Envelope 4

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    Picture labeling.the plan of the main office block of the IREP showing use

    of courtyards as micro climate modifier. Also shown is the network of theearth air tunnel system. A 2.5 m wide and 1.2 m high earth berm runs

    round the building, which helps in moderating internal temperatures.

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    A building in composite climate where the room temperatures in summer

    are lowerby 6-70 C ,and the winter temperature is raised by about 50 C

    than in a conventional building.

    The initial requirements were for four lecture theatres of 40 m2 each, a

    library, an auditorium (having a capacity of 300 seats), a laboratory and

    computer room, administrative offices, and hostel facilities for 50 persons.Further, residential accommodation was provided for employees. Later, a

    guesthouse was also included.

    Passive solapr concepts : the several measures adopted to reduce the

    thermal heat loads in the complex are outlined below.

    Controlling penetration of direct solar radiation

    The south side is protected by chajjas (overhangs) of appropriate depth,

    which prevent the heat of the summer sun from entering, yet allow the

    winter radiation to penetrate within. A combination of horizontal and

    vertical louvers prevents the heat from the south-east/north-west sun, and

    at the same time provides adequate cross ventilation.

    Reducing heat conduction through roof and walls

    The amount of heat conducted int ot he structure through the building

    fabric is dependent on the thermal resistance of the material and its heat

    storage capacity. Discomfort is caused by solar radiation, which is absorbed

    by the outside surface and transmitted through the roof of walls to the

    inside surface. The following steps have been taken to minimize

    conduction.

    Shading

    The complex is built around 3 courtyards with 75% wall area shaded b y

    2.1m wide corridors. A further 10% of this is north facing (which is mostly

    shaded). Deciduous trees on the periphery of the building along the east

    and west orientation provide further shade. Creepers along the east and

    west orientation provide further shade. Creepers along the walls add to the

    insulation and help in evaporative cooling.

    Insulation

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    CALCULATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS

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    RADIATION SQUAREINCIDENT DIRECT RADIATION ON HORIZONTAL SURFACE

    JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

    1AM

    2AM

    3AM 4AM

    5AM

    6AM 0 34 92 118 175 235 205 155 107 87 34 0

    7AM 37 67 115 187 267 462 261 196 134 98 67 45

    8AM 49 126 253 345 431 462 422 362 295 197 125 74

    9AM 186 269 391 503 593 604 582 528 456 358 270 201

    10AM 334 421 529 667 756 746 741 700 778 520 421 453

    11AM 445 555 667 799 873 818 855 838 778 672 556 453

    12 470 690 736 829 873 853 889 838 805 694 573 466

    1PM 445 555 667 799 873 818 855 838 778 672 556 453

    2PM 334 421 529 667 756 746 741 700 778 520 421 350

    3PM 186 269 391 503 593 604 582 528 456 358 270 201

    4PM 49 126 253 345 431 462 422 362 295 197 125 74

    5PM 37 67 115 187 267 462 261 196 134 98 67 45

    6PM 0 34 92 118 175 235 205 155 107 87 34 0

    7PM

    8PM

    9PM

    10PM 11PM

    12

    ENVELOPE HEAT TRANSFER

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    ENVELOPE A

    R VALUE 3.22

    U VALUE 0.31

    PERCENTAGE IN GLAZING 1.62

    EXPOSED SKIN AREA TO FLOORAREA 1.69

    SKIN HEAT FLOW W/KM2 OF FLOOR AREA 0.80

    TOTAL HEAT GAIN 10.50

    INCIDENT DIRECT RADIATION ON SOUTH WEST SURFACE

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    SOUTH WEST

    SOLAR HEATGAINFACTOR % GLAZING

    SHADING COEFF XSHADING COEFFGLASS

    JAN 2587.44

    FEB 2736.44MAR 2747.96

    APR 2521.08

    MAY 2198.31

    JUNE 1857.93

    JULY 1911.44

    AUG 2258.95

    SEPT 2698.49

    OCT 3028.04

    NOV 3134.56

    DEC 2891.06 1.62 0.60

    JAN 2587.44

    TIME % WATTS/M SOLAR HEAT GAINTOTAL GAIN SKINAREA(13.12) X GAIN

    6AM/6PM 0.00 0.00 0.00

    7AM /5PM 1.50 38.81 0.00 0.00

    8AM/4PM 2.00 51.75 0.00 0.00

    9AM/3PM 7.50 194.06 10.00 131.20

    10AM/2PM 13.50 349.30 20.00 262.40

    11AM/1PM 18.00 465.74 25.00 328.0012NOON 19.00 491.61 28.00 367.36

    MAY 2198.31

    TIME % WATTS/M

    6AM/6PM 2.50 54.96 0.00 0.00

    7AM /5PM 3.82 83.98 4.00 52.48

    8AM/4PM 6.17 135.64 6.00 78.72

    9AM/3PM 8.50 186.86 7.00 91.84

    10AM/2PM 10.83 238.08 15.00 196.80

    11AM/1PM 12.50 274.79 18.00 236.1612NOON 12.50 274.79 18.00 236.16

    AUG 2258.95

    TIME % WATTS/M

    6AM/6PM 2.50 56.47 0.00 0.00

    7AM /5PM 3.16 71.38 0.00 0.00

    8AM/4PM 5.83 131.70 6.00 78.72

    9AM/3PM 8.50 192.01 7.00 91.84

    10AM/2PM 11.27 254.58 15.00 196.80

    11AM/1PM 13.50 304.96 16.00 209.92

    12NOON 13.50 304.96 16.00 209.92

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    ENVELOPE PROPERTIES

    MONTH TEMP OUT SIDETEMP IN SIDE(REQUIRED) t

    c F c F c F

    JAN 6.50 43.7020.00 68.00 13.50 56.30

    FEB 9.50 49.10 20.00 68.00 10.50 50.75

    MAR 30.00 86.00 22.00 71.60 8.00 46.40

    APR 36.00 96.80 24.00 75.20 12.00 53.60

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    MAY 36.70 98.06 24.00 75.20 12.70 54.86

    JUNE 40.50 104.90 24.00 75.20 16.50 61.70

    JULY 39.00 102.20 23.00 73.40 16.00 59.90

    AUG 33.30 91.40 23.00 73.40 10.30 50.54

    SEPT 33.00 91.40 23.00 73.40 10.00 50.00

    OCT 32.90 91.20 23.00 73.40 9.90 48.50

    NOV 11.00 51.00 20.00 68.00 9.00 48.20

    DEC 8.00 46.40 20.00 68.00 12.00 54.10

    WALL ENVELOPE AJANURY

    COMPONENT R VALUE

    R FROMIN SIDE

    TEMP DROP

    FROM INSIDE

    TEMP ATOUTER EDGOF

    COMPONENT F TEMP IN c

    INTERNALAIR FILM 0.68 0.68 11.90 56.10 13.30

    BK WALL 0.80 1.48 25.89 42.11 11.54

    AIR CAVITY 1.38 2.86 50.00 18.00 18.62

    BK WALL 0.19 3.05 53.33 14.67 18.18

    EXTERNALAIR FILM 0.17 3.22 56.30 11.70 18.00

    3.22

    MAY

    COMPONENT R VALUE

    R FROMOUT SIDE

    TEMP DROPFROM OUTSIDE

    TEMP ATINNER EDGOFCOMPONEN

    T F TEMP IN c

    EXTERNALAIR FILM 0.17 0.17 2.90 95.16 35.06

    BK WALL 0.19 0.36 6.14 91.92 33.28

    AIR CAVITY 1.38 1.74 29.63 68.43 20.23

    BK WALL 0.80 2.54 43.27 54.79 12.66INNER AIRFILM 0.68 3.22 54.86 43.20 6.22

    3.22

    AUG

    COMPONENT R VALUE

    R FROMOUT SIDE

    TEMP DROPFROM OUTSIDE

    TEMP ATINNER EDGOFCOMPONEN

    T F TEMP IN c

    EXTERNALAIR FILM 0.17 0.17 2.67 88.73 31.41

    BK WALL 0.19 0.36 5.65 85.75 29.86

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    AIR CAVITY 1.38 1.74 27.30 64.10 17.83

    BK WALL 0.80 2.54 39.86 51.54 10.85INNER AIRFILM 0.68 3.22 50.54 40.86 4.96

    3.22

    INTERIOR ILLUMINANCE

    STEP-4Calculate interior illuminance foreach of the five reference points

    E = T (Exvk x CUk+ Exvg x CUg)

    JAN. 21

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    REFERENCE POINT T Exvk Cuk Exvg Cug E

    10.00 0.08 6000.00 0.88 525.000.20

    434.73

    30.00 0.08 6000.00 0.80 525.000.24

    396.49

    50.00 0.08 6000.00 0.67 525.00

    0

    .26

    335.1

    8

    70.00 0.08 6000.00 0.55 525.000.27

    276.75

    90.00 0.08 6000.00 0.45 525.000.26

    229.88

    MAY. 21

    REFERENCE POINT T Exvk Cuk Exvg Cug E

    10.00 0.08 9500.00 0.883010.00

    0.20

    723.61

    30.00 0.08 9500.00 0.80 3010.00 0.24 669.78

    50.00 0.08 9500.00 0.673010.00

    0.26

    576.40

    70.00 0.08 9500.00 0.553010.00

    0.27

    485.49

    90.00 0.08 9500.00 0.453010.00

    0.26

    410.40

    AUG. 21

    REFERENCE POINT T Exvk Cuk Exvg Cug E

    10.00 0.0813000.00 0.88

    3325.00

    0.20

    977.35

    30.00 0.0813000.00 0.80

    3325.00

    0.24

    901.23

    50.00 0.0813000.00 0.67

    3325.00

    0.26

    772.11

    70.00 0.0813000.00 0.55

    3325.00

    0.27

    647.12

    90.00 0.0813000.00 0.45

    3325.00

    0.26

    544.68