FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIAMINISTRY OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (MoFED) -

EMERGENCY RECOVERY PROJECT MANGEMENT UNIT (ERPMU)

EMERGENCY DEMOBILISATION AND REINTEGRATION PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT

May 2003

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents ..................................................... 3

Introduction ..................................................... 4

Restructuring EDRP ..................................................... 4

Environmental and Social Assessment .................................................... 6

Environmental and Social Assessment of ERP Activities Added to EDRP ................................... 7

Annex 1 IDPs in Tigray Region .................................................... 13

Annex 2 IDPs in Afar Region .................................................... 29

Annex 3 Deportees/Returnees in Tigray Region ..................... ................................ 37

Annex 4 Deportees/Returnees in Amhara Region ..................... ............................... 42

Annex 5 Deportees/Returnees in Afar Region ..................................................... 49

Annex 6 Environmental Impacts of Rehabilitation Interventions ............................................... 53

Annex 7 Socio-economic Impacts of the Interventions - Safeguard Issues ................................ 58

Annex 8 Monitoring and Evaluation .................................................... 59

Annex 8 Monitoring and Evaluation .................................................... 59

Annex 9 Rehabilitation Strategy for Deportees ................. ................................... 62

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Introduction

I . Objectives of the Emergency Demobilization and Reintegration Project (EDRP) andImplementation Experience: The overall development objective of the Emergency Demobilization andReintegration Project (EDRP) is to assist the Government of Ethiopia to: (i) demobilize, reinsert, andreintegrate 133,000 veterans, (ii) rehabilitate 17,000 disabled veterans through the provision of medicalservices, (iii) reallocate public resources to priority social and infrastructure investments by reducingdefense expenditures, and (iv) support to macro-economic stability.

2. The EDRP Credit (US$170 million) is financing (i) demobilization, (ii) reinsertion and (iii) reintegration.The current closing date is December 31, 2003. As of February, 2003, US$ 124.19 million (SDR 97.6million, 72.3% of the IDA credit) had been disbursed.

3. The project became effective in February 22, 2001. The implementation of the demobilization activityhas been highly satisfactory. It was targeted to demobilize 60,000 veterans in the first phase and 90,000in the second phase. The achievement was 70,996 veterans in the first phase and 70,034 in the secondphase. As of today, a total of about 141,O00veterans have been demobilized and reintegrated into theircommunity. The majority of veterans (about 90%) who returned to rural areas with access to land havereintegrated rapidly with the support of resources provided by the project. In addition demobilizedveterans have received different types of reintegration assistances (from regional governments) such asprovision of training, land for agriculture and housing construction, employment opportunities in publicand private sectors, agricultural extension services, rental of residential and business houses , etc.

4. Additional targeted assistance in the form of training and education will be required, especially for urbanveterans who are economically vulnerable (female, disabled and HIV/AIDs positive veterans) anddisabled veterans. Training will be provided to this group after need assessment. The procurement ofequipment, training and civil works for the rehabilitation of five regional Prosthetic Orthotic centers(POCs) and the establishment of a National Rehabilitation Center will be the focus of the program overthe coming years. Works are limited to the rehabilitation of existing medical facilities. The Nationalrehabilitation center will be the only new construction, but will be constructed inside the compound ofthe Black Lion Hospital (leading referral hospital in the country). The existing medical waste plan of thehospital will be applied to the National Rehabilitation Center.

5. The EDRP is also fulfilling its major goal of macro-economic stability. Since the initiation of the EDRP,defense expenditure has declined from 40% to 17% of recurrent Government expenditure, and similarlythe share of defense expenditures as a percentage of GDP has reduced from 13.2 % in 2000 to 5.1 %percent in 2001. On the other hand, the share of social services which was 15.3% of the total expenditurein 1999/00 has increased to 22.5% in 2001/2002 fiscal year.

Restructuring EDRP

6. Background and rationale for restructuring EDRP: On December 5, 2000, the Executive Directorsapproved two emergency operations in Ethiopia, to cope with the aftermath of the conflict: anEmergency Demobilization and Reintegration Project (US$170 million) to demobilize and reintegrate150,000 veterans; and an Emergency Recovery Project (US$230 million) to help the war affected peopleto rebuild their lives and resume productive economic activities, reconstruct and rehabilitate destroyeddamaged infrastructure to restart the provision of services and support macro-economic stability in thecountry.

7. The Emergency Recovery Project (ERP) Credit is financing (i) household rehabilitation, (ii) de-mining,and (iii) road rehabilitation/improvement. The closing date of the project has been extended by two

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years, from December 31, 2003 to December 31, 2005, to allow time for the road works to be designed,procured and constructed. All road construction works are rehabilitation/maintenance activities carriedout on the existing roads, without changing their alignment or width. This extension will also help toconsolidate the de-mining activity. Four companies of de-miners have been trained to internationalhumanitarian standards and deployed to Eastern, Western and Central zones of Tigray Region and atBure in Afar Region. As the manual de-mining activity is inherently sluggish, capacity enhancementthrough the incorporation of Mine Detection Dog Team and Mechanical Team, is underway.

8. As of February 2003, SDR 75 million (39.8 %) of the ERP credit had been disbursed. About US$86million of a total of US$110 million was disbursed for the household rehabilitation against a positive listof imports, 80% of this has been disbursed to beneficiary households.

9. After identifying all IDPs, Families of Deceased, and deportees, and agreed on benefit packages forthem (need assessed) it has been determined that there would be a shortfall of funds in the householdrehabilitation component. The Government of Ethiopia has identified all internally displaced households(63,000) including IDPs in Zalambessa, families of deceased (68,000) and deportees from Eritrea(71,000), and agreements have been made with each beneficiary household regarding the supportpackage they would receive This component is financed in three releases, through a positive list ofimports. To date, US$86 million (US$40 million first release and US$ 46 million second release) out ofa total of US$ 110 million hasbeen disbursed for the household rehabilitation. Some 34,000 IDPs, 50,000families of deceased, and 39,000 deportees were assisted as of February 2003.-About 27,000 IDPs,18,000 families of deceased and 3,000 deportees will be assisted mainly from the third release ($24million). Additional resources are needed to rehabilitate the remaining 2,000 IDPs and 29,000 deportees.The shortage of funds for household rehabilitation is due to an increase in the benefits per deceasedmilitiaman, and arrival of more than expected number of deportees/returnees from Eritrea. Benefits perdeceased militiaman were increased because it turned out that almost all militiamen supported not onlytheir own household (wife/children) but also their parents and younger siblings). In addition, the flow ofdeportees from Eritrea was expected to stop after the peace agreement was signed in June 2000, but20,000 more households were either deported or returned through September 2002.

10. Although included in the ERP project description, the town of Zalambessa was not fully appraised due touncertainties about its future. The town was completely destroyed. Residential houses, office buildings,and other infrastructure such as water supply, schools, health facilities, power and telecommunicationslines have been dismantled and all the residents were displaced. Zalambessa is found in the northern partof Eastern Zone of Tigray along the Ethio-Eritrean boarder. It was one of the main areas of conflict. TheERP has assisted displaced rural people around the town since 2001, but only began to help townresidents more recently. Reconstruction of destroyed houses has not yet started due to the shortage ofreconstruction funds under ERP. Zalambessa was an important trade center for both Tigray and Eritreabefore the outbreak of the war between the two countries. Agricultural goods such as, cereals, pulses,vegetables, oilseeds, livestock, livestock products, and coffee from the surrounding area weresold/traded at the weekly market. Thus, the reconstruction of Zalambessa town will not only benefit thedisplaced residents of the town, but also the surrounding population. Further, the reconstruction ofZalambessa will contribute in starting the normalization of relations between the peoples living in theboarder areas of the two countries.- Based on a recent Reconstruction Plan including a detailed damageassessment and a program of support to households, the Government has requested the Bank to financethe housing reconstruction of Zalambessa under EDRP.The rehabilitation of 196 km of the main roadbetween Mille-Assab was part of the Road Rehabilitation Project (RRP) Credit (Cr. 2438-ET). Theproject was approved by the Board on November 19, 1992, became effective in June 1993 and had amid-term review in June 1997. Implementation was generally satisfactory. Of the three main civil workscontracts, Contract I (Logia-Semera) was completed satisfactorily, Contract 2 (Elidar-Burie) was 48%completed, and Contract 3 (Burie-Assab) 95% completed. The quality of work has been generally good.Work on Contract 2 was moving quickly and was expected to be substantially completed by April 1999when the border conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea extended into the contract area, which led to

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termination of Contracts 2 and 3. In this connection, three types of claims were made by the contractorunder these contracts originating from (i) the contractor's main office, (ii) variations and other itemswhich have been submitted on site, and (iii) the termination of the contract. The Government hasrequested IDA support for financing part of the costs of the arbitration award settlement. The proceeds ofthe Credit would finance the balance of expenditures determined to be eligible for IDA financing.

Environmental and Social Assessment

An overview of the ESA for ERP11. The program of ERP was classified as environmental category B because no component was expected to

have a significant environmental impact. An Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) wasundertaken in Tigray, Afar and Amhara Regions at the end of the first year of the project to (i) morecarefully evaluate possible adverse social and environmental impacts associated with beneficiariesreturning to their communities, reconstructing their homes, and restarting their farming activities, (ii)establish a socio-economic baseline, and (iii) evaluate the first release of household funds. The ESA wasaimed to assess the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the householdrehabilitation component (internally displaced peoples - IDPs , families of deceased militia - FDs,deportees/returnees from Eritrea) of the ERP. The summary below covers only those categories ofbeneficiaries ( IDPs and deportees/returnees) that will be added to EDRP.

12. Internally Displaced People (IDPs): Internally Displaced People are found in Tigray and Afar Regionswho have lost their properties due to the conflict. At the time of the ESA , the total number of IDPs inTigray was estimated at about 54,836 in 47 war-affected tabias of the region. The first phase of the ERPassistance was disbursed to about 12,000 IDPs in Tigray at the time of the ESA. In Afar, need assessmentfor pastoral IDPs was underway at the time of the ESA and disbursement to beneficiaries was not started.Of 331 sampled IDPs in Tigray, about 83% declared that they have returned to their origins and most ofthem have already resumed their activities, though not at full scale. For some of the IDPs who did notreturn, house damage and landmines were the major reasons for not returning to their original places. TheESA reported in Tigray that cultivation was limited due to fear of landmines. The socio - economicbaseline survey in Tigray show that about 54% and 34% of the urban and rural IDP household members,respectively have primary education and above, while 21 and 51%, respectively are reported to beilliterate. The details of the baseline information of IDPs in Tigray is provided in Annex 1.

13. Due to the production system in the Afar Region (mobility), it was difficult to distinguish displacementfrom normal movement of pastoralists with their animals. However, it was learnt during the surveyperiod that pastoralists have been displaced from some kebeles bordering Eritrea and the movement oflivestock for grazing and watering has been restricted by the fear of landmines. The survey indicates thatthe herd size per household has drastically reduced as compared to the pre-war holding. According to thebaseline survey, the household members of IDPs in Afar are illiterate and only 15% of the 84 sampledIDPs reported to have primary education. This is mainly due to the fact that even before displacement,children in Afar were engaged in livestock herding and the current conventional education system is notrelevant to the region unless an education system which takes the mobility of pastoralists into account isput in place. The details of the baseline survey in Afar is provided in Annex 2.

*14. The survey results in both Tigray and Afar do not raise concerns about potential adverse environmentalimpacts as a result of future restocking and housing reconstruction programs. The purpose of restockingis to replace the lost animals, and is not increasing the herd sizes against what they used to be before theconflict. Moreover, livestock has usually been purchased locally. Qualitative information collected frombeneficiaries, officials and experts confirms this view. Furthermore, the strategy of reconstructing housesin Tigray where the highest proportion of IDPs reside has shifted from the uses of beams to othermaterials which avoids the adverse environmental impact.

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15. In areas where the rehabilitation started, it was observed that the restocking rate of livestock was smallcompared to the pre-war level. The application of inorganic fertilizer was limited and guided byDevelopment Agents of the Bureaus of Agriculture. Pesticides were not included in the rehabilitationpackage, and therefore its use was not observed by any of the farming beneficiaries in Tigray. Withregard to housing reconstruction in Tigray, the possible impact on the environment due to the potentialuse of wood to provide wooden beams as construction material has been avoided due to the shift fromthe traditional earth packed masonry houses to a new type of housing which involved corrugated ironsheet roof covering. The major reason for this shift was the constraint in getting the thick wooden beamsthat were used to support the earth roof although the communities were given the option of using theirpreference in material selection.

16. Deportees/returnees: One of the effects of the Ethio-Eritrean conflict is the deportation of about110,000 Ethiopians from Eritrea. Among these deportees, a majority of them are in Tigray followed byAmhara. At the time of the ESA for ERP, rehabilitation assistance for deportees was not started.However, recently, registration has been completed and rehabilitation of deportees started in all parts ofthe country. The finding of the survey suggests that getting job opportunities was a priority for alldeportees. Prior to the conflict, they were productive members of the society in Eritrea, able to supportthemselves. Most of the deportees are in conditions of dependency after deportation. Women and younggirls who are unable to find jobs and/or start productive economic activities, have been forced to riskyactivity - commercial sex work, especially in the areas of high military presence, are exposed to sexuallytransmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS. The ESA study in Tigray, Amhara and Afar (Annex 3, 4 and5) suggest that the deportees are more interested in income generation activities (IGAs). Among thevarious IGAs, petty trading has been considered as the major choice of the beneficiaries. Similar to theurban IDPs and FDs, the deportees also believe that petty trading does not require special skills and hugecapital and that they can generate better income from this type of activity.

Environmental and Social Assessment of ERP Activities Added to EDRP

17. The EDRP was classified as environmental category C, as it was not expected to have any environmentalimpact. Given the widely dispersed reintegration effort of veterans. The planned civil works under EDRPare limited to the rehabilitation of existing medical facilities. Hence, an Environmental and SocialAssessment (ESA) was not required for EDRP. The purpose of this ESA is therefore, to review theenvironmental and social concerns related to the activities of ERP which are to be added to therestructured EDRP.

18. The following are the ERP activities that will be added to EDRP:- Rehabilitation of the remaining 29,000 deportees/returnees throughout the country.- Rehabilitation of 2000 non-pastoral IDPs in Afar Region including reconstruction of 880 homes.- Rehabilitation of other IDPs in the war affected area that may need assistance following implementation

of the border settlement.- Reconstruction of 887 homes and 273 businesses in Zalambessa.- Settlement of the Mille-Assab road contract claim.

Household Rehabilitation19. Rehabilitation of remaining deportees/returnees: Out of 71,000 deportees, the majority live in Tigray

(75%) and Amhara (17%).So far, 39,000 deportees (54.9%) have been assisted with the first andsubstantial part of the second release under ERP. It is expected that about 29,00 deportees who stillremain un assisted throughout the country will be rehabilitated under EDRP. Deportees are concentratedin urban areas of the country. It is estimated that about 75% of the deportees are in Tigray Region,mainly concentrated in Mekelle, Adigrat and other small towns. In Amhara Region, most of thedeportees are residing in Kombolcha, Dessie, Gondar, towns, with the highest concentration in

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Kombolcha, Dessie and Woldiya. In Afar Region, Dubti, Assaita and Bure are the major towns wheredeportees are concentrating

20. The needs of the deportees have been assessed and identified on a participatory basis under ERP. Withtheir urban background in Eritrea most of the deportees preferred to reside in urban centers. Hence,income generating schemes (IGS) have been considered to be the appropriate rehabilitation interventionfor deportees residing in urban centers. Accordingly, the deportees came up with a long list of IGS,which include: petty trading, metal works, wood works, poultry, grinding mills, soap making, dairyfarming, waste collection, etc. As deportees have long been stayed in Eritrea, they have no residentialhouses in Ethiopia. After spending the initial government cash handout on their arrival (which was.ETB1000 per household head and ETB 1500 for married households), for their immediate consumption andhouse rent most of the deportees are currently living in tents, plastic houses, camps. There are caseswhere some deportees use a portion of ERP assistance for house rent and for the construction ofresidential housing units, although these line items have not been identified as eligible in the TechnicalAnnex. Most of the IGS identified by the beneficiaries do not have adverse environmental impacts. Forinstances, petty trading activities have no physical work on the environmental and as a result will notcreate any adverse environmental hazards to the area'.

23. On arrival in Ethiopia, most deportees/returnees headed to their towns/villages. There are no majorcultural disparities with the local communities and many possess productive skills and their majorvulnerability is the complete loss of their properties and lack of resources to start new life. They havebeen well integrated with the communities sharing the scarce social services and economic opportunitiesin the respective urban centers. It is important to note that the deportation has resulted in an increase ofunemployment. Although, job opportunity is generally limited in the country, the situation for thosewho came back with out skill and formal education, is much worse. As a result, there has been concernthat some desperate deportees, particularly young girls, may be forced to take up commercial sex work inorder to generate income for their living. Thus, the rehabilitation interventions for deportees provided foradditional resources for social services and economic opportunities in the urban centers where thedeportees are concentrating. Additional employment opportunities will also reduce the number ofcommercial sex workers, which in turn may reduce the impact of HIV/AIDS. This means that therehabilitation interventions will not cause negative impacts but will instead have added economic andsocial values.

24. The Emergency Recovery Project Management Unit (ERPMU) has a national Project ImplementationPlan (PIP) for Deportees, which provides criteria for screening potentially negative environmental andsocial impacts. Based on the national PIP, Tigray and Amhara Regions have prepared an implementationstrategy for a comprehensive rehabilitation of deportees in the respective regions. In Tigray, the Officefor Rehabilitation and Social Affairs (ORSA) carried out a regional workshop involving donors, NGOs,technical line Bureaus, local officials and selected beneficiaries on the comprehensive emergency andlong term rehabilitation needs of deportees/returniees in April 2002. Following that, ORSA made asituation analysis of the deportees and designed a comprehensive rehabilitation strategy of deportees inTigray Region in December 20022.

For details on environmental impacts of rehabilitation intervention of deportees, see, ESA for ERP, Page 83 and Pages88 -89 on the suggested rehabilitation strategy for deportees. Deportees/returnees who already have skills are beingprovided with means of production that enables them directly engage in productive activities either throughemployment or self employment.

2According to this strategy, the objective is first to meet the emergency basic needs of deportees/returnees as a stop gapmeasure to the long term interventions in the rehabilitation efforts. This will be complimented with multi-sectorallonger term interventions in the deportees current areas of habitation to support the reintegration process leading to selfreliance. Ultimately the planned interventions under the strategy is to support and reinforce the Emergency RecoveryProgram efforts by filling the intervention and resource gaps for the smooth reintegration of deportees/returnees into thelocal community.

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Over and above the income generation support offered under ERP/EDRP, the strategy recommends thefollowing actions be taken by government:

* to provide permanent shelter for about 12,000 vulnerable deportees through self help low cost housingconstruction program,

* in towns with high deportee concentration existing public services such as health, education, watersupply, sanitation etc, will be strengthened to avoid pressure and ensure easy access to this facilities,

* ensure access to basic education for all deportee school age children, through the provision of schoolfees, educational materials and other support,

* facilitate access to credit facilities, micro business management training, skill training, marketinformation, etc, for deportees engaged with IGS, to support their effort to establish and run incomegenerating activities. In this regard special focus will be on female headed and vulnerable deportees,

* meet the basic food needs of deportees for six months and supplementary food for children and pregnantwomen, child headed families and elderly for one year to bridge the gap between relief assistance andself reliance,

* provide special support in terms of family reunion through facilitating cross country informationexchange, institutional adoption, skill training etc, to street children, children headed families, on thebasis of individual case studyand elderly and disabled deportees will be assisted through the provision ofassistance to their close blood relatives and for those who do not have relatives center based services willbe provided by communicating voluntary NGOs and other institutions.

25. Rehabilitation of EDPs: Under EDRP it is expected to rehabilitate about 2,000 non-pastoral IDPs in Afarand other IDPs in Afar and Tigray that may need assistance following implementation of the bordersettlement. The benefit packages include agricultural rehabilitation assistance (restocking) for farming andpastoral households or income generation assistance for urban households. Housing reconstruction benefitsunder this component will be provided to those urban IDPs whose homes were destroyed or damaged inAfar (880 IDPs in Bure and other boarder towns who are non-pastoral IDPs). The benefit packages and themaximum ceilings of support for the different categories of beneficiaries will be the same as thehouseholds supported under ERP, excepting for household reconstruction in Zalambessa.

26. The ESRDF Afar Office in collaboration with woreda and kebelle rehabilitation task forces has carriedout a household assessment (HA) in four war affected woredas (Berhale, Erepti, Elidar and Dallol) andidentified 5010 IDPs (households) requiring rehabilitation assistance. Of these households, 4130 (82%)are pastoral IDPs who chose to be rehabilitated with restocking. The remaining 880 are urban IDPs whowill be provided project assistance for income generating activities, housing construction and householditems. Between July 2002 and January 2003, about 3000 pastoral IDPs have received rehabilitationassistance. The maximum rehabilitation assistance provided was Birr 5000 per household for 900destitute IDPs, who lost most of their livestock since they were in the boarder areas during the war. Withthe maximum rehabilitation assistance, each pastoral IDP is expected to buy a camel, 5 sheep/goats, 2heifers, household items and mobile housing unit. The household assessments and household allocationsto each IDP were carried out on a participatory basis involving the beneficiaries themselves. Prioritieswere given to destitute pastoral households in occupied tabias/kebelles. In addition to the ERPassistance, the ESRDF RO has provided 5 shoats to 2470 households in the war affected areas incollaboration with FAO. The Bureau of Agriculture has also provided veterinary drugs and vaccines tothose fDPs in collaboration with FAO. The regional Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Bureau(DPPB) is also providing food assistance in collaboration with WFP in areas affected by the drought.

27. In Afar, the estimates of livestock holding before and after the conflict show that the households havelost significant number of their livestock and restocking is required to sustain their livelihoods The herdsizes of almost all livestock species have declined as a result of the losses of animals during the conflict,especially camels and oxen. For instance, 70% of the households used to own 3 and more camels beforethe conflict. However, after the conflict, only 13% of the households own this herd size. According to

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the survey results, most of the households remained with 1 ox and I camel which is much below thelivestock holding before the conflict3 . On the other hand, as pastoralists are mobile community, there isno pressure on a specific area that leads to environmental degradation.

28. According to the estimates, restocking of animals lost in the conflict will not result in adverseenvironmental impact. The purchases of livestock for restocking will be made locally and the speciesused to restock are indigenous. In the event of potential negative environmental and social impacts, theESRDF Afar RO has developed a comprehensive " Project Implementation Plan" adopted from the onein Tigray Region and describes; i) the process of community consultations which is used to prioritizeneeds to remain with in budget constraints, ii) the process of delivery of cash and materials to beneficiaryhouseholds and the screening and monitoring of environmental and social impacts. The ESRDF officealso utilizes experts of the Bureau of Agriculture, Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Bureau , Bureauof Finance and Economic Development and other technical bureaus in the region during projectimplementation.

29. Reconstruction Programme for Zalambessa: Homes and businesses as well as communityinfrastructure in Zalambessa will be reconstructed. EDRP will finance household reconstruction, ESRDFwill finance school, health and water supply facilities, and Power II will finance power supply facilities.A separate ESIA will be prepared for the reconstruction of Zalambessa to identify mitigation measures forpotentially negative environmental impacts related to construction. Both ESRDF and EEPCO will employtheir normal monitoring and evaluation procedures during construction. In addition the ResettlementPolicy Frameworks adopted for the ESRDF and Power II Projects will be employed to ensure that peopleadversely affected by the construction of community infrastructure will be fairly compensated. For waterand power lines, the Power II RPF will be used to assess compensation, since it was designed specificallyto address compensation along utility transmission lines.

30. The total number of displaced households from Zalambassa, including those that do not own property, is2072. Of these households, about 48% are female headed, and 63% have four or more family members.All displaced people in Zalambessa were non-farm IDPs, 60% of whom were engaged in some form oftrading before displacement. The elderly and orphans constitute about 2% of the displaced. Mosthouseholds (1686) have already received rehabilitation assistance for income generation from theproceeds of the ERP 2nd release. The remaining households will receive assistance from the proceeds ofthe ERP3rd release.

21. The residents in Zalambessa will receive project assistance under EDRP for partial reconstruction of1160 housing units (887 residential and 273 commercial) destroyed during the conflict. Beneficiaries hada choice of receiving assistance for family houses or commercial buildings, but not both. The residentialhousing reconstruction assistance package for displaced households in Zalambessa ranges from Birr35,500 for households with two family members (29%), Birr 41,516 for household with 3-4 familymembers (34%), and Birr 50,764 for households with 5 or more family members (45%). The maximumfloor area of the reconstructed houses would be 50 square meters (excluding the wall thickness) forhouseholds with a family size of 5 or more. This is about 65% of the average or 15% of the largesthouses that existed before the conflict. The unit costs have been established taking into account lowercost construction materials (e.g. chika/mud mortar instead of cement mortar) and assuming that internalfinishing work will not involve cement tile flooring and glazing work. In this way unit construction costshave been reduced by about 34%. For those who lost commercial buildings (e.g. restaurants, hotels, tearooms, workshops, flourmills and ware houses), the average housing assistance would be Birr 48, 800and the maximum would be Birr 80,000 per unit. With the proposed assistance, beneficiaries canreconstruct at least 49 square meters, but no more than 84 square meters. The proposed maximumassistance is about 35% of the value of the average destroyed property.

3 For more details, see, ESA for ERP (Chapter 3, page 64 -79).

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22. The community infrastructure in Tigray and Afar are being financed through the existing ESRDFresources (US$15.2 million) reallocated to ERP school, health and water supply facilities. Thecommunity infrastructure in Zalambessa will be financed entirely through the existing ESRDF Credit.The fund available for the community infrastructure is expected to be utilized within the closing date ofthe ESRDF Supplemental Credit - December 31, 2004. The ESRDF through its regional offices inTigray and Afar Regions are responsible for the implementation of the community infrastructureactivities. ESRDF has an operational manual that provides criteria for an environmental screening ofeach project during its appraisal, in order to identify potentially negative environmental and socialimpacts at early stage. As part of a request for a Supplemental Credit and in order to comply with currentWB safeguard requirements, ESRDE has produced an Environmental and Social Management Plan (aftercompletion of an Environmental and Social Assessment) and a Resettlement policy framework in June2002. The first document details mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be consideredduring project implementation to avoid or mitigate potential adverse environmental and social impacts.The Resettlement Policy Framework clarifies the principles for social impact mitigation, viacompensation for loss of properties and livelihood, and relocation or resettlement, for completion of on-going projects. The implementation of the community infrastructure in Zalambessa will be guided by theESRDF operational manual and the Environmental and Social Management plan and Resettlementframework approved by the Bank, except along water transmission lines, where the Power II RPF will beused.

23. Reconstruction/Rehabilitation of Power supply Infrastructure (Energy 11): The power supplyrehabilitation activities in Zalambessa will be financed from a reallocation from the on-going Energy IIproject (Cr. 3019-ET), and its implementation is being carried-out by the Ethiopian Electric PowerAuthority (EEPCo). This component is to rehabilitate and reconstruct damaged power supply facilities.The power rehabilitation work at Mekele, Adigrat and Bure have been completed. A major part of thefund for this component goes to procurement of goods that are envisaged for the reconstruction ofdamaged power supply facilities. Since the power rehabilitation work in Zalambessa involves only achange of poles and replacement of distribution lines, safeguard and environmental issues related toresettlement, acquisition of land, loss and damage of property will not be triggered, excepting perhapsalong power transmission lines if construction occurs during the planting season. EEPCo has anestablished Unit (PMU) responsible for coordination of project management activities for IDA financedprojects. The existing set-up will be used for project coordination and environmental managementpurposes. During rehabilitation work, measures will be taken to minimize disruption to traffic for bothpedestrian and vehicular to ensure safety of humans and animals. The work is carried out by EEPCoitself, which has a considerable experience in the design and construction of its system. EEPCO has a setof regulations for the construction of distribution lines which include details on safety aspects. Thepotential impacts of all activities are well known and can be addressed through standard mitigationmeasures and proper construction monitoring. The social issues related to this component is the potentialfor increased transmission of HIV/AIDS. In connection to this, EEPCO has developed HIV/AIDSprevention strategy that targets awareness creation in the project areas. It has also prepared aResettlement Framework for dams and transmission lines under Energy 11 project, which clarifies theprinciples for social impact mitigation, via compensation for loss of properties and livelihood, andrelocation or resettlement, monitoring and evaluation and grievance resolution mechanisms. TheEnvironment and social monitoring unit of EEPCO will monitor the environmental and socialmitigation actions.

Environmental and Social Assessment for Zalambessa:33. As the town of Zalambessa is completely destroyed, the town population was displaced and currently

residing in Fatsi, Adigrat and outskirts of the town itself. Assets that were owned by the community werealso completely destroyed. There is no currently functional structure or asset that will be affectedthrough the community infrastructure and housing reconstruction work. As reconstruction will be carriedout on existing sites, issues related to land acquisition and resettlement are not expected.

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34. The ERP Project Management Unit (PMU) in Tigray has carried out a preliminary survey of the peoplewho are currently residing in Zalambessa. About 290 former residents have returned and live in theruins of Zalambessa with plastic covered sheds. The majority of the residents are still displaced andreside out of Zalambessa. About 90% of these reside in and around Adigrat town which is 50 kilometerssouth of Zalambessa or in Fatsi which is 20 kilometers south. About 100 households reside in Mekelleand 90 in Addis Ababa. At present a total of 291 households are living in Zalambessa in temporaryplastic shelters. Of these households, 271 are former residents of the town living on their own propertyawaiting reconstruction assistance, 20 are new comers (10 are deportees, 4 are demobilized soldiers and6 are commercial sex workers). The deportees and demobilized soldiers have received rehabilitationassistance, and are currently living with relatives and rented houses in the outskirts of Zalambessa. Thesix commercial sex workers are currently living with plastic sheds on land holdings of formerlydisplaced IDPs. The Government has proposed to provide rehabilitation assistance for this people fromEDRP along with some plots of land. These people will move to the new plots with their currentproperty, and will not face any financial losses due to reconstruction. Potential impacts related to thereconstruction of Zalambessa will be addressed through a separate ESIA and application of the standardenvironmental and social assessment procedures of ESRDF and EEPCO. A resettlement plan for thecommercial sex workers is provided in the EDRP ESA.

35. The reconstruction of community infrastructure in Zalambessa will include water supply, school, health,and administrative facilities. All of these will be constructed on their former sites, including the watersupply system that will follow the former layout of boreholes, pipelines, treatment facilities, and storagereservoirs. Potential negative impacts related to degradation of soil cover, vegetation, and naturalhabitats at construction sites and disposal areas will be assessed. Construction impacts related to dust andnoise impacts during construction will also be addressed in the impact assessment with mitigationmeasures built into the construction contracts.

36. Potential negative environmental impacts related to the operation of these facilities will also beaddressed in the ESIA. For water supply the natural quality of the water at the source will be confirmedand the design will be checked to ensure that it will not be degraded from surface contamination and thatthe safe yield of the local groundwater will not be exceeded. The design of health facilities will beaccording to standard designs. Nonetheless, the ESIA will check to confirm that provision will be madeto dispose of medical waste properly. The main topics to be addressed in the EIA include (i) regulatorybackground of the ESIA, (ii) description of the project, (iii) social and environmental baseline, (iii)public consultation, (iv) potential social and environmental impacts, (v) social and environmental Iaction plan, and (vi) monitoring and evaluation plan. The outline of the EIA for Zalambessa are given inAnnex 10.

37. Projects in Disputed areas (OP. 7.60): Zalambessa is one of the tension areas along the boarderbetween Eritrea and Ethiopia. The rehabilitation of displaced around the boarder area has been effectivein stabilizing peace between the two countries and normalization of relations between peoples living inthe boarder areas. Before the project was negotiated, the Governments of Ethiopia and Eritrea signedletters confirming the they would honor all debts to IDA regardless of the final disposition of landbetween the two countries and related assets that they may have financed.

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Annex 1 IDPs in Tigray Region

Regional Background:

The Tigray Regional State situated in the northeastern highlands of Ethiopia covers an area ofapproximately 80,000 sq. kms. It has a population of 3.3 million people of which 85% live in therural areas and the remaining 15% live in urban and semi-urban areas. The regional economy isbased on agriculture on which 83% of the population depend for their livelihood. Agriculture isprimarily rain fed type and subsistence-oriented in nature. Crops such as sorghum, teff, barely andmillet mainly, and some maize and pulses grow in the region. The main livestock raised in the areainclude cattle, goats, sheep, horses, donkeys, mules and poultry.In Tigray, the average size of land available to four-person households is 0.5 hectare, too small tosupport the family on agricultural production alone. The average production of cereals, the majoragricultural output is 4-7 quintals per household in the drought prone areas and this level of staplescereal production can only feed a family for 5-8 months a year at best. In support, non-farmactivities provide supplementary incomes for many. However, food insecurity still remains atsignificant level.

As a result of the Ethio-Eritrean conflict, about 10 percent of the total population of Tigray wasdisplaced and lost the agricultural production, livestock, sources of livelihood, homes andbelongings. The deportation of Ethiopians has also increased the burden of the region. Moreover, asa result of the war, many households lost their breadwinners. With the recent Comprehensive PeaceInitiative between Ethiopia and Eritrea, the war affected areas in Tigray must deal with thechallenges of post war recovery at the household and community level to enable an effective returnto productive and secure lives. This part of the report includes information on IDPs, FDs andDeportees in Tigray Region. ERPMU has been established in Tigray which deals withrehabilitation of the war-affected population in the region.

Internally Displaced People:

The initial number of the internally displaced people in Tigray was about 315,936 of which 116,416were from the western zone, 88,978 in the central zone and 110,542 people from the eastern zone.The distribution of displaced households is given in table 1 below.

Table 1.Distribution of Internally Displaced Households

No Woreda Beneficiaries/HH Heads1 Tahitay Adiabo 9,4172 Lailay Adiabo 4,4943 Kafta Humera 12,1134 Aheferom 8,1375 Merbleke 8,4906 Irob 4,0177 Gulomekeda 8,1088 Gantafeshum 60

Total 54,836

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Source: ERP Office, Tigray

Displacement Situation

The first people believed to be displaced were those who left their place in May 1998. This is alsoevident from table 2 that the majority of the people were displaced in 1997/98 and diminishedgradually in both rural and urban areas.

Table 2: Distribution of Respondents by Year of Displacement

Year of Displacement Number of Re spondentsRural (n=315) % Urban (n=33) %

1998 238 75.6 131999 71 22.5 182000 1 0.3 -

2001 3 1.0 -

2002 2 0.6 2Total 315 100.00 33 100.00

In the process of rehabilitation, priority was given to reintegrating of the displaced with thecommunity. The success towards this end is believed to be a pillar for the whole process. It waslearnt that many displaced people both from rural and urban areas have already returned to theiroriginal place. The time of return for most of them was year 1992 (1999/2000) and 1993 E.C(2000/01)

Table 3. Distribution of Respondents By Current Place of Residence

Living at original Place Number of Respondentsof Residence Rural (n=313) ° Urban (n=33) %Yes 259 82.7 33 100No 54 17.3 - -

Total 313 100.00 33 100.00

Table 4. Distribution of Respondents By Year of Return to their Original Place

Time of Return (EC) Number of Res ondentsRural (n=246) % Urban (n=31) %

1990 6 2.4 2 6.451991 49 19.9 -

1992 110 44.7 -

1993 79 32.1 25 80.641994 2 0.8 4 12.90Total 246 100.00 31 100.00

For most of the rural IDPs, farming was the primary occupation. It was learnt from the survey thatmost of the rural IDPs (83.5% of those reported) and almost all urban IDPs have resumed theirprevious activities. The focus group discussions with the beneficiaries revealed that the fear of

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landmines prevented them from cultivation at a full scale. It was also observed that most of thedisplaced people in the sample area (Rama Town) for urban IDPs have started petty tradingactivities.

A significant number of displaced people from rural areas covered by the survey (17.3%) have stillnot returned to their original places. Attempt was made to investigate why they did not return. Theresult is summarized and presented in Table 5 below.

Table 5. Respondents (Rural IDPs) By Reasons for Not Returning to their Place (N=266)

Reasons Number of Respondents 4

Fear of Landmines 52 52.5House Damaged and not habitable 35 35.35Already Settled 2 2.02Other reasons 10 10.10Total 266 100.00

Fear of landmines was the major constraint preventing the rural people to return to their place. Thedisplaced people consulted were eager to return back to their original place and those alreadyreturned considered it a privilege to come back. The need to return back is strongly manifested bythe fact that only few of the respondents from rural areas (2.02%) included in the survey havedecided to settle where they were during the survey.

Socio-economic CharacteristicsThe sample survey result indicated that the sex ratio of the displaced and eligible beneficiaries forsupport was almost equal in rural areas. The variation was also minimum in urban areas. Thedistribution of the beneficiaries is summarized and presented in the following charts and in theannex volume of this report.

Sex Distribution of Beneficiaries- Sex Distribution of Beneficiaries-Rural IDP Urban IDP

Female Male Male50% 50% 56% F44%

The level of education of the beneficiaries was also assessed. This is due to the fact that in the process ofaspiring for long-term impact, the need for availing education facilities for the people particularly thechildren is fundamental. It was, however, found that more than 50% of the sampled beneficiaries from ruraland a significant proportion from urban areas were illiterate. The number of beneficiaries with primary leveleducation was, however, significant in both cases and this is believed to imply children who were attendingschool during and after the conflict.

4 As indicated in Table 3, 54 respondents reported that they did not return to their villages. In this table however, thenumber of respondents seems higher which is caused by multiple responses.

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Level of Education-Urban IDP Level of Education-Rural IDP

9% El Illiterate 0% Ql Illiterate

1% Read and Write 0* Read and Write

21%~~~~~~~~%6N <3 O Primary Lev/el 34% C3 Primary Level

V 79% OSecondary Level 52% OSecondary Level

54% 0 Higher Education Education

EM Not Ready for I NotSchool Ready for School

In the process of rehabilitation, focus should not only be given to restoring and/or supportingroutine activities, but also upgrade and encourage people to apply some special skills they have (ifany). Thus, the study attempted to identify what special skills do the beneficiaries have. It wasfound out that the majority of the beneficiaries in both rural and urban areas do not have any specialskill. Few people had skills in masonry/carpentry and metal work, but the food processing skillindicated by few people in rural areas may not be a promising venture as the areas are mostly ruraland the food processing service may not required much. A good proportion of the beneficiarieswere also students who may need to get exposed to some vocational training programs. The detailsare given in the annex volume of this report in the chapter of rural IDPs.

Before displacement, farming was the major occupation of the beneficiaries from rural areas. Areasthat generate employment opportunities like a simple daily work seems to be insignificant (ruralareas) as people who had this opportunity (before displacement) were only 1% of the sampledbeneficiaries. Table 6 presents the result.

Table 6. Occupation of Beneficiaries Before Displacement

Occupation Before Nu mber of BeneficiariesDisplacement Rural (n=l 735) % Urban (n=159) %None - 27 15.72Farming 517 29.8 -

Daily Laborer 18 1.0 5 3.14Petty Trade 21 1.2 37 23.27Artisan 4 0.2 2 1.25Housewife 140 8.1 8 5.03Maid 51 2.9 48 30.18Employee - 27 1.98Student - 829 47.8 -

Young for school 102 5.9 -

Other _- 5 3.14.Total 1735 100.00 159 100.00

Assessment was made to estimate the current annual income of the respondents (who were mainlythe heads of the households). The majority of the respondents from rural areas (5 1%) reported that

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they were earning less than 100 Birr per annum. This is suspected to be the cash income generatedonly. Respondents earned above Birr 2000 per annum were only 4% of the sample.

The average monthly income generated by respondents from urban areas ranged from less than 500 birr toabove 2000 birr. It was observed that significant variation existed between the income of beneficiaries fromrural and urban areas.

Estimated Annual Income-Rural IDP Estimated Monthly Income-Urban IDP

Above Above2000 Birr ~~~~~~~1000- 2000 birr

500-2000 2000 Birrsthan 2000 birr 2%Birr 1%0Les than 18%

15% 51% 500-100000500 birr ~~~~~~50-00--___Less than

1Bir/ birr 1 500 birrBirr 1%70%

30%

Most of the displaced people surveyed were living on hand outs given by agencies like The WorldFood Program (WFP). However, the support may not be extended for a longer period of time and asWFP indicated during the discussions, the support will be terminated at the end of year 2001 or thefirst months of year 2002.

Considering this background, assessment is made as to how the beneficiaries will supportthemselves and their family in case they do not have any source of income/job. More than threequarters of the respondents from rural areas replied that they were relying on government and othernon-governmental organizations' handouts. It was also alarming that none of the respondents hadany kind of saving to fall back on. The support from relatives is naturally not expected much asmost of them were facing the same fate during the conflict. Respondents from urban areas wereentirely expecting government support. The finding is summarized and presented in Table 7 below.

Table 7. Respondents By Source of Income to Support their Family

Sou,rce of Income Number of Res ondentsRural (n=213) |_%_| Urban (n=8) %

Dependent on relatives 1 0.47 - -

Government assistance 175 82.15 8 100NGOs assistance 23 10.79 - -

External Remittance 1 0.47 _Petty Trade 4 1.87Earlier Saving ___

Other Sources 9 4.22 - -

Total 213 100.00 8 100.00

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Community InfrastructureAreas occupied during the conflict have lost most of the basic social infrastructure (water supply,education, health facilities). Therefore, restoring these services is a challenge in the process ofrehabilitating the displaced people.

It is important to note that the damage assessment and cost estimations of the community infrastructure couldnot be presented by damaged levels (minor, major, & sever) due to the following reasons:

* The infrastructure were designed and constructed not in a standard manner. For instance,even primary schools are not constructed in similar standards in different locations.

* As per our assessment, some of the social infrastructure were already renovated and some others areunder construction. Restoration of basic community infrastructure facilities such as health,education, and water supply are underway in Tigray Region

* In addition, the survey covered some sample woredas and it is difficult to draw conclusionson the number and types of community infrastructure damaged by level of damage.

Despite the attempts made to restore the supply of potable water services in most of the rural areas,water supply was found to be a major problem in areas like Bademe. A strong request wasforwarded by all people consulted (the displaced people, the RTF and woreda officials) to givepriority to restoring this service.

It was learnt during the survey that most residents get water from nearby rivers, unprotected wellsand public outdoor sources (common distribution water points in towns). Only few people had safewater supply. The few water sources made available before the conflict were found to be destroyedduring the occupation.

Table 8. Respondents By Source of Potable Water

Source of Potable Water Number of RespondentsRural (n=54) % Urban (n=33) | %

Pipe 13 4.1 7 21.21Public Outdoor 112 35.1 24 72.72Protected Well 54 16.9 -

Unprotected Well 113 35.4 -

Others/River 27 8.5 2 6.06Total 319 100.00 33 100.00

It was observed during the survey period that quite a large number of children attend schools. However, thefacilities available in some of the schools were below standard. The children are required to carry their ownchairs to and from schools and forced to learn in window and door less rooms. This was particularly observedin schools visited in Badme. The situation of the health facilities was no exception.

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Access of Children to School- Access of Children to School-Rural IDP Urban IDP

No No21% 3%

Ylv es Yes79% 97%

Investigation was made why some families do not send their children to school. Most of thechildren, according to the respondents, were young for school but a significant number of therespondents in rural areas (24.19%) indicated that they were not able to support their children go toschool.

The absence of health facilities was highly pronounced as 78% of the respondents in rural areasindicated that the health institutions are very far from where they are living. The urban areas seemsto be in a better position with regard to having access to health facilities.

Housing reconstruction:Most of the internally displaced people particularly those from rural areas lost their houses, animals,and household materials during the conflict. The level of damage varied from complete to partialdestruction.

The problem of housing was significant in areas like Bademe and Irob woredas. Some other areaswere also under direct artillery attack. For instance, houses in four kebeles around Gerhu-sernaywere totally destroyed. In some cases the internally displaced people were forced to stay in plasticsheets covered roofs and this had became a cause for fire hazard. The plastic sheets used for roofingin Woretle kebele of Irob woreda were found to be old and request was forwarded to seek solutionbefore the arrival of the rainy season. No housing package was fully in place for all the affectedgroups and areas. Only a pilot project was underway in Marta Kebele of Gulomekeda wereda.

Most of the displaced people from rural areas (85.8%) did have their own houses beforedisplacement. The houses were constructed traditionally (Edimo) and only few of them did haveroofs of corrugated iron sheets. The findings of the survey indicated the types of roofing materials,damages made to the houses, and types of items required for reconstruction and their possiblesources are summarized and presented in the annex section.

The number of houses and the extent of damage by woreda are indicated in table 9 below. Thedamage level is provide as minor, major and severe

Table 9: Number of Houses Damaged by Woreda

Woreda Number of Houses and Extent of DamageMinor | Major | Severe

Erob 882 1618 467

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Gulomekeda 597 2091 2413Gantaafeshum 5 __16

Ahferom 782 1395 769Mereblehe 544 741 159T/Adiabo 644 684 1639L/Adiabo 350 513 544Kaffa Humera 175 273 472Humera town 173 268 280Totals 4152 3874 6759

Source: Tigray EPRMU, 2001

The estimated quantities of Reconstruction Materials are shown in Table 10 hereunder.

Table 10: Total required housing reconstruction materials in Tigray Region

No. Type of Construction material Unit Total Quantity1. Corrugated Iron Sheet Pcs 511,8952. Cement Quntal 51,4123. Nails Kg 231,6454. Metal doors Pcs 19,2475. Metal windows Pcs 19,2476. Wooden poles Pcs 386,075

It was learnt during the focus group discussions that wooden poles are transported from adjacent regions,Gonder and Wollo. Stone is readily available in most places other construction materials are industrialproducts which can be found from national central market such as Addis Ababa and Mekele. Therefore, theabove construction materials are readily available and can be supplied.

The comparisons of cost estimates for reconstructing houses are provided in Table 11 below. Thetable shows that the survey estimates are lower than the ERP estimates. However, the surveyestimates do not include contingencies and other costs. Thus, it could be concluded that the ERPestimates are generally adequate for housing reconstruction.

Table 11: Estimates of Housing Reconstruction (Birr)

Level of Number of Unit Cost Total CostDamage Houses

ERP Survey ERP SurveyEstimate Estimate Estimate Estimate

Minor 4,152 3,000 2,310 12,456,000 9,591,120Major 7,583 7,000 4,541 53,081,000 34,434,403Severe 6,759 15,000 11,385 101,385,000 76,951,215Totals 18,494 1 1166,922,000 120,976,738

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Generally, there is a shift from the traditional beam and earth packed roofing to a new type which isreplaced by corrugated iron sheet roof covering. Traditional door and window openings werewooden beams and plinks and this also were replaced by sheet metal. The major reasons for thisshift is the constraint in getting the wooden beams that are used for roofing and door and windowopenings. The big trees from which these beams made from are not available in the region.However, the communities were given the option of using their preference in material selection.This shift in using construction materials reduces the concern of adverse environmental impact.

According to the result of the focus group discussions in different woredas of Tigray, the shift fromtraditional housing construction to modern method is acceptable and does not have any negativesocial impacts. Most respondents expressed their need to reconstruct their houses in relativelymodern way by using corrugated iron sheets and timber - this has also been encouraged by theregion. Most respondents were suggesting to get the timber within the region and also from near byAmhara Region. Its implications on the environment and forest resources in the neighboring regionsshould, however, be investigated.

Livestock holdingThe effect of the war on the environment was significant especially in areas occupied during theconflict. Trees were cut and forests destroyed to build trenches and also to construct houses after theoccupation. The effect was particularly significant in areas like Bademe and Irob weredas. As aresult of the destruction of forests, wild animals were believed to be affected. But soil degradationis said to be not serious in T/Adiabo in general. It was stated that in some areas the grazing landshave not been used during the occupation and now not fully utilized for fear of landmines as a resultof which their forage content is substantially improved. The woreda RTF in T/Adiabo indicated thatsome environmental protection activities were going on. The community is also contributing to theprotection of the existing forests.

Only few people had livestock during the survey and this has little impact on the grazing lands. Of all thesampled beneficiaries, only 71 respondents reported to the questions and indicated their livestock number.This highlights only few people owned livestock-the source of which is expected to be new purchases madeby the support from the program. The results are presented in the following chart.

Ownership of Private Grazing Land-Rural IDP

Yes22%

No78%

Table 12: Size of Livestock Herd Before and After the Conflict

Oxen Cows Sheep and Goats| Before displacement 262 252 418Purchased with the 126 64 33

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Project benefit lCurrently owned 235 213 293

* The oxen purchased.following the payment of the benefits account for about 53% of the presentnumber and the cows for 30%. The Project benefits prove to contribute very significantly to theefforts by the displaced households to restore their incomes.

* As all numbers still remain less than they were initially, no immediate adverse environmental impactcan be expected so far as the result of the benefits.

Owning a private grazing land is not common in most parts of the country and the study area is notexceptional. However, it was found out that about 22.5% of the respondents in rural areas did havea private grazing land. But this result should be taken with caution as the level and standard of thegrazing land is not set and known and the possibility of having that kind of property in parts of thecountry (the northern part) where land is a precious asset and scarce is questionable. The carryingcapacity of the grazing land was also investigated. The majority of the respondents indicated thatthe land they own could support more than 10 animals.

Table 13. Respondents (Rural IDPs) By the Carrying Capacity of The Grazing land Owned(n=66)

Carrying Capacity Number of Beneficiaries1-2 animals 14 21.212-5 animals 18 27.275-10 animals 12 18.18More than 10 animals 22 33.33Total 66 100.00

Landmine EffectsEffective resettlement and return to productive lives by IDPs in Tigray and Afar has been hinderedby the presence of landmines and unexploded ordinance (UXOs) affecting the health and safety ofhuman and livestock. Although some IDPs have returned to their origins, they could not start theirusual productive activities due to landmines and the landmines has reduced the land for cultivationand grazing. This has also extended the dependency period of IDPs on other communities andoutside support. The movement of women for safe water has been restricted. The landmine also hasnegative environmental impacts - removal and disturbance of the fertile tip soil, and increased soilerosion due to the explosion of landmines. The de-mining effort is not expected to cause anynegative environmental impacts. The understanding is that the de-mining will be conductedmanually and any sophisticated machines will not be employed that will affect the environment.

The landmine concerns of the community have been presented by woreda in table 14 below. Thefear of landmines is high in the woredas, especially in Mereblehe, L/Adiabo and Gulomekeda. InGulomekeda woreda, landmine concern is very particularly in Gerhu-sernay, Marta, Weratle andBademe tabias. Cultivation has been restricted by landmine fears and this has been declared by allrespondents in Merblehe and 93% of the respondents in L/Adiabo. All parties consulted during thesurvey indicated that vast areas are landmine infested and unable to be put under cultivationaffecting the return of the IDPs and their economic activities. According to the information obtainedin these areas, no full-scale de-mining activities have yet started except those done by the army tofree major highways and some farmlands and grazing areas. People have not yet returned to areas

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like Selamo in T/Adiabo woreda. A study demarking areas infested with landmines along with theirpriority was conducted by the woreda officials and sent to the concerned authorities. It is, however,a concern by all parties consulted that there could be areas that are not yet identified.

Table 14: Land-mine Concerns By Woreda (Respondents in %)

Parameters T/Adiabo L/Adiabo Mereblehe Gulomekeda IrobYes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No

Tabia occupied by 51 49 100 0 50 50 69 31 100 0Eritrean Troops I ILandmine 82 18 76 24 100 0 67 33 62 38Attended Landmine 59 41 79 21 33 67 88 12 92 8awareness sessionsLandmine is hidden in 59 41 90 10 100 0 92 8 94 6your tabia IIIICultivation prevented by 39 61 93 7 100 0 83 17 71 29landmines

Many areas were under occupation. About 75% of the respondents from rural areas indicated thattheir village was under occupation. The people consulted in the occupied areas feel the presence oflandmines and the majority of them reached by the questionnaire indicated that there were incidentsof landmines. More than 90% of the people interviewed also replied that they know people eitherkilled and/or injured by landmines.

Recognizing this effect, the ERP has established the Ethiopian Mine Action Organization (EMAO)and some land miners have already been trained. In addition, Rehabilitation and DevelopmentOrganization (RADO) is working to create awareness about landmines and provide counselingservices to landmine victims in the affected woredas of the region. The survey result as indicated inthe above table suggess that the majority of the respondents have attended the awareness raisingsessions. For instance, 88% and 92% of the respondents in Gulomekda and Irob woredas,respectively reported that they have attended the awareness raising sessions conducted by RDO andother governmental organizations. RADO is conducting landmine awareness creation programs inschools, and also by organizing a listening groups in kebeles (15 groups/kebele). It has organizedtask forces at kebele levels to identify needs and assist in mapping the areas suspected of havinglandmines. The organization also provides vaccine services for livestock by its agents and suppliesother agencies with information about landmines. The results of the survey with regard tolandmines is summarized and presented in Annexes section.

The result of the survey showed that about 81 % of the respondents in rural areas had attendedlandmines awareness creation sessions. The majority of the training programs were conducted byRADO.

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Amttended Landmines O rg an izatio n pro%Awareness Creation Sessions- Landm ine_

Rural IDP

No19%

Yes81%

1 r

The effect of fear of landmines was vivid as three quarters of the people contacted from rural areasindicated that they had farmlands not cultivated as a result. This has a negative contribution to theefforts made to rehabilitate these people at least in the short run. People who did not return to theirplace have also put fear of landmines as one of the primary problems for not returning.

Food Assistance AssessmentThe World Food Program indicated that the support package (as of November 2001 the number ofpeople supported was 307,000) follows WFP standard of 2100 calories/person/day that amounts to15 KG of cereal (wheat/sorghum), and 4.5 KG of oil per month. Households with children agedbelow five years were getting additional support of Famix.

According to WFP, the support is mainly in kind (food items). WFP was also assuming that in theyear 2002 most of the beneficiaries will not continue at a status of displaced people, would returnback to their place and resume farming and support themselves. The organization also expects thatthe number of people who would not return back to their place for fear of landmines will be small.But the regional DPPB believes that the IDPs that would not return to their village as a result oflandmines could be significant and these people need assistance in the year 2002. According to thebureau, the number of people needing support can be as high as 134,000. The office of the region'sEmergency Rehabilitation Program estimates the number of the internally displaced households at54,836.

Almost all the displaced people consulted during the survey were getting food assistance during thesurvey and this has been going on for more than 6 months. Detailed result of the survey issummarized and presented in the annex section. According to the majority of the respondents, equalamount of support is provided to all households.

Access to Food (Current)-Rural IDP Access to Food Assistance-Urban

No IDPs3% 0%

0 0Yes 100%97% |E3Yes No

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Table 15. Duration of the Food Assistance

Duration Number of RespondentsRural (n=309) % | Urban (n=33) |_%

1-3 months 2 0.64-6 months 2 0.6 -

More than 6 months 305 98.7 33 100Total 309 100.00 33 100.00

A significant number of people from both rural and urban areas have been receiving food assistancebefore the start of the conflict. Of the total people consulted from rural areas, about 43.2% of themhad access to food support before the conflict. There was a mixed response obtained fromrespondents regarding the size and frequency of the current food assistance in comparison with thesupport made before. The result of the survey is summarized and presented in the annex section.

Estimates of Food Assistance:The major organization that has been supporting the displaced people in the region was The WorldFood Program. The organization follows support in kind strategy that generates 2100 calories perperson per day. .

As indicated above, about 99% of the IDPs reported that they need food assistance for more than 6months. The regional DPPB also claims that food assistance will be required for most of the IDPsfor at least one year. The argument is that even though some IDPs have returned to their origins,they have not yet started their productive activities due to landmines and other factors. Therefore,the food assistance requirement is estimated for 134,000 IDPs.

Table 16: Food Assistance Requirement for LDPs

Food Item Quantity per Duration No. of Total Foodmonth (kg) (months) Beneficiaries requirement

(Quintals)Wheat/Sorghum 15 12 134,000 241,200Oil 0.75 12 134,000 12,060FAMIX 2 12 33,500 8,040

Assumptions:* Food assistance is required for 134,000 IDPs for one year.* 25% of the deportees are children under five years old and pregnant and/or lactating mothers

(33,500) that need supplementary food

Needs and PrioritiesTo make the intervention successful and achieve the objectives set for it, the felt need of the peopleshould be investigated and interventions should be designed accordingly. The beneficiaries stressedthat it is only need-based intervention that brings about a change in their living situation.Beneficiaries were asked what they want most in the near future. The result of the survey issummarized and presented in the annex section Table 17.

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Table 17. Distribution of Respondents By First Priority

First Priority Number of RespondentsRural (n=322) Urban (n=26) %

Moving from where they are now 5 1.55 -

Building House 127 39.44 4 15.38Finding Job 15 4.65 7 26.92Getting food 74 22.98 1 3.84Start Farming 46 14.28 - -

Getting Land to Cultivate 31 9.62Buying Animals 24 7.45 - -

Starting a business - 14 53.84Total 322 100.00 26 100.00

The need for housing was seriously raised time and again by most beneficiaries from rural areasduring the discussion sessions. This was substantiated by the result of the survey that the majorityof the respondents put building a house as their first priority. Only few people wanted to move fromwhere they are and this also indicates that most of them have already returned to their originalplace. Starting a business activity was preferred by the majority of the people in urban areas.

Diversification of activities in the future also encourages and supports the beneficiaries to getinvolved in some off-farm activities strengthens their income base and make the interventionsuccessful. This is determined by the potential of the area where these people are living. Mostrespondents expressed their interest to get involved in these activities. But in some areas likeWoratle kebele of Irob woreda, people who chose to get involved in other innovative and off-farmactivities were very few. This could be due to the fact that these people are mainly herders and giveattention to rearing livestock.

Need for Non-farm Activities-Rural IDP

No19%

Yes81%

Petty trade was the activity chosen by most of the respondents in both rural and urban areas. Theseactivities were chosen because most respondents indicated that they have already experience in thearea. Petty trading is not requiring any specific training to initiate it and as long as one has littlecapital to start with, entrance into the venture is easier. The existence of market for the product alsomotivated them to make the choice.

People want to get settled in a relatively decent house before getting involved in any activity. Whenasked what support is required from the government to start the off-farm activities chosen, mostbeneficiaries from the rural areas still demanded support for housing. The response of most peoplefrom urban areas was not specified, but some demanded training apparently to start businessactivities. The findings of the survey are put in Table 18 and the annex section.

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Table 18. Respondents By Support Needed to Start the Non-farm Activities

Support Required Number of R spondentsRural (n=271) Urban (n=28) %

Training 19 7.07 3 10.71Tools/Equipment 15 5.53 1 3.57Livestock 19 7.07 -

Land for Farming 11 4.95 -

Support for Housing 222 81.91 2 7.14Other Supports 3 1.10 22 78.57Total 271 100.00 28 100.00

The rehabilitation program has a limited life over which the beneficiaries are expected to becomeself-sufficient and need no external support. This being the major objective of the intervention,getting the view of the beneficiaries about the time required for self-sufficiency was vital for betterjudgment. Assessment was made with this regard and only 16% of the respondents from rural areasreplied that they will become self-sufficient in about six months time. More than half of the peopleconsulted indicated that at least one year is required for full rehabilitation and asked for the support

Time Required for Full Rehabilitation-Rural IDP

Above 24

months Less than1% 6 months

13-24 16%months -

23%

7-12months60%

to continue for the time indicated.

Respondents from urban areas were asked to identify the serious problem they have during thesurvey. Getting access to employment opportunity from the government and/or other agencies thatgenerates income was the major problem identified.

Urban IDPs By Major Problem

Lack of

Other food

27% pe Lack of

No access - Shelterto public 5%services

3% No jobOpportunity

46%

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HIV/AIDS Awareness:The HIV/AIDS pandemic is one of the major problems in Ethiopia. Recognizing this fact, theEmergency Rehabilitation Program has identified this issue as one of the major components of therehabilitation program.

A preliminary assessment was made to investigate if the beneficiaries did have some basicknowledge about the pandemic. Almost all people consulted indicated that they did have theinformation and accessed to some training and/or counseling services.

Most of them also know one or more methods that should be used to protect themselves from beinginfected. Most of the respondents were also using one of the major prevention mechanisms. Themajority of them reported that that one-to-one was the method they were using. The source ofinformation about the pandemic was mainly from meetings and this indicated that the kebele/Tabiaofficials were performing significant job with this regard. This was also confirmed during the groupdiscussions. The role of media, particularly radio was also found to be significant in creatingawareness about HIV/AIDS. The result of the survey is shown in Table 19 and annex volume ofthis report.

Table 19. Distribution of Respondents By Knowledge about HIV/AIDS

Know Number of RespondentsRural (N=320) Urban (N=33) %

*Yes 319 99.7 33 100No 1 0.3 Total 320 100.00 33 100.00

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Annex 2 IDPs in Afar Region

Regional Background:The Afar Region in the north and north east of Ethiopia is located in the greatest rift valley andextends to Eritrea and Djibouti. The region has five administrative zones and 29 woredas and 28urban centers. The region is further organized into 32 Kebeles (i.e. Urban Dwellers Association)and 323 farmers association (Rural Kebeles). Rural household settlement pattern of the Afar ismainly structured along clan and /or tribe. Settlement points are usually preferred in areas ofabundant grazing and water resources. The local community lives in a cluster of 8 to 10 hats in oneplace and in large settlements. Each tribal territory contains segments from a large number of clans(Mela). The clan is subdivided into local community (Kidoh), and the next lower level is theextended family (Dahla), followed by the household (Burra).

The population of the Afar Regional state is estimated at about 1.7 million people, 90% of whichare pastoralists and 10% agro-pastoralists. Pastoralists entirely depend on livestock, while agro-pastoralists practices some cultivatin in additional to livestock husbandry. The estimated livestockpopulation is 1.16 million Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU) comprising a mixture of cattle, camels(usually herded by younger men), sheep, goats and lactating cows (usually herded by women, girlsand boys). Afar Region as other pastoral/agro-pastoral areas in the country and other Africanregions is characterized by unpredictable and unstable climatic condition as well as ecologicallyfragile environment Annual rainfall is between 200 - 600 mm with mean daily temperature of 30 -50 degree centigrade at an altitude of between 100 - 1000 masl.

Apart from animal husbandry and limited cropping, trade is the next important means of livelihood.Trade comprises marketing of livestock by products, salt production and marketing, renting ofanimal power (notably camel) and marketing of traditional crafts. Among the traditional crafts,which have economic importance, are blacksmith, leather work, household utensils made of wood,grass and palm tree, carpet and rope making. Some of the products that are produced by blacksmith are Gille and Debra which are traditional weapons ( similar to dagger and spear), spade andaxe. Various types of leather cases and containers to hold Gille and to contain milk (Kodaa), water(Saar), butter (Okassa), and Grain (Graib) are produced and marketed by the Afars.

Due to the Ethio-Eritrean border conflict, pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in woredas borderingEritrea were displaced and lost the agricultural production, livestock, sources of livelihood, homesand belongings. The livelihood of the pastoralists is based on movement of animals in search ofwater and grazing land. However, due to the border conflict and the landmine concerns, theirmovements have been restricted and that shortages of water and grazing have become serious in theregion. Livestock marketing has also been constrained by the border conflict.

The Regional ESRDF Office in Assaita serves as a PMU for the implementation of the householdrehabilitation sub-component. Unlike in Amhara and Tigray Regions, no disbursement was made tobeneficiaries in Afar until the undertaking of this survey

Internally Displaced People (IDPs) in Afar are the pastoralists and those who used to live in ruralcenters (small towns) in the region. The total number of IDPs in the resgion is estimated at about

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3,100 households of which 408 are urban. It was learnt during the field visit that almost allpastoralists who reside in the woredas bordering Eritrea have practically been displaced. During theconflict, they lost their livestock, houses and other properties. Most importantly, they have lost thetradition of movement from one locality to the other in search of water and grazing.

Socio-demographic Characteristics:The sex distribution of IDP household members shows that 52% are male and 48% are females. Theage group of the majority (62%) of the household heads are above 30 years old. While 37.8% and39% were of the age group between 16-30 and 5-15 years old, respectively. The marital status ofthe rural IDPs is not very different from the urban IDPs. In rural areas, about 95.4% of therespondents reported that they were married, while in urban areas, the finding indicates that -- % ofthe respondents are married. The rate of divorce is very low in the Afar Region due to the culturaland religious factors.

The educational status of the pastoralists has not been encouraging even before displacement. Thefinding of the survey shows that 83% of the pastoral IDPs (household members) have reported to beilliterate, while only 15% have primary education. The situation is better with urban IDPs where40% of the households members have primary education. This indicates that there are school agedchildren who are not going to school for various reasons - children are herders in pastoralproduction system and unless a special mobile education system is introduced, there problem willremain pervasive.

Activities of IDPs:Rural IDPs in Afar are mainly pastoralists whose livelihood depends on livestock production aswell as some cultivation, while the urban IDPs are engaged in non-farm activities. The survey resultshows that 47% of the urban and 72% the rural IDPs did not have any jobs even before they weredisplaced. There is also a substantial decrease of activities in both urban and rural areas as a resultof the displacement. The survey finding indicates that mixed farming (livestock and crop)decreased from about 11 % to 8%, livestock from about 22% to 13%, while petty trade fromdecreased from about 4.5% to 1.0%.

Table 1. Activities of Pastoralists before and after Displacement (N= 202)

Activity % of Pastoralists InvolvedBefore displacement After Displacement

Livestock and crop 10.9 7.9Livestock husbandry 21.8 13.5Livestock and petty trade 4.5 1.0Housewife 15.8 15.8No job 47 61.8Totals 100 100

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In urban areas, most of the respondents reported that they did not have jobs before and after thedisplacement. As indicated in the table 3.2 below, the number of those urban IDPs who wereinvolved in petty trade (20.3%) has decreased to 11% and as a result the number of the jobless hasincreased (79%).

However, this survey result should be interpreted carefully since the respondents tended to reportthat they do not have means of survival and they needed assistance.

The urban IDPs in Zone One of Afar Region are from Bure town. The displaced people moved toManda and Dubti towns during the conflict. Some of the IDPs were shopkeepers and smallrestaurant owners who are mostly non-Afars. In general, the Afars live within the area wherelivelihood depends on livestock production, livestock trading and transporting merchandise fromthe port to the inner country by camel.

Table 2. Activities of Urban IDPs Before and After Displacement

Activity Before Displacement After DisplacementNone 71.9 79.3Daily laborer 0.5Petty trade 20.3 10.9Housewife 5.2 8.8Maid 0.5 0.5Other 1.6 0.5Totals 100 100

Displacement and Property LossThe conflict and the resulting displacement have different impacts on the urban and pastoral IDPs.The urban IDPs who were traders and shop keepers have lost their shops and goods when displace.These IDPs were able to re-establish their business after the aversion of the occupation.

On the other hand, the displaced pastoral IDPs from and around Bure town who mainly used todepend on livestock production, livestock trading and transporting merchandise from Assab portwere and are still the most war-affected group. Their livestock were raided; they lost theirpermanent water sources and the foothills grazing areas located both in Ethiopia and Eritrea, whichare vital during the dry season to maintain their livestock until the next rain season. The rainyseason is the time when pastoralists intensify their movement while during the dry season they limittheir movement in water bank areas, which they apparently lost during the war.

The pastoral IDPs have moved from war affected woredas to other woredas and/or to differentkebeles within the same woredas which are relatively free of landmines. According to the regionalbureau of agriculture, currently, there are a total of 33,301 IDPs (about 3,OOOHHs) in the region.Some of them were displaced from Bure to Elidar and Logia, while those who used to live in Dalul,Erepti and Afdera moved within the same woredas but different kebeles of the respective woredasshich are relatively free of landmines. Due to the loss of the dry season grazing areas, their seasonalmigration pattern and stocking and de-stocking pattern have been disturbed. During discussions in

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Bure town, the 'urban' displaced group said they are now left without cattle and they are only ableto keep goats and camels that are more resistance to water shortage. The presence of the army in thearea was also affecting their production system. They also indicated that the system of sellinglivestock when there is rain and keeping only restocking herd at the dry season grazing area isdisturbed as a result of losing the grazing and water points.

Both urban and pastoral IDPs have lost their property during displacement. According to the surveyresults, out of 102 respondents 67% of them reported that they lost property of value Birr 2000 andabove. Livestock loss is the highest in the list of property lost (43%) followed by loss of householdutensils (32.4% of all the property loss). The loss of cattle (cows) among their herds has deprivedthem of having milk, their major source of nutrition. This situation is intensified with the people(IDPs) living in the 'town' proper where there is high demand for water. Women pointed out theproblem they are facing in building the traditional home, due to the palm trees. The details areprovided in the annex volume of this report under the Afar chapter.

Livestock Holding:Due to the conflict, the herd size per household has been affected. The herd sizes of samplehouseholds before and after displacement are provided in table 3 below. As indicated in the table,the herd sizes of almost all livestock species have declined as a result of the losses of animalsduring the conflict, especially camels and oxen. For instance, 70.7% of the households used to own3 and more camels before the conflict. However, after the conflict, only 13% of the households ownthis herd size. According to the survey results, most of the households remained with 1 ox and 1camel which is below the livestock holding before the conflict. Similarly, the percentages ofhouseholds owning large herd sizes has reduced in all species as indicated in the table.

Since they are also forced to keep a smaller number of herds, their income from sales of livestockand their purchasing ability of the necessity goods (grain, edible oil etc.) have decreased. Thissituation is causing pressure on Afar women who are responsible for building and maintaining thefamily.

Table 3. Percentages of Sample Households Owning Livestock Before and After Displacement

Livestock Species Herd size (heads) Percentage of Households Owning LivestockBefore After

Camels 1 12.2 78.30__ _ _ _ __2 17.10 8.7

3 and above 70.7 13.0Totals 100 100

Oxen 1 20 90.9___ ___ ___ _ _ 2 15 9.1

3 and above 65Totals 100 100

Cows 1 3 64.7_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 3 17.6

3 and above 94 35.2Totals 100 100

Sheep 1 50

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2 8 103 and above 92 40

Totals 100 100Goats 1 43.5

2 2.6 4.33 and above 97.5 52.2

Totals 100 100Pack animals 1 23.50 90

______________ _ 72 29.4 103 and above 47

Totals 100 100

Estimates of Livestock Holding:

From the sample household survey results of table 3 above, the number of livestock owned by thetotal ID households in Afar (3,100 households) is estimated in Table 4 below. According to thetechnical annex of the agreement between the IDA and the Ethiopian government, the benefitpackage related to livestock is an ox, a heifer, 3 small ruminants per household. The estimate inTable 4 shows the additional stocks that will be acquired through the ERP support. It is evidentfrom the table that the households have lost significant number of their livestock of all species andrestocking is required to sustain their livelihoods and restocking of animals for those householdswho lost due to the conflict will not result in over stocking and adverse environmental impact.Although a detail study on stocking rates and land carrying capacity in Afar is required, it isenvisaged that additional stocks of the ERP support will not result in overstocking. Moreover,purchases of livestock for restocking will be made locally and negative environmental impact is notexpected. However, it should be noted that if the ID pastoral households that are concentrating inrelatively free of landmine areas do not return to their origin and continue sharing the grazingreserves and water points, there will be a potential negative environmental impacts as a result ofoverstocking in the existing areas.

Table 4: Number of Livestock before and after conflict

Camels OXEN Cows Sheep Goats Packanimals

Before 12,396 11,625 14,849 14,756 15,274 9,836After 4,981 3,354 8,552 8,370 9,706 3,410differences 7,415 8,271 6,297 6,386 5,568 6,426

ERP 3,100 3,100 6,200 3,100

Landmines:The woredas and kebeles bordering Eritrea are assumed to be landmine infested areas. The focusgroup discussions with various stakeholders in Afar Region revealed that the movement of livestockis restricted due to landmine fear. According to the results of the survey, the kebeles where 98% ofthe respondents lived were occupied by Eritrean troops. About 60% of the respondents reportedthat there have been landmine incidences in their woredas/kebeles. Some of them witnessed 1-5

33

people killed by landmines and up to 7 people injured. A large majority (73%) of the respondentsexpressed the opinion that the existence of landmine in the woredas has been the concern of thecommunity and has hindered the use the rangelands for their livestock grazing. House damagecoupled with landmine have been the reasons for not returning to their origins, especially for theurban IDPs.

It was learnt during the survey that no full-scale de-mining activities have started except those doneby the army to free major highways and some farmlands and grazing areas. People have not yetreturned to areas. The effort of Rehabilitation and Development Organization (RADO) towardscreating awareness about landmines and the counseling provided to landmine victims isencouraging. The organization is conducting landmine awareness creation programs in schools, andalso by organizing a listening group in kebeles. About 70% of the respondents reported that theyhad awareness training on landmine.

Food Assistance

Even before the conflict, Afar Region is one of the food insecure areas of the country. Food securityin the region mainly depends on livestock which is a risky and not dependable economy due torecurrent drought in the region. According to the survey, only 31 % of the pastoral IDPs havereceived food assistance, while the majority (69%) of them have not received at all. Of those whoreceived food assistance, 50% of them reported that they were assisted for 6 months and above,while 43% of them had the assistance for 1-3 months. The situation of food assistance is better inurban areas than rural areas mainly due to accessibility. To this effect, 46% of the urban IDPsdeclared that they had food assistance from DPPB and WFP. About 75% of the urban IDPs reportdthat they received food assistance for 6 months and above, while 18% of them received for 1-3months only.

In Afar, there are 3,100 ID households, mainly rural. The average household size (as indicated bythe regional ESRDF) is estimated at seven persons. Therefore, according to the Bureau ofAgriculture of the region, the total number of IDPs estimated at 33,301. The region claims thatfood assistance will be required for the total number of IDPs for one year. To this effect, foodassistance requirement is estimated using the WFP standard.

Table 5: Estimated Food Assistance Requirement

Quantity Total No. No. of Duration of TotalFood items person/month of IDPs children the amount inrequired in kg mothers assistance quintal

in monthsSorghum/wheat 15 33,301 12 59,941Oil 0.75 33,301 - 12 2,997FAMIX 2.00 8,325 12 1,998

* Assumptions:o Food assistance is required for one year.o 25% of the IDPs are children under five years old and pregnant and/or lactating

mothers (8,325) need supplementary food assistance.

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Access to Social Services:Access to social services is one of the problems in the Afar Region even before the border conflictwith Eritrea. Social services are among the poorest in the country. Schools, health facilities andpotable water are not easily accessed. The survey result shows that currently, 47% of therespondents (rural IDPs) use unprotected water well, while others use rain-water and otherunprotected water points. According to the 1994 census, only 3.2% of the population has access topiped water. It was learnt during the survey period and from the literature that water-born diseasesare among the common concerns in the region.

Rural UrbanCmnuw PRixe

others Fpe Rpe22% Unprotect 6% X 1/

ed WellPonds 48%

13% ;

17% 880/0

Regarding education, 60% of the pastoral IDPs reported that their children do not go to school duethe fact that schools are not accessible, children herd animals and they cannot support the educationof the children (clothing, stationery, etc.). The 1994 national census suggests that only 7% of thepopulation is literate, but this figure should be higher since some improvements have been made inthe education sector. As one of the emerging regions, access to health is very limited in the region.About 54% of the IDPs reported that they go to health facilities when the family members are sick.The remaining 46% prefer to visit the traditional healer since it is cheaper and they believe that theycan easily be cured.

Major problems, Needs and Priorities:An attempt was made to prioritize the major problems of pastoral and urban IDPs. The surveyfindings indicate that 70% of the pastoral IDPs declared that food shortage is the major problemwhich is consistent with the above finding related to food assistance. The next major problem of thepastoral IDPs were found to be lack of job opportunities and shelter both. The problems of theurban IDPs reported are lack of job opportunities, lack of shelter, lack of food and other publicservice with a percentage.

The survey indicates that the rural IDPs priority is petty trade. About 56% of the respondentsdeclared petty trading as a top priority followed by 26% of them who prefer mixed farming(livestock and crop) and 18% livestock production only. Urban IDPs first choice was also similarto the rural IDPs - petty trading is a priority. In addition to petty trading, finding a house and ajobhave been the second choices for 44% of the respondents. As expressed by the respondents, thechoice of petty trading as a priority is mainly due to previous experience of respondents and theassumption that there will be market for the business.

35

The presence of the Ethiopian army in the area has contributed to the demand for goods produced insmall towns of Afar. There seems to be also some expansion of the town and more movement ofyoung girls both deportees and from the neighboring regions in the highlands due to the increasedopportunity of employment in the newly emerging bars and other business activities.

HIV/AIDS:HIV/AIDs is a concern in Afar where the military has settled. As the result of the militarysettlement, the number of bars and commercial sex workers has increased in the region. Generallyspeaking, most of the urban IDPs and pastoral IDPs are aware of the HIV/AIDS. About 87% of thepastoral IDPs declared that they are aware of the epidemics and have gone to consultation meetings.In urban areas almost all respondents claimed that they know about HIV/AIDS and had consultationby various organizations. I

The sources of information about HIV/AIDS were reported to be various. About 60% and 65% ofthe urban and pastoral IDPs, respectively learnt about the epidemics at community and kebele/clanmeetings, 34% of the urban and 43% of the pastoral IDPs have learnt through radio. It is interestingto learn here that quite a large proportion of pastoralist are using radio which is encouraging forfuture development efforts in the region. The detailed information about HIV/AIDS is given in theannex volume.

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Annex 3 Deportees/Returnees in Tigray Region

A baseline survey on deportees was carried out by UNICEF in Tigray in September, 2001. Thesurvey covered a sample size of 600 deportee households. Structured interviews and participatorymethods were applied for establishing the baseline information. The findings of the survey aresummarized and presented here.

The duration of stay in Eritrea of the interviewed deportees/returnees varies. However, the majorityof them has spent over 20 year in the country. This implies that many deportees/returnees - andespecially the children of the interviewees - have never lived in Ethiopia. This is a possible elementof vulnerability: for children, because they might have difficulties in adapting to the newenvironment, and especially in school. For the family as whole, the loss of the family supportnetworks after many years of absence adds to the economic and social fragility. Youth (both boysand girls) also face difficulties of integration, especially in urban areas.

Table 1. Duration of stay of deportees/returnees in Eritrea

| 0-5 years 6-10 years 11-20 years Over 20 years136- 107 98 26523% 18% 16% 44%

It was estimated that as a result of the Ethio-Eritrean conflict in May 1998, an estimated 95,000Ethiopians were deported from Eritrea of which about 75,000 are in Tigray. The results of theUNICEF survey indicate that deportees are a fragile social group within Tigray. Since there are nomajor cultural disparities between the deportees/returnee and local communities, and many alreadypossess productive skills, their major vulnerabilities are due to their complete loss of property,means of livelihood and lack of social networks to fall back upon

While receiving the standard DPPC/DPPB food ration and cash grant, the study indicates that only17% were able to start income generating activities. The majority became--and remain--dependenton relief assistance. Some women expressed their concern for the lack adequate food for theirchildren; the planned reduction of food distributions in IDP areas which affect deportees/returneesas well, might have concerning consequences on the nutritional status of deportee/returnee childrenand other vulnerable categories, especially the elderly.

The support from relatives of origin was found to be below expectations. The study indicates thatmost deportee returning to their village/town of origin (75%), found little to ease the process ofreintegration. Only a minority of the respondents was able to receive actual material support fromfamily members and to find a stable source of income. The reasons for families not being able toprovide support are "poverty" of the (host) family (72%).

Despite commendable efforts of the regional authorities, it has been difficult to ensure that alldeportee children go to school. The Regional Education Bureau adopted a policy of entry exams forchildren who do not have documentation. However, some were unable to complete the exams andjoin school in time for the current academic year (September-June). Other constraints to educationinclude lack of money to buy education materials and uniforms, and to a lesser extent, lack of

37

places in schools. Most schools are operating on double shifts already. In some schools in Mekele,over 70 children are found in a single classroom.

Most of the deportees have problems with housing. To this effect, the initial relief package isexhausted in a few months in order to pay for the rent. Increased urban poverty and social tensionsare often experienced. In rural areas, deportees receiving monthly food rations (approximately19,000 were on the REST/WFP distribution list until November 2001) have used their rations topay for accommodation, sometimes only a plastic shelter. Children and the elderly are the ones whosuffer most of exposure to cold weather, especially in Adigrat and surrounding areas.

When they were in Eritrea, most adult deportees were engaged in a number of activities, mostlyunskilled and were living in the urban areas especially in Asmara. They were petty traders,domestic and casual workers, masons etc.

Access to employment opportunities for returnees/deportees will mostly depend on the overall economicdevelopment the region. As mentioned earlier, major recovery programmes (ERP/WB) have targeted IDPsand the families of the deceased. Recovery/rehabilitation of returnees/deportees has yet to be started. Aconcerted action and strong is necessary. Previous poor and untimely response towards the plight. ofreturnees from Assab in Amhara Region (South Wollo) has brought about a difficult situation in whichintegration and economic recovery appear unattainable.

Table 2: Engaged in income generating activities

_____l_l_| Yes No n/vEastern zone Rural Hawzien 11 49 T

Sae Sae 10 50Gantafeshum 2 38 17

_Urban Adigrat 15 103 5Central zone Rural Ahferom 10 20

Urban Axum 30 30Adwa 2 58

Western zone Urban Shire 17 43Mekelle Urban Mekelle 7 84 7TOTAL 104 475 29Percentage of total 17% 78% 5%

The finding of the survey suggests that getting job opportunities is a priority for all deportees. Mostleft Eritrea for economic reasons where, prior to the conflict, they had been productive members ofthe society, able to support themselves. Most are now in conditions of dependency. The number ofpeople who have been able use DPPC/B cash grants to initiate a business or other economic activityis small (10%), as many were compelled to spend the money for household utensils and furniture,sending children to school, paying rent, etc. Women working in the Mekelle's market wereinterviewed in focus group discussions. As their activities are traditionally low income generatingand small scaled (tea/coffee making, selling of small items etc.), competition is high and makingenough to meet family needs is a major challenge. In many respects, this condition of lostlivelihoods mirrors the plight of the 1999 returnees from Assab to Amhara Region who faced anexceptionally difficult situation in which integration and economic recovery appear unattainable.

38

For women and young girls especially, the inability to find a job or to start up a small business,exposes them to increased risk of being involved in prostitution, especially in areas of high militarypresence and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS.

Potential Income Generating Activities (IGS):Major income generating activities identified during the survey in both rural and urban areas aresimilar except for few activities particularly applicable to rural villages. The summary of theseactivities is presented in the following table.

No Income Generating Activity1 Petty Trading2 Running Tea Rooms3 Livestock Trading4 Local Brewing and Selling Food5 Hides and Skins Trading6 Tailoring7 Butchery8 Running Local Oil Mill9 Metal Work10 Poultry Farm11 Group Run Grain Mill Project12 Bee Keeping

Petty trading, running tea rooms, local brewing and selling food, tailoring, butchery, metal work, running oiland grain mills were typical income generating activities practiced in urban areas visited. One can also findmost of these activities exercised in some rural areas located nearer to the towns. Bee keeping is an activityparticularly mentioned by rural IDPs in Irob woreda. Similarly rural FDs in T/Adiabo woreda of Mentebtebkebele mentioned the possibility of involving in trading small animals like sheep and goats. Achievement ofgood result by displaced women in Rama town involved in local brewing activities has been observed duringthe fieldwork. It was also observed in some towns (Axum, Inticho, Adigrat) that deportees particularly thosein young ages were doing very well in running small tearooms and liquor bars.

Petty Trading: This activity does not require any specific training to initiate it. A little start up capital forinitial investment and some know how about running a business could be what is needed. But for reasonableresult, a preliminary assessment/knowledge about commodities demanded in that particular area needs to beconducted by the person wishing to involve in the venture. Short orientation programs with regard to thisactivity (record keeping, tum-over issues etc.) may also be an added value for its success.

Considering the prevailing situation in Tigray Region, petty trading does not look a promisingventure as most people were displaced and lost their property and relying on external support fortheir livelihood. This certainly suppresses demand for the items. It can also be observed that manypeople may get involved into this venture and make the items available on competitive basis andeventually lead to decline in prices.

Running Tea/Coffee Rooms and Local Brewing/Food Processing: These income-generatingactivities are promising particularly in towns located near the border and where the militarypresence is significant. This situation is expected to generate huge demand, but may be short livedThis is manifested by the fact that in some border towns visited, the business seems to be saturatedas a result of the involvement of several people in the venture. For instance, all houses in

39

Gerhusernay town are apparently converted into mini shops and bars to accommodate the demandgenerated. It was observed that the venture is still promising in towns such as Rama where demandis generatedfrom within the locality.

Besides the demand issue, these income-generating activities need significant initial investment forequipment, and furniture, and running budget for house rent, utilities and other miscellaneousexpenses. The beneficiaries (the IDPs and Deportees) may not fulfill these inputs with therehabilitation support provided. Families of the deceased in urban areas may be in a better positionto initiate this activity as the benefit package obtained could cover the cost of initial investment andrunning costs. Intervention with this regard should, however, take into account the initialinvestment issue and the specific situation of the area. A blanket recommendation should not bemade for all the target areas.

Tailoring and Metal Work: These income-generating activities require some training and peoplewho are expected to get involved in these activities need to have some background. Two categoriesof beneficiaries can be identified with this regard: beneficiaries with some traditional know-howand people with no or little background but have the interest want to initiate it with some support.The second group ofpeople would certainly require some training with this regard.

Providing trainings depends on the availability of resources and institutions (private/public) offeringthese training programs. These factors determine the cost of the training, the duration and thenumber of people to be trained. It seems most unlikely that training institutions are available inmost of the affected areas putting the second group of people on a disadvantaged position.

For those beneficiaries with some know-how of tailoring and metal work, provision of initial capitalto procure the equipment required is necessary. Tailoring seems to be a viable activity in someborder towns but metal work is mentioned only in one woreda i.e. Irob (apparently selling theservices to the community). Irob woreda is, however, not easily accessible to the nearest town,Adigrat, to create demand for its products. This makes the proceed from this venture not promisingand generates demand for the service only from the surrounding locals. It can, however, besupported with minimum input and probably little training to improve the already availableknowledge. It is believed that people who will get involved in this venture do have some know-howabout metal work.

Grain Mills: This income-generating activity needs substantial initial investment and significantrunning cost afterwards. The beneficiaries particularly families of the deceased who mentioned thisactivity do know the investment required, but they suggested pulling resources together in the formof an association and initiate the activity. The idea is commendable, but considering thebackground of the beneficiaries (most of them are women who lost their husbands), it makesmanagement of the project difficult. Besides this, investing all the support on one investmentopportunity increases the riskfactor.

The investment seems to be viable in rural areas where the service is not yet adequately provided,but the managerial capacity of the beneficiaries in rural areas in smooth running of the businessshould be seriously looked at. Moreover, the tradition of the people in the area working together inharmony and run the business needs consideration. The overall mandate to initiate this cooperationshould be totally left to the beneficiaries themselves.

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Poultry Farming/Bee Keeping: Poultry farming on commercial scale needs through knowledgeabout the business and requires strict management. The risk is also very high when the initialinvestment required is taken into account. It seems unlikely that the beneficiaries in both rural andurban areas (under the prevailing circumstances) can handle poultry farming at commercial level.Keeping poultry at household level could be feasible but it may not bring about significant andrapid change in the living standards of the beneficiaries. This can, however, be improved with someorientation programs conducted where relevant addressing the management, marketing etc. of theproduct. Besides, the possibility of integrating this venture with other income-generating activitiesneeds to be investigated

Bee keeping is specifically mentioned by people from Irob woreda. There seems to be a traditionalknow-how of producing honey in this woreda. It looks feasible to introduce modem bee keepingmethods so that production can be improved. Experience tells that the proceed from the sale ofhoney is also significant. But creating demand for the product should be assessed and facilitatedbefore initiating the activity.

Transport Services - Cart: Significant job creation has been observed in some areas byintroducing this income generating activity by some non-governmental organizations. This activityis particularly feasible for women with some entrepreneurial motives and living in and aroundtowns. It could be adapted to fit into Tigray Region 's situation. The animals requiredfor the serviceare also donkeys. Some beneficiaries mentioned during group discussions that this incomegenerating activity is feasible in some selected towns/areas of the region.

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Annex 4 Deportees/Returnees in Amhara Region

Demographic Characteristics:The demographic characteristics of deportees show that in general they have few members ascompared to the local residents (host community) as well as the national average. For example, thesurvey result shows that in Kombolcha where the second largest number of deportees live, only8.8% have more than four members, 20% have four members, while 52% have only one member.

The number of female-headed households is also higher than the male-headed ones, the percentagebeing 55.4% and 46.6%, respectively. The age composition of deportees as generalized from thesample by Tsegaye (2001:18) is found to be 1.5% under the age of five, 32.5% eighteen to fifty fiveyears, and 6.9% above fifty five years.

Age Composition

35%-M _

25% i

15% E

<5 years 18-50 >55 yearsyears

Household Characteristics

. Female-headed60% ~~~~~~~households

600h% | | F | * Male-headed50% ~~~~~~~households

45% l40%

1

This demographic structure of deportee households is attributed to the fact that, in many cases, theentire household was not evicted together and thus each family member might have been registeredseparately. Furthermore, since any on-going or expected assistance is based on official registrationthe family members remained, at least in registration files, separated and independent households,while in actual fact they may be living together.

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There are also few incidents in which family members were registered separately for the purpose ofobtaining more than their share during the disbursement of the first government support uponarrival in Ethiopia which was Birr 1,000 per single household head, Birr 1,500 for a couple and Birr100 for each child.

Another feature of the current household structure is high rate of divorce and separation. Besidesthe separation during the process of deportation under adverse circumstances, the rate of separationand/or divorce is reported to be high among deportees. The phenomenon is attributed to adversecircumstance of a different kind. Many household heads are reported to have left for differentplaces in search of employment, in most cases to Afar Region, leaving their family behind. Thiscondition is thought to have resulted in the current unbalance between female headed and maleheaded households and the fact that the female population in general is higher than the male.

Deportation and Loss of Property:As per the various focus group discussions with the deportees, the travel from Eritrea (Assab) towhere they finally arrived (various towns in Amhara) was arduous and formidable. It took morethan a month on the average and many have died on the way because of fatigue, starvation ordisease or a combination of all. According to one study report, 17% of the deportees reported thatat least one member of their family was separated during the deportation process and of these about34% did not still know the whereabouts of the missing family members(s).

It therefore goes without saying that these people were economically bankrupt, physicallydeteriorated and psychologically afflicted upon arrival in Ethiopia.

According to the survey, the all the deportees claimed that they lost their property in the form ofeither money, valuables, house furniture, clothes, houses (of residence or/and trade), establishedbusinesses and means of production.

The losses of houses, businesses and means of productions are captured in the out put table ofquestionnaire under the item column "others" and the percentage of respondents who so lost suchproperties amounts to 18.05% in the case of deportees in Amhara (see annex tables for details).

Educational Status of Deportees:Since the vast majority of the deportees were "economic migrants" who moved to Assab (then animportant port city of Ethiopia), aspiring for economic success by engaging in all sorts ofjobs orbusinesses, only few have higher level academic qualifications. The survey result shows that 15.8%of the deportees are found to be illiterate. The majority of individuals in this category are womenwho are often disadvantaged. The vast majority (51.30%) have primary education and those whogot higher level education are 1 .30%of the sample.

This fining shows a disparity with a study made for ZOA Refugee Care, which reported that 34% ofthe surveyed deportees were found to be illiterate and 22% have higher education. Although thisdisparity is highly exaggerated, it could be assumed that those who have better educationalqualification might have either secured employment or might have left to other places (includingthe capital) looking for job at the time of our survey which took places after nearly 2 years. Giventhe fluid nature of the current life situation of deportees it is possible that there exists a perpetual

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movement and change of residence. This might be even more applicable to those who have the hopeand potential for securing employment elsewhere.

Current Livelihood Situation:The current livelihood situation of deportees is precarious and fragile. According to our surveyresult, 47.2% are daily labourers. Given the unreliability and unpredictability of daily labour, andthe meagerness of the income obtained, it is hardly possible to consider this category of deporteesas having adequate and consistent means of income.

Even among those who have been categorized as petty traders, some are cigarettes vendors, "Kolo"sellers and the like whose daily profit could not exceed two Birr on the average.

The result of the survey shows that 34% of respondents earn less than Birr 50.00 per month, 50% ofthem earn between Birr 51-120 and only 1.9% are reported to have a monthly average income ofmore than Birr 350.00.

Given the sky-rocketed current living cost and the fact that these people have to pay for house rentsand other expenditures out of this meager income, it would have been impossible to them to survivehad it not been to the relief support they were getting.

According to the survey 81.00% of deportees in Amhara live in rented houses, 15.10% live withrelatives, and 0.8% live in camps. Only 0.8% are reported to live in their own houses. Of thoseliving in rented houses 91.10% pay less than Birr 50.00 per month for house rent. It should be notedhere that it is not because house rent is cheap that these people pay this amount, but it is becausethey are living in "dungeons", as one FGD discussant in Dessie put it.

Indeed, it was disclosed during the focus group discussions that in most towns where large numberof deportees live, house rent was dramatically increased by about 30-50% as a result of the highdemand for houses.

A repot of a study done for Forum on Street Children Ethiopia (FSCE) stated that 10% of deporteeshave no shelter at all and live in the streets and church yards, while others live in poor qualityhouses in untidy corners of the towns (ELias 2001). This fact is also revealed in our survey resultwhich showed that 2.40% live in "other" conditions which is the category that includes deporteeswho have no shelter at all.

As one study report stressed and as it was repeatedly raised in focus group discussions (FGDs) withdeportees, inability to pay house rents at all or failure to pay timely on the part of deportees, isusually the cause of conflicts between deportees and the host community, especially house renters.It is thus considered as one of the drawbacks that worked against the social reintegration of thedeportees with the host communities.

It was reported in one of the focus group discussions that many deportees have left for the low landsof Afar not only for the reason of looking for job opportunities, but also due to the fact that the hotclimate is more friendly to poor people as they are to worry neither about heavy clothes (blankets)for the night's wear, jackets (pullovers) for the day's wear nor about houses (shelters) to pass thenight in.

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Food Assistance:Food assistance to deportees has been on and off for about two years till ZOA refugee Care startedto distribute food on a monthly basis since June 2001 and continued to do so for a little more than ayear. ZOA started its intervention in response to the result of an assessment on the nutritional statusof deportees conducted in September 2000. The result of this study showed that there existed aserious malnourishment among both adult and child deportees. The report thus concludedrecommending immediate provision of food ration as well as free and adequate medical serviceamong other things.

ZOA again conducted a study on the same issue, this time, a sort of impact assessment, only afterfive months of the intervention, October 2001. The result was claimed to have revealed that theover all situation of nutritional status of the beneficiaries has significantly improved, that death ratehas reduced by 33% and household income has raised, as a result of the intervention.Consequently, it was recommended that free distribution of food should discontinue except to theaged and the disabled while the rest should be embraced in an EGS (FFW) program and eventualsustainable rehabilitation.

Accordingly, ZOA stopped its food assistance as of July 2001 as per the recommendation, althoughit did not give equal weight to other aspects of the recommendation i.e. the shift to EGS andrehabilitation. As a result, deportees stayed for more than four months without either receiving foodassistance or being given the opportunity of involving in EGS (FFW). Besides, the reason for thediscontinuity of the food assistance was not made clear to them and the information gap made thedeportees to conjure up all sorts of imaginary causes for the discontinuation of the assistance.It was only at the last week of December, during which time this study was going on that they gotfood assistance again. This time it was from South Wollo DPPD and was only 12.5Kg of wheatwithout the extra items that ZOA's assistance consisted of. 5 This aid by DPPD was not onlyinsufficient but also did not seem to last long. Indeed even personnel of Dessie DPPD did not seemto know how long the assistance would last. In general the food aid had been intermittent except the13 consecutive months of ZOA's intervention and often than not the grain was of bad quality. Onthe whole, the food assistance. At present is neither adequate nor reliable and thus, the situationcalls for immediate and appropriate measures.

The food assistance provided to these deportees so far has been sporadic and inconsistent. The duration ofthe assistance ranged from 3 to 12 months though not all deportees were addressed. Most significant foodassistance provided, both in terms of duration and number of beneficiaries was that of ZOA Refugee Carewhich lasted for 13 consecutive months (from June 2000 to July 2001) and from which 7909 deporteesbenefited. ZOA's assistance program consisted of 15 kgs of wheat/corn, 0.6 kgs of oil and 1.5 kgs of lentilper person/month.

The outcome of our study showed that these people need food assistance before and during therehabilitation process including the training time. In focus group discussions with representatives ofrelevant government line departments, NGOs and target groups (deportees) it was reported that oneimportant factor that greatly contributed to the not very successful attempt of rehabilitating about500 deportees in Desie and Haik towns by some NGOs was disregard to the necessity of a certaingrace period during which time beneficiaries could be provided with food assistance lest they

5 ZOA used to distribute 15Kg. of wheat/corn, 0.6 Kg. of oil and 1.5 Kg. of lentil per person per month.

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consume part of their capital. The study therefore indicates that the deportees need food assistanceuntil the IGS the deportees would involve in become dependably profitable.

Rationale for the Suggested Duration of the Food Assistance:The suggested duration of the food assistance is 12 months. Reasons for arriving at this conclusioninclude:

The output of the questionnaire survey which shows that the majority of respondents (abou 60%)reported that it will take them one year to be fully self reliant.The assumption that during the last several months after the food assistance discontinued, theymight have been borrowing money and food items from friends and relatives and might have beenindebted. Hence, besides the required food consumption, they would also be obliged to pay backtheir debts and this might adversely affect their eventual rehabilitation.The recognition that the deportees, at least the majority of them, are going to involve in new type ofbusiness after staying jobless or having been engaged in quite different activities and the transitionmay take some time before they fully master the new activity and establish themselves.The assumption that their new business engagement necessarily involves competition with peoplealready in the business and better established, requiring considerable " learning period".25% of the deportees (3,718) are children and pregnant and/or lactating mothers that needsupplementary food assistance.

It is therefore believed that a 12 months grace period will highly contribute to the success of therehabilitation effort and the achievement of the sought objective; the eventual self-reliance of thetarget groups.

The food assistance requirement is estimated using the WFP standard of the quantity and variety offood intake required for a healthy and productive life of an individual person

Table 9: Estimated Food Assistance Requirement

Food items Quantity Total No. No. of Duration of Totalrequired person/month of children the amount in

in kg Deportees and assistance quintalmothers in months

Sorghum/wheat 15 14,879 12 26,782.20Oil 0.75 14,879 1 1 12 1,339.11FAMIX 2.00 3,718 1 12 892.32

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Access to Social Services:

Potable water: Individual interviewees and discussants of FGDs confirmed that though they couldnot afford to rent houses with piped water facilities, they normally buy buckets of water fordomestic consumption, except laundering, either from public water stands or from individuals(including their land lords/ladies) who own tapped water points. This is what our statistical surveyresult confirmed since it showed that 78.6% of respondents reported to get water from water tapsowned by individuals, while 14.3% and 2.4% reported that they get water from public water standsand protected well respectively (see annex tables for details).

Education: Regarding access to formal education of school-age children of deportees the surveyshows that 65.5% are reported to attend schools at various levels. It is assumed that targetedintervention of NGOs such as FSCE which focuses on provision of school materials and uniformsfor deportee children might have contributed positively to the percentage of enrollment.

Accordingly to FGD participants, all government schools were cooperative with regard toenrollment of deportees' children. It was pointed out that deportees' children were admitted toclasses even without the formal requirements of producing legal certificates from the previousschools since, in most cases, the deportation process didn't allow to go through such formalprocedures. Instead the schools made deportee students above the level of first grade to sit forentrance exams equivalent to the students' claimed grades.

Health: Respondents reported that in the first few months of deportation the morbidity andmortality rates of deportees, especially children was high. The situation started to change to thebetter when government health institutions started to provide medical assistance free of charge todeportees.

Even after this, deportees faced problems since they could not afford to buy prescribed drugs notavailable in the pharmacies of the government health institutions. This problem was solved by theintervention of ZOA Refugee Care, which started covering all medical expenses for deportees sinceJune 2000.

Consequently, the percentage of deportees visiting "modem" health institutions raised to 96.8%.The rest 3.2% do not go to clinics or hospitals not because of money constraints but due toindividual beliefs and/or attitudes, religious or otherwise. (see annex tables for details).

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Needs and Priorities

Only insignificant (negligible) number of deportees show interest to involve in any incomegeneration activity related to agriculture. This might be attributed to the fact that almost alldeportees are accustomed to urban life, at least after their migration to Assab.

Since the choice of IGS has to be seen from the perspective of the skill, knowledge and experienceof the individual deportee on the one hand and the availability of resources and market potential onthe other, the fact that agriculture-related IGS is not preferred by deportees in Amhara seemsjustifiable. Moreover, IGS related to dairy farming, cattle fattening, sheep rearing and poultryrequire at least a place where the animal can wait even if cut and carry (indoor feeding) systemmight be applied. Unlike FDs who show real interest to involve in such activities, deportees do noteven think of them since they do not have a place for themselves leave alone for cattle. It isimpossible to acquire land for the purpose at individual level. On the other hand, deportees areabsolutely repulsive to the idea of cooperatives any form of collective ownership.

Therefore, the requirement of deportees which is initial capital for starting petty trades and servicegiving activities deserves due attention. The vast majority prefers to be involved in petty trade, andurban based service-giving activities. There was however an unanimous opposition to anyrehabilitation strategy based on any sort of cooperatives or group IGS. The reason for theirresentment of group IGS seems two fold. First people did not yet get over with the memory of theforced collectivization attempts of the Derg and the unpleasant consequences thereof. Second, thenot very successful attempt of two local NGOs, AARRDP and DSCP, to rehabilitate 500 deporteesby organizing them in to cooperatives is a current phenomenon that could be cited as evidence forthe dismal consequences of group IGSs.

HIV/AIDS:Deportees, are at higher risk of HIV/AIDS Efforts are being made by governmental and non-governmental organizations to raise the awareness level of the community about HIV/AIDS. Withthe objective of coordinating the activities of all organizations involved in social organizations inrelation to HIV/AIDS, a secretariat office was established last year at the regional level in Bahir Dartown with offices in other towns in the region Anti-AIDS committees involving sectordepartments, NGOs, religious and other similar governmental and non-governmentalrepresentatives were formed at the zonal, Woreda, Kebele, school and institution levels.

According to the survey results, almost all the sample deportees (97%) have the knowledge ofHIV/AIDS. The sources of information include meetings (37%), radio (45%) and from friends.

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Annex 5 Deportees/Returnees in Afar Region

Background:According to the initial assessment of the Afar Regional ESRDF, the total number of deportees isestimated at 1,774 people. Most of the deportees residing in Afar Regional state used to live in Bureand Assab towns before the conflict. Bure town was the major war zone and the town has beentotally abandoned and the dwellers displaced and property damage was reported. The areabordering Eritrea is heavily mined and as a result there are still some incidents where livestock andpeople are victims.

The Bure town is now re-established with temporary accommodations (corrugated iron sheet walland roof houses). The town's proximity to the boarder where military bases are still functioning hasmade it an insecure area. Moreover, discontinuity of the use of Assab port has left both Bure andManda towns without their usual trading activities. The presence of the Ethiopian army is the onlything that sustains the town. Almost all the internally displaced people (333 out of 342) are fromBure town (ESRDF report).

The Tendaho large-scale cotton plantation and its location on the Assab -Addis Ababa route hascontributed for Dubti to be the center of employment and trade. While Dubti town (woreda capital)is located off the road of Assab, the job opportunity in the cotton plantation has made it a well-established town as compared to other towns in the region.

Logia town being close to the new regional capital (Samara Town) is getting the advantage of thecity's construction. For this reason, 435 out of 475 deportees of the woreda are living in this town.The deportees here enjoy a better opportunity of employment in the construction sites, trading andrestaurant work.

The categorization of internally displaced people from Bure town as 'urban' did not exactly fit thesituation of the town livelihood where there are only few shop keepers and small restaurant owners,while the majority of the people of the town are pastoralists.

There are two types of deportees - the Afars and non-Afars, especially from bordering regions ofAmhara and Tigray. These deportees have also faced with different types of problems at the time ofdeportation and at their present situation. When deported, they also lost their properties includingcash, furniture, clothes and other household utensils. To this effect, 32% of them declared that theylost household furniture and 22% have lost clothes. The details are given in the annex volume ofthis report. During deportation, the Afars were not allowed to leave Eritrea. One deportee said"even a child who has one of his parents an Afar was not allowed to leave". This situation forcedthe Afars to return to their country crossing unofficial entry points, thus missing registration by theInternational Committee for Red Cross (ICRC) and government authorities. This situation hasresulted in loses of initial identification and the immediate integration of the Afars into theirrespective clans and they have been deprived from the 1000 Birr entitlement for the deportees. Theimmediate integration is still creating difficulties in tracing Afar deportees that have spreadthroughout the area and are constantly moving.

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On the other hand, deportees that were not originally from Afar were forced to leave Eritrea. Theywere handed over to the ICRC or have walked in groups to Ethiopia and reported to governmentauthorities. This formal deportation and entry have helped the deportees to get assistance andrecognition as deportees.

Social Integration of the Deportees:The social integration of the deportees depend on being an Afar or not. The Afars are able tointegrate immediately unlike those deportees from other regions whose lives have beendiscontinued from their origin except some family ties. The integration of the deportees as observedby the survey team indicates that the level of integration depends on the resource base of thedeportees. Those deportees who had high level of income (in the case of few Afars who had somemoney) are able to start re-establishing themselves by getting involved in some trade activities. Butthose who did not have neither the capital nor any skill are still marginalized with high dependencyon external assistance.

These are deportees whose origin is mostly Amhara and Tigray. These non-Afar deportees aremoving around to other parts of the country looking for places to settle and employmentopportunities. Generally, this uncertainty of settlement has put them under the pressure ofdisplacement and frustration while the Afar deportees automatically settled and they are on theprocess of re-establishing themselves.

In the case of housing, while the Afars were able to live in their traditional housing that they areable to build, the non-Afar deportees have to compete for the few houses in the towns. As indicatedin the table below, most of the deportees (69.7%) live in rented houses and others live with relativesand in camps. The majority of them (45% of those who live in rented houses) pay a monthly houserent of Birr 50-100 which is high in the Afar Region standard where houses are not as expensive asin other towns of the country. This could however partly be explained by the fact that moredeportees are competing for the few houses available.

Table 1: Housing Situation

Housing No. of respondents %Rented house 62 69.7Own 8 9With relatives 11 12.4Camp 1 1.1Others 7 7.9

89 100

Access to social services:Access to safe water, as shown in survey output is very limited among the Afar deportees. Only27.6% of them have access to safe water from both tap and public water points. The remaining62.9% get water from other unprotected water sources, which implies that there is a high chance ofvulnerability to water borne, and water related diseases. On the other hand, their access to healthinstitutions is high (94.4%). The percentage of school age children attending school is 48.30%,which is much less than of Amhara which is 63.50%

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The deportees in general do not have high educational level. The survey result shows that 35.3% areilliterate, 6.6% can only read and write and 39.2% have primary education, 8.09% have secondary educationand only 0.98% have higher education. Consequently, the information on their pre- deportation occupationalstatus shows that 22.6% were petty traders and 11.30% of them were engaged in unskilled labor work. Thistrend is not changed after deportation. Indeed the survey shows that even more people are involved in thesetwo fields after deportation as 30% are now petty traders and 25.8% are day laborers, though the type ofpetty trade or unskilled work they were engaged and the amount of income they derive from theseoccupations may vary greatly.

Table 2: Occupation Before and After Deportation

Occupation Before AfterNumber % Number %

None 7 11.3 5 8-2Daily labour 7 11.3 16 25.8Petty trade 14 22.6 19 30.6Cottage industry 2 3.2 2 3.2House wife 6 9.7 2 3.2House worker 7 11.3 9 14.5Others 19 30.6 9 14.5Totals 62 100 62 100

Food Assistance:The survey result shows that only 6% of the deportees (mainly those who live in camps) havereceived food assistance, while the majority (94%) of them have not received at all. Of those whoreceived food assistance, 50% of them reported that they were assisted for 6 months and above,while 43% of them had the assistance for 1-3 months. Therefore, their livelihood depends on dailylabour and support from other individuals.

The discussions with the community members and the regional DPPB and ESRDF suggest thatdeportees in the region need food assistance for one year. Accordingly, the WFP standard has beenused to estimate the food assistance for the total estimated number of deportees (3,000 households)for one year.

Table 3: Estimated Food Assistance Requirement

Quantity Total No. No. of Duration of TotalFood items person/month of children the amount inrequired in kg Deportees mothers assistance quintal

in monthsSorghum/wheat 15 15,000 12 27,000Oil 0.75 15,000 I 1 12 1,350FAMIX 2.00 3,750 12 900

Assumptions:* The total number of deportee households is estimated at 3,000* According to the national average of household size, the deportee household is multiplied by

5 and the total number of deportees is estimated at 15,000* Food assistance is required for one year.

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25% of the deportees are children under five years old and pregnant and/or lactating women(3,750)

The monthly income of the deportees is indicated in the graph below. According to the graph, about40% of the deportees get a monthly income of Birr 121-250. Only a few of them (7%) get aboveBirr 350 per month.

The future needs and priorities of the deportees are reported as petty trading which is related to theircurrent occupation. Although there is an opportunity of employment in the cotton plantation farm asdaily labourers, none of them indicated this area of occupation as a future means of livelihoodbecause of the seasonal employment nature of the plantation and also depends on the success of thecultivation.

HIV/AIDS is a concern particularly for the deportee young girls in Afar Region. Owing to lack ofmeans of livelihood and the presence of the military base in Afar, the number of young girls joiningthe commercial sex business has been increasing There are some efforts being made bygovernmental and non-governmental organizations to raise the awareness level of the communityabout HIV/AIDS. According to the survey results, almost all the sample deportees (98%) have theknowledge of HIV/AIDS. The sources of information include meetings (37%), radio (45%) andfrom friends.

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Annex 6 Environmental Impacts of Rehabilitation Interventions

The complementarities between economic development and environmental sustainability haveincreasingly become important in global economic development strategies. The World Bank hasembarked on a major effort to incorporate environmental issues into its lending and advisoryactivities. The government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) has alsopromulgated environmental policy and strategies to guide sustainable economic and socialdevelopment in the country. To this effect, the present study has given due attention toenvironmental impacts that the rehabilitation interventions might entail in the target regions.

Potential negative social and environmental impacts and related mitigation measures were identifiedby a multi-disciplinary team during project appraisal. PMUs were established in Tigray and Afar tomanage the household rehabilitation component for IDPs, deportees, and families of deceased inthose regions, and in the Federal Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission and theirregional bureau to manage the household component in the other regions for deportees and familiesof deceased. Each PIU prepared an implementation plan for its part of the project. Plans for IDPsset out the budgetary allocation process, the process of community consultations which is used toprioritize needs to remain within budget constraints, the process of delivery of cash and materials tobeneficiary households and the screening and monitoring of environmental and social impacts.Plans for deportees and families of deceased set out the process of beneficiary identification,consultation to agree on a support package, flow of funds, and assessment of potential negativesocial impacts. During implementation the PMU Task Force has tracked these potential impactswith a view to mitigate them if it proved necessary. The starting point for the ESA was theassessment of the mechanisms put in place by the Project Management Units (PMU) in addressingpotentially negative social and environmental impacts.

The following consultations were carried out to finalize and disseminate the PIPs:

* Stakeholders Workshop (Tigray Regional State - Adigrat): A workshop was held with some50 beneficiaries (42 men and 9 women) from Tabias in the Eastern Zone of Tigray inAdigrat on January 28, 2001. The Workshop was opened by a regional official (Dr.Solomon Inquay, then Head of Regional Social Affairs Bureau and now RegionalParliament Spokes Person). After general briefing on the ERP objectives and operationalmechanisms, beneficiaries were asked to provide their views on the main aspects of theprocess where by assistance would reach beneficiary households and on variousimplementation issues. Participants were divided into three groups and discussed in detail: i)project implementation cycle, ii) housing reconstruction and iii) agriculture and incomegenerating activities. The output of the workshop was a detailed implementation manual onthe household rehabilitation component that describes: i)approaches and principles,ii)project implementation cycle, iii) players and roles and iv) benefit packages. Theworkshop also updated stakeholders on environmental and safeguard issues.

* Focus group meetings with 27 people (15 men and 12 women) was carried out in an areawhere 2400 displaced households reside in January 2001 in Tigray and issues related to: i)overgrazing ii) community management of rehabilitation process, iii) women's lead role,iv) monitoring and v) partnership between government, private sector, NGO and communitywere discussed.

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* Rehabilitation Task Forces established at the local level(woreda and kebelle level) drawnfrom woreda/kebelle administrations, technical bureaus (agriculture, health, education,etc),CBO representatives (farmers, women and youth associations) are the keyimplementation support units closer to the households. In less than three months afterproject effectiveness, the ERP has oriented 1086 persons in the regions of Tigray, Amhara,Afar, Oromia SNNP, Somali, Benishangul-Gumz and Addis Ababa, who are members oflocal level rehabilitation task forces. The orientation for the rehabilitation task forcesfocused on ERP - objectives and principles, project implementation cycle, their own rolesand the roles of other players, and the skills and information needed for specific tasks(e.g.household assessment, environment screening, compiling community requests, etc.).

* The rehabilitation task forces at woreda and tabia/kebelle level in turn have informed theERP objectives and operational guidelines to the beneficiaries in various kebelle and sub-kebelle level meetings carried out between March 2001 and November 2002. In fact,individual beneficiary households have been visited by members of rehabilitation taskforcesduring need assessment and advise was provided to 61, 000 IDPs, 69,000 families of thedeceased and 71,000 deportees on the choice of an appropriate agricultural or incomegenerating activities.

Generally, environmental degradation is a concern in northern Ethiopia, especially in Tigray Region.Deforestation and soil erosion are the major cause for land degradation and poor agricultural performance.Some efforts are underway to combat the environmental degradation in the region. Some these effortsinclude terracing and area enclosures. The case of Afar is different regarding environmental issues and isrelated to stocking rate and the land carrying capacity. The equilibrium of the land carrying capacity andstocking rate in pastoral systems, particularly in Afar, has been debatable in the existing developmentliterature. Therefore, further research will be generally needed to draw conclusions ivhether the land carryingcapacity and the stocking rates are compatible or not.

The findings of the study showed that most of the household rehabilitation interventions do not createadverse environmental impacts.The ESA has addressed environmental and social issues by category ofbeneficiaries and rehabilitation interventions:

1. Interventions for Internally Displaced People (IDPs)

The efforts of the government and the World Bank are geared towards assisting the IDPs to startnormal productive lives and benefit packages have been set for the rehabilitation of the IDPs. Thebenefit package for IDPs includes agricultural inputs, housing reconstruction, IGS and householdutensils. The agricultural rehabilitation assistance for Tigray farming IDPs includes restocking,purchase of farm implements and fertilizer, while for the Afar farming IDPs, the package alsoincludes restocking, purchases of farm tools and improved seeds. On the other hand, therehabilitation assistance to an Afar pastoral IDP household includes restocking with a camel, 2heifers, and 5 small ruminants.

In Afar, the estimates of livestock holding before and after the conflict show that the householdshave lost significant number of their livestock and restocking is required to sustain their livelihoods.Environmental risks associated with restocking activities could arise from an increase in herd size,or from the introduction of new species to local environment. Restocking in Afar is solely through

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local purchases, so the herd size is not increasing and no new species of livestock is beingintroduced. Even with the proposed restocking, the number of cattle owned by IDPs will be belowpre-conflict le'vels. ,As a result, no incremental adverse environmental impact can result from therestocking intervention. This is not to say that there are not grazing problems in the Afar Region butonly that the ERP is not exacerbating them. The planned Pastoralist Project in Afar will addresslong term issues related to stocking rates, land carrying capacity and economic development inpastoral Afar.

The ESRDF Afar Office in collaboration with woreda and kebelle rehabilitation task forces hascarried out a household assessment (HA) in four war affected woredas (Berhale, Erepti, Elidar andDallol) and identified 5034 IDPs (households) requiring rehabilitation assistance in 2001. Of thesehouseholds, 4124 (82%) are pastoral IDPs who chose to be rehabilitated with restocking. Theremaining 880 are urban IDPs who chose to be assisted with income generation activities. BetweenJuly 2002 and January 2003, about 3000 pastoral IDPs have received rehabilitation assistance. Themaximum rehabilitation assistance provided was Birr 5000 per household for 900 destitute IDPs,who lost most of their livestock since they were in the boarder areas during the war. With themaximum rehabilitation assistance, each pastoral IDP is expected to buy one camel, fivesheep/goats, two heifers, household items, and a mobile housing unit. The household assessmentsand household allocations to each IDP were carried out in a participatory fashion involving thebeneficiaries themselves. Priorities were given to destitute pastoral households in occupiedtabias/kebelles. In addition to the ERP assistance, The ESRDF RO has provided 5 shoats to 2470households in the war affected areas in collaboration with FAO. The Bureau of Agriculture has alsoprovided veterinary drugs and vaccines to those IDPs in collaboration. The regional DisasterPrevention and Preparedness Bureau (DPPB) is also providing food assistance in collaboration withWFP in areas affected by the drought.

Currently, there is an active food security project amounting to US$100.6 million beingimplemented in selected 156 woredas of the regions of Amhara, Oromia, SNNP and Tigray ( wherelarge proportion of ERP beneficiaries reside). The major objective of this project is to build theresource base of poorer rural households, increase their employment and incomes, reduce the realcost of food and improve nutrition level of children under 5 years of age as well as pregnant andlactating mothers. This project is believed to compliment the ERP beneficiaries by providing grantsto communities or kebelles to increase household and community assets and incomes by bettermanagement of rain fed agriculture (crops and livestock); investment in small scale irrigation; betternatural resource management through "zero tillage" technique on farms, and catchments levelactivities to conserve soil, reverse soil degradation, improve water harvesting and use, and improvedistribution of labor; development of off farm enterprise; reduce stunting in children under 5 yearsof age and improve child and adult nutrition through a community based child growth promotionprogramme; and investment in training and development.

The pastoral development project, which is currently under appraisal, is expected to do most of theabove activities in the pastoral areas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and Southern regions.

The environmental risks associated with housing reconstruction for IDPs could be improper siteselection and drainage and sanitary problems, over use of local materials that can causedeforestation, and lack of proper design and necessary structure. However, almost all thereconstruction activities are small scale and will be executed in already developed areas. Inaddition, there is a shift in Tigray from the traditional beam and earth packed roofing to a new type

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which is replaced by corrugated iron sheet roof covering and this shift in using constructionmaterials reduces the concern of adverse environmental impact. Moreover, the IDPs will be fullyinvolved in all steps of the reconstruction activities from planning to completion of thereconstruction.

Under the household rehabilitation component of ERP, IDPs are being assisted with agriculturalbenefit packages (oxen, heifers, sheep, goats, farm implements, seeds and fertilizer), but theprocurement and use of pesticides was not included in the rehabilitation package, and none wasfound during the ESA. Accordingly, no adverse environmental impacts are expected.. Theagricultural benefit packages are not expected to cause any damage on the environment since thefarmers get technical assistance through the extension pram of the ministry of agriculture on how touse them, when to use them and in what quantities to use them.

2. Interventions for Families of Deceased

The benefit package for FDs includes agricultural inputs and IGS. The needs assessment of urbanFDs revealed that IGS including petty trading, grinding mills are the priorities. For the rural FDs,purchase of livestock is the predominant priority. Acquiring oxen for traction, pack animals for thepurpose of renting out and generating income, small ruminants for rearing and reselling wereidentified as priority needs. Housing construction or maintenance, which is not part of the benefitpackage, has also been identified as a priority. Regarding the environmental impacts of these andother related rehabilitation interventions, the analyses provided for rehabilitation interventions ofdeportees and IDPs are applicable.

3. Interventions for Deportees

Deportees are concentrated in urban areas of the country. It is estimated that about 80% of thedeportees are in Tigray Region, mainly concentrating in Mekale, Adigrat and other small towns. InAmhara Region, deportees are residing in Bahir Dar, Kombolcha, Dessie, Debre Tabor, Gondar,Woldiya and Bati towns, with the highest concentration in Kombolcha, Dessie and Woldiya. InAfar Region, Dubti, Assaita and Bure are the major towns where deportees are concentrating.

During the survey, the needs of the deportees were assessed and identified on a participatoryfashion. Accordingly, income generating schemes (IGS) have been considered as the appropriaterehabilitation interventions for the deportees. The deportees came up with a long list of IGS whichinclude petty trading, poutry, grinding mills, soap making, dairy farming, waste collection etc.Furthermore, housing was identified as one of the rehabilitation interventions for this group ofbeneficiaries as they depend on their relatives or live in rented houses.Most of the IGS identified by the beneficiaries do not have adverse environmental impacts. Forinstances, petty trading activities have no physical work on the environmental and as a result willnot create any adverse environmental hazards to the area.

According to the technical annex, shelter is not included in the benefit package for deportees.However, if shelter (urban) is to be included in the benefit package, there could be certainenvironmental and social issues to be considered - the land acquisition is an issue in urban areas;

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improper site selection could cause drainage and sanitary problems etc. To this effect, before theconstruction of the houses, mitigation measures should be thought. The mitigation measures includeinvolving the beneficiaries in the process of appropriate selection of sites and designs, housingconstruction following standard drainage system and urban planning.

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Annex 8 Monitoring and Evaluation

1. Current Practices

For projects/programs to be successful in impacting on the beneficiaries, appropriate monitoringand evaluation should be in place. The M & E system should demonstrate how information flowsat various levels, the reporting period, the M & E formats and basic indicators, level of detail inreporting at the different levels up the ladder, degree of responsibility of each stakeholder in thesystem, means of transmitting feedbacks.

For the ERP M & E, there is already a structure (particularly in Tigray and Amahara) in place forreporting of the process of the program implementation, which flows from Kebele to the Federallevel. For instance, in the Amhara Region, the Kebele Technical Task Forces (TTFs) are supposedto report to their respective Woreda TTFs. The Woreda TTFs in turn report to zonal committees andthe latter do to their respective sub-regional ERP Management Units in Bahir Dar and Dessie. Boththe Federal ERPMU and Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Bureau (DPPB) of the region havethe responsibility of monitoring and evaluating the activities of the West and East Amhara ERPManagement Units and the sub regional ERPMUs summit their periodic reports to the former. Theresponsibilities of the various organs at different decision making levels are outlined in the workingmanuals and the different directives. However, the systems actually being implemented and theeffectiveness of the monitoring and evaluation process in general greatly vary from Woreda toWoreda.

In Tigray, a well-established reporting system is applied where the 'Kushet' RTF committee reportsto the Kebele RTF which in turn reports to Woreda RTF. The 'Kushet' RTF committee monitors theutilization of the benefit by each individual beneficiary according to the priority set. In cases ofdiversions, in some areas like Gulomekeda (Tigray), there is an agreement form that the beneficiarysigns before getting the support. This agreement obliges him/her to use the money according to theplan. In cases of diversion for other uses, the total fund extended is to be re-paid by the beneficiary.The community structure is also playing significant role in controlling the utilization of the support.Besides the regular reports coming from 'Kushet' and Kebeles, the Woreda RTF are conductingregular random monitoring activities at Kebele and 'Kushet' levels.

In general, the existing M & E practices have brought about successful results as it has beenreported in the evaluation report. However, there were certain problems that need to be resolved tobe the foundation of an effective M & E system for the rest of the life of the program.

2. Constraints in the Existing M & E Activities

Committee members at the Woreda level have their own responsibilities and assignments in theirrespective offices, and the ERP task is an additional undertaking. In addition to this, the commonfree-rider problem in committee works; lack of clearly defined guidelines and responsibilities to beenforced among members caused lack of commitment on ERP activities in certain respects. TheERP activities seem to be undertaken in an ad hoc basis and problems usually arise whenevercommittee members are altered.

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Effective and proper follow-ups of the programs involve field trips in the different parts of eachWoreda, which could not be pursued in the absence of per diems and transport facilities. In spite ofbeing felt as a serious constraint, ERP has not allocated budgets for such and related activities.Owing to this, mostly, the reports of the Woreda ERP implementing committees is based largely onbooks of accounts of their finance departments and the activities of beneficiaries in the surroundingareas of the capital city of the Woreda.

3. Proposed Monitoring and Evaluation System

As it is displayed in the diagram below, the behavior of the program requires at least four levels ofreporting beginning from the target groups at the community level to the federal bodies. There arethree different M & E activities.

* Monthly flow-up by kebele RTFs and quarterly report at woreda level - currently, thekebeles report to woredas on a monthly basis which is very important for the woeda tocompile the information on a quarterly basis.

* Rapid assessment on certain issues which require special attention* Mid-term and ex-post evaluation which will be based on surveys

Quarterly Follow-up/ Monitoring

At the community and beneficiaries level, the follow-up of the input delivery and the proper use ofthe funds should be done by the community committee themselves. Simple one-page forms need tobe developed in this purpose and would be filled quarterly by the community committee to monitorthe following points:

- new purchases,- remaining balance,- record of the use of the grant including intended and non-intended purchases.

The proper uses of benefits should be closely followed up at community level. For this purpose, a simpleone-page format needs to be developed to be filled by committees every month. Based on the monthlyreports of the Kebele,, the woreda ERP committee (RTA or TTF) might act accordingly if the situationrequires immediate measure. The woreda committee through its secretariat should organize and summarizethe monthly reports of the various community ERP committees and report to the regional ERP coordinatingcommittees. Depending on the nature of the findings of the Woreda M & E reports, the regional committeeeither reports to the Federal ERPMU or take measures as required.

The regional coordinating committees should develop two types of formats for reporting the statusof the program implementation. On a quarterly basis, it needs to report to the Federal responsiblebodies about the actual disbursements, the overall functioning of the M & E system at the woredaand Kebele ERP committee levels and major constraints to the Federal bodies. The second type ofthe report should take into account an overview of the actual uses of the fund by beneficiaries inaddition to the overall performance of ERP committees at different levels. This report is expectedtwo times per year.

The Federal ERP coordinating committees should provide its feedback within a reasonable period(but fixed a priori) for the regular bi-yearly reports of the regions and immediate reaction might beworthwhile whenever deemed necessary.

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In order to effectively undertake the proposed monitoring and evaluation, it might require apermanent employee or permanently assigned personnei to undertake the activities of ERP at theworeda level and be a permanent secretariat for the ERP coordinating committee at the woredalevel. The employee would be primarily responsible to collect monthly reports of the communitycommittees and organize them in a manner that suits the demands of the regional ERP coordinatingcommittees and avail them to the Woreda ERP committee for discussion and approval. In addition,he/she could be responsible to assess the functioning of the committee members vis-a-vis theirresponsibilities and reports to them for timely corrections.

At the woreda level, ERP should allocate funds for per diems and transportation to conduct fieldtrips and the actual use of the fund might be justified through the submission of field reports to theregional level. There should also be experience sharing among different Woredas that might beorganized by the regional ERP coordinating committees.

4. Rapid Assessment

In some instances, there could be a need to undertake a rapid assessment in order to explore thesituation and take immediate corrective measures. Thus, under such circumstances, the federal,regional or the woreda level ERP coordinating or M & E committees may undertake field trips andmake rapid assessments out of plan. This needs its own arrangements and formats depending on thenature of the issue.

5. Evaluation

A mid-term and an ex-post evaluation are proposed. The mid-term evaluation will be conducted onthe mid of the project life span and will make some recommendations for the further operatins ofthe program. When the program terrninates, an ex-post evaluation will be carried out which will beaimed at assessing the impact of the program on the beneficiaries. Part of the samples that havebeen used for the evaluation of the 1st disbursement could be re-used so as to monitor changes on asample of households that would be followed over the whole project life.

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Annex 9 Rehabilitation Strategy for Deportees

1. General rehabilitation strategy

1.1. Needs Assessment

Following the conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea in May 1998, about 1 10,000 Ethiopians weredeported from Eritrea. The deportees are living all over the country, particularly in urban areas ofTigray, Amhara and Afar. Most of the deportees are women, children and the elderly who havearrived with little possessions and without means of survival.

According to the needs assessment conducted with deportees in Tigray, Afar and Amhara Regions,some Income Generating Schemes (IGS) could be considered and developed to rehabilitate thedeportees. The results of the survey and the focus group discussions with deportees and otherstakeholders revealed some possible IGS.

Some of the potential IGS that were identified by the deportees in the three regions include thefollowing:

* petty trading* grinding mill and other produce processing activities,* soap making,* hand-pump mechanic,* Butter and honey trading* public stand-tap operator,. tailoring* artisan* Provision of cart service* Metal work* mechanic/garage,* mason/carpenter, plumbing, painting, and other construction activities,* activities in related with waste collection,* peri-urban vegetable/fruit production

The survey results also show that some of the deportees have the skills in some of the aboveactivities. Details on demographic and socio-economic features of the deportees are provided in theannex volume of this report.

1.2. Preparation of Individual Business Plans

The establishment of the business plan and the detailed technical formulation of the Project shouldnot be a desk exercise done by experts. Past experience with deportees and other income-generatingschemes shows that this needs to be done in a participatory manner, with the beneficiary the mainactor in the development of the plan.

Simple forms should be prepared for the plan to address the following:

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* fixed assets and inputs required,* manpower requirements,* expected sales,* operation expenses,* loan repayment,* depreciation.

Simple financial and economic indicators need also be developed, and thresholds for theseindicators could be determined in relation with MFIs, banks, and organisations with experience inMFIs. Projects requiring expensive fixed assets or with long return periods should as a rule beavoided. Attention should be paid to the potential involvement of other household members(spouse, children) in the Project.

The focus groups discussions with some governmental and NGO staff who have been involved inthe first efforts of deportee rehabilitation show that there are lessons to be learnt from theseexperiences, specifically those carried out by AARRDP and DSCP in Dessie town.

1.3. Markets and Financial Cost and Benefit Analysis for Some IGS

Deportees are concentrating in the towns of Mekelle and Adigrat, Axum and Inticho of Tigray Region. InAmhara, they are concentrating in Komboicha, Dessie, Woldiaya, Bati, Bahir Dar and Gondar, while in Afarthey are residing in Assaita, Bure and Dubti. There are difference IGS taking place in these towns before andafter the conflict. It was observed during the survey in these towns that some of the deportees have also beenengaged some activities - tea/coffee shops and small bars, metal work and others which suggests that someof the IGS could be viable to the deportees if supported financially and technically especially in providingsome basic training programs.

Generally, it was learnt that the IGS preferred by the beneficiaries include running tea/coffee shops, metalwork, tailoring and cart services, particularly in Mekelle, Adigrat, Kombolcha, Woldiya and Dessie towns.Tea/coffee shops are promising, especially in towns located near the border and where the military presenceis significant in Tigray and Afar Regions. Tailoring and metal work seem to be a viable activity in someborder towns but metal work is mentioned only in one woreda i.e. Irob (apparently selling the services to thecommunity).

Furthermore, petty trading has been found as one of the potential IGS in Kombolcha, Dessie, Assaita towns.The activities can also be replicated and implemented in other towns in the region for the internally displacedpeople especially for those living in urban areas near and around the borders. They petty trading caninvolve buying and selling of consumers' goods such as salt, sugar and tea, kerosene etc. Grain marketing isalso possible if the size of the capital permits.

The financial costs and benefits of some the selected IGS have been presented below. The current cost ofinputs and output have been considered for the estimates of the financial costs and benefits of the selectedIGS which are more or less applicable in the major towns of Tigray, Amhara and Afar Regions.

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Indicative Financial Return and Cost Analysis for some IGS (Birr)

No Project Items Amt. Year1 2 3 4 5

1 RUNNING ExpenditureTEA/COFFEE EquipmentSHOPS Chairs (40 birr/unit) 10 400 - ---

Tables (40 birr/unit) 3 120 - -

Cups (3 birr/unit) 20 60 - -

Kittle (40 birr/unit) 3 120 - -

Spoons (2 birr/unit) 20 40 - -

Stove (1500 birr/unit) 1 1500 - -

Shelf (500 birr/unit) 1 500 - -

Sub Total -Investment 2740 - -

Running CostSalary 2 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400

Waiter/Waitress (100 birr/month) 1 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200Cooker (100 birr/month) 1 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200Guard (100 birr/month) 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000

Consumables (500 birr/month)Utilities 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200

Water (30 birr/month) 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800Power (150 birr/month)Coffee/Tea Rooms Rent (200 birr/month) 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400Maintenance/Replacement - 500 500 500 500Sub Total - Running Cost/Year 16200 16700 16700 16700 16700

Revenue/Sales (in Birr)Tea - 0.25/unit - 100 units sold/day 7,800 7,800 7,800 7,800 7,800Coffee - 0.75/unit - 50 units sold/day 11,700 11,700 11,700 11,700 11,700Milk - 0.75/unit - 50 units sold/day 11,700 11,700 11,700 11,700 11,700Soft drinks - 1.75/unit - 10 units sold/day 5,400 5,400 5,400 5,400 5,400Breakfast - 2.50/unit - 15 units sold/day 11,700 11,700 11,700 11,700 11,700Sub Total - Sales/Gross Revenue 48,300 48,300 48,300 48,300 48,300

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Less Expenditure 18,940 16,700 16,700 16,700 16700Net Revenue 29,360 31,600 31,600 31,600 31600

2 Tailoring o Material* Sewing Machine 1 2,000 - - - -

* Training LS 1,500 - - - -

o Work Place* Room (150 birr/month) 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800

o Running Cost (300 birr/month) 3,600 3,600 3,600 3,600 3,600o Maintenance/Replacement - 250 250 250 250o Sub Total - Expenditure 8,900 5,650 5,650 5,650 5,650o Gross Revenue - (30 birr/day) 9,360 9,360 9,360 9,360 9,360o Net Revenue 460 3710 3710 3710 3710

3 Metal Work o Equipment LS 1,000o Training 1,500o Work Place (100 birr/month) 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200o Running Cost (200 birr/month) 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400o Maintenance/Replacement - 200 200 200 200o Sub Total - Expenditure 6,100 3,800 3,800 3,800 3,800o Gross Revenue (25 birr/day) 7,800 7,800 7,800 7,800 7,800o Net Revenue 1,700 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000

4 Cart Services o Investment* Donkeys 2 400 - - - -

*Cart 1 1500 - - - -

Feed (50 birr/month) 600 600 600 600 600* Replacement/Maintenance - 500 500 500 500

o Sub Total - Expenditure 2500 1100 1100 1100 1100o Gross Revenue (20 birr/day) 6,240 6,240 6,240 6,240 6,240o Net Revenue 3,740 5,140 5,140 5,140 5,140

5 PETTY o Revenue from sales 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000TRADING OF o Total Expense 12,576 12,576 12,576 12,576- 12,576

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CONSUMERS o Purchases of goods 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000GOODS o Labour (8 md/month*12*Birr 6) 576 576 576 576 576

o Gross Benefit 2,424 2,424 2,424 2,424 2,424

Note: The estimates provided for costs and benefits are similar for each year. However, it is assumed that they will change with pricevariations and when the beeneficiaries capitalize part of their benefits every year.

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1.4. Participation of the Deportees in the Process

During the focus group discussions, deportees expressed the opinion that they have beenabandoned. Economic rehabilitation cannot be achieved without some degree of psychologicalrehabilitation, and consultation with deportees on important issues is certainly one way to makethem feel better recognized. It is proposed that committees of deportees should be formed attown level to discuss rehabilitation issues with the implementation organisation. Moreimportantly, the committees should participate in the final review of projects when they aresubmitted to financial support.

1.5. Financing

Procedures need to be developed with the MFI(s) involved to determine:

* the eligible amounts and duration of loans (6),

* application procedures,* the conditions and duration of repayment, as well as possible grace period and other

specifics,* the interest rate,* the guarantees,* the penalties triggered by incapacity to repay in due time.

1.6. Institutional Arrangement

It is possible that some of these capabilities may not be found within the usual implementationorganisations used by the ERP so far (the woreda/kebelle task forces). The first stage of thepreparation of the detailed action plan for deportees should therefore be to identify externalorganisations with these capabilities, and to assess the required capacity building if any. There isa strong NGO presence in some of the concerned areas, and some of them are already active withdeportees. NGOs and specialised micro-finance institutions (MFIs) should therefore be includedin the organisations whose capabilities will be assessed, and which may take part inimplementation .

In Amhara Region there are several NGOs involved in IGS. Some of these NGOs include theAmarha Development Association (ADA), Organization for the Rehabilitation and Developmentof Amhara (ORDA), SOS Sahel, and others are involved in income generating schemes,particularly in food insecure woredas (urban and rural) in Amhara Region. The Amhara Bureauof Trade and Industry is also undertakeing income diversification assessment in some sampleworedas of the region, which is financed by Swedish International Development Agency (Sida).The Amhara Credit and Saving Institution (ACSI) is also active in providing credit facilities forincome generating schemes. In Tigray Region, there are various NGOs involved in therehabilitation of the displaced, particularly the Relief Society of Tigray (REST) and others.Dedebit Rural Credit Institute is also providing credit facilities. However, there are such fewinstitutions in Afar Region. Afar Pastoral Development Association (APDA) through which the

6 In accordance with experience gained with MFIs throughout Africa, most loans should be short-term, witha duration in the order of 6 months.

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rehabilitation program could be implemented. Furthermore, the relevant governmentorganizations, such as, Bureau of Trade and Industry, Agriculture, BoLSA could be involved inthe rehabilitation process.

1.7. Selection of Pilot Towns

The rehabilitation program should start with pilot towns of the different regions. The selectioncriteria of the pilot towns could be presence of NGOs undertaking similar projects, theconcentration of the deportees, availability of micro financing institutions. The deportees shouldbe provided with the budget constraint - the ceiling of the benefits that they can get from theprogram so that they can prioritize their needs. With the budget constraint they have, it ispossible to encourage them to seek additional resources from MFIs or other sources to start theirbusiness. The experience of the program in the pilot towns can be replicated to other towns.

1.8. Provision of Training

One of the basic criteria rules for project development and selection should be that thebeneficiary has already some basic technical knowledge of the activity he/she is willing tolaunch. As a rule, technical training requirements should therefore be limited. Training willmainly aim at developing basic skills in the following domains:

* basic accountancy: simple forms (7) and rules must be developed and addressed attraining stage,

* finance: relations with the MFI, loan application, loan repayment, guarantees, penalties,* monitoring of the economic performance of the activity,* legal framework if required.

Where technical training is needed, existing organizations will be used. Apprenticeships mayalso be developed where feasible (construction activities).

1.9. Food Assistance

Past experience with deportees shows that where people did not receive food support and had agrant to rehabilitate, they used part of this grant to purchase food, which hampered therehabilitation efforts.

Deportees should therefore get food assistance during the training and rehabilitation period.Except for the most vulnerable households, the delivery of the food assistance should be madeconditional, for example, to the following:

* effectiveness of the involvement of the household in the project preparation,* effective attendance to the training sessions,* effectiveness of the first repayments of the loan.

7 This is not the complex accountancy needed for a formal cooperative or company. The aim is to allow theproject initiator to monitor his own activity with simple indicators.

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Based on the findings of the survey, the deportees require 6-12 months to start generating incomeand help themselves. Therefore, the food assistance could be planned for this period.

1.10. Shelter

In addition, the regional authorities should be supported in finding solutions for the lack ofshelter, through provision of semi-permanent housing materials in rural areas and investigateoptions for low-cost housing in urban areas. Deportees/returnees should be specifically targetedin the regional and federal level policies, aimed at improving access to housing and land.

1.11. Preparation of Action Plan

Prior to implementation, the stages described above should result in the preparation of a detailedaction plan, establishing the following:

* budget,* "menu" of eligible activities, resulting from the market studies,* implementation arrangements for each region, including technical support, financing,

training, with details on the functional relations between Regional PMUs and otherpartners involved,

* modalities of fund channeling taking into consideration the likely involvement of Micro-Finance Institutions,

* food aid requirements and identification of associated donors,* assistance package for vulnerable households.

1.12. Monitoring

Monitoring includes the following two aspects:

Daily follow-ups of the project development and implementation: this would be done by each theimplementation organisations selected at zone/town level and would comprise of the following:

* assistance in project development, establishment of the business plan with thebeneficiary, assistance in loan application;

* assistance in project implementation; where feasible, participation of the deporteecommittee in this assistance should be sought;

* monitoring/evaluation by the ERPMU at regional and federal levels of the properimplementation of the program and of the good performance of initiated income-generating project. The baseline gathered on deportees for the ESAwill be used in thispurpose, with check surveys every two years conducted on the same households that havebeen initially sampled.

2. Rehabilitation Strategy for the Vulnerable Groups

The general strategy for the rehabilitation of deportees is presented in the previous section.Ideally, the strategy proposed might be utilized in the rehabilitation process of the deportees in

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general but specific strategies are of paramount importance if designed for the most vulnerablegroups - orphan, elderly and disabled.

2.1. Needs and Priorities

Since orphans, the aged and the disabled are hardly able to participate and become part of respondents inan assessment that does not particularly and exclusively target them, it is difficult to capture their specificneeds and priorities. Furthermore, it is believed that either the family head and/or the oldest in the familywere reached during the assessment process. It has, however, been possible to acquire considerableinformation regarding these groups and their needs from focus group discussions, key informants,interviews and reports of studies that targeted these groups.

A simple questionnaire could be designed to specifically investigate the need of these target groups.Previous interventions of similar cases by other organizations could also be assessed to determine thetype, and amount of their needs and priorities.

2.2. Rehabilitation Plans

The preparation of a rehabilitation plan for these vulnerable groups should pay special attentionto the particular physical and mental conditions of the members of the group. Since there is nohomogeneity among the members of the three target groups regarding their physical and mentalcapacities, skills and interests, it is important to treat them accordingly. To make the planning ofthe intervention participatory and needs oriented, either the members of the target groupsthemselves or their guardians (patrons) or both should be involved in the process from the outset.

2.3. Institutional Arrangement

The regional Emergency Rehabilitation Office will have the capacity to undertake thedetermination of the number of the beneficiaries and finalized the needs assessment process. Theinput of organizations involved in similar interventions within the region and/or from otherregions in the past could be exploited to substantiate the needs assessment.

NGOs and multilateral organizations targeting these groups have already started various types ofinterventions in some areas of which some are aiming at long term rehabilitation programs. Forinstance, in Amhara Region, Forum for Street Children Ethiopia (FSCE) Dessie branch issupporting 389 children of which 197 are under the age of five. The support includes provisionof supplementary food for the under fives and school materials for the rest. UNICEF incollaboration with the Labor and Social Affairs Department of South Wollo zone has targeted500 orphans of which it has trained 227 in various skills including hotel catering, typewriting,electricity, tailoring and auto mechanics. It has also started provision of a seed capital, equipmentand furniture on loan to the trained. Hope Enterprise, Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOC)Children's Homes, Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekan Iyesus (EECMY) and Dessie StreetChildren Project (DSCP) have enrolled some orphan or abandoned children in their orphanagesand/or training institutions. In Tigray similar efforts are being made by various organizationsincluding UNICEF, REST, EOC and EECMY.

Help Age International, ZOA Refuge Care, Agency for Assisting Refugees, Returnees and

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Disabled People (AARRDP) are also engaged in relief and rehabilitation of deportees in generaland the most vulnerable in particular. These organizations are, therefore, potential partners forERPMU to work in collaboration with in its effort to rehabilitate these particular social groups.

2.4. Provision of Training

It can plausibly assumed that the elderly and the disabled have some sort of training andexperience. They might have already been engaged in one or another form of activites andprobably need only refreshing skills and/or upgrading courses relevant to the IGS they intend toinvolve in. However, the orphan and abandoned or separated youth of relevant age need to betrained in new skills that will enable them start some IGS and generate income. The experiencesof UNICEF/LSAD and Hope Enterprise could be good examples.

More importantly, most of the organizations involved in the rehabilitation endeavor haveconducted needs assessments so as to identify viable income generating schemes and therequired training that enables beneficiaries to involve in the IGS they choose although some ofthe assessments were conducted at post intervention period. It is, therefore, recommended thatERPMU make use of the various study reports with some adaptations and also work incollaboration with these organizations regarding the training schemes.

2.5. Orphans

Information obtained from secondary sources revealed that quite a number of children are eitherorphaned, separated from their parents during deportation or abandoned by their parents due toeconomic stress the deportation entailed. According to UNICEF sponsored study conducted in1999, about 1363 children who are separated from their parents were identified in Tigray.Another study on deportees revealed that 15 deportee street children were identified in Mekelletown that are orphaned and were between 15-17 years of age.

Other studies of deportees by ZOA, FSCE and AARRDP also indicated that divorce and familydisintegration is increasing among deportees living in Amhara, which implies the increasing rateof children that need immediate support and economic and psychological rehabilitation.

The special rehabilitation program should identify and exclusively focus on orphans, abandonedchildren (by one or both parents) and children separated from their parents/families duringdeportation. IG Activities identified during the assessment by the deportees are mainly notcompatible to the need of the under age children. Thus, for children of less than 14 years of age,the basic and primary need is getting adequate food, proper accommodation, clothing, a schoolfacility and basic health services.

It is, therefore, recommended that

* Attempts should be made to unite the children with their relatives in Ethiopia (if any) andprovide the necessary materials, and support there (probably using the tracing serviceprovided by the Red Cross Society to locate the relatives). If the reunion is successful, therelative/patron of the child should take all the responsibilities with regard to supporting

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the child/children. In cases where the child is of adequate age, this option could beassessed with him/her involvement.

* Orphan, abandoned or separated children under the age of 14 should be able to getsponsorship programs or be entrusted to orphanages and children's homes that existed indifferent parts of the country.

* Children who are 14 and above should be provided with appropriate training that willenable them create jobs and generate income. They should be provided with start upcapital under the guardianship of close relatives or friend of the family or relevantorganization. In cases of absence of a guardian a permanent accommodation should beestablished for this group as well.

* The provision of start up capital (or loan) should be in such a way that the guardian(individual, institution) take full responsibility to see to it that it is spent on eligibleexpenditures and repayments are regularly and timely made.

2.6. The Elderly (Aged)

According to available information, there are about 331 elderly deportees above the age of 60in South Wollo zone alone, while there is a feeling that more number of deportees arestationed in Tigray. The on-going census will establish the actual figure of the deportees ingeneral and the aged in particular.

Despite the similarity in age, however, it is assumed that some of the members of this group(the elderly) are mentally active than others and are capable of managing their own businessif supported and engaged in schemes of their preference.

For those whose old age has impaired their capacity, however, it is recommended that

* They be provided with rehabilitation support through able bodied close relative theytrust will run the intended IGS on their behalf,

S

The relative chosen as patron or assistant by the beneficiary should be made to vowhis/her commitment and sign for the loan or support money together with thebeneficiary.

* Should the aged deportee incapable of working as well as assigning a patron orassistant, he/she should be entrusted to NGOs who give support to such people.

* The planning of rehabilitation for the aged deportees should take into accountexperiences of NGOs such as Help Age International. Other NGOs focusing on theaged should also be contacted. ZOA Refugee Care who has planned to build 300houses to alleviate the housing problem of deportees might also be consulted on how

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the housing project could involve the elderly.

* Forming an association of the elderly could be investigated so that they pull theirresources together and run the business jointly or with few people. If external supportmay be required, this could also reduce the manpower need to run the activities.Elderly with no relative/patron and unable to get involved into any self supportingactivity should be accommodated in places established for this purpose (if available).This can be done by the government or NGOs or by the collaboration of the two.

2.6. The Disabled

Physically disabled people are not always and necessarily incapable of working and supportingthemselves. Indeed, some of them have valuable skills to depend on for their livelihood. It is,therefore, necessary that the ERPMU identify the skills, potential and interest of the disabledperson(s) as a precondition for designing a rehabilitation strategy.

Accordingly, it is recommended that:

An association of the disabled could be formed so that they pull their resources together andrun the business jointly or with few people. This could be viable particularly in runningworkshops, and other handcrafting activities. If external support may be required this couldalso reduce the manpower need to run the activities.

* The disabled person could name another person (a friend or relative) to run on his/herbehalf the IGS he/she intends to involve in. In this case the provision of assistancemoney (loan) should oblige the co-signing of both the beneficiary and his relative(guardian) to comply with the requirements set. The guardian should be willing totake the responsibility of timely repayment of the loan.

In cases of failure to live up to the expectation on the part of the guardian, appropriate measuresshould be taken based on the wishes of the beneficiary.The disabled with no relative/patron and unable to get involved into any self supporting activityshould be accommodated in places established for this purpose (if available). This can also bedone by the government or NGOs or by the collaboration of the two.

The financial requirement for all the three target groups depends on which alternative is selected.Thus, a financial needs assessment should be done for all the alternatives proposed to determinethe assistance.

2.7. Monitoring

Monitoring of the rehabilitation process for the most vulnerable is also a factor of the alternativeselected. Thus, a clear monitoring system should be in place for all the alternatives. Monitoringcould be

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* Regular reports to the region's ERP on the progress of the beneficiary by theresponsible, supported by constant follow-ups and visits by the ERP staff and/orrelevant institutions in the area on the proper functioning of the IGS and takecorrective measures if need be.

* The monitoring activity should also make sure that the disabled beneficiary is actuallybenefiting from the IGS and that implementation is going as per his/her wishes.

A long-term rehabilitation strategy should be investigated with the hosts of the beneficiaries(orphanages, the relatives, the family) during the monitoring process.

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Annex 8 EIA Outline for Zalambessa EIA

1. Background - Scope of the Document -1 page1.1. Zalambessa destroyed by war, to be reconstructed, ERP & EDRP, implementation PMU

and Tigray PMU, World Bank credits for ERP & EDRP1.2. This document is the ESIS for Zalambessa component, prepared in compliance with

Ethiopian requirements, ESRDF policies and OD 4.01.

2. Regulatory Background of the ESIS - 3 pages2.1. Ethiopian Regulation Requirements (this can certainly be recycled from an existing

ESIA)2.1.1. Present briefly policy and disclosure requirements as stated by Environmental

Authority2.1.2. Project will be implemented by ESRDF for the most part, and therefore ESRDF

internal policies will be complied with - brief description, date of approval - As perESRDF policies, this is categorized as an LEA (Limited EnvironmentalAssessment) see ESRDF Environmental & Social Management Plan page 24

2.2. World Bank Policies2.2.1. OP 4.01 - Environmental Assessment: is complied with - it is a category B

project2.2.2. OP 4.04 - Natural Habitats: not applicable because urban context, no sensitive

environmental resource2.2.3. OP 4.09 - Pest Management: not applicable, pesticides will not be used2.2.4. OP 4.11 - Cultural Property: not applicable, reconstruction of destroyed structures2.2.5. OP 4.12 - Involuntary Resettlement:2.2.6. OP 4.20 - Indigenous People, OP 4.36 - Forests, OP 4.37 Safety of dams and OP

7.50: International waterways: not applicable2.2.7. OP 7.60: Projects in disputed areas: both countries have agreed to the

International Court settlement that puts Zalembessa in Ethiopian territory

3. Summary Description of the Rehabilitation Project - 4 pages3.1. Household Rehabilitation Component - 2 pages

3.1.1. State objectives, target groups, numbers as per "Project implementation manualand plan" dated Sept 02

3.1.2. Summarize implementation and rehabilitation plan - who, when, budget3.2. Community Infrastructure Component - 2 pages

3.2.1. Describe components (water supply, schools, health, others)3.2.2. Describe implementation and rehabilitation plan - who, when, budget

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4. Environmental and Socio-Economic Baseline - 5 to 8 pagesAttempt to illustrate the text with a few photographs so that the reviewers clearlyunderstand the sort of context

4.1. General: state here that this is a town, therefore no issue related with biologicalenvironment

4.2. Land and Atmospheric Conditions4.2.1. Topography and Geology - 12 page description - photographs

4.2.2. Climate - 6 lines description

4.2.3. Hydrology and Hydrogeology - - 6 lines description

4.3. Socio-Economic Conditions4.3.1. Administrative Boundaries and Local Governance - 12 page description

4.3.2. Population and Ethnicity- 1/2 page description4.3.3. Land Use, Settlement Patterns, Housing and Land Tenure- 1/2 page description

4.3.4. Economy and Employment- 1/2 page description4.3.5. Community Services and Infrastructure- I page description of the previous and

present situations - photographs4.3.6. Characteristics of the present population of Zalambessa - 3 pages

- categorize people presently there in the following categories- IDPs having returned and eligible to ERP/EDRP packages,- deportees being assisted by ERP and- squatters/sex workers

- briefly describe housing conditions, water supply, status of public services -photographs

- briefly describe activities - mention military and their potential evolution in thefuture - photographs

4.4. Cultural Features ('/2 page)4.4.1. History - Short note on history of the town

4.4.2. Archaeological and Historical Features - any destroyed or undestroyed historicalmonuments

5. Public Consultation - 2 pages5.1. Public Consultation Undertaken To-Date

5.1.1. Describe consultation meetings undertaken with community representatives andGovernment institutions

5.2. Consultation Plan

5.2.1. Describe plan for on-going consultation with community and government

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6. Potential Environmental and Social Impacts - 5 pages6.1. Potential long term impacts of the "no project" option

All negative impacts: Landmines, people remaining IDPs for a long time, psychologicaleffects of the destruction, security and safety issues

6.2. Household Rehabilitation Component

6.2.1. Positive impacts of the Project: people will be able to resume a normal family andsocial life, and to resume economic activities, elimination of a threat to persons'safety and security, aesthetics and landscape, positive economic immediate impact(jobs, activity for local contractors and suppliers)

6.2.2. Potential Negative Environmental Impacts:

6.2.2.1.Construction: See table 23 in ESRDF Environmental and Social ManagementPlan: quarrying if any, management of debris

6.2.2.2.Grazing / overgrazing: compare number of livestock in the future situationand in the past situation

6.2.2.3.Potential Relocation addressed hereunder

6.3. Community Infrastructure Component6.3.1. Positive impacts of the Project

6.3.1 .1 .Health, waterbome diseases, time gained for women, schooling and education

6.3.2. Potential Negative Environmental Impacts6.3.2.l.Water Supply: see matrix 22a in ESRDF Environmental and Social

Management Plan - only "overexploitation of aquifers" is relevant to our project6.3.2.2.Potential Relocation addressed hereunder

6.4. Relocation

6.4.1. Land acquisition impact for community infrastructure6.4.2. Relocation impact, refer to categorization as per above § 4.3.6

7. Environmental and Social Action Plan7.1. Matrix of Negative Impacts and Related Mitigations

7.1.1. Summarize environmental impacts and state what mitigations will be - refer totables 22 in ESRDF Environmental and Social Management Plan

7.1.2. Relocation: mitigations as per ESRDF - note that squatters are not supposed toreceive compensation against land or structure that they occupy under new WBresettlement policy OP 4.12, but are expected to receive "resettlement assistance" -

define what this resettlement assistance will be: moving allowance paid in cash,allocation of a small plot of land in the vicinity, some construction assistance .... -

Consult with local authorities and community representatives on eligibility7.2. Implementation of the Environmental & Social Action Plan

7.2. 1. Responsibilities

7.2.2. Costs and Financing

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