Env[1].Legislation

8/2/2019 Env[1].Legislation

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Environmental LegislationEnvironmental Legislation

SanjivSanjiv TyagiTyagi, IFS, IFSDirector,Director,

Gujarat Environment Management InstituteGujarat Environment Management InstituteGandhinagarGandhinagar


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What is Environment?What is Environment?

ItIt isis interinter && intraintra relationshiprelationship betweenbetween bioticbiotic

&& abioticabiotic systemssystems..

ItIt includesincludes everythingeverything toto exclusionexclusion ofof

nothingnothing..

BioticBiotic HumanHuman && OtherOther LivingLiving BeingsBeings

AboiticAboitic Air,Air, Water,Water, Land/soil,Land/soil, SpectrumSpectrum


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Legal Definition of EnvironmentLegal Definition of Environment

AsAs perper thethe EPAEPA 19861986 environmentenvironment isisdefineddefined asas BelowBelow::

environment environment includesincludes water,water, airairandand landland andand thethe interinter relationshiprelationshipwhichwhich existsexists amongamong && betweenbetween water,water, airairandand land,land, andand humanhuman beings,beings, otherother livinglivingcreatures,creatures, plants,plants, micromicro organismsorganisms &&propertyproperty


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What is Law?What is Law?

InIn generalgeneral termsterms itit meansmeans rulesrules &&regulationsregulations..

JohnJohn Austin Austin inin earlyearly 1919thth

CenturyCentury hashasdefineddefined LawLaw asas CommandCommand ofof sovereignsovereign

SovereignSovereign King/queenKing/queen

LawLaw isis Means,Means, PunishmentPunishment isis thethe endend


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InIn thethe LateLate 1919thth centurycentury JohnJohn SalmondSalmond hashasdefineddefined LawLaw asas BodyBody ofof principlesprinciples

recognizedrecognized && acceptedaccepted byby thethe statestate ininadministrationadministration ofof thethe justicejustice..

AsAs perper thisthis definitiondefinition thethe purposepurpose ofof thethelawlaw isis JusticeJustice

LawLaw isis Means,Means, JusticeJustice isis thethe EndEnd


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AnotherAnother PersonPerson hashas defineddefined LawLaw asas AAtooltool ofof socializedsocialized engineeringengineering

TheThe assumptionassumption herehere isis thatthat peoplepeopleunderstandunderstand && obeyobey thethe lawlaw.. ThisThis leadsleads totoaa civilizedcivilized societysociety..

LawLaw isis Means,Means, CivilizedCivilized SocietySociety isis thethe EndEnd

ThisThis definitiondefinition isis fastfast gaininggaining acceptanceacceptanceworldwideworldwide..


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Environmental LawEnvironmental Law :: HistoryHistory

GermanyGermany && FranceFrance havehave beenbeen traditionallytraditionallyenvironmentallyenvironmentally consciousconscious statesstates..

Sweden,Sweden, Norway,Norway, FinlandFinland areare environmentallyenvironmentallyconsciousconscious statesstates inin modernmodern worldworld..

GermanyGermany && FranceFrance hadhad thethe lawslaws forfor soilsoilprotectionprotection asas backback asas 1919thth centurycentury..

BavariaBavaria AA GermanGerman StateState hadhad aa lawlaw forfor thethe soilsoilprotectionprotection knownknown asas BavarianBavarian SoilSoil LawLaw EarliestEarliest&& thethe bestbest knownknown lawlaw onon soilsoil protectionprotection


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Environmental Law : HistoryEnvironmental Law : History

IndustrialIndustrial revolutionrevolution startedstarted inin UnitedUnitedKingdomKingdom inin 2020thth centurycentury leadlead toto pollutionpollutionofof AirAir && WaterWater..

PollutionPollution ofof riversrivers likelike ThamesThames.. TheTheconceptconcept ofofBODBOD ((55 dayday && 202000C)C) camecame inin totobeingbeing..

LondonLondon smogsmog incidenceincidence occurredoccurred inin 19521952 LosLos AnglesAngles smogsmog continuedcontinued toto happenhappen forfor

55 yearsyears fromfrom 19621962 6767..


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Environmental Law : HistoryEnvironmental Law : History

LondonLondon smogsmog waswas duedue toto industrialindustrial pollutionpollutioncausedcaused byby SPMSPM && SOSO22 WhereasWhereas LALA smogsmog waswasduedue toto Vehicular Vehicular PollutionPollution causedcaused byby PANPAN

(Paroxy(Paroxy AcetylAcetyl Nitrate)Nitrate) && PBNPBN (Paraoxy(Paraoxy BenzoylBenzoylNitrate)Nitrate)..

LondonLondon smogsmog waswas inin thethe nightnight time,time, wherewhere asas LALAsmogsmog causedcaused inin earlyearly morningmorning duedue toto thethephotochemicalphotochemical reactionsreactions betweenbetween pollutantspollutants..

ThisThis LALA smogsmog leadlead toto enactmentenactment ofof thethe firstfirstcleanclean airair actact inin USAUSA somewheresomewhere aroundaround 19701970ss..


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Environmental Law: HistoryEnvironmental Law: History

FirstFirst conferenceconference onon thethe environmentenvironment heldheld onon 55thth

1414thth JuneJune 19721972

ItIt waswas heldheld byby UnitedUnited NationsNations ConferenceConference onon

HealthHealth && EnvironmentEnvironment atat StockholmStockholm..

ThereThere werewere delegatesdelegates fromfrom thethe variousvarious countrycountryhavinghaving personspersons fromfrom industry,industry, PublicPublic HealthHealth

Engineers,Engineers, SciSci.. && TechTech.. People,People, AgriAgri.. EtcEtc.. FromFrom IndiaIndia PrimePrime MinisterMinister SmtSmt.. IndiraIndira GandhiGandhi

attendedattended thethe conferenceconference..


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TheThe famousfamous quotequote ofof SmtSmt.. IndiraIndira GandhiGandhi

PovertyPoverty isis thethe biggestbiggest polluterpolluter..

As As aa consequenceconsequence toto thethe conferenceconferenceWaterWater ActAct camecame inin toto beingbeing inin IndiaIndia inin

19741974..

InIn earlyearly 8080ss RowlandRowland && MyersMyers studyingstudying inin

AntarcticaAntarctica foundfound aa bigbig holehole inin thethe ozoneozone

layerlayer..


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This ozone depletion was more towardsThis ozone depletion was more towards

the pole.the pole.

People were affected by the depletion &People were affected by the depletion &

the cases of Skin diseases increased inthe cases of Skin diseases increased in

polar region.polar region.

This ozone depletion was due to CFCs.This ozone depletion was due to CFCs.


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AsAs aa consequenceconsequence ofof thethe ozoneozone depletiondepletionMontralMontral ProtocolProtocol camecame intointo beingbeing inin19871987..

It included:It included:

1.1. PhasingPhasing outout ofof CFCsCFCs && OtherOther OzoneOzoneDepletingDepleting substancessubstances..

2.2. Transfer of technologyTransfer of technology

3.3. Multilateral FundingMultilateral Funding


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In 1987 world Commission onIn 1987 world Commission onEnvironment & Development headed byEnvironment & Development headed byMs. Gro Hurlem Brountland, Ex. PrimeMs. Gro Hurlem Brountland, Ex. PrimeMinister of Norway, pubilshed a bookMinister of Norway, pubilshed a bookhaving title Our Common Future.having title Our Common Future.

This book first used the term SustainableThis book first used the term Sustainable

Development.Development.


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Sustainable Development:Sustainable Development:

To To meetmeet thethe feltfelt needsneeds ofof thethe

presentpresent generationgeneration withoutwithout compromisingcompromisingwithwith thethe abilityability ofof thethe suturesuture generationgeneration..

ItIt involvesinvolves thethe principleprinciple ofofintergenerationalintergenerational equityequity..


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Sustainable development includes:Sustainable development includes:

Rational & Optimum use of the resourcesRational & Optimum use of the resourcesi.e. it follows the following cycle.i.e. it follows the following cycle.

DevelopmentDevelopment earnearn profitprofit InvestInvest ininenvironmentenvironment regenerateregenerate resourcesresourcesConserveConserve resourcesresources useuse better/better/ alternatealternate

technologytechnology.. ReuseReuse SS..DD.. alsoalso includesincludes HH..RR.. developmentdevelopment andand

HumanHuman DevelopmentDevelopment IndexIndex (HDI)(HDI)..


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20022002 World summit on Sustainable developmentWorld summit on Sustainable development

Participated by Prime Minister/President of VariousParticipated by Prime Minister/President of Various

country.country.

From 1972From 1972 1992 Various decisions been taken1992 Various decisions been taken

likelike

Montral Protocol in 1987Montral Protocol in 1987

Our Common future & Sustainable developmentOur Common future & Sustainable developmentconcept in 1987concept in 1987


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UnitedUnited NationsNations conferenceconference onon HumanHumanEnvironmentEnvironment recommendedrecommended aa commoncommonnationalnational lawlaw onon pollutionpollution && lawlaw onon

compensationcompensation.. 1992 conference on WCED has1992 conference on WCED has

enunciated two principles to theenunciated two principles to the

Environment:Environment:1.1. Principle 15Principle 15

2.2. Principle 16Principle 16


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Principle 15 is precautionary Principle:Principle 15 is precautionary Principle:

-- EvenEven thoughthough oneone maymay notnot havehave thethescientificscientific knowledgeknowledge and/orand/or technologicaltechnological

knowknow--howhow thenthen alsoalso oneone must mustact/operate/carryact/operate/carry outout process/industryprocess/industry //operationoperation inin suchsuch aa waysways soso asas toto causecauseminimumminimum oror nono damagedamage toto environmentenvironment..

-- ItIt isis oneone ofof thethe basicbasic principleprinciple ofofInternationalInternational EnvironmentalEnvironmentalmanagementmanagement


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Principle 16Principle 16 Polluter Pays PrinciplePolluter Pays Principle

-- ItIt envisagedenvisaged InternalizationInternalization ofof costcost ofof thethepollutionpollution preventionprevention inin thethe overalloverall costcost ofof thethe

projectproject..

-- ItIt meansmeans thatthat EnvironmentEnvironment isis notnot externalexternaltoto thethe projectproject..

-- PrinciplePrinciple 1616 hashas toto bebe readread withwith principleprinciple 1515..-- ItIt doesdoes notnot allowallow oneone toto pollutepollute && thenthen PayPay..


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Outcome of the WSSD:Outcome of the WSSD:

1.1. AttendedAttended byby PMs/PresidentsPMs/Presidents && talkedtalked aboutaboutdevelopmentdevelopment..

2.2. ItIt recommendedrecommended ReengineeredReengineered EIAEIA ProcessProcess..

3.3. ItIt alsoalso gavegave thethe conceptconcept ofof CorporateCorporateresponsibilityresponsibility forfor EnvironmentalEnvironmental protectionprotection

(CREP)(CREP) thatthat isis voluntaryvoluntary compliancecompliance insteadinsteadofof regulatoryregulatory compliancecompliance..

4.4. CSRCSR CorporateCorporate SocialSocial ResponsibilityResponsibility..


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BaliBali ConventionConvention onon OctOct.. 20072007 wherewherediscussionsdiscussions tooktook placeplace onon globalglobal warmingwarming..

IndiaIndia isis likelylikely toto increaseincrease COCO22 emissionemissionfromfrom 170170 MillionMillion TonesTones perper annumannum toto 250250MillionMillion TonsTons byby thethe endend ofof 20252025.. ThisThis isisbeingbeing opposedopposed byby manymany WesternWestern

CountriesCountries..


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Environmental Law: Indian ProspectiveEnvironmental Law: Indian Prospective

Parliament enacted the Water (Prevention &Parliament enacted the Water (Prevention &Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 after coming backControl of Pollution) Act, 1974 after coming backform the UNCHEform the UNCHE

The Air Act came into being on 1981The Air Act came into being on 1981 AfterAfter BhopalBhopal gasgas tragedytragedy EnvironmentEnvironment

(Protection)(Protection) ActAct 19861986 formedformed toto addressaddress thetheenvironmentalenvironmental issuesissues whichwhich areare notnot coveredcoveredunderunder WaterWater && AirAir..

It is an Umbrella Act.It is an Umbrella Act. ItIt allowsallows usus toto addressaddress issuesissues relatedrelated toto

HazardousHazardous WasteWaste management,management, BMHW,BMHW, MSWMMSWMozoneozone depletingdepleting substancessubstances etcetc..


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Environmental Law: Indian ProspectiveEnvironmental Law: Indian Prospective

India notified EIA/EC procedure in 1994.India notified EIA/EC procedure in 1994.

TheThe 19971997 EnvironmentEnvironment PublicPublic HearingHearing

notificationnotification incorporatedincorporated publicpublicparticipationparticipation inin grantgrant ofof ECEC

InIn 20062006 IndiaIndia hashas reengineeredreengineered itsits EIAEIAprocessprocess asas recommendedrecommended inin WSSD,WSSD, 20022002


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Constitutional ProvisionsConstitutional Provisions

Hierarchy of Laws:Hierarchy of Laws:

Constitution

Acts

Rules

Notification

Govt.Order/Resolution

Supreme

Passed by Parliament/Assembly

Ratified by Parliament/assembly

Notified in gazette after following dueprocedures as provided in Act/Rule

ORDERS OF Govt. must consonance withall the above


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AA lawlaw cancan notnot bebe passedpassed byby parliamentparliament ifif ititcontradictscontradicts thethe constitutionconstitution..

ActsActs movedmoved asas billsbills followsfollows thethe followingfollowingrouteroute formform LSLS RSRS PresidentPresident AssentAssentActAct

MoneyMoney BillsBills PassedPassed byby LSLS getsgets assentassent ofof

PresidentPresident && becomesbecomes UnionUnion BudgetBudget MoneyMoney comescomes fromfrom consolidatedconsolidated fundfund ofof

IndiaIndia andand cancan bebe appropriatedappropriated throughthroughbudgetbudget onlyonly....


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Rules:Rules:

Rules can be made only if there are Provision inRules can be made only if there are Provision inthe act to make rulesthe act to make rules

AnyAny rulerule hashas toto bebe laidlaid beforebefore thethe parliamentparliamentpriorprior toto making/aftermaking/after makingmaking..

EPAEPA8686 providedprovided thatthat rulesrules mademade underunder thethe actactmustmust laidlaid beforebefore thethe parliamentparliament withinwithin 66 monthsmonths

afterafter makingmaking.. HazardousHazardous WasteWaste rulesrules 19891989,, MSE,MSE, BMWBMW mademade

underunder EPAEPA-- 8686..


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Notification:Notification:

120120 daysdays publicpublic noticenotice isis requiredrequired inin EPAEPA 8686

TheThe notificationnotification mustmust bebe publishedpublished inin thethegazettegazette withinwithin 365365 daysdays ofof thethe draftdraftnotificationnotification..

NotificationNotification isis notnot laidlaid beforebefore thethe parliamentparliament..

GovtGovt.. ordersorders areare passedpassed byby govtgovt.. toto runrun itsitsaffairsaffairs..


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SupremeSupreme CourtCourt // highhigh courtcourt maymay declaredeclareanyany act/lawact/law asas ultraviresultravires AntiAnticonstitutionalconstitutional -- && itit isis nullnull && voidvoid..

MoreMore thanthan 100100 amendmentsamendments havehave beenbeenmademade inin thethe constitutionconstitution..

ButBut OneOne cantcant changechange basicbasic structurestructure ofofthethe constitutionconstitution..


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1.1. DirectiveDirective PrinciplesPrinciples ofof StateState PolicyPolicy

2.2. FundamentalFundamental RightsRights

3.3. FundamentalFundamental DutiesDuties HereHere StateState meansmeans anyany authorityauthority inin IndiaIndia

DPSPDPSP shouldshould bebe aa guidingguiding principleprinciple forfor

thethe statestate forfor enactmentenactment ofof LawLaw oror decidedecideaboutabout aa policypolicy..


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ArticleArticle 4848 AA isis addedadded underunder fundamentalfundamental rightsrightsofof aa citizencitizen..

ItIt sayssays thatthat aa statestate shallshall protectprotect forest,forest, wildlifewildlife &&

environmentenvironment.. FundamentalFundamental dutiesduties areare addedadded inin 19761976 byby thethe

4242ndndAmendmentAmendment toto thethe constitutionconstitution..

ArticleArticle 5151 AA (g)(g) sayssays thatthat anan individualindividual mustmust

protectprotect naturalnatural land,land, environment,environment, riverriver water,water,wildwild lifelife && ecosystemecosystem && havehave compassioncompassion totothemthem..


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There are many fundamental rightsThere are many fundamental rights

The first & fore most is Right to Life underThe first & fore most is Right to Life underarticle 21article 21

It states No person shall be deprived of hisIt states No person shall be deprived of hislife except in accordance with procedurelife except in accordance with procedureestablished by law.established by law.

This is not only for the citizen of India butThis is not only for the citizen of India butalso for any person that included foreigneralso for any person that included foreigner


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IfIf aa fundamentalfundamental rightright isis violatedviolated oneone cancanapproachapproach directlydirectly thethe SupremeSupreme Court/HighCourt/HighCourtCourt..

EarlierEarlier SupremeSupreme courtcourt hadhad quotedquoted.. RightRight LifeLife ~~ RightRight toto LivelyLively hoodhood

SS..CC.. hadhad heldheld thatthat RightRight toto lifelife includesincludes rightright toto

goodgood environmentenvironment.. AnyAny environmentalenvironmental issuesissues cancan directlydirectly bebe takentaken

toto SupremeSupreme Court/Court/ highhigh CourtCourt underunder ArticleArticle 2121..


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Three lists are three in the constitution distinguishingThree lists are three in the constitution distinguishingthe powers of Parliament & Assembly to legislate.the powers of Parliament & Assembly to legislate.

1.1. State ListState List Home/Law & Order, Water, LandHome/Law & Order, Water, Land

2.2. Central ListCentral List Defense, foreign Relation RailwaysDefense, foreign Relation Railways

3.3. Concurrent listConcurrent list Forest, wild life, education.Forest, wild life, education.

Only state legislature can make legislations on theOnly state legislature can make legislations on thestate liststate list

Similarly parliament can make law/act under the itemsSimilarly parliament can make law/act under the items

covered in their listcovered in their list Both can make legislations on items under concurrentBoth can make legislations on items under concurrent

list but in case of contradiction legislation passed bylist but in case of contradiction legislation passed byparliament prevails.parliament prevails.


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WaterWater isis coveredcovered underunder statestate listlist butbut stillstill thetheParliamentParliament enactedenacted WaterWater ActAct 19741974 underunder

ArticleArticle 252252 ofof thethe constitutionconstitution..

Article Article 252252 If If twotwo oror moremore thanthan twotwo statestatelegislatureslegislatures resolveresolve inin theirtheir assemblyassembly && requestrequestthethe parliamentparliament toto makemake aa commoncommon lawlaw forfor allallsuchsuch statestate.. ThisThis law/actlaw/act isis toto bebe followedfollowed byby thethe

statesstates whichwhich hashas requestedrequested && anyany otherother statestate ififitsits assemblyassembly passespasses aa resolutionresolution toto acceptaccept thatthatlawlaw..


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AirAir ActAct 19811981 waswas enactedenacted asas perper thethe provisionsprovisionsofof ArticleArticle 248248 whichwhich sayssays thatthat thethe parliamentparliament hashasaa residuaryresiduary powerpower toto enactenact aa lawlaw onon thethe topicstopicswhichwhich areare notnot coveredcovered inin anyany ofof thethe listslists..

Article Article 253253 givesgives thethe ExclusiveExclusive powerpower totoparliamentparliament toto enactenact aa law/actlaw/act toto imposeimpose anyanyinternationalinternational Agreement/TreatyAgreement/Treaty..

EPAEPA 8686 isis underunder thethe provisionsprovisions ofof ArticleArticle 252252..

EarlierEarlier therethere werewere specialspecial actsacts likelike airair actact forfor air/air/WaterWater ActAct forfor waterwater butbut EPAEPA 8686 coverscovers allall thetheissuesissues thatthat werewere notnot coveredcovered underunder anyanyindividualindividual lawlaw.. SoSo itit isis calledcalled asas umbrellaumbrella actact..


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Constitution

President/Head of the state

Executive Head

PM CM

Cabinet

Government

Legislature

Parliament State Legislature

Judiciary

Chief Justice of S.C

Other Judges


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Article 141 says that Law declared by theArticle 141 says that Law declared by theSupreme Court shall be binding on allSupreme Court shall be binding on allcourts in India.courts in India.

Parliament passes the law where S.CParliament passes the law where S.Cdeclares the law.declares the law.


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Environment in Other LawsEnvironment in Other Laws

ThereThere areare legislationslegislations otherother thanthan EnvEnv.. LawsLaws butbutcancan covercover thethe issuesissues ofof EnvEnv.. TheyThey areare::

1.1. IPCIPC -- 18601860

2.2. PLIPLI -- 19911991

3.3. CrPCCrPC 18781878 (Amended(Amended inin 19731973))

UnderUnder SectionSection 133133 ofof CrPCCrPC PublicPublic nuisancenuisance isis

prohibitedprohibited andand SDMSDM cancan initiateinitiate actionaction againstagainstdefaultersdefaulters..

BritishBritish LawLaw alsoalso addressedaddressed publicpublic nuisancenuisance..


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EarlierEarlier therethere waswas aa principleprinciple ofof restrictedrestrictedliabilityliability::--

IfIf therethere isis aa negligence,negligence, willfullywillfully causingcausingharassmentharassment..

ItIt hashas twotwo exceptionsexceptions viavia accidentsaccidents && actactofofGodGod.. ThisThis waswas firstfirst usedused inin BritishBritish LawLaw..&& AdoptedAdopted inin thethe IndianIndian LawLaw asas ourour lawslawswerewere mostlymostly adoptedadopted fromfrom BritishersBritishers..


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InIn 1919thth CenturyCentury principleprinciple ofof restrictedrestricted liabilityliabilityusedused toto applyapply..

AfterAfter BhopalBhopal GasGas TragedyTragedy thethe casecase wentwent toto thetheSupremeSupreme courtcourt inin whichwhich thethe LawyersLawyers ofof unionunionCarbideCarbide hashas emphasizedemphasized onon thethe principlesprinciples ofofRestrictedRestricted LiabilityLiability forfor thethe DefenseDefense ofof theirtheir clientclient..

The,The, thenthen ChiefChief JusticeJustice ofof SS..CC.. MrMr.. PP.. NN..BhagavatiBhagavati changedchanged itit toto thethe PrinciplePrinciple ofof StrictStrict oror

AbsoluteAbsolute liabilityliability.. BasedBased onon thethe SS..CC.. JudgementJudgement GovtGovt.. OfOf IndiaIndiaBroughtBrought PLIPLI -- 19911991


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Principle of Restricted Liability:Principle of Restricted Liability:

NoNo NegligenceNegligence ++ ConcentrateConcentrate onlyonly ononensuringensuring properproper process/Operationprocess/Operation inin

UnitUnit /Industry/Industry PrinciplePrinciple ofof AbsoluteAbsolute // StrictStrict LiabilityLiability::

IndustryIndustry MustMust PlanPlan forfor exigenciesexigencies

/emergencies/emergencies.. PLIPLI 19911991 FocusesFocuses onon thethe industryindustry toto

havehave offoff sitesite EmergencyEmergency PlanPlan..


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SectionSection 133133 ofof CrPCCrPC:: It It empowersempowers thethe SubSubdivisionaldivisional MagistrateMagistrate toto causecause inquiryinquiry toto hishissatisfaction,satisfaction, hehe cancan passpass anan orderorder toto

prohibit/regulateprohibit/regulate thethe personperson causingcausing airairpollution/waterpollution/water pollution/obstructspollution/obstructs waterwater flowflow..

This order can be Conditional.This order can be Conditional.

thisthis isis mostlymostly usedused sectionsection byby thethe districtdistrict

authorityauthority toto controlcontrol PollutionPollution.. OrderOrder PassedPassed byby SDMSDM cannotcannot bebe challengedchallenged inin

anyany civilcivil courtcourt..


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IPCIPC && CrPCCrPC readread togethertogether givegive twotwosectionssections SS--44 && SS--4040 sayssays therethere areare twptwptypestypes ofof lawlaw:: SpecialSpecial LawLaw && LocalLocal LawLaw..

IfIf thethe specialspecial lawslaws areare inin forceforce thenthen allallactionaction bebe takentaken accordingaccording toto thosethoseprovisionsprovisions..

Local law prevails if any state govt. passesLocal law prevails if any state govt. passeslocal law.local law.


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Environmental LawsEnvironmental Laws There are Three major Acts that deals withThere are Three major Acts that deals withEnvironment.Environment.1.1. The Water (Prevention & Control Of Pollution)The Water (Prevention & Control Of Pollution)

ActAct 19741974

2.2. The Air (Prevention & Control Of Pollution) ActThe Air (Prevention & Control Of Pollution) Act 198119813.3. The Environment (Protection) ActThe Environment (Protection) Act 19861986 BeforeBefore readingreading oror understandingunderstanding anyany lawlaw oneone

mustmust readread preamblepreamble toto havehave thethe insightinsight inin toto

thethe mindsminds ofof thethe lawlaw framers/framers/ parliamentariansparliamentarians..ItIt givesgives thethe purposepurpose ofof thethe actact..

DoDo notnot readread anyany sectionsection withoutwithout readingreading thethedefinitiondefinition..


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Formation/Commencement of ActFormation/Commencement of Act

There are three ways in which act can came intoThere are three ways in which act can came intobeing, from:being, from:

1.1. Date of Assent of PresidentDate of Assent of President

2.2. Date of the notification in official gazette.Date of the notification in official gazette.3.3. Date of Commencement as mentioned inDate of Commencement as mentioned in

notification.notification.

General Clause ActGeneral Clause Act 1897 says that if any act1897 says that if any act

the date of commencement is not mentioned itthe date of commencement is not mentioned itshall assume to be applicable on the dateshall assume to be applicable on the datePresident Signs it.President Signs it.


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Environmental LawsEnvironmental Laws

OneOne shouldshould alwaysalways readread allall threethree actsacts togethertogetherinsteadinstead ofof readingreading individualindividual sectionssections ofof thethedifferentdifferent actsacts..

OneOne shouldshould alsoalso readread thethe definitionsdefinitions asasprescribedprescribed inin thethe actact toto getget thethe bestbestunderstandingunderstanding ofof thethe wordswords usedused inin thethe actact..

In definitions the word means clearly specifyIn definitions the word means clearly specify

the meaning of the same word as prescribed inthe meaning of the same word as prescribed inthe law. Any other meaning is not important ifthe law. Any other meaning is not important ifthe word is defined with the use of means in thethe word is defined with the use of means in theact.act.


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Authorities under various actsAuthorities under various acts

Water ActWater Act Air Act Air Act EPAEPA Water CessWater Cess

CPCBCPCB S3S3

SPCBSPCB S4S4State Gov.State Gov.

CentralCentralGov.Gov.

AppellateAppellateAuthorityAuthority

CPCBCPCB

SPCBSPCBState Gov.State Gov.


AppellateAppellateAuthorityAuthority


State Gov.State Gov.

AuthoritiesAuthoritiesunderunder

variousvarioussection ofsection ofEPAEPA

AssessingAssessingAuthorityAuthority

AppellateAppellateauthorityauthority


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Environmental LawsEnvironmental Laws

TheThe wordword include include besidesbesides thethe dictionarydictionarymeaningmeaning ofof thethe wordswords alsoalso includesincludes whateverwhateverisis statedstated..

ToTo getget thethe bestbest understandingunderstanding ofof thethe lawlaw oneoneshouldshould alwaysalways keepkeep thethe followingfollowing inin mindmind..

1.1. DefinitionsDefinitions

2.2. DoDo notnot readread anyany sectionsection ofof lawlaw inin isolationisolation butbut

readread itit inin totalitytotality..3.3. ReadRead provisionsprovisions ofof oneone lawlaw withwith otherother relevantrelevant

provisionsprovisions ofof otherother envenv.. lawlaw


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Constitution of the BoardsConstitution of the Boards

CPCBCPCB chairman + Member Secretary + 5chairman + Member Secretary + 5members ofGOI + 5 members of S.B. + 3members ofGOI + 5 members of S.B. + 3non officials member + 2 persons fromnon officials member + 2 persons fromPSU.PSU.

SPCBSPCB chairman + MS+ 5 members ofchairman + MS+ 5 members ofS.G.+ 5 members representing LB + 3S.G.+ 5 members representing LB + 3

Non official members + 2 persons fromNon official members + 2 persons fromS.G. PSUS.G. PSU


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Disqualification of MembersDisqualification of Members

AdjudgedAdjudged insolventinsolvent

MoralMoral TurpitudeTurpitude

UnsoundUnsound mind,mind, ifif soso declareddeclared byby CourtCourt

ConvictedConvicted forfor anyany offenceoffence underunder anyany actact

CarriesCarries onon anyany BusinessBusiness relatedrelated toto environmentalenvironmentalpollutionpollution controlcontrol

AssociatedAssociated withwith firmfirm havinghaving contractcontract withwith boardboardoror withwith thethe govtgovt.. constitutedconstituted boardboard..

InIn thethe publicpublic interestinterest toto bebe specifiedspecified inin thethedisqualificationdisqualification orderorder byby govtgovt..


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Functions of the boardFunctions of the board

Prevention,Prevention, ControlControl && AbatementAbatement ofof PollutionPollution.. WaterWater Act Act MaintainingMaintaining / / restoringrestoring thethe

wholesomenesswholesomeness ofof waterwater..

AirAir ActAct PreservingPreserving AirAir QualityQuality

EPAEPA ProtectionProtection && ImprovementImprovement ofofEnvironmentEnvironment..

WholesomenessWholesomeness ww..rr..tt LocalLocal situationssituations impliesimpliesmaintainingmaintaining PristinePristine FormForm

AirAir QualityQuality variesvaries withwith thethe regionregion soso oneone hashas totopreservepreserve itit.. IfIf notnot PreservedPreserved mustmust strivestrive totoimprove/restoreimprove/restore thethe airair qualityquality toto itsits originaloriginal..


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Who can Issue Directions?Who can Issue Directions?

CBCB SB,SB,

MoEFMoEF CB, SBCB, SB

DoEFDoEF SBSB Directions under the law means order.Directions under the law means order.


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Functions ofCBFunctions ofCB

AdviseAdvise GovtGovt ,, forfor prevention,prevention, controlcontrol &&AbatementAbatement ofof PollutionPollution

ResolveResolve disputesdisputes betweenbetween variousvarious statestate ononissuesissues ofof waterwater && AirAir PollutionPollution

CoCo ordinateordinate activitiesactivities betweenbetween statestate boardsboards.. ProvideProvide technicaltechnical assistanceassistance byby publishingpublishing

Annual Annual Report,Report, guidelines,guidelines, research/studies,research/studies,PublicationPublication..

OrganizeOrganize trainingtraining forfor SPCBsSPCBs inin househouse oror AbroadAbroad AwarenessAwareness throughthrough mediamedia forfor PP CC && AA LayingLaying downdown standardsstandards

F ti f SBF ti f SB


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Functions of SBFunctions of SB PlanPlan && ExecuteExecute comprehensivecomprehensive programprogram forfor PP CC &&

AA AdviseAdvise SGSG forfor PC&APC&A ToTo collectcollect && disseminatedisseminate informationinformation CollaborateCollaborate withwith CPCBCPCB forfor trainingtraining ToTo inspectinspect sewagesewage && tradetrade effluenteffluent plantplant UnderUnder APAP toto inspectinspect anyany controlcontrol equipmentequipment oror

industrialindustrial plantplant oror ManufacturingManufacturing ProcessProcess ToTo laylay downdown standardsstandards ToTo evolveevolve economicaleconomical && reliablereliable methodsmethods forfor

treatmenttreatment ofof sewagesewage && tradetrade effluenteffluent UtilizationUtilization ofof sewagesewage inin agricultureagriculture ToTo evolveevolve efficientefficient methodmethod forfor utilizationutilization ofof sewagesewage

&& tradetrade effluentseffluents onon landland inin absenceabsence ofof waterwater flowflow

AdviseAdvise SGSG forfor locationlocation ofof industryindustry


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Powers ofCGPowers ofCG

PowerPower toto regulateregulate

PowerPower toto makemake rulesrules

ToTo regulateregulate BMW,BMW, HW,HW, PlasticPlastic Recycling,Recycling,MSW,MSW, BatteryBattery Rules,Rules, NoiseNoise Rules,Rules, CRZ,CRZ,EIA/ECEIA/EC notificationnotification


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Restriction on Industries, Location,Restriction on Industries, Location,

Process or OperationProcess or Operation

WaterWater ActAct RestrictRestrict applicationapplication ofof WAWA totocertaincertain areaarea SS1919 SS..GG..

DecideDecide aboutabout limitlimit ff seasea upup toto whichwhich itit

extendsextends SS..GG.. RestrictRestrict // prohibitprohibit anyany operation/operation/ processprocess

// industryindustry underunder SS2525 -- consentconsent ofof SBSB

AirAir ActAct RestrictRestrict applicationapplication ofof AA AA -- CGCG(S(S1919))

RestrictRestrict anyany indind // operoper /process//process/ indind..plantplant


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EPAEPA restrictrestrict /prohibit /prohibit anyany operation/operation/processprocess // industryindustry..

RestrictRestrict locationlocation

RestrictionRestriction onon hazardoushazardous materialsmaterials PermissionsPermissions requiredrequired fromfrom boardboard

WaterWater ActAct

AirAir ActAct EPAEPA -- HWHW rules,rules, HH CC Rules,Rules, EIAEIA -- 0606


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Power to Obtain InformationPower to Obtain Information

Water ActWater Act ETP, Details of water &ETP, Details of water &treatmenttreatment S20S20

Air ActAir Act Air pollutantsAir pollutants S25,S25,apprehension of accidentapprehension of accident S23S23

EPAEPA Information to pertaining to anyInformation to pertaining to anyENV. DischargeENV. Discharge S9S9


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Power to take samplesPower to take samples

Sr.Sr.No.No.

DescriptionDescription WAWA AA AA EPAEPA

11 Power of Power of

Entry &Entry &InspectionInspection

S 23S 23 S 24S 24 S 10S 10

22 Power toPower totake samplestake samples

S 21S 21 S 26S 26 S 11S 11

33 Power toPower toAnalyzeAnalyze

S22 readS22 readwith Swith S17 &17 &

52,53,5452,53,54

SS28,29,3028,29,30,27 & 17,27 & 17

S 12 t0S 12 t01414


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Power to issue directionsPower to issue directions

WaterWater ActAct SS3333 powerpower toto restrainrestrain fromfrom pollutingpollutingbyby movingmoving toto courtcourt

AirAir ActAct SS 3131AA && WaterWater ActAct SS 3333AA -- powerpower ofofAuthorityAuthority toto issueissue directionsdirections

EPAEPA SS55 powerpower toto centralcentral GovtGovt DirectionDirection issuedissued byby CGCG InIn performanceperformance ofof itsits functionsfunctions (S(S 1717)) StateState boardboard cancan issueissue directionsdirections toto anyany person/person/

officerofficer // authorityauthority boundbound toto complycomply IncludesIncludes powerpower toto close/prohibit/regulateclose/prohibit/regulate

industry/operation/processindustry/operation/process


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PenaltiesPenaltiesSr.Sr.No.No.

PenaltyPenalty WAWA AA AA EPAEPA

11 Up to 3 monthsUp to 3 monthsor fine or bothor fine or both

20 (2)20 (2) 2323 Up to 5 yrsUp to 5 yrsor up to rsor up to rs1 lac or1 lac or

bothboth

22 1.5 yrs to 6 yrs1.5 yrs to 6 yrs+ Fine+ Fine

32,33,33 A,32,33,33 A,2424

21,22,3121,22,31AA

11 -- 7 yrs7 yrs5000 Rs5000 Rsper daysper days

forforcontinuedcontinuedviolationviolationafter 1after 1stst

convictionconviction

33 22-- 6 yrs + fine6 yrs + fine 25,2625,26

44 22 7 yrs + Fine7 yrs + Fine 32,33,33 A32,33,33 A 21,22,3121,22,31AA


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PenaltiesPenalties

EnvEnv.. LawsLaws areare notnot compoundablecompoundable ii..ee.. nono outout ofofcourtcourt settlementsettlement

OffenceOffence byby GovtGovt.. DeptDept.. areare punishablepunishable underunder SS

4848 (WA),(WA), SS 4141 (AA),(AA), SS 1717 (EPA)(EPA) HeadHead ofof deptdept unlessunless hehe provesproves offenceoffence isis w/ow/o

hishis knowledgeknowledge oror hehe tooktook duedue carecare toto preventprevent itit..

OffencesOffences byby companiescompanies -- areare punishablepunishable underunder SS

4747 (WA),(WA), SS 4040 (AA),(AA), SS 1616 (EPA)(EPA) DirectorDirector // partnerpartner // sitesite inin chargecharge // occupieroccupier //

managermanager


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Good FaithGood Faith

AnythingAnything donedone withwith duedue carecare && withoutwithoutnegligencenegligence.. HereHere CareCare meansmeans followfollow thetheprocedureprocedure establishedestablished byby LawLaw

GoodGood FaithFaith isis DefinedDefined inin IPCIPC

Any Any actact donedone inin GoodGood faithfaith nono LegalLegalproceedingsproceedings willwill lielie inin anyany courtcourt..

SS 4242 ofof AA,AA, SS 1818 ofof EPAEPA && SS 5959 ofof WaterWaterActAct havehave similarsimilar provisionsprovisions


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Bar of JurisdictionBar of Jurisdiction

SS 5858 ofof WA,WA, 4141 ofof AA,AA, 2222 ofof EPAEPA

NoNo civilcivil courtcourt havehave jurisdictionjurisdiction toto entertainentertainanyany suitsuit ofof proceedingsproceedings..


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Fund of Board:Fund of Board:

FundsFunds byby wayway ofof Fees,Fees, gifts,gifts, Grants,Grants,Beneficiary/borrowBeneficiary/borrow withwith permissionpermission ofof SGSG

BudgetBudget toto bebe mademade forfor expenditureexpenditure underunderSS 3434 toto 3737 ofof WAWA

AnnualAnnual reportreport toto bebe submittedsubmitted toto thethe SGSG..

AuditAudit reportreport toto bebe submittedsubmitted toto thethe SGSG


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Effect of Other LawsEffect of Other Laws

WAWA SS 6060 OverridingOverriding effecteffect

AAAA SS 5050 OverridingOverriding exceptexcept forfor atomicatomicenergyenergy actact 19671967

EPAEPA allowsallows operationoperation ofof WAWA && AAAA


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Suppression of Boards:Suppression of Boards:

PersistencePersistence defaultdefault

PublicPublic interestinterest

AA showshow causecause noticenotice toto bebe issuedissued askingaskingforfor whywhy itit shouldshould notnot bebe supersededsuperseded

ReplyReply hearinghearing supersededsuperseded notifynotify iningazettegazette..


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Hazardous Waste RulesHazardous Waste Rules

UnderUnder SS 66,, 88 && 2525 ofof EPAEPA 8686 CGCG hashas laidlaidthethe rulesrules

SS 66 CGCG powerpower toto putput restriction/restriction/ prohibitprohibithandlinghandling ofof hazardoushazardous material/substancematerial/substance

SS 88 PowerPower toto imposeimpose restrictionrestriction ononhandlinghandling ofof HMHM byby notnot authorizedauthorized byby lawlaw

SS 2525 powerpower toto makemake rulesrules


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Applicability ofRulesApplicability ofRules

Not to Apply toNot to Apply to

1.1. Wastewater, air emissionWastewater, air emission

2.2. Municipal wasteMunicipal waste3.3. Radioactive wasteRadioactive waste

4.4. Ship wasteShip waste

5.5. Hospital wasteHospital waste6.6. Lead batteriesLead batteries


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DefinitionsDefinitions

TreatmentTreatment

DisposalDisposal

TransportTransport StorageStorage

RecyclerRecycler

Waste OilWaste Oil Used OilUsed Oil


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RuleRule 2020 refiningrefining // recyclingrecycling -- registrationregistrationfromfrom MoEF/CPCBMoEF/CPCB

StorageStorage ofof HWHW 9090 daysdays byby indind.. UnitUnit

WasteWaste mustmust bebe labeledlabeled suchsuch thatthat itit isisvisiblevisible && cancan withstandwithstand weatherweather

TransportTransport toto bebe donedone withwith manifestmanifest

ManifestManifest givesgives thethe informationinformation aboutabout HWHWtoto variousvarious playersplayers / / shiftingshifting LegalLegalresponsibilityresponsibility


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TSDFTSDF

TSDFTSDF TreatmentTreatment StorageStorage DisposalDisposalFacilityFacility

2020 inin IndiaIndia outout ofof thatthat 77 inin GujGuj

ProcedureProcedure forfor developingdeveloping TSDFTSDF

OOFOOF && SGSG twotwo oror moremore probableprobable sitessites EIAEIA FinalizeFinalize oneone ofof ThemThem PP..HH.. totoSPCBSPCB forfor notificationnotification toto MoEFMoEF forfor ECEC


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Responsibility of Occupier/OOFResponsibility of Occupier/OOF

OOF is responsible forOOF is responsible for

1.1. M & HM & H

2.2. AccidentAccident3.3. Contain ContaminantsContain Contaminants

4.4. SafetySafety

5.5. Provide info to the SPCB / AuthorityProvide info to the SPCB / Authority6.6. Provide training to staffProvide training to staff


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AuthorizationAuthorization

AuthorizationAuthorization rule 5rule 5

ApplyApply MS of SPCB within 90 days for 5 yrsMS of SPCB within 90 days for 5 yrs

GeneratorGenerator -- Type of waste as specified underType of waste as specified under

schedule 1 & 2schedule 1 & 2 collectcollect Store 90 daysStore 90 days OOFOOFmembership of facilitymembership of facility

OOFOOF

Maintain record of HW generatedMaintain record of HW generated Submit ARSubmit AR

Reuse /recycle of HWReuse /recycle of HW


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Design ofTSDFDesign ofTSDF

Design of TSDFDesign of TSDF

1.1. Design as per MoEF / CPCB guidelineDesign as per MoEF / CPCB guideline

2.2. Approved by SPCB

Approved by SPCB

3.3. Monitoring by SPCBMonitoring by SPCB

4.4. Ensure environmentally safeEnsure environmentally safe

management, closure & post closuremanagement, closure & post closure


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Import/ExportImport/Export

No import / Export for dumping / DisposalNo import / Export for dumping / Disposal

I/E for recycling/recovery/reuse isI/E for recycling/recovery/reuse isrestricted as per sch 8restricted as per sch 8

MoEF permission is necessaryMoEF permission is necessary

Documents

Env[1].Legislation