and simple.

The only method that can deal with all material in solid waste

Direct disposal without treatment and Also used for the final disposal of treated waste.

Sanitary Landfill

Define as:

Method of disposing refuse on land without creating nuisance or hazard to public health

or safety by utilizing the principle of engineering to confine the refuse to the smallest practical area

The goal for design and operation of modern landfill is to eliminate/ minimize the impacts to human and environment

and to reduce it to the smallest practical volume and cover it with a layer of earth at the conclusion of each day’s or at such more frequent as many be necessary

also call as control tipping and involves the covering of the waste daily with soil or other modern material

consist depositing the wastes in 1 -2 m tick layer in low-laying lands or excavation

Landfill Planning, Design and operationLandfill Planning, Design and operation

The element s should be consider in the planning , design and operation of landfill are as below:

Landfill layout and design

Landfill operations and management

The reaction occurring in the landfill

The management of leachate

Environmental monitoring

Landfill closure

Landfill siting considerationLandfill siting consideration

Siting of new landfill is one of the difficult tasks faced by the most communities.

Several factors must be consider in evaluating potential site for-long term disposal of solid waste.

Final selection of a disposal site usually is best on the result of a detail site survey, engineering design, cost study and EIA.

The factors should be consider are ; Haul distanceLocation restrictionAvailable land areaSite accessSoil condition and topographyClimatological conditionsSurface water hydrologyGeologic and hydrogeologic conditionsLocal environmental conditionsPotential ultimate uses for the completed site

Preparation of the sitePreparation of the site

First Step

Existing site drainage must be modified to

route any runoff away from the landfill area.

Drainage of the landfill area itself must be modified to route water away from the initial fill area

Construction of access roads, weighing facilities and fences installation.

Second Step

The excavation and preparation of the landfill bottom and sub surface site

Modern landfills are constructed in sections – allows only the small part of the unprotected landfill surface to be expose to precipitation.

Excavations are carried out over time – not prepare the landfill bottom at once

Excavated material can be stockpiled on unexcavated soil to minimized the precipitation problem

If the bottom of the landfill is lined at once, the storm water runoff must be remove from the portion of the landfill that is not being used.

To minimized cost, it desirable to obtain the cover material from the landfill site whenever possible.

The excavated material stockpiled for later use.

Vadose zone and groundwater monitoring equipment is installed before the landfill liner is laid down.

Leachate collection and extraction faciliteis are place within or on top of the liner

Usually the liner extends up the excavated wall of landfill.

Installation of the horizontal gas recover trenches at the bottom of the landfill

To minimized the release of VOCs, vacuum is applied and air is drown through the completed portion of landfill

The gas that is remove must be burned under controlled condition to destroy the VOCs

A soil berm must be constructed at the downwind side of the planned fill area before the fill operation begin.

Foe the excavated landfill, the wall of the excavation usually served as the initial compaction face.

The placement of wasteThe placement of waste

The waste is placed in cell beginning along the compaction face

The waste deposited in each operating period usually one day from in an individual cell.

Wastes deposited are spread out in 45 – 60 cm layers and compacted

Typically the cell height vary from 2.8 – 4 metres

The length of the working face varies with the site condition the size of the operation

The width of the a cell varies from 300 -900 cm –depending on the design and capacity of of the landfill.

The exposed faces of the cell are covered with a thin layer of soil (15 to 30 cm) at the end of each operating period.

After or more lifts has be place, horizontal gas recovery trenches can be excavated in the completed space.

The excavated trenches are filled with gravel and perforated plastic pipes are installed in the trenches

Successive lifts are place on top of another until the final design grade is reached.

A cover layer is applied to the completed landfill section to

minimized infiltration of precipitation

to route drainage away from the active section of the landfill

The landscaping to control erosion

Reactions in landfillReactions in landfill

Biological reactions

The organic material in MSW lead to the production of landfill gas and liquids.

Decomposition process usually proceed aerobically for a short period.

During aerobic decomposition, CO2 is the gas produced

Once the available O2 has been consumed, the composition become anaerobic and the organic matter converted to CO2 and CH4 and ammonia and hydrogen Sulfide.

Chemical Reaction

Include dissolution and suspension of landfill materials and biological conversion products in the liquid percolating, evaporation and vaporization of chemical compound and water

The organic compounds can subsequently be released into the atmosphere – through the soil or from uncover leachate treatment facilitie.

Other chemical reactions include those between certain organic compound and clay liner.

Physical reactions

The important physical changes are:

the lateral diffusion of gases and emission of landfill gases to surrounding environment

Movement of leachate within the landfill and into underlying soil

Settlement caused by consolidation and decomposition of landfill material

Landfill gas movement and emission particularly important consideration in landfill management because;

Internal pressure could causing the landfill cover crack and leak

Escaping landfill gas may carry trace carcinogenic and teratogenic compounds into the environment

Because high CH4 contents, may be can cause burning or explosion

Leachate migration is another concern

Concerns with the landfillConcerns with the landfill

Uncontrolled release of landfill gas

The impact of uncontrolled discharge of landfill gas

Uncontrolled release of leachate

The breeding of disease vector

The health and the environmental impact

SANITARY LANDFILL FACILITIESSANITARY LANDFILL FACILITIES

WEEK EIGHT

Landfill Type

aerobic landfill

anaerobic sanitary landfill with daily cover

improve anaerobic sanitary landfill with buried leachate collection facilities

landfill with forced aeration

Only the anaerobic and semi-aerobic landfill are desirable when leachate and gas quality to be considered

AdvantagesAdvantages

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Open dumping

potential source of disease fires are uncontrolled air pollution smell pollute nearby waterways & ground

water ugly scavenging

Sanitary landfill

destruction of habitats - (wetland) cause of urban land shortage hence transportation cost – (distant) lost of resources – cannot be replace leachate leakage - (groundwater

contamination) maintanance after completion require 10

to 15 yearsNon-available of suitable cover material

Level of Sanitary Landfill

Level 1: control tipping

Level 2: sanitary landfill with bound and daily soil cover

Level 3: sanitary landfill with leachate recirculation

Level 4: sanitary landfill with leachate treatment facilities.

Landfill Technology

The most common landfill technologies are

area method

trench method

ramp method

sandwich method

Area method/Depression

terrain is unsuitable for the excavation of trenches

Solid waste cells constructed in a large area

layers of cells are created until the permitted height reached

Each cell represents the waste received and compacted in place and covered each day.

Can accommodate very large volume operation

Earth dyke with height of one lift (2-3 m) is first constructed to gate the support for compacting.

The wastes are unloaded at the top of the earth dyke and spread and compacted on the slope of the dyke.

The layers dept is from 30 – 60 cm.

Depression method best for area where natural depression exist.

The installation liners and leachate collection system is relative easy.

The earth cover of this system is usually obtain from borrow-pit or brought from elsewhere.

Trench Method

Waste is spread and compacted in an excavated trench

The excavator tailings are used as cover material

Best for flat land where the excavation of trenches can be carryout easily.

The ground water level should be sufficiently low

The trench size varies in length and width:

dept: 1 – 2 metre width: 2 – 5 metre length: 30 – 120 metre

Wastes are spread into thin layers from 30 -60 cm and compacted before soil cover in introduced.

Ramp method

also call progressive slope. A combination of area method and

trench method Solid waste is spread and compacted

on a slope cover material is obtained directly from

the front of the working face. The excavation of cover material

provides a depression for the next day waste.

Ramp is about 15 metre wide and 30 metre length and suitable height.

Trucks come on the top of the ramp and discharge their contents inside the trench.

Sandwich method

Used when the solid waste is deposited horizontally into narrow valleys.

Cover soil layer is added over each layer of solid waste

WEEK NINE

Modern Sanitary LandfillModern Sanitary Landfill

incorporates

gas collection, storage and compressor system

leachate collection, storage and treatment facilities.

prevent leachate leakage into ground water

gas leakage detection p robes.

leachate monitoring well and ground water monitoring well

Design & operation SLF

Several important factors must be considered: land area cover material cell design and construction equipment requirement personnel requirement financedrainage

spread and compaction water supply fire prevention facilities fencing - gatehouse operation time land use after completion of landfill wheel cleaning notice board

Population protection site location rainfall temperatureSoil type windHydrological properties and water

table

compaction landfill

essential to reduce settlement

take about 2 years

prevent fire

eliminates odour, flies & vermin

for building structure – 10 – 12 years

ideally compacted fill should have density of 900 – 950 kg/m3

densities are measure by using backhoe method and auger method.

the values depend on:

Type of waste

Pretreatment

Composting of waste

Time of landfill

Moisture content

Type of landfill

Stage of compaction

Leachate

define as liquid that has percolated through solid waste and has extracted Dissolved or suspended material

average amount of leachate generated is 150L//tonne

contain organic matter, nitrogen (ammoniacal), suspended solid salts & colouring matter.

constration of eluted matters will be highest the first 3 – 8 years.

quantity of leachate produced depend on factors:

Soil type

Waste composition

Degree of composition

Rainfall

Evaporation

Landfill type and age

Leachate treatment facilities

include:

equalisation tank

biological treatment

physicochemical treatment

WEEK TEN

Biological treatment

To remove the organic matter and nitrogen

involve one or more of the following techniques:

activated sludge treatment contact aeration rotary disc

deep shaft oxidation ditch

trickling filter

aerated lagoon treatment

anaerobic biodegredation

an aerobic fixed film treatment

physicochemical treatment

to removes/reduce COD, metal, suspended solid and colour

the process used are:

sedimentation with coagulation

sand filtration

ozone oxidation

Activated carbon adsorption

Chelating resin adsorption

Landfill gas

the microbial degradation generate gaseous products.

methane production begins several month to one/two years after deposition

the rate of production depends on: size and composition of solid waste age of solid waste and landfill

moisture contain

temperature conditions in landfill

quantity and quality of nutrients

organic contain of refuse

pH and alkalinity of liquids

presence of toxic or hazardous material

Gas productionGas production

gas production ranges from 1.3 to 1.7 L/kg/yr

the main component of the gas is CH4

(55%), CO2 (45%),

Biodegradation of solid waste could be describe under four phases:

the aerobic phase

hydrolysis and fermentation anaerobic phase

decelerated methane production

Biological treatment

Consists two main options

Composting (aerobic)

Biogasification (anaerobic)

Definition

Composting define as the biological degradation of the organic components of

waste under controlled condition to produce a stable end product call compost

Objectives biotreatment:

Volume reduction

Stabilization

Sanitisation

Valorisation

composting of organic material generates CO2 and H2O.

Biogasification generates CH4 , CO2, and H2O.

The final products of biotreatment are stable & could be use as fertilizer.

Composting is an exothermic process & max. temperature 60 -700C

The aerobic phase

in the presence of O2,

oxygen & nitrogen are depleted while CO2 increases

The phase lasts only a few days

Hydrolysis and fermentation

biological polymers

Anaerobic phase

beginning of methane generation

bacteria (methanogens) responsible for degradation substances.

decelerated methane production

concentrations of carboxylic acid decreases to below 100 mg/l.

Gas monitoring

involve the monitoring of methane and other volatile organic compound.

Monitoring wells are installed within and around the landfill.

Two type of gas monitoring device can be use.

barhole probe

permanent probe

Barhole probe

performe near structure or along the parameter of a landfill.

only obtain one time measurement of gas concentration at shallow depts.

permanent probe

located along the parameter of the landfill at location identify during the hydrogeology investigation

Periodically gas samples collected from these wells are analysed for methane contain & and other gas.

WEEK ELEVEN

INCINERATION

Define as:

Control process for burning solid, liquid and gaseous combustible wastes to gases and residue containing non-

combustible material.

is any facility used wholly or in part for the controlled combustion of municipal wastes and other waste.

waste materials are treated at incinerator plants through the controlled application of that converts waste feed by high temperature oxidation to gaseous material.

during combustion the moisture is vapourised while the combustible waste is also vapourised and oxidised.

final products are CO2, water vapour, ash, and non-combustible or residue.

Objectives of thermal treatment

volume reduction

reduces 90% MSW

reduces 70% of weight

life span of a landfill could be longer

Waste stabilisation

outputs from the incinerator are ash, flue gas and combustible residue.

the output generally inert and more stable when landfill.

Waste to energy conversion

reduce the usage of fossil and fuel

Conversion of natural resources.

Sanitisation of waste

high temperature (800 – 11000C)

outlet 210 -230oC

kill all the pathogen – important in the clinical/hospital waste.

categories of incinerator

Three categories:

mass burning

Selected burning

source separated materials

The Incineration Process

Four types of incinerator

Multiple chamber incinerator

Non-heat utilization incinerator

Fluidised bed incinerator

Rotary kiln combustor

Multiple chamber incinerator

the simplest incinerator

combustion proceeds in two sage

combustion in the ignition chamber

gaseous phase combustion in the secondary combustion chamber.

Two type

retort

used when quality of waste is

below 340 kg/hr

In-line

used for higher capacities

differences between two type are

direction of gas flow

presence of a common wall between the primary and secondary combusting stage in retort in the rotary type

have length to width ratio of 1:1 to 2.4:1 for retort type and 2:1 to 5:1 for in-line type

WEEK TWELVE

Non-heat utilisation incinerator

similar with multiple chamber incinerator except the waste to energy process is not included

accommodate up to 1,000 tonnes/day.

capacity of storage pit 16 to 36 hrs of refuse intake

furnaces used are vertical circular, multicell rectangular or rotary kiln.

Fluidised bed incinerator

uses a vertical furnace as alternate design

develop and commonly used in Japan

the combustion chamber contains a fluidised bed

advantage of this system is less mechanical problems

FBI has a maximum capacity 350 tonnes/day

more efficient in burning and flue gas volume is smaller.

start up time is much smaller – 5 min

Rotary kiln combustor

rotary kiln is circular, inclined, cylindrical

slow revolving combustion chamber

waste is rotated slowly

perforation along the kiln allow O2 be pumped – efficient burning

energy transfer by three method

radiation from the refractory inner space surface transfer energy to all surface in the kiln

by convection from the hot combustion gasses to the feed material

the hot refractory surface continuously comes into contact with the underside of the bed

Products of incineration

sifting

fine material include ash, metal fragments, glass, unburnt organic substances etc..

residue all solid material that are left after

incineration remove continuously or in batches

clinker and fly ash

10% is the fused ashes, etc.. is use as component of cement, concrete or road making.

the fly ash comes from the gas scrubbing unit

the quantity of fly ash usually 12 – 15 kg/tonne of refuse

also used in cement making, concrete, brick and road making

suspended particulates

flue gas

vented air emitted from a chimney after combustion in burner. It can include nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxides, water vapor, sulfur dioxides, particles and many chemical pollutants

(FSL)

the equipments used to remove are:

the fabric filter – almost 100% efficiency

electronic precipitations -96 – 100% efficiency

wet scrubbers – 94 – 97%

cyclones – 60 – 65%

settling chamber – 10 – 30%

wetted baffle spray – 10 – 53%

waste gas

removed via the stack

the high and diameter depends amount of climatic and lanscaping of the area

heavy metal

found in the stack gas, bottom ash, filter dust or in salt and sludges from dust cleaning

the heavy metal are:

Cd, Cl, Cr, Cu, F, Pb, Hg, Ni, S and Zn.

Distribution of heavy metal in incinerator residueDistribution of heavy metal in incinerator residue

Fraction %

Stack gas %

Bottom ash %

Filter dust %

Salt and sludges from gas cleaning %

Cadmium 0.04 11 85 3.6

Chlorine 0.12 9 15 76

Chromium 0.01 94 5.8 0.27

Copper 0.01 95 4.9 0.53

Fluorine 1.5 69 3.0 26

Lead 0.01 75 24 0.9

Mercury 2.1 7 5.1 86

Nickel 0.04 87 13 0.61

Sulphur 0.47 50 10 40

Zinc 0.05 49 51 0.7

WEEK THIRTEEN

Acid Gas

SO2, HCL and HF can be remove by three methods

wet method Dry method semi dry method

Wet method

Pollutions are removed by large quantities of slaked lime or aqueous sodium hydroxide in Ventury scrubbing system

The limestone mixed by two ways:

with the waste before incineration

introduce separately into the furnace

Semi dry method

used a spray of lime (CaO) mixed with water into the flue gas flow

Dioxin controlDioxin control

Organic pollutant – high level of toxicity

Persistence in the environment

The emission of dioxin can be control with further treated of flue gas by;

adsorption onto activated carbon filters

catalyst uses:

mix metal oxide catalyst

destroy the dioxin by reaction with O2

NOx controlled by in fluidised bed incinerator by controlling the amount of air inlet to the cobustion process

Where NOx production cannot be prevented, it is remove by the injection of urea or ammonia into the flue gas.

Advantages of incineration

incineration is sanitary, odourless and dustless

residue only 20% of the original weight and can be used for making cement and other materials for construction industry

require very little space and very few personnel

can be located centrally even within the town and reducing transportation costs.

energy production and other by-product could generated revenue

ash and other residue are pathogen-free

pre sorting and recycle could be incorporated and this reduces the volume to be incinerated

Disadvantages of incineration

high capital cost and high operating cost

take time to plan, design construction

require skill personnel

disposal of ash require landfill

may cause air pollution and long term environmental effect

High moisture content in refuse make it more expensive to incinerate

dioxin is a component of the flue gas especially when the wastes contain a high proportion of plastic

require pre-sorting otherwise the slag volume would be higher

RECYCLERECYCLE

Recycle of solid waste is reduce the amount of waste introduce to the environment.

also reduce the use of primary commodities or raw material

Recycle paper would reduce 60% of water usage, save 70% of the energy and reduce the emission of the pollutants as much as 50 %

Recycle glass would reduce the usage of water by 50%, 79% of the mining waste could be avoided and air pollution could be reduce by 14%

Recycle plastic reduce 30% of energy to make polystyrene foam products compare with the energy used for paper cups made

Why it is important to recycleWhy it is important to recycle

Lack of space

Not wise to build one landfill after another

Pollution, hygiene and other issues must be consider

Water pollution

Most land areas are catchment area

Toxic leachate will pollute the water

Air pollution

Decomposition releases gas

Pollute air and contribute to global warming

Create unpleasant environment

Save energy

One aluminum can save enough energy to

keep a TV set on

One glass bottle can saves 100 watts

Compromising health

Air and water pollution

Live close with landfill

Vector may carry diseases

The benefits of recycleThe benefits of recycle

Cut down the need for disposal capacity

Lower emission from landfill, incinerators and litter

Reduce of energy usage and emission

Lessen impacts and conserve raw material

The energy recovery will increase due to;

Reduction in energy use and related emission and reduction in extraction and manufacturing process

Long term, value of conservation materials

The limitation in recycleThe limitation in recycle

The definition of waste is varies among the different nation

Lack of incentives among developing countries for technology development

There are no fix price for the recycle product and the erratic price fluctuations favour incineration or landfill

Usually curb side collection is preferred when recycle is higher. The “bring” system is not conducive to participants

There no incentive for recycle in many South East Asia countries

Frequent recycle causes contamination risk due to heavy metal accumulation.

Recycle in MalaysiaRecycle in Malaysia

Recycle was introduced in PJ in 1991. In 1996, yellow box recycling programme was launched

In KL plastic is the main material recycled followed by metals. However, less then 1% is recycle.

The awareness is high among Malaysian but very few actually practice

Only 30 to 40% of paper is recycle compare with US 50% and some European nation 60 to 70%

The important elements of integrated solid waste management are not officially and legally incorporated into the Malaysian waste management practice

Organized source reduction and recycle are lacking although a few NGOs do carry out recycle activities

Only 1 to 2% of the garbage is recycle and the target should be 25 to 30%

Recycle of paper is currently practiced in Malaysia especially KL, Penang and Ipoh

Among Asian countries, Australia, Japan and India have a high recover (60 to 80%)

Which increase commitment in certain sector, recycling of glass in Malaysia has increase

What we can recycle?What we can recycle?

Paper

The principal types of waste paper that

are recycled are old newspaper,

cardboard, high grade paper and mix

paper

Except tissue paper, carbon paper, aluminum foil/wax paper, plastic liminated paper and contaminated paper

Glass

Container glass (for food packing), flat

glass (window glass), pressed or amber

glass

Except crystal, mirror, window panes vehicle screen, porcelain, ceramic, bulb, laboratory apparatus and toxic container

Glass, to be reprocessed is often separated by color into categories of clear, green and amber

Aluminum

Aluminum recycle is made up of two

sector: aluminum cans and secondary

aluminum

Secondary aluminum includes window frame,sliding and gutter

Except paint container, toxic container and solvent container

The demand for recycled aluminum cans is high. It take 95% less energy to produce an aluminum cans from an existing cans than from ore

Plastic

Classified into two categories:

Clean commercial grade scrap

Post consumer scrap

Two type of post consumer plastic that most commonly recycle are:

polyethylene terephtalate (PETE/1)

High density polyethyelene (HDPE)

Ferrous metal (iron & steel)

Traditionally come from large item such as

cars and appliances

Many communities have large scrap metal piles at the local landfill or transfer station

In many cases, the pile are unorganized in different metal are mix together – making them unattractive to scrap buyer

Steel can use as food container (juice, soft drink and food) and easily separated from mixed recyclable or municipal waste.

Non-ferrous metals

Recyclable non-ferrous metal from household items:

Outdoor furniture, kitchen cookware and appliance, ladder, tool and hardware

From construction and demolition project:

Cooper wire, pipe, and plumbing supplies, light fixture, aluminum siding, gutters.

From large consumer, commercial and industrial products:

Appliance, automobiles, boats aircraft and machinery

Virtually all nonferrous metal can be recycled if they are sorted and free of foreign materials such as plastic, fabrics and rubber

Methods for the collection of recycle Methods for the collection of recycle materialsmaterials

The methods used for the collection of recycle materials includes curbside collection and delivery by homeowner to drop-off and buy-back centres

The future separation and processing of waste that have been source-separation is at Material Recover Facilities (MRFs) or Integrated Material Recover Facilities/transfer facilities (MRTFs)

Drop-off centreDrop-off centre

Required residents or businesses to separate recyclable materials at the source and bring to a specified drop-off or collection centre

Require residents to store the materials until sufficient and material is collected to the drop-off centre.

The storage of multiple material types is a problem in densely populated area.

To encourage participation, most successful programs have made drop-off centres has convenient as possible

Other incentives, such as donating portions of proceeds a local charity

Buy-Back Centres

Refers to a drop-off program that provides monetary incentive to participate

The residents are paid for their recyclable either directly or indirectly through reduction in monthly collection and disposal fees.

Options for the separation of waste materialsOptions for the separation of waste materials

Separation is a necessary operation in the recovery of reusable and recyclable materials from MSW

Separation can be accomplished either at the source of generation or at MRFs / MRTFs.

Integrated MRTFs

The function of a drop-off centre for

separation waste.

The facilities include:

Material separation facilities

A facility for the composting and bioconversion of waste

A facility for the production of refuse-derive fuel

Transfer facility

Chemical and biological processes are use to reduce the volume and weight and to recover conversion products and energy

The most common used chemical transformation process is combustion.

Used in conjunction with the recovery of energy.

The most commonly used biological transformation process is aerobic composting

If you do care, start recycle

RECYCLE FOR THE BETER FUTURE

……. OR WOULD YOU RATHER LIVE IN THE WASTE?.....

Field capacity of solid waste

Factor that limit growth of vegetation on landfill

Medical WasteMedical Waste

Hazardous

(Clinical waste)

Non-hazardous

• Increasingly, municipalities additionally address urban environment issues related to solid waste management. Public concern and sensitivity to environmental issues is driving this expanded agenda. These include

• health and environmental impacts of accumulated uncollected waste and clandestine disposal sites

• health and environmental impacts of solid waste facilities, including transfer, composting and landfill facilities

• air emissions from waste collection and transfer vehicles• special handling and disposal of hazardous wastes,

including healthcare and industrial hazardous waste.

• health and environmental impacts (see papers Occupational and Environmental Health Issues of Solid Waste Management: Special Emphasis on Middle and Lower-Income Countries and Environmental Health at a glance) of accumulated uncollected waste and clandestine disposal sites

• health and environmental impacts of solid waste facilities, including transfer, composting and landfill facilities

• air emissions from waste collection and transfer vehicles• special handling and disposal of hazardous wastes,

including healthcare and industrial hazardous waste.

Disease and Injury Risks for Solid Waste Disease and Injury Risks for Solid Waste WorkersWorkers

(Based on data from various countries that is presented within this document)

6 times more relative risk of Infectious Disease (Denmark)\74\

2.6 times more relative risk for Allergic Pulmonary Disease and 1.4 for Non-Allergic Pulmonary Disease (Denmark)\74\

2.5 times fore relative risk for Chronic Bronchitis (Geneva in Switzerland)

1.2 increased risk of hepatitis (Genoa in Italy)\47\

3 times more relative risk for Parasites (India)\11\

10 times more relative risk for Acute Diarrhea (Romania)\21\

2 times more relative risk for Coronary Disease (USA)\17\

1.3 times more relative risk for Injury (Romania)\22\

5.6 times more relative risk for Accidents (Denmark)\74\

10 times more relative risk for Accidents (USA)\12,43,74\

1.9 times more relative risk for Musculoskeletal Problems (Denmark)\74\

Health Risk Factors for Solid Waste Health Risk Factors for Solid Waste WorkersWorkers

Waste contentfecal matter, blood, body fluids, animal

Flesh hazardous chemicals and heavy metalsvolatile organic and greenhouse gasespressurized gas containers, munitions

Heavy loads, lifting exertion and vibration Landfill slides, fires and vehicle accidents Noise

Documents

ENV 506 INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT LECTURER: ABD. RAHIM DAL FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES UiTM