ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL …badhaneducation.in/assignment/class 10th/science... · Web viewProper sustainable development, pollution control techniques and environmental laws

BADHAN ACADEMY 989114315 9810144315 25998061 ENVIRONMENT &ANVIRONMENTAL

ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

INTRODUCTIONEnvironment comprises to the sum total of all the external factors that make our surroundings, i. e.,

physical and biotic environment. The physical environment includes the abiotic factors such as air, water, soil, wind, light, temperature, etc. and the biotic environment includes all the organisms such as plants, animals, human beings and microorganisms. The undesirable changes in the environment leading t ecological imbalance in created by human beings. These give rise to environmental problems which are mainly pollution and exploitation of environmental resources.

Pollution of air, water and soil adversely affects human life with its various biodergradable and non-biodegradable pollutants. The increase in the population disturbs the environment by exploitation of environmental resources leading to soil erosion, depletion of ozone layer, global warming, landslides, desertification, extinction of plants and animals and waste accumulation.

Thus, to maintain a balance between environment and development, pollution control techniques and environmental laws are to be adopted. Proper sustainable development, pollution control techniques and environmental laws are to be adopted. Proper sustainable development can be achieved by conservation and protection of natural resources of the environment.

IMPORTANT TERMS AND COCEPTS1. Environment. It is the sum of all external conditions and influences that affect the life and development

of an organism, i.e. the environment includes all the physical or abiotic and biological or biotic factors.2. Physical or abiotic environment. It means the non-living environment – land, water and air. The

climatic factors such as sunlight, temperature, rainfall, humidity, pressure and wind are also a part of the abiotic environment.

3. Biotic or biological environment. It means the living part of the environment – plants, animals, human beings and microorganism like bacteria and fungi.

4. Ecological balance. It is the balance between the activities of various organisms an the physical environment with which they interact.

5. Environment problems caused by various activities of human beings are as follows:(i) Pollution or air, water and soil.(ii) Soil erosion leading to desertification, landslides, floods and change of river course.(iii) Thinning of ozone layer in the atmosphere.(iv) Global warming due to increased green house effect.(v) Deforestation leading to formation deserts and extinction of animal and plant species.(vi) Salinisation leading to the formation of salt deserts.(vii) Depletion of natural resources.(viii) Waste accumulation.

6. Pollution. It is defined as the undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of our land, air or water, which harmfully affect human lives or the lives of other species.

7. Pollutant. It is the substance that causes a harmful change in the environment, thereby producing adverse effects on living organisms. Some of the common pollutants include pesticides, industrial wastes and emissions, exhaust fumes from vehicles and sewage.

8. Classification of pollutants. All the pollutants can be classified into two groups-biodegradable pollutants and non-biodegradable pollutants.(i) Biodegradable pollutants are those pollutants which are broken down into simpler, harmless substances in nature in due course of time by the action of microorganisms like certain bacteria.Examples: Domestic waste products, urine and faecal matter, sewage, agriculture residue, paper, wood, cloth and cattle dung.

Graphics By:- Roshan Dhawan 1 Written By:- Raj Kumar Badhan


(ii) Non-biodegradable pollutants are those pollutants which cannot be broken down into simpler, harmless substances in nature. These pollutants may be in solid, liquid or gaseous form and may enter into the food chain and harm the organisms.Examples: DDT, plastics polythene bags, insecticides, pesticides, mercury, lead arsenic. aluminum radioactive wastes etc.

9. Types of pollution. Pollution can be classified according to the components of environment that are polluted air pollution, water pollution and soil (or land) pollution.

10. Air pollution. It is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air.11. Air pollutants. They are the substances which pollute the air.

Some of the common pollutants are dust, soot, ash, carbon monoxide, excess of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), lead compounds, asbestos dust, cement dust, pollens and radioactive rays.

12. Sources of air pollution. The pollution of air can be caused by natural process or by human activities.The sources of air pollution are classified into two groups:(i) Natural sources of air pollution.(ii) Man-made sources of air pollution.

13. Natural sources of Air pollution. They are dust storms, forest fires, ash from smoking volcanoes, decay of organic matters and pollen grains floating in air.

14. Man made sources of air pollution. They are population explosion, deforestation, urbanization and industrialization, whose effects can be explained as follows:(i) Burning of fuels like wood, cowdung cakes, coal and kerosene in homes pollute the air.(ii) Exhaust gases emitted by motor vehicles, which polluted the air are the major source of air pollution in big cities.(iii) Industries pollute air by releasing various types of pollutants such as sulphur dioxide, oxides of carbon, nitrogen oxide, chlorine, asbestos dust and cement dust.(iv) Thermal power plants pollute air by emitting sulphur dioxide and fly-ash.(v) Nuclear power plants pollute air by releasing radioactive rays.(vi) use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture pollutes the air.(vii) Mining activity releases particulate matter into the air and pollutes it.(viii) Indiscriminate cutting of trees and clearing of forests increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric and thereby pollutes it.(ix) Use of chlorofluorocarbons in refrigeration, fire extinguishers and aerosol sprayers pollutes air by depleting the ozone layer.(x) Smoking pollutes air by emitting carbon monoxide and nicotine.(xi) Noise is another source of air pollution. Constant exposure to high level noise causes annoyance and other health problems.

15. Harmful effects of air pollution.(i) Air pollution affects respiratory system causing breathing difficulties and diseases such as bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer, tuberculosis and pneumonia.(ii) Air pollution affects the central nervous system causing carbon monoxide poisoning. CO has more affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen and thus forms stable compound carboxy hemoglobin (COHb), which is poisonous and causes suffocation and death.(iii) Air pollution causes depletion of ozone layer due to which ultraviolet radiations can reach the earth and cause skin cancer, damage to eyes and immune system.(iv) Air pollution causes acid rain which damages crop plants, trees, buildings, monuments, statues and metal structures and also makes the soil acidic.(v) Air pollution causes green house effect or global warming which leads to excessive heating of earth’s atmosphere, further leading to weather variability and rise in sea level. The increased temperature may case melting of ice caps and glaciers, resulting floods.(vi) Air pollution from certain metals, pesticides and fungicides causes serious ailments.



Lead pollution causes anemia, brain damage convulsions and death.Certain metals cause problem in kidney, liver, circulatory system and nervous system.Fungicides like DDT (Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane) which are toxic enter into our food chain and get accumulated in the body causing kidney disorders and problems and problems of brain and circulatory system.

16. Ozone Depletion. The ozone layer products the earth from high energy ultraviolet radiations.When the harmful chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are released into the air it accumulates in the upper atmosphere and reacts with ozone destroying the ozone layer.Thus, the ozone layer in the atmosphere becomes thinner, allowing more ultraviolet rays to pass through it to the earth.

17. Acid Rain is that which contains small amount of acids in it, formed from the gases like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides present in polluted air. It causes damage to living and non living things.

18. Green house effect or global warming. It is the phenomenon of trapping infrared radiations of sunlight by the carbon dioxide layer in the layer in the air causing heating effect. It result in increase in temperature of atmosphere.

19. Pesticides are those chemical compounds which are used fro killing pests that destroy agricultural production or in some way are harmful to humans.It includes herbicides (which kill unwanted plants or weeds), insecticides (which kill insect pests), fungicides, (which kill fungi) and rodenticides (which kill rodents.).

20. Bioaccumulation. It is an increase in the concentration of chemicals, such as pesticeds in organisms that in environment contaminated by a wide variety of organic compounds.

21. Carboxy Hemoglobin. If small amount of carbon monoxide is inhaled, it displaces oxygen from oxy-hemoglobin and results in formation of carboxy hemoglobin which does not act as oxygen carrier. It may lead to death.

22. Photochemical smog. It is a smog a combination of smoke and fog which is formed by reaction of hydrocarbons with oxides of nitrogen in presence of sunlight. Photochemical smog is a secondary pollutant that may cause eye irritation, asthma, nasal and throat irritation.

23. Fly Ash. It is forced due to combustion of fossil fuels, ash along with some gas is produced which forms the fly ash.

24. Dust. It is solid of very small size suspended temporarily in air.25. Aerosols are the colloidal solution of solid and gas particles in air smoke, fog.26. Radioactive pollution. Radioactive substances are being released into atmospheric from nuclear bomb

testing or from processing radioactive wastes. Accidents in nuclear reactors also lead to readioactive pollution. Ray emitted from radioactive substances are harmful for human beings.

27. Noise pollution. The sound whose intensity is more than 50 decibels causes noise pollution and results in hearing loss, annoyance and sleeping problems leading to high blood pressure and heart problems.

28. Occupational Hazards are those diseases which arise due to occupation in which a person is engaged. These are caused by constant use of certain substances that sneak into air and then enter our body. Some of the occupational disease is Silicosis, Asbestosis, Byssinosis and Pneumoconiosis.(i) Silicosis is the disease caused by the prolonged inhalation of free silica or silicon dioxide (SiO2).(ii) Asbestosis is the disease caused by the prolonged inhalation of asbestos dust. Such disease in prone to cause cancer.(iii) Byssinosis is the lung disease caused by the prolonged inhalation of cotton fibres. Such disease causes chronic cough and chronic bronchitis.(iv) Pneumoconiosis is the disease caused by the prolonged inhalation of coal dust. Such disease causes lung problems.

29. Prevention and control of Air pollution. Different techniques are used for controlling air pollution caused by ‘gaseous pollutants’ and that caused by ‘particulate pollutants’.


BADHAN ACADEMY 989114315 9810144315 25998061 ENVIRONMENT &ANVIRONMENTAL (a) Methods of controlling gaseous pollutants. The air pollution caused by gaseous pollutants like

hydrocarbons, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, carbon monoxide, etc can be controlled by using three different methods-combustion, absorption and adsorption.(i) Combustion. This technique is applied when the pollutants are organic gases or vapours. The organic air pollutants are subjected to ‘flame combustion or catalytic combustion’ when they are converted to less harmful product carbon dioxide and a harmless product water.(ii) Absorptio. In this method, the polluted air containing gaseous pollutants is passed through a scrubber containing a suitable liquid absorbent. The liquid absorbs the harmful gaseous pollutants present in air.(iii) Adsorption. In this method, the polluted air is passed through porous solid absorbents kept in suitable containers. The gaseous pollutants are absorbed at the surface of the porous solid and clean air passes through.

(b) Methods of controlling particulate emissions. The air pollution caused by particulate pollutants like dust, soot and fly ash, etc., can be controlled by using fabric filters, wet scrubber and electrostatic precipitators and certain mechanical devices.(i) Mechanical devices. It work on the basis of the following:Gravity. In this process, the particles settle down by the action of gravitational force and get removed.Sudden change in the direction of air flow brings about separation of particles due to greater momentum.(ii) Fabric filters. The particulate matter is passed through a porous medium made of woven or filled fabrics.The particles present in the polluted air are filtered and gets collected in the fabric filters, while the gases are discharged.The process of controlling air pollution by using fabric filters is known as ‘bag filtration’.(iii) Wet scrubbers. They are used to trap SO2, NH3 and metal fumes by passing the fumes through water.(iv) Electrostatic precipitators. When the polluted air containing particulate pollutants is passed through and electrostatic precipitator, it induces electric charge on the particles and then the aerosol particles get precipitated on the electrodes.Some other methods of controlling Air Pollution:(i) Tall chimneys should be installed I factories.(ii) Better designed equipment and smokeless fuels should be used in homes and industries.(iii) Renewable and non-polluting sources of energy like solar energy, wind energy etc. should be used.(iv) Automobiles should be properly maintained and adhere to emission control standards.(v) More trees should be planted along roadsides and houses.

30. Water pollution. It is the contamination of water of rivers and lakes with unwanted and harmful substances. Water is said to be polluted when there is any physical, biological or chemical change in its quality that adversely affects organisms and makes it unfit for use.

31. Characteristics of drinking water or potable water:(i) It should be transparent, colorless and odourless.(ii) It should be free from harmful chemicals and bacteria.(iii) It should contain sufficient dissolved oxygen.

32. Sources of water pollution. There are two types of sources of water pollution:(i) Point sources are those sources of water pollution which are fixed at a place and have a specific location for discharging pollutants into a particular water body. These include factorizes, power plants, underground coal mines and oil wells situated close to the water sources.(ii) Non point sources are those sources of water pollution which are scattered and do not have any specific location for discharging pollutants into a particular water body. These include run-offs fields, lawns, gardens, construction sites logging areas, roads and streets, etc.

33. Major sources of water pollution: Graphics By:- Roshan Dhawan 4 Written By:- Raj Kumar Badhan


(i) Industrial wastes. The discharge of industrial wastes from industries into rivers and lakes pollutes water, as it contains a large number of harmful chemicals including acids and alkalies.(ii) Sewage. Dumping of sewage into rivers and lakes pollutes water.(iii) Synthetic Detergents. Excessive use of synthetic detergent for washing purposes produces a lot of foam and pollutes water.(iv) Chemical fetilisers. The excessive use of fertilizers in the soil causes water pollution because some of these fertilizers are washed into rivers and lakes with rain water.(v) Oil discharges. The leakage of petroleum oil into the sea during drilling and shipping operations pollutes sea water causing problems for aquatic life.(vi) radioactive wastes. The wastes from atomic reactor plants affect aquatic life to a great extent.

34. Water pollutants are the pollutants contained in the water of rivers and lakes. Some of rivers of these are natural whereas others are man made.Natural pollutants in water are calcium and magnesium compounds which get dissolved in water from natural deposits. Microorganisms such as protozoa, bacteria and virus, which rivers and lakes.

35. Harmful effects of water pollution:(i) Human beings become victims of various waterborne disease such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis and jaundice.(ii) Acids and alkalies present in polluted water kill and destroy the useful microorganisms which are the natural cleansing agents of water.(iii) The sewage wastes and chemical fertilizers lead to eutrophication and deoxygenation of water bodies killing the aquatic animals.(iv) The toxic industrial wastes kill the fish and other animals living in fresh water.

36. Eutrophication. It is the process in which extra nutrients are added to a water body leading to tremendous growth of algal resulting in the reduction of dissolved oxygen.

37. Oil slick. It is the accidental leakage of large amount of oil in sea water, which spreads to form a thin film resulting in the killing of thousands of marine organisms.

38. Water table. It is the depth at which all the pore space in earth is saturated with water only.39. Prevention and control of water pollution:

(i) Sewage should be treated suitably before it is discharged into the river: Sewage can be treated by a modern technique involving the following three steps:(a) Primary treatment. First the sewage is passed through a grinding mechanism, then it is passed through several chambers and lime is added to neutralize it.(b) Secondary or biological treatment. The neutralized sewage is sent to a reactor called ‘Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket’ (UASB) and the anaerobic bacteria decomposes the biodegradable organic matte present in the sewage. This process removes foul odour and gives out methane gas. After this water is sent to aeration tanks containing air and bacteria.Bacteria consume most of organic matter.(c) Tertiary Treatment. It is disinfection process to remove traces of organic matter and dissolved inorganic solids. Tertiary methods are chlorination, evaporation and exchange absorption to obtain clean and pure drinking water.(ii) Industrial wastes should be treated chemically to neutralize the harmful substances present in them, before discharging into rivers.(iii) Waste paper, plastics, waste food materials and decaying fruits and vegetables should not be thrown into open drains.(iv) Solid wastes containing organic matter and effluents from distilleries should be sent to biogas plant for generation of energy.(v) Oil slick should be skimmed off from its surface with suction device. Sawdust can also be spread over oil slick to absorb as much oil as possible.

40. Land pollution. It is the contamination of soil or land with solid waste, acid rain, excess of fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides.


BADHAN ACADEMY 989114315 9810144315 25998061 ENVIRONMENT &ANVIRONMENTAL 41. Sources of land pollution. The main sources of soil or land pollution are as follows:

(i) Solid wastes come from homes, cattle sheds, agriculatural fields, industries and many other places and get accumulated in the form of heaps. Solid wastes include cow dung, human excreta, fruit and vegetable peels, ash, waste paper, worn out clothes, leather and rubber articles, plastic objects, glass and metal objects.(ii) Acid rain. It is caused by air pollution in which acidic water falls on the soil and pollutes it by making the soil acidic.(iii) Fertilizers. Use of excess fertilizers makes the soil either acidic or alkaline and pollutes it.(iv) Insecticides and Herbicides are poisonous chemicals which when sprayed to standing crops get mix with the soil and pollute it.

42. Harmful Effects of Land pollution:(i) The solid wastes like garbage destroy the natural beauty and become a breeding a breeding ground for mosquitoes which spread disease like malaria and dengue.(ii) Land pollution caused by acid rain reduces the fertility of soil leading to reduction in crop yields.(iii) Land pollution caused by the excessive use of fertilizers also reduces the fertility of the soil and crop yield.(iv) Land pollution caused by the use of insecticides and herbicides in agriculture is very dangerous because these harmful chemicals can enter our food chain and damage our health.

43. Modes of Waste Disposal. ‘Disposal of waste’ means ‘to get rid of waste’. The method to be used for waste disposal depends on the nature of the waste. Some of the important modes of waste disposal are:Landfills. It is the method used in urban areas to bury the solid waste in low-lying areas to level the uneven ground.Recycling. It is the method of recovery and processing of biodegradable wastes or materials after they have been used, which enables them to be reused.For example, solid wastes like paper, plastics and metals etc, are recycled.Industrial wastes are treated in special plants and valuable wastes are recycled.Composting. It this method, the domestic waste like fruit and vegetable waste, left over food, leaves of potted plants, etc, can be converted into compost and used as manure.Production of biogas and manure. In this method, cowdung is fed into biogas plants to produce biogas and obtain manure.Incineration. It means ‘reduction to ashes’. The burning of a substance at high temperature to form ash is called incineration. It is used to destroy household waste, chemical waste and biological waste. Incineration is carried out in an incinerator.

Fig. 16.1 Incinerator.

The solid waste is burned at a high temperature in the incinerator. All the organic matter present in waste is removed as carbon dioxide and water vapour and the ash left behind is removed from time to time.


BADHAN ACADEMY 989114315 9810144315 25998061 ENVIRONMENT &ANVIRONMENTAL 44. Soil Erosion. It is the removal and thinning of the fertile top soil from a region due to climatic and

physical processes, such as high rainfall and wind, etc. Soil erosion occurs easily where the soil is not covered by vegetation.

45. Causes of soil Erosion(i) Wind causes soil erosion by carrying away the top soil particles.(ii) Rain causes soil erosion on unprotected top soil by washing it down.(iii) Improper farming or tilling and leaying the field fallow for long time causes soil erosion.(iv) Human beings cause soil erosion by clearing trees, plants and other vegetation.(v) Frequent flooding of rivers causes soil erosion by removing the top soil the fields near the river banks.

46. Effects of soil Erosion(i) It can turn green forests into deserts and spoil the environment.(ii) It can lead to excessive scarcity of food as the food crops do not grow well.(iii) It can cause landslides in hilly areas.(iv) It can cause sudden floods in low lying areas causing loss of life and property.

47. Prevention of soil Erosion(i) It can be prevented by intensive cropping.(ii) It can be prevented by providing proper drainage canals around the fields.(iii) Soil erosion in hilly areas can be prevented by practicing terrace farming.(iv) It can be prevented by planting trees and sowing grasses.(v) It can be prevented by constructing strong embankjments along the river banks.

48. Interrelationship of population, Environment and Development.(a) Population and Environment.

A high growth rate of human population is called population explosion.It is biggest enemy of our environment as the rapid increase in population disturbs the biotic environment, causing ecological crisis and imbalance.The uncontrolled increase in human population has the following adverse effects:(i) It may lead to scarcity of food.(ii) It may lead to increased poverty and decrease in per capita income.(iii) It may lead to poor shelter.(iv) It may lead to increase in illiteracy.In order to overcome these adverse effects, the human beings are compelled to encroach upon forests, mountains and seas for space and food.Deforestation and killing of wind animals by human being for their use has disturbed to balance of nature; which is bound to bring disaster.Overcrowding of population creates mental tension leading to social and health problems.The best way to improve the environment is to keep the population of human beings within a reasonable limit.

(b) Environment and sustainable Development.A development which can be maintained for a long time without undue damage to the environment is called sustainable development.The objective of sustainable development is to provide economic well being of the present and the future generations and to maintain a healthy environment and life support system.Sustainable development and environment protection can be achieved as follows:(i) Population stabilization(ii) Development of newer environment friendly technologies.(iii) Efficient use of natural resources.(iv) Prevention of population.(v) Maximum recycling of materials.(vi) Growing more plants and trees.



Thus for sustainable development, man has to live in harmony with nature by conserving the non-living environment of air, water and soil as well as living components of environment or biological diversity.

49. Conservation. It refers to the wise and judicious use of resources without wasting them and keeping in mind their recycling potentials so that they last for a longer period.

50. Conservation and protection of environment:Conservation means ‘to keep safe’ whereas preservation means ‘to maintain the environment as it is’.It is necessary to conserve and protect our environment because the natural resources are getting depleted and environment problems are increasing day by day.(i) Various practices which can help in conserving and protecting our environment are as follows:The practice of crop rotation helps in conserving soil.(ii) Judicious use of fertilizers, intensive cropping, proper irrigation and drainage help in the conservation of soil.(iii) The treatment of sewage prevents pollution of water bodies and helps in conserving fish and other aquatic life.(iv) National parks and wildlife sanctuaries should be established throughout the country in order to protect and conserve wild animals, birds and plant species.(v) New trees should be planted in place of those cut for various purpose, which will protect the earth from excessive heating.(vi) Harvesting of rain water helps in the conservation of groundwater.(vii) Composting of solid organic waste for biogas and manure.

51. Conserving of wildlife. Wildlife has been conserved in our country by establishing a large number of Biosphere Reserve, National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.In India, there are 83 national parks, 447 sanctuaries and 14 biosphere reserves.In Biosphere Reserve is a specified area in which multiple use of land is permitted by dividing it into certain zones, each zone being specified for a particular activity.e.g. Similipal Biosphere Reserve in Orissa.A National park is an area established by law to conserve wildlife for its betterment and where e.g. Kazirnga National Park in Assam.A Sanctuary is an area where killing or capturing of any wild animal is prohibited and protection is given only to animals.Wildlife conservation is important to maintain the ecological balance in nature and to preserve the gene pool.Some steps to be taken conservation of wildlife are as follows:(i) Laws should be imposed to ban poaching or capturing of any animal or bird belonging to an endangered species.(ii) The natural habitats of wild animals and birds should be preserved by establishing National Parks, Sanctuaries and Biosphere reserves throughout the country.(iii) The Government Department should conduct periodic surveys of National Parks, Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves to have a knowledge of all the population species of wild animals and birds.(iv) More attention should be given to conserve the endangered species of wild animals and birds to prevent their extinction.(v) Unauthorized cutting of forest trees should be stopped.



S. No. NAME STATE FAMOUS FOR1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.

Kaziranga National ParkKanha National ParkCorbett National ParkGir National ParkBandipur National ParkBandhavgarh National ParkBharatpur National ParkPeriyar National ParkDudhwa National ParkRanthambore National ParkDachigam National ParkBannerghata National ParkNamdapha National ParkKeibul Lam Jao National ParkThe Great Himalayan National ParkNagarohole National ParkAnnamalai SanctuaryMudumalai SanctuaryRann of Kutuch SanctuarySimilipai Biosphere ReserveNandankanan Biological ParkManas Tiger ReserveSariska Tiger ReserveSunderban Tiger Reserve

AssamMadhya PradeshUttaranchalGujaratKarnatakaMadhya PradeshRajasthanJammu & KashmirKeralaUttar PradeshRajasthanKarnatakaArunachal PradeshManipurHimachal PradeshKarnatakaTamil NaduTamil NaduGujaratOrissaOrissaAssamRajasthanWest Bengal

One-horned Rhinoceros, Elephant.Largest Indian Deer, Tiger.Tiger, LeopardAsiatic Lion.Elephant, TigerWhite Tiger, Indian Bison.Birds, viz, Siberian crane, SpoonbillKashmir Stag, Himalayan Black Bear.Elephant, GaurSwamp Deer, Tiger.Tiger, ChitalElephant, Wild Pig.Gaur, Himalayan Black bearManipur brow antlered deerHimalayan Black bearGaur, Elephant.Elephant, TigerWild Elephant, GaurWild Ass, Flamingo.TigerWhite Tiger.Tiger Elephant.Tiger, Sambar.Royal Bengal Tiger.

Table: Showing some important National Parks, Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves on India52. Environment laws. It has been enacted in India to conserve and protect the environment.

These environment laws relate to the conservation and protection of the various facets of the environment like forests, wildlife, pollution control, etc.Some of the environmental laws enacted by Government of India are as follows:(i) The major Vehicle Act, 1938 and amended in 1988.(ii) Prevention of Cruelty of Animals Act, 1960.(iii) Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and amended in 1991.(iv) Water (Prevention) and Control of pollution) Act, 1974.(v) Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.(vi) Air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981.(vii) Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.An organization called international union for conversion of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) was set up in 1948, sponsored by UNESCO.The main tasks of IUCN are the practical implementation of laws.The year 1972 was declared as the International Year of Nature Conservation.June 5th every year is observed as the World Environment Day.


BADHAN ACADEMY 989114315 9810144315 25998061 ENVIRONMENT &ANVIRONMENTAL 1 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Which one of the following pollutants of air would affect the capacity of blood in human bodies to absorb oxygen from the lungs?NO2, SO2, CO, CO2.

2. Write any one major cause of water pollution.3. Name any two non-biodegradable wastes.4. Name any two biodegradable substances.5. Which of the following are biodegradable?

(a) Wool, glass, silver foil, leather.(b) Leather shoe, earthen pot, silver spoon, Jute bag.(c) Tomato leaves, Aluminium wire, Synthetic fibre, wool.

6. What is the effect of an increase in percentage of dust particles in the atmosphere on the temperature of the earth?

7. Gradual increase in the atmospheric temperature is an observed fact at present. What is this due to?

8. What is green house effect?9. Name any two gases whose presence in air cause green house effect.10. Which one of the following is the pollutant that effects the oxygen carrying capacity of blood?

SO2, CO2, CO, H2S11. Name the group of chemical compounds which adversely affects the ozone layer.12. State only two harmful effects of radiations emitted by nuclear wastes.13. Which of the following materials are non-biodegradable?

(a) Paper, leather, nylon, eggshell, glass.(b) Tea leaves, glass, glucose, cotton cloth, silver foil.(c) Glass, glucose, leather silver foil, nylon cloth.

14. Which two of the following materials are biodegradable?(a) Glass, glucose, leather, silver foil, nylon cloth.(b) Detergents, coconuts, leather polythene, glass.

15. Which two of the following are non-biodegradable?(a) Detergent, coconut, leather, cotton fabric, glass.(b) Eggshell, butter, detergents, leather, silver foil.(c) Paper, DDT, plastic bag, cowdung.

16. Name the gas produced in Mathura refinery, which can damage the great historical monument ‘Taj Mahal’.

17. What will be the effect of increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere on the average temperature of earth?

18. What is meant by aerosol?19. A gas occurs in the earth’s sedimentary traps. Its green house effect is twenty times more than

that of CO2. Identify the gas.20. Which gaseous pollutant has the ability to absorb infrared radiations cause green house effect?21. What destructive effect do the chlorofluorocarbons bring about in the atmosphere?22. Which of the following are non-biodegradable?

(a) Animals bones, silver foil, plastic mugs, leather belt.(b) Glass bottle, paper, aluminum foil, DDT.(c) Paper, aluminium, polythene bags, animal bones.

23. Which of the following are biodegradable?(a) Animal bones, iron nails, plastic mugs, leather belt.(b) Aluminium wire, tea leaves, synthetic fibre, wool.(c) Glass bottle, paper, aluminium foil, DDT, wheat.



(d) Leather belt, aluminium foil, animal bones, and polythene bags.(e) Paper, aluminium foils, polythene bags, animal bones.(f) Aluminium foil, paper, ball point pen, refill, hay.

24. Name any two gases, the presence of which in atmosphere causes acid rain.25. Which one of the following is not a part of the biotic environment?

(a) Water, Algae, Fish, Bacteria(b) Insects, Air, Plants, Birds.

26. Name two gases which together constitute 99% of the atmosphere.27. Name one chemical compound which depletes ozone layer.28. Excess of which gas in earth’s atmosphere causes green house effect?29. An industrial plant was set up for the extraction of copper from its sulphide ore at a distance of 1

km from the city. Name any two gaseous pollutants that would be given out by this industrial plant.

30. What is the effect of oil slick on aquatic life?31. Give an example of a biodegradable waste, which can be recycled for the production of energy.32. What are the two major categories of the waste materials resulting from various activities of man?33. Give two examples of biodegradable wastes which pollute our environment.34. Name the gas which is added to atmospheric air by decomposition of organic matter.35. State two advantages of green house effect in cold climate.36. What kind of pollution is caused by burning of fossil fuel?37. What is the functional unit of the environment comprising of the living and non-living components

called?38. What is the importance of the ozone layer?

2 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Why is replenishment of forests necessary? State four reasons.2. What is meant by monoculture? How does this practice influence fertility of soil and why?3. Generally is all big industrial areas the water table is gradually going down. What can be its

major cause? How will this lowering of water table affect the plant trees in the area?4. How does a biodegradable waste differ from a non-biodegradable waste?

Distribute the following materials into these two classes:Waste cotton, Thermocol pieces, polythene bags, new papers.

5. Why is conservation of wildlife considered important for us? Give any two reasons.6. Air pollutants produced by burning of oil products are more difficult to control than those

produced by the burning of coal. Justify.7. Explain why acids rains are more likely to occur over thickly populated cities with a large number

of industries around them.8. What is acid rain? Why are acid rains more lively to occur over thickly populated areas with large

number of industries around them?9. What is acid rain? Mention its two harmful effects.10. Distinguish between biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. Give one example of each.11. Describe bow ozone present in the atmosphere is important for sustaining life on earth.12. What are the two attributes of noise? Name the unit in which intensity of noise is measured.

Suggest two measures to control noise pollution.13. What is meant by water table at a place? State two possible causes for lowering of water table at a

given place.14. How does depletion of soil takes place? Suggest two ways to prevent it.15. What determines water table at any place? Mention two possible causes that may lower the water

table at a given place. Graphics By:- Roshan Dhawan 11 Written By:- Raj Kumar Badhan

BADHAN ACADEMY 989114315 9810144315 25998061 ENVIRONMENT &ANVIRONMENTAL 16. Describe how green house effect may cause atmospheric heating ? Name any two atmospheric

constituents responsible for it.17. State (a) two causes and (b) two effects of the depletion of ozone layer in the atmosphere.18. Waste of which of the following two materials is more polluting? Polythene or paper, give reasons

for your answer.19. What would happen to living things if CO2 in atmosphere disappears?20. Why does a marble building situated in an industrial area show signs of damage. Explain with

relevant equations.21. The use of pesticide DDT is discouraged since this chemical is found in the human body. How does

the chemical enter the body?22. The increase in the demand of paper has led to increase in its production throughout the world.

Give two reasons to explain how it will affect the ecological balance of the world.23. Why is it harmful to use a charcoal fire while sleeping in a room closed on all sides?24. There are two colonies A and B situated near a river. A is at a higher place and B is at a distance

down the stream. When members of colony ‘A’ take bath or wash clothes etc they contaminate the river water. Would you expect this contamination to persist when it reaches colony ‘B’? Give reason.

25. Name three National Parks and one Bird Sanctuary developed in our country to protect wildlife rare animals and birds.

26. What is meant by non-biodegradable waste material? Give its two examples.27. Describe the roles of trees in our environment.28. Name two gases whose concentration in likely to be higher in the atmospheric air near a busy

road, crossing through which a large number of vehicles pass at every instant.29. Name four gases whose concentration is likely to be higher in the atmospheric air near a busy

road crossing through which a large number of automobiles pass at every instance.30. Explain the term biological magnification. Give one example to illustrate it.31. What do you understand by acid rain? How has it affected the Taj Mahal?32. Which radiations are absorbed by ozone layer? What are the causes of depletion of ozone layer?

Which diseases are likely to be caused if ozone layer becomes thinner?33. What are the harmful effects of the depletion of ozone layer? What are the possible reasons for the

presence of holes in the ozone layer?34. What is groundwater table?35. What is oil slick? What is its ill effect?

3 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. What measures have been taken for conservation of wildlife? State any three measures.2. What component of sunlight is regarded as harmful to us? How is it normally prevented from

reaching us? What can destroy this natural protection?3. It is sail that there was no oxygen in our atmosphere earlier and it was added to the atmosphere

later on. Describe the process through which oxygen was added to the atmosphere. The present atmosphere consists of two main gases. Write their names and percentage in the atmosphere at the surface of the earth.

4. What is meant by the term ‘ecological balance’? How does recycling of biodegradable wastes help in ecological balance?

5. What determines water table at any place? Mention any two reasons that may result in lowering of water table in an area.

6. Industrialization is one main cause of deterioration of environment. Discuss.7. What is “Green House Effect”? State two advantages and two disadvantages of this effect.


BADHAN ACADEMY 989114315 9810144315 25998061 ENVIRONMENT &ANVIRONMENTAL 8. Explain how increase in demand for paper, in last few decades, has affected the environment.

Suggest two remedial measures to improve this situation.9. Name any three measures for the protection of wildlife.10. Name the radiations absorbed by ozone layer. Give any two causes of the depletion of ozone layer.

Name the disease likely to be caused due to depletion.11. Replenishment of forest is essential. Justify the statement by giving any three reasons.12. A deforested land has been reforested. Give the scientific term for the above process. Describe any

four changes, which may occur in the water cycle of that area.13. Name the gases produced by complete and incomplete combustion of charcoal. Which one of them

is poisonous? Explain how it affects the human system.14. Explain the role of forests in conserving the environment. How do the forests get depleted? What

are its consequences?15. Why replenishment of soil is essential? Describe two natural ways of soil replenishment.16. A forest area has been deforested by cutting tree. List four changes, which will be brought about

in the water cycle of that area. How do forests help in the ecological balance?17. What kind of pollution could be caused by the nuclear reactors? What are the hazards of nuclear

waste to the living organisms? Suggest measure to control them.18. What is “Environmental Planning? Discuss the measures you would recommend to achieve this.19. List any four human activities that are directly connected to influence environment of region.20. What is meant by non-biodegradable waste material? Give its two examples.21. State the main factor that determines the water table at a place. Mention any four factors, which

lower the water table at any given place.22. Explain how carbon dioxide and ozone layer in the atmosphere are important to life.23. Give any differences between biodegradable a non-biodegradable wastes. Give one example to

show how biodegradable products can be used to produce energy.24. How have urbanization and industrialization increased pollution? How air pollution can be

checked?25. What do you understand by ecological balance? What would happen if the ozone layers in

atmosphere disappear? Why are possible causes of depletion of the ozone layer?26. What is the role of plants in controlling air pollution and floods?27. Explain how man has been responsible for causing ecological crisis.28. State and explain three harmful effects of nuclear radiations.29. How does recycling of waste materials help in ecological balance?30. What factors have been responsible for the extinction of some of the wild animals from the

biosphere?

5 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. What is radioactivity? Give two examples each of natural and man-made sources of radioactive pollution. What are the ill effects of the radioactive pollution on the organism?

2. How have urbanization and industrialization increased the air pollution? How can air pollution be controlled?



SELF EVALUATION TEST

Time Allowed: 1 Hour Max. Marks: 25

1. Which of the following are biodegradable pollutants?

DDT, Urine, Paper, Plastics, Sewage.

2. Which of the following are non-biodegradable pollutants?

Wood, Radioactive waste, Domestic waste, Agricultural waste, Lead.

3. What is eutrophication?

4. Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources.

5. Name two occupational diseases. How are they caused?

6. State two harmful effects of water pollution?

7. What are the various sources of soil pollution?

8. What are environmental laws? State the need for enforcing them.

9. Explain the process of biological magnification.

10. What is recycling? What are the materials required to produce biogas? Mention two advantages

of this gas.

11. Describe the various methods that could be taken to control air pollution.


Documents

ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL …badhaneducation.in/assignment/class 10th/science... · Web viewProper sustainable development, pollution control techniques and environmental laws