ENVIRON 830—Building Energy on Campus, Spring 2015 (updated 05 Jan, 2015)

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ENVIRON 830—Building Energy on Campus: Evaluating Efficiency and Conservation Measures at Duke Duke University | Nicholas School of the Environment Spring 2015 Tuesday and Thursday, 3:05 to 4:20 Environment Hall 2102 Instructors Tim Johnson, Associate Professor of the Practice in Energy and the Environment, and Energy and Environment MEM Program Chair tljohns@duke.edu | 919-681-9339 | Environment Hall 3113 Office hours Mon. 2:30 to 4:00 and Fri. 1:30 to 2:30, or by appointment

Casey Collins, Energy Manager, Facilities Management Division casey.collins@duke.edu Steve Palumbo, Energy Engineer, Facilities Management Division steve.palumbo@duke.edu Grader Karan Gupta, Energy and Environment MEM and MF candidate (Dec. 2015) karan.gupta@duke.edu

Course Description and Objectives Buildings use more than 40% of the energy consumed in the US, and are a natural target of energy efficiency and conservation measures. While the Green Building movement is associated with new construction, a significant part of the built environment in 2050 will consist of structures existing today. Building owners and facility managers, as well as the policy community, are therefore interested in identifying means of reducing energy consumption in the current building stock and taking advantage of the embodied energy already sunk into its construction. Such efficiency and conservation measures range from technical changes to lighting and HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems, to reduction in plug loads, retrofits to building envelopes, use of building-scale renewables, and changes in occupant behavior. Aiding this process is the increasing availability of data—from utility sources, as well as from sensors and building energy management systems—used in conjunction with building energy models to evaluate energy efficiency alternatives. Furthermore, the rise of building rating systems such as LEED, Green Globes, and Energy Star (which cover existing, as well as new, buildings) is focusing public attention on the connection between energy use and the built environment. This course is designed to increase students’ understanding of the linkage between building design and energy consumption by providing hands-on experience evaluating energy use in existing campus buildings, as well as familiarity with related building science concepts. Most of Duke’s buildings are tied

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into a larger campus system, and we will therefore focus on those aspects of building energy consumption that can be isolated and addressed through building-specific recommendations. In particular, the course will provide students with:

An understanding of how building design and operation, as well as occupant behavior, affect energy needs;

An awareness of trends in building energy use, the forces motivating building energy efficiency improvements, and best practices for green design;

A working knowledge of building science fundamentals and related energy reduction strategies;

Hands-on experience collecting and analyzing energy usage and utility data, reading architectural and other technical drawings, conducting basic energy audits, and evaluating building energy reduction measures for a specific campus building;

Experience working in teams on a “real world” project; and

Practice developing recommendations for presentation to an actual client. This course will take advantage of a unique opportunity. Duke is in the rare position of having a dedicated Energy Manager and is fortunate that its Facilities Management Department (FMD) sees education as part of its mission. The campus will therefore provide a laboratory for student learning. Steve Palumbo (Duke’s Energy Manager) and Casey Collins (FMD Energy Engineer) have helped organize the class, and will lead occasional class discussions, conduct “back of the house” campus tours, facilitate access to campus buildings and energy data, and serve as a client for student projects.

Course Format The course will consist of discussions based on the readings and material presented in class, campus building tours, and talks by invited industry speakers.

Prerequisites This course does not have formal prerequisites. All students interested in the connection between energy use and the built environment are welcome.

Coursework and Grading Your grade will be based on the following: Assignments: 50 percent Group Project: 40 percent Class Participation: 10 percent Assignments will consist of qualitative and quantitative problems dealing with building science fundamentals and building energy analysis, and will be due in class as noted in Sakai. The assignments are to be completed individually. While you may discuss the questions with your colleagues, the work you submit must have been completed on your own (per the Duke Honor Code). The Group Project will be an evaluation of specific measures to reduce energy use in an existing campus building, and will involve: data collection and analysis, energy auditing, spreadsheet-based energy modeling, consideration of occupant behavior, identification of alternative measures, calculation of financial savings, and presentation of final recommendations (written and oral) to Duke’s Facilities Management Division.

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Class participation will be based on attendance, contribution to class discussions, and evidence of having prepared for class. I will use the following rubric to translate cumulate scores into final grades: [99 to 100] A+ [93 to 99) A [90 to 93) A- [87 to 90) B+ [83 to 87) B [80 to 83) B- [77 to 80) C+ [73 to 77) C [70 to 73) C- Below 70 F Policy on late assignments

All assignments must be uploaded to Sakai by 3:00pm on the posted due date. Assignments handed in after 3:00pm on the posted due date will incur a 25 percent penalty for each 24 hour period they are late (i.e. from 3:00pm to 3:00pm the next day). Assignments submitted more than 3 days after the posted due date will not receive credit. If you are aware of conflicts with the course schedule that will affect a majority of the students, please let me know as soon as possible. I will also make exceptions only for serious illnesses and personal emergencies. If you are sick, you will need to complete the Short-Term Illness Notification Form (STINF) at: http://trinity.duke.edu/academic-requirements?p=policy-short-term-illness-notification. The website provides instructions, but note the following text: “Definition of Incapacitation: An incapacitating illness or injury is one in which a student is hospitalized, under medical care for a short-term condition, or otherwise sufficiently debilitated as to be unable to perform basic academic tasks. Colds, headaches, or other such mild complaints that result in your feeling less than 100% are not considered incapacitating, and you should not use the STINF in such instances. Appropriate uses of the STINF might include such conditions as influenza, migraine, sinus infection, and strep throat.” In the event of something even more serious, of course, I will make every effort to accommodate your situation.

Readings Readings are available on Sakai or via web links to public documents and information resources. The schedule below lists reading assignments, which must be completed prior to each day’s class. I may also assign additional readings based on your interest in related topics. Your job is to read critically and use the factual basis we develop in class to reach your own conclusions about the issues we discuss.

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Sakai If you are registered for the class, you should have access to our Sakai website. All course materials, including the syllabus, assignments and readings, are available on the site.

My Expectations of You This is your course. At minimum, I expect you to attend class and be an active participant, which, in turn, requires that you arrive prepared, having completed the readings and other assignments. Please be on time and refrain from checking email, texting, and websurfing while we are together. I also expect you to have an open mind, but to think critically and use what we learn to arrive at your own judgments. In addition, if you have suggestions on how to improve the course, please let me know. Feedback received midstream can be more useful (to you and me) than end-of-term evaluations, and I am happy to make reasonable changes if a majority concurs.

What You Can Expect From Me I’m here to help you learn. I understand and appreciate the diversity in your backgrounds, interests, and analytical strengths, and have tried to design the course to accommodate these differences while providing opportunities to help you develop in new areas. Again, feedback is appreciated. I’m available during office hours (see first page) if you have questions about the class (or anything related), and am happy to find mutually-agreeable times outside of these windows to meet. Just let me know what works best for you.

Nicholas School Honor Code and the Duke Community Standard All activities of Nicholas School students, including those in this course, are governed by the Duke Community Standard (http://integrity.duke.edu/standard.html), which states: “Duke University is a community dedicated to scholarship, leadership, and service and to the principles of honesty, fairness, respect, and accountability. Citizens of this community commit to reflect upon and uphold these principles in all academic and nonacademic endeavors, and to protect and promote a culture of integrity. To uphold the Duke Community Standard: • I will not lie, cheat, or steal in my academic endeavors; • I will conduct myself honorably in all my endeavors; and • I will act if the Standard is compromised.” Please add the following affirmation to the end of all assignments and your project, and sign your name beside it: “I have adhered to the Duke Community Standard in completing this assignment.”

Schedule This schedule below is subject to change, and I may modify it as we go along if extra time is needed (or desired!) for particular topics. I’ll provide updates to the schedule in class and via email. See the assignment and project handouts for due dates. (The bibliography below provides full reading citations.)

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Date Topics and Readings

Jan 08 (Th) Introduction to the class (Tim); Energy supply and use at Duke (Steve/Casey) Read:

Duke Climate Action Plan http://sustainability.duke.edu/climate_action/Duke%20Climate%20Action%20Plan.pdf

Duke Sustainability Strategic Plan 2013 Progress Report http://www.hr.duke.edu/media/sustainability/2013SustainablitityProgressReport.pdf

Jan 13 (Tu) Building tour: Duke Chiller Plant #2 (Steve/Casey)

Jan 15 (Th) Trends in building energy efficiency, design, and policy; What motivates green design?; Discuss Assignment 1 (Tim) Listen to:

Green and Energy-Efficient Trends in Construction podcast by Harvey Bernstein, National Building Museum http://www.nbm.org/media/audio/green-and-energy-efficient-trends.html (~1 hour)

Read:

The Next Built Environment, Today (see Sakai)

Counting Carbon: Understanding Carbon Footprints of Buildings (see Sakai)

Green Building and Sustainability http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-005-green-building-and-sustainability

Jan 20 (Tu) What energy data does FMD collect, how do they manage it, and how do they use it?; Duke’s LEED-Plus policy (Steve/Casey) Read:

Real-Time Energy Management Still a Major Priority http://atsiteinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/BrainFood_RealTimeEnergyManagementPriority.pdf

Making the Case for Energy Metering (see Sakai)

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Date Topics and Readings

Jan 22 (Th) Introduce projects Building science fundamentals: Lighting (background, determinants of lighting needs, measures of performance, lighting technologies, federal standards; Tim) Read:

Energy-Efficient Lighting Technologies and Their Applications in the Commercial and Residential Sectors, Energy Management and Conservation Handbook Chapter 7 (see Sakai)

Building Upgrade Manual, Chapter 6 http://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/save-energy/comprehensive-approach/energy-star

Jan 27 (Tu) Overview of campus lighting projects; Building drawings (Steve/Casey) Read:

See Jan. 22

Jan 29 (Th) Building tour: Rubenstein and Sanford (Steve/Casey) Read:

ASHRAE Updated Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits (see Sakai)

Building Energy Performance Metrics http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd152-building-energy-performance-metrics

Review:

74 Mount Auburn Street Energy Audit Report (see Sakai)

Feb 03 (Tu) Building science fundamentals: Thermal comfort (determinants of, science background; Tim) Read:

Thermal Comfort (see Sakai)

Relative Humidity http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0203-relative-humidity

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Date Topics and Readings

Feb 05 (Th) Building science fundamentals: Heating and cooling load calculations (heat conduction and solar gain calculations, psychometrics), building enclosure (envelope) design, orientation, climate (Tim) Read:

The Building Enclosure http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-018-the-building-enclosure_revised

The Future of Window Technology… Is Here http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/published-articles/pa-future-window-technology/view

Thermal Control in Buildings http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-011-thermal-control-in-buildings

Feb 10 (Tu) Green building from an engineer’s perspective; HVAC system design Guest speaker: Jose Torres, RMF Engineering Read/skim:

Building Upgrade Manual, Chapters 8 and 9 http://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/save-energy/comprehensive-approach/energy-star

Feb 12 (Th) Building science fundamentals: Energy codes and standards, green building standards and rating systems (Tim) Read:

Building Energy Codes 101: An Introduction, US Department of Energy, http://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/becu/BECU_Codes_101_Intro.pdf

Beyond LEED: Chris Bentley explores the latest horizons in sustainable design metrics http://www.archpaper.com/news/articles.asp?id=7471#.U9qFePldWhE

(skim) LEED 2009 for Existing Buildings Operations and Maintenance http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=5545

Portfolio Manager Overview (online only) http://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/use-portfolio-manager

Feb 17 (Tu) Building tour: Environment Hall (Steve/Casey)

Feb 19 (Th) Environment Hall LEED case study Guest speaker: Michael Mantai, System Worcx

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Date Topics and Readings

Feb 24 (Tu) Discuss Casey’s Beyond LEED paper; Where green fits in the design/construction process; Discuss LEED assignment (Casey/Steve/Tim) Read:

Beyond LEED: The Future of Energy Management & Sustainable Development at Duke University

Feb 26 (Th) Financial calculations (Tim); Building audits (Tim); Energy market overview: Natural gas purchasing (Steve/Casey) Read:

Building Upgrade Manual, Chapters 3 and 4 http://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/save-energy/comprehensive-approach/energy-star

Mar 03 (Tu)

Green building from an architect’s perspective Guest speaker: Jeff Paine, Duda | Paine

Mar 05 (Th)

Discuss preliminary project results (aggregate utility data analysis and preliminary disaggregated energy consumption baseline; Casey/Steve/Tim) Preliminary Project Update Due

Mar 10 (Tu)

Spring break (no class)

Mar 12 (Th)

Spring break (no class)

Mar 17 (Tu)

Building science fundamentals: Energy modeling class exercise (Casey/Steve/Tim) Read:

An Architect’s Guide to Integrating Energy Modeling in the Design Process http://www.aia.org/practicing/AIAB097932

Mar 19 (Th)

Sanford and Rubenstein on-site Q&A (Casey/Tim)

Mar 24 (Tu)

Master planning on campus Guest speaker: Adem Gusa, Assistant Director of Planning and Design, Duke FMD

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Date Topics and Readings

Mar 26 (Th)

Solar at Duke: Why don’t we see PV?; Residential PV analysis (Casey)

Mar 31 (Tu)

Green buildings beyond operational energy: embodied energy, indoor air quality and materials use, lifecycle analysis, and water (Tim) Read:

The Greenest Building http://www.preservationnation.org/information-center/sustainable-communities/greenlab/lca/The_Greenest_Building_lowres.pdf

From Net Energy to Zero Energy Buildings http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778809003247

How Much Does Your Household Weigh? http://places.designobserver.com/feature/how-much-does-your-household-weigh/11037/

Architecture 2030 Challenge for Products: Critical Points http://www.architecture2030.org/files/2030products_cp.pdf

2014 Getting to Zero Status Update http://newbuildings.org/sites/default/files/2014_Getting_to_Zero_Update.pdf

The Future of Indoor Air (see Sakai)

Apr 02 (Th) No Class: Nicholas School MEM Master Project Symposium

Apr 07 (Tu) What Duke is doing in the realm of energy that you don't know about; Other LEED at Duke; Overview of 3D modeling and BIM (Steve/Casey) Read:

Building Information Modeling (see Sakai)

Apr 09 (Th) Presentations to FMD (Steve/Casey)

Apr 14 (Tu) Presentations to FMD (Steve/Casey)

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Bibliography American Institute of Architects (2012). An Architect’s Guide to Integrating Energy Modeling in the Design Process. Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects. http://www.aia.org/practicing/AIAB094452 Architecture 2030 (2011). Architecture 2030 Challenge for Products: Critical Points. http://www.architecture2030.org/files/2030products_cp.pdf Barley, D., Deru, Tu., Pless, S. and Torcellini, P. (2005). Procedure for Measuring and Reporting Commercial Building Energy Performance. US Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Technical Report NREL/TP-550-38601. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/38601.pdf Bentley, Chris (2014). Beyond LEED: Chris Bentley Explores the Latest Horizons in Sustainable Design Metrics. The Architect's Newspaper (31 July 2014). http://www.archpaper.com/news/articles.asp?id=7471#.U9qFePldWhE Bernstein, Harvey (2012). Green and Energy-Efficient Trends in Construction. National Building Museum podcast (March 29, 2012). http://www.nbm.org/media/audio/green-and-energy-efficient-trends.html Bin, Shui (2012). Greening Work Styles: An Analysis of Energy Behavior Programs in the Workplace. Washington, DC: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Report Number B121. http://aceee.org/research-report/b121 Braham, William Th. (2009). How Much Does Your Household Weigh? Places (Design Observer). http://places.designobserver.com/feature/how-much-does-your-household-weigh/11037/ Brown, Marilyn A., Southworth, Frank, Stovall, Therese K. (2005). Towards a Climate-Friendly Built Environment. Washington, DC: Pew Center on Global Climate Change. http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/Buildings_FINAL.pdf Collins, Casey (2013). Beyond LEED: The Future of Energy Management & Sustainable Development at Duke University. Duke University (2009). Growing Green: Becoming a Carbon Neutral Campus. Duke Climate Action Plan. http://sustainability.duke.edu/climate_action/Duke%20Climate%20Action%20Plan.pdf Duke University (2013). Duke’s Sustainability Strategic Plan: 2013 Progress Report. http://www.hr.duke.edu/media/sustainability/2013SustainablitityProgressReport.pdf Eastman, Chuck (2009). Building Information Modeling. Atlanta: Georgia Institute of Technology, Digital Building Laboratory. Environmental Building News (2008). Counting Carbon: Understanding Carbon Footprints of Buildings. Environmental Building News 17(7). http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm/2008/6/27/Counting-Carbon-Understanding-Carbon-Footprints-of-Buildings/

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Frey, Patrice (2012). The Greenest Building. Tuesdays at APA–Chicago podcast (October 23, 2012). Chicago: American Planning Association. http://www.planning.org/tuesdaysatapa/2012/chicago/oct.htm Grondzik, Walter and Fursthvac, Richard (n.d.). HVAC Components and Systems. Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, Department of Architecture, Vital Signs Curriculum Materials Project. http://arch.ced.berkeley.edu/vitalsigns/res/downloads/rp/hvac/hvac-sml_opt.pdf Harvard University (2011). 74 Mount Auburn Street Energy Audit Report: ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Facilities Maintenance Operations, Harvard Green Building Services. Heller, Jonathan, Heater, Morgan, and Frankel, Mark (2011). Sensitivity Analysis: Comparing the Impact of Design, Operation, and Tenant Behavior on Building Energy Performance. Vancouver, WA: New Buildings Institute. http://newbuildings.org/sensitivity-analysis-comparing-impact-design-operation-and-tenant-behavior-building-energy-performan Hernandez, Patxi and Kenny, Paul (2010). From Net Energy to Zero Energy Buildings: Defining Life Cycle Zero Energy Buildings (LC-ZEB). Energy and Buildings 42:815–821. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778809003247 Hootman, Tom (2013). Net Zero Energy Design: A Guide for Commercial Architecture. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kelsey, Jim and Pearson, Dick (2011). ASHRAE Updated Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits. ASHRAE Transactions, July 2011, pp. 374-381. Krarti, Moncef (2011). Energy Audit of Building Systems: An Engineering Approach (Second Edition). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Kreith, Frank and Goswami, D. Yogi (2008). Energy Management and Conservation Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Lau, Wanda (2012). Feeling the Heat: Thermal Imaging Can Shave Significant Time Off Building Investigations—But Only if the Results Are Interpreted Correctly. Eco-Structure. Lstiburek, Joseph (2002). Relative Humidity. Research Report - 0203. Building Science Corporation. http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/reports/rr-0203-relative-humidity Mazria, Edward and Desmarais, Francesca (2012). The Next Built Environment, Today. EcoHome (November-December 2012). National Trust for Historic Preservation (2011). The Greenest Building: Quantifying the Environmental Value of Building Reuse. http://www.preservationnation.org/information-center/sustainable-communities/green-lab/lca/The_Greenest_Building_lowres.pdf

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New Buildings Institute (2014). 2014 Getting To Zero Status Update: A Look at the Projects, Policies and Programs Driving Zero Net Energy Performance in Commercial Buildings. http://newbuildings.org/sites/default/files/2014_Getting_to_Zero_Update.pdf Pages Ruiz, Fernando (2012). The Future of Indoor Air. Eco-Structure. Plourde, Jim (2011). Making the Case for Energy Metering. ASHRAE Journal, April 2011, pp. 20-27. Rizzo, Gianfranco, Beccali, Marco, and Nucara, Antonino (2004). Thermal Comfort. In Encyclopedia of Energy, Volume 6. Elsevier. Straube, John (2006). Green Building and Sustainability. Building Science Digest 005. Building Science Corporation. http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-005-green-building-and-sustainability Straube, John (2006).Thermal Control in Buildings. Building Science Digest 011. Building Science Corporation. http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-011-thermal-control-in-buildings Straube, John (2006).The Building Enclosure. Building Science Digest 018. Building Science Corporation. http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-018-the-building-enclosure_revised Straube, John (2010). The Future of Window Technology… Is Here. Journal of Building Enclosure Design,

Winter 2010, pp. 13-15. http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/published-articles/pa-future-window-technology/view Ueno, Kohta (2010). Building Energy Performance Metrics. Building Science Digest 152. Building Science Corporation. http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd152-building-energy-performance-metrics Ueno, Kohta and Straube, John (2010). Understanding Primary/Source and Site Energy. Building Science Digest 151. Building Science Corporation. http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd151-understanding-primary-source-site-energy US DOE (2010). Building Energy Codes 101: An Introduction. Washington, DC: US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, PNNL-SA-70586. http://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/becu/BECU_Codes_101_Intro.pdf US DOE (2012). 2011 Buildings Energy Data Book. US Department of Energy, Buildings Technologies Program, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/default.aspx US EPA (n.d.). Portfolio Manager Overview. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/use-portfolio-manager US EPA (2008). ENERGY STAR Building Upgrade Manual. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation.

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http://www.energystar.gov/buildings/facility-owners-and-managers/existing-buildings/save-energy/comprehensive-approach/energy-star US EPA (2013). Source Energy: Energy Star Portfolio Manager Technical Reference. https://portfoliomanager.energystar.gov/pdf/reference/Source%20Energy.pdf US Green Building Council (2008). LEED 2009 for Existing Buildings Operations and Maintenance. Washington, DC: US Green Building Council. http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=5545 Wang, Liping, Mathew, Paul, and Pang, Xiufeng (2012). Uncertainties in Energy Consumption Introduced by Building Operations and Weather for a Medium-size Office Building. Energy and Buildings 53, pp. 152-158. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778812003052 West, Lisa and Daly, Stephanie Tu. (2012). Real-Time Energy Management Still a Major Priority: Different Approaches for Different Sectors. Washington, DC: At-Site, Inc. http://atsiteinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/BrainFood_RealTimeEnergyManagementPriority.pdf