ENVIRONMENT -IMMIDIATE SURROUNDINGS IN WHICH MAN LIVES. - IT HAS LIVING & NON LIVING THINGS THAT SUPPORT LIFE & SUSTAIN VARIOUS HUMAN ACIVITIES - COVERS ALL PHYSICAL,CHEMICAL,BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL PROCESSES WHICH PRODUCES SOLID EFFECT ON HUMAN BEINGS. - HUMAN BEING ALSO AFFECTS QUALITY OF ENVIRONMENT - IT IS RELATED WITH ECOLOGY. - ENVIRONMENT HAVE FOLLOWING FOUR SEGMENTS LITHO SPHERE ( HARD SURFACE OF THE EARTH) - 2. HYDROSHPERE ( WATER ON EARTHS SURFACE) - 3. ATMOSPHERE (AIR SURROUNDINGS THE EARTH ) - 4. BIOSPHERE ( COMPOSED OF ALL LIVING ORGANISM ) ATMOSPHERE N2 78.1, O2 20.9, TRACE GASES 1 LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE. - TROPOSPHERE LOWEST LAYER OF ATMOS. IN WHICH LIVING ORGANISMS OPERATE. EXTENDS FROM THE EARTHS SURFACE TO AN AVERAGE OF 12 KM. TROPOSPHERE ENDS AT A POINT WHERE TEMP. NOT LARGLY VARIES WITH HEIGHT ENOUGH O2 IS AVAILABLE FOR SURVIVAL. STRATOSPHERE THIS REGION BEGINS AT A HEIGHT OF 12 KMS UPTO 50 KMs. -IN LOWER REGION TEMP. IS -57 CENTI -THEN INCREASE IT WITH HEIGHT BECOS OF INCREASE IN OZONE. -IT FORMS AN UMBRELLA CALLED AN OZONE UMBRELLA. CONT. IT ABSORBS THE U V RADIATION FROM THE SUN IT SERVES AS A BLANKET IN REDUCING THE COOLING RATE OF EARTH. SO EQULBRIUM BETWEEN OZONE AND REST OF THE AIR IS IMP. FACTOR OF THE ENVIRONMENT. MESOSPHERE IT EXTENDS TO 85 KMs OF HEIGHT. THE TEMP. FALLS TO -95 DEG. CENTI. THERMOSPHERE IT BEGINS AT A HEIGHT OF 86 KM. AND EXTENDS UPTO 500 KMs. THE TEMP. IS MORE THAN MESOSPHERE. ECOLOGY THE WORD IS DERIVED FROM TWO GREAK WORDS OIKOS & LOGOS OIKOS means HOUSE/PLACE OF LIVING LOGOS means STUDY ECOLOGY means STUDY of LIVING ORGANISMS AT HOUSE.MEANS Cont. IT IS A STUDY OF ORGANISMS in RELATION TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT ECOSYSTEM IT IS A NATURAL FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGICAL UNIT HAVING LIVING ORGANISMS & THEIR NON LIVING ENVIRONMENT THAT INTERECT TO FORM A STABLE SELF SUPPORTING SYSTEM. POND,LAKE,DESERT,GRASS LAND, FOREST ARE EXAMPLE. ECOSYSTEM FIG Abiotic component biotic compo. climatic edophic producer rain soil consumer light minarals decomposers wind topography Temp. Basic nutrition link in an Ecosys. GRASS RABBIT FOX WOLF TIGER DEATH INORGANIC DECOMPOSERS SUBSTANCES EACH ECO SYS HAS TWO COMPONENT ABIOTIC : INCLUDES RAIN,TEMP.,LIGHT,WIND,HUMIDITY. BIOTIC : INCLUDES PLANTS, ANIMALS,MICRO ORGANISM. ON THE BASIS OF THEIR ROLE IN A ECOSYS. THE BIOTIC ARE CLSSIFIED AS PRODUCERS WITH SOLAR ENERGY PLANTS PRODUCES CARBOHYDRATES USING WASTE & CO2. THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS PLANTS PRODUCE OWN FOOD SO THEY ARE KNOWN AS AUTOTROPHOS. CONSUMERS ANIMALS ALL UNABLE TO PRODUCE THEIR OWN FOOD. THEY DEPENDS ON PRODUCERS. SO THEY ALL KNOWN AS CONSUMERS REDUCER BACTERIA & FUNGI BELONGS TO THIS CLASS. THEY DECOMPOSES THE DEAD ORGANIC MATERIALS OF PRODUCER & CONSUMERS FOR THEIR FOOD. THEY REALSE SIMPLE INORGANIC & ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIROMENT. CYCLE THESE SIMPLE SUBSTANCES ARE REUSED BY PRODUCERS RESULTING IN A CYCLIC EXCHANGE OF MATERIALS BETWEEN BIOTIC & ABIOTIC. GLOBAL ENIVIRONMENT PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS GLOBAL WARMING & GREEN HOUSE EFFECT :- THE TEMP. OF EARTHs SURFACE IS THE ENERGY BALANCE BETWEEN THE HEAT REACHING THE EARTH & RADIATED BACK INTO SPACE. - DUE TO HEAVY USE OF FUEL RESULTED IN RISE IN CONCENTRATION OF GREEN HOUSE GASE LIKE CO2,CH4,OZON &WATER VAPOUR. CONT. THESE GREEN HOUSE GASES IN LOWER LEVEL OF ATMOSPHERE ACT LIKE THE GLASS OF GREEN HOUSE. THEY ARE TRANSPARENT TO THE NEAR INFRARED RAYS (SHORT WAVE LEN.) BUT ARE OPAQUE TO THE HEAT RADIATED BY THE HEATED EARTH ( LONGER WAVE LEN.) & TRAP THEM. CONT. NOT ALLOW SOLAR RAYS TO ESCAPE INTO OUTER SPACE SO GREEN HOUSE GASES ADD TO THE HEAT THAT IS ALREADY PRESENT ON TO THE Earth's SURFACE. THIS RESULT IN AN INCREASE IN TEMP. AND IS KNOWN AS G R E E N H O U S E E F F E C T. ON GLOBAL SCALE THIS EFFECT IS KNOWN AS G L O B A L W A R M I N G GREEN HOUSE EFFECT MELTING OF THE ICE MASSES IN THE ARCTIC AND ANTRARCTICA REGIONS, RISING OF THE SEA LEVEL. SUBMERGE OF MANY LOW LEVEL COASTAL AREAS. FLOODING OF THE COASTAL AREAS WILL CAUSE MASSIVE SOIL EROSION AND SILTATION ALSO WATER BORN DEASES. IN TEMP. REGIONS THE SUMMER WILL BE LONGER AND HOTTER,WINTER WILL BE SHORTER AND WARMER (INDIA) DRY SUB TROPICAL REGION MAY BECOME DRIER AND THE TROPICAL REGIONS MAY BECOME WATTER. DUE TO CO2 NUTRITION OF SOIL DECRESES. RAIN FALL DISTURBANCE OCUR SOLUTIONS DEPENDENCE OF FOSSIL FUEL NEED TO BE REDUCED. ENCOURAGING THE USE OF NON- CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY LIKE SOLAR ENERGY,BIO GAS,WIND AND HYDRO POWER. REFORESTATION SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED, REDUCE CO2 CONCENTRATION. ACID RAIN TAJ MAHAL,AGRA IS BEING ATTECKED BY ACID RAIN. OTHER MONUMENTS IN DELHI,CALCUTTA,ORISA AURANGABAD ARE ALSO EFFECTED BY ACIDIC RAIN. DEPLETION OF THE OZONE LAYER A LAYER OF OZONE ABUT KMs. IS PRESENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE IN VERY SMALL QUANTITIES. THE HIGHEST CONCENTRATION IS BEING AT HIGH ALTITUDES,FORMED BY THE REACTION OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AND PREVENTS THEM FROM REACHING THE SURFACE OF EARTH. CONT. THIS OZONE LAYER SERVES AS A SHIELD,PROTECTING THE LIFE ON THE EARTH FROM THE HARMFUL EFFECT OF THE ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONS FOUND IN THE SUNS RADIATION. EFFECT OF DEPLETION RISE INCASES OF SKIN CANCER. REDUCE RESISTANCE POWER EYE EFFECTED. SHORTER LIFE OF PAINTS AND PLASTICS. CROP DEMAGE. DISTURBS AQUATIC LIFE.(SEA) EFFECT of O3 ON HUMAN CONCENTRATION EFFECT (PPM) NO ADVERSE EFFECT NOSE AND THROAT ERRITATION. 1.0 TO 3.0 EXTREME FATIGUE AFTER 2 HRS. 9.0 SEVERE EFFECT. . - 3 , , . - 1956 . - 2007 4 . - 1999 2002 . 2006 1 2006 . 21 5 . . Who 50 . - . . 22/08/09 . . - ( ) . . 23/8/09 . . ( . . )