Environmental and Social Assessment Study

Environmental and Social Assessment Study

Draft Environmental and Social Assessment 7-1

7. BASELINE AND ESMP FOR WEST BENGAL SITE 7.1 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SETTING OF HOOGHLY

7.1.1 Introduction

The baseline environmental status is based on primary and secondary data collected through on-site field observations and previous studies carried out by West Bengal Pollution Control Board, and records of Health Departments, Primary Health Centers, Industrial Estate, Socio-Economic Surveys and initial public consultations around site. The following environmental and social components of Hooghly were focused on during this study:

• Physical environment comprising of climate, topography, geology, air and noise quality, water quality etc.

• Ecological environment consisting of flora and fauna of study area.

• Socio-economic environment consisting of demographic profile, occupational structure, health issues, educational status, and literacy status, etc.

7.1.2 Physical Environment

7.1.2.1 Topography and Drainage

Hooghly district forms a part of Bengal basin developed by the riverine deposit of Ganga and its tributaries. The principal rivers Hooghly, Damodar and Dwarakeswar with their tributaries (i.e. Behula, Kunti, Saraswati, Kana Damodar, Mundeswari, Jhumjhumi, Amodar and Tarajoli) have a gradual descent from north-west to south and south-east almost parallel to each other following the natural trend of the landscape. According to genesis and evolution of land forms, the district can broadly be divided into two divisions i.e.

i) Old alluvial plains to the west of river Dwarakeswar.

ii) The monotonous level alluvial plains in the east which can be further divided into

a. Natural levee

b. Meander flood plain

c. Alluvial plain

The drainage pattern is dendritic, in general. Owing to imperceptible slope, the area is partly well drained and partly under-drained. Moderately well drained soils occupy about 45.4% area of the district followed by well drained (38.3%), imperfectly drained (13.2%) and poorly drained (3.1%) soils.

7.1.2.2 Climate

Hooghly district has humid subtropical climate with an annual rainfall of 1129 mm.. Major portion of the rain (~80%) is received during monsoon season (June-September). Monthly maximum and minimum temperatures are 43 °C and 7 °C observed in the month of May and January respectively. Cloud cover is maximum during the monsoon months (July – September) and least in the month of Post monsoon months (October – November).

7.1.2.3 Hot-spot of study area

Hot Spots of the Hooghly HW area are given in Table 7.1.1

Baseline and ESMP for West Bengal Site


Table 7.1.1: Hot Spot of the Hooghly HW site

Site Type of Waste Quantity of Waste (in MT)

Area (in sq.m) Remarks

Shivang Trexim and Sree Balaji Veneers Access Road (HW-1)

Chromium and Ceramic Waste. 7680 920

Access road south of Sarkar Bridge (HW-2)

Chromium waste 12,800 1600

Ashalatha Brickfield (HW-3)

Treated Chrome Wastes 3,200 400

Minu Computer Weighbridge access road (HW-4)

Chromium and Ceramic Waste. 9,120 1,140

Zenith Timbers access road (HW-5)

Chromium waste and Steel and Alloy Waste

6240 780

Dankuni Coal Complex (HW-6)

Treated Chrome Wastes

300-400 Ton per Year. 1737

Notified area by WBPCB for developing CDS for treated chrome mud.

Pasupathi Seong Access road (HW-7)

Treated chrome waste 1240 400

7.1.3 Pollution Issue of Affected Area

Six industrial dumping sites were located in the industrial district of Hooghly. The sites were filled with hazardous industrial waste and out of six sites four sites consist of approach roads to small business units or industries in the area, Chakundi site is notified by Govt. of West Bengal for disposal of treated chrome and one site is located with in Ashalatha brick manufacturing industry in Bodo Garji village. The details of pollution the hazardous waste site are discussed below and given in Table 7.1.2.

7.1.3.1 Air Quality

Air pollution has not been the major issue with regards to six hazardous wastes dumping site except the Sarkar Weigh Bridge access road site, where the owner and workers of ‘Dhaba” have complaints about odour problem during monsoon season and intermittent problem during other times.

The Survey conducted by ESA consultant reveals that all the six hazardous sites were located in a highly industrialized area and the people residing in near by villages to the hazardous site reported air pollution due to the emission from industries. Problems were severe during monsoon and during early morning hours.

` Environmental and Social Assessment Study


Table 7.1.2: Pollution issue of the hazardous site

Site Type of Waste Air Pollution Surface Water

Pollution Groundwater

Pollution Soil or Land Pollution Noise Pollution

Shivang Trexim and Sree Balaji Veneers Access Road (HW-1)

Chromium and Ceramic Waste.

No air pollution associated with HW site but air pollution due to industries activity near the site

Contaminated with hexavalent chromium (3.7 mg/l) reported by NPC study

Contaminated with Iron (1.84 mg/l) reported by NPC study

No discoloration of Soil observed. Soil contaminated with depth of 1.5 m with concentration of 149 mg kg-1Chromium

No noise pollution associated with dumping site

Access road south of Sarkar Bridge (HW-2)

Chromium waste

Odour pollution due to dumping of waste and also air pollution due to industrial activity near the site

No visible discoloration of Surface water bodies. NPC has reported 12.8 mg/l of hexavalent chromium concentration

No problem of Groundwater as per local residents, NPC has reported high concentration of iron (0.18 -0.80 mg/l)

No visible discoloration on soil or land found during survey

No noise pollution associated with dumping site, Noise pollution from Industrial activity and movement of vehicles (NH-2)

Ashalatha Brickfield (HW-3)


No air pollution associated with HW site but air pollution is there due to presence of industries near the site

No visible discoloration of Surface water bodies. NPC has reported surface water contamination with iron (0.19 -2.03 mg/l )

No problem of Groundwater as per local residen., NPC has reported high concentration of iron (0.75 mg/l)

Discoloration of soil and land is visible. Contamination of soil is anticipated

No noise pollution associated with dumping site






Minu Computer Weighbridge access road (HW-4)

Chromium and Ceramic Waste.

No air pollution associated with HW site. There is air pollution due to industrial activity near the site

Discoloration of surface water is observed and site contaminated with Iron and chromium (4.11 mg/l) as per NPC report

Contaminated with Iron (2.54 mg/l) as reported in NPC study

No discoloration of Soil observed. Soil contaminated upto depth of 1.0 m with concentration of 2283.2 to 6999 mg/kg-1 (dry wt) Chromium as per NPC report

No noise pollution associated with dumping site, Noise pollution from movement of vehicles is observed (NH-2)

Zenith Timbers access road (HW-5)

Chromium waste and Steel and Alloy Waste

No air pollution associated with HW site but there is air pollution due to industrial activity near the site

Surface water black in colour with presence of oil and grease and water filled with macrophyte and hyacinth. NPC report indicates chromium contamination (0.20 mg/l)

No problem of groundwater as per local resident and report by NPC

No discoloration of Soil observed. Soil contaminated upto depth of 1.0 m with concentration of 4792 mg/kg-1 (dry wt) of Chromium as per NPC report


Dankuni Coal Complex (HW-6)


No air pollution associated with HW site but there is air pollution due to industrial activity near the site

No discoloration of water bodies observed during site visit. NPC report states water bodies contaminated with chromium

Groundwater contaminated with chlorine and iron as per NPC report

Soil contaminated with Chromium and Zinc as per NPC. ESA survey revealed that the agriculture land surrounding the area is abandoned due to land contaminated with Industrial effluent

No noise pollution associated with dumping site and noise pollution from near by industrial activity






Pashupati Seong And East India Flour Mills Access Road (HW- 6)

Chromium Waste

No air pollution associated with HW site but there is air pollution due to industrial activity as well as through vehicle transport

No discoloration of water bodies observed during site visit. NPC report states water bodies contaminated with chromium

No problem of groundwater as per local resident

No discoloration of Soil observed. Soil contaminated upto depth of 1.0 m




7.1.3.2 Noise Quality

No monitored noise data is available for the study area and Noise pollution has not been considered as an issue with regard to the dumping of hazardous waste. However, survey conducted at the different sites revealed that, the permanent source of noise in this area is mainly due to movement of traffic on National Highway-2 and industries operating in the area.

7.1.3.3 Water Quality

i) Surface Water

NPC had earlier conducted site assessment study for hazardous waste dump site located in Hooghly and Howrah and reported contamination of surface water with hexavalent chromium and iron. The concentrations of hexavelant chromium and iron were ranged between 0.2 – 12.8 mg/l and 0.19-2.03 mg/l respectively. The contamination of chromium may be due to the leaching of chromium from the hazardous dumping waste.

ii) Ground Water

The project area has adequate ground water resource; the water table in the project area is quite high throughout the year as reported by local residents and the ground water is used for irrigation, industry, drinking, households and other purposes. The people in surrounding villages depend on the ground water for their daily needs. The study conducted by NPC revealed that the groundwater of this area is contaminated with high iron, other water quality parameters were with in the permissible limit. The ESA survey conducted at various sites also revealed that the groundwater of the area is good and peoples depends for their daily needs on groundwater.

7.1.3.4 Soil and Geology of the Study Area

The soil of the district belongs to 3 orders, with Inceptisoils covering 64.4%, Entisoils 23.1% and Alfisoils 12.4% of the total area. The 0-0.2 m layer is dominantly loam in texture(53.9%) followed by silty clay (23.3%), silty clay loam (23.1%) and sandy loam (0.71%) in nature. Surface soils of 72% area of the district are acidic, followed by slightly acidic (14.8%), neutral(8.9%) and mildly alkaline(4.9%). Organic carbon status is usually low to medium, with a range of 1.2 to 7.4 g kg -1 (Kundu et al 2008)

Geologically, the entire district is built up with mixed alluvium. Subsurface lithologies down to a depth of 150 m from the surface consist mainly of clay, silt and sand of different grades varying from fine to coarse, occasionally mixed with fine gravel (Figure 7.1.1). The eastern parts are clayey, stiff and deep; while the western parts are loamy, permeable and easily friable. The soils of the district belong to three orders, with Inceptisols covering 64.4%, Entisols 23.1% and Alfisols 12.4% of the total area (Kundu and Mandal 2008).

The soils in the six hazardous dumping sites were contaminated with hexavalent Chromium. The details of soil contamination for each site are described in Table 7.1.2.



Source: Kundu et al 2008

Figure 7.1.1 Typical Lithology of Cavity well of Hooghly district

7.1.4 Social Profile of the Project Influence Area (PIA) in Hooghly

7.1.4.1 Base Line Information of the Population around the Site

To understand the socio-economic context of the proposed project and for providing necessary inputs for social analysis of the project, relevant baseline data on socio-economic and cultural conditions were collected from various available primary and secondary sources like personal observation and enquiry, consultation with knowledgeable persons of the villages, etc.

On the basis of social survey, the settlements and villages have been identified and documented in the report. The important demographic features of population, social categories, literacy level and economy of the population in the project influence area have been assessed.

There are six hazardous waste dumping sites at Hooghly. The Project Influence Area (PIA) of the project comprises residential settlements located near any of these landfill sites. Described below is the socio-economic analysis of the PIA near which the landfill sites are situated. The description of concerned population includes all the people who are directly or indirectly affected by the project. The demographic profile of the six landfill site and population living near the site and the total population, number of SC and ST population and their percentage are compiled in Table 71.3.



Table 7.1.3: Demographic Profile of the Seven Hazardous Waste Dumping site

S.No Site No/ Components

Site-1 Shivang Trexim and Sri Balajee Veneer Access Road

Site-2 Sarkar Weigh Bridge Access Road

Site-3 Ashalatha Brick Field

Site-4 Minu Computer Weigh Bridge Access Road

Site-5 Zenith Timbers Access Road

Site-6 Chakundi Treated Chrome Dump Site

(HW- 7) Pashupati Seong And East India Flour Mills Access Road

1 Settlement / Village name

Ward 14 Baidyabati Muncipality

Bangihati Bodo Garji Baidyabati ward No 22

Baidyabati ward No 22 Bhadwa Baidyabati ward No

22

2 Total Population 7033 2907 1548 4776 4776 1992 4776

3 Total number of households 1615 590 331 1114 1114 355 1114

4 Male Population 3638 1530 806 2464 2464 1039 2464

5 Female population 3395 1377 742 2312 2313 953 2313

6 Sex ratio 933 900 921 938 939 917 939

7 SC Population 1207 471 356 384 384 104 384

8 ST Population 51 0 605 17 17 0 17

9 SC/ST Percentage %

17.16 % and 0.725 %

16.2, No ST 22.9 % and 39 %

8.04 % and 0.19 %

8.04 % and 0.19 %

5.22 % / No ST

8.04 % and 0.19 %

10 Literacy rate % 73.4% 68.60% 56.30% 79.10% 79.10% 64.50% 79.10%

11 Electricity Connection

Available Available Available Available Available Available Available

12 Drinking water facility

Hand Pump and Piped water supply

Hand Pump Hand Pump and Piped Water Supply

Hand Pump Hand Pump Hand Pump Hand Pump



The following groups who are likely to be affected by the project concerning the landfill sites at Hooghly have been identified:

• People living in the residential areas, located near the landfill sites

• People running small-scale businesses near the landfill site

• Any other person/s generating livelihood through involvement with landfill site.

The details of socio-economic survey and public consultations are presented in the following sections:

7.1.4.2 Social Category

The collected data indicates that most of the households in (60 percent) PIA are residents belonging to Scheduled Castes, followed by 30 percent General category. Few households are also inhabited by OBC and Scheduled Tribe. The details have been given in Table 7.1.4.

Table 7.1.4 Social Stratification

S. No. Social Categories No. of Responses Percentage

1 SC 39 60.02 ST 2 3.03 OBC 3 4.64 General 21 32.3 Total 65 100.0

Source: ESA Survey, ICT New Delhi, Sept., 2008

7.1.4.3 Education Status

Around 46 percent are completely illiterate, 35 percent of the population is just literate, 13 percent of the people are educated and 5 percent of the households can be said to be among the well-educated category. The level of education of respondent is given in Table 7.1.5.

Table 7.1.5 Education Status

S. No.

Education Status No. of Responses Percentage

1 Illiterate 30 46.22 Literate 23 35.43 Educated 9 13.94 Well Educated 3 4.6 Total 65 100.0


7.1.4.4 Employment Status

As far as employment status is concerned, all the people have some means way or the other of earning their livelihood. Nearly 45 percent of the population is engaged in farming. Most of them happen to be landless farmers who work for wages. This category is followed by labourers who constitute 32 percent of the population. Rest of the residents find their source of livelihood by engaging themselves in activities like Self Employment (9 percent) and jobs (14 percent). The employment status of the respondent is given in Table 7.1.6.



Table 7.1.6 Employment Status

S. No. Employment Status No. of Responses Percentage

1 Self employment 6 9.22 Job 9 13.83 Farming 29 44.64 Labourer 21 32.3 Total 65 100.0


7.1.4.5 Monthly Income

Nearly half the population (47 %) earns less than Rs.2000 every month. 32 percent have a monthly income ranging from Rs.2000 to Rs.5000 and 20 percent earns more than Rs. 5000 in a month. The income and expenditure of respondents is given in Table 7.1.7 and Table 7.1.8.

Table 7.1.7 Income Status

S. No. Monthly Income (Rs.) No. of Responses Percentage

1 < 2000 31 47.72 2000 to 5000 21 32.33 > 5000 13 20.0 Total 65 100.0


7.1.4.6 Monthly Expenditure

The expenses made in a month are in accordance with the monthly income of the households. 47 percent of population spends an amount less than Rs.2000 every month. 32 percent spend Rs.2000 to Rs.5000 in a month and 20 percent spend more than Rs.5000 monthly.

Table 7.1.8 Expenditure Status

S. No. Monthly Expenditure (Rs.) No. of Responses Percentage

1 < 2000 31 47.62 2000 to 5000 21 32.33 > 5000 13 20.0 Total 65 100.0


7.1.4.7 Source of Drinking Water

Only 18 percent of population has access to piped water supply which they use for drinking as well as other domestic purposes. 46 percent of the population rely on Hand pump to meet their needs, and 35 percent use tube wells as a source of water. The source of drinking water in study area is given in Table 7.1.9.



Table 7.1.9 Source of Drinking Water

S. No. Drinking water No. of Responses Percentage

1 Piped Water Supply 12 18.5

2 Hand Pump 30 46.2

3 Tube wells 23 35.4

Total 65 100.0


7.1.4.8 Use of Structures

More than 87 percent of people make use of the available structure only for residential purpose and 13 percent use it for both residential as well as commercial purposes. But, none of the households utilize the structure solely for commercial purpose. The types of structures in study area are given in Table 7.1.10.

Table 7.1.10 Use of Structures

S. No. Use of Structures No. of Responses Percentage 1 Residential 57 87.7

2 Residential cum Commercial 8 12.3

Total 65 100.0Source: ESA Survey, ICT New Delhi, Sept., 2008

7.1.5 Preliminary Public Consultation

Preliminary Public Consultation of stakeholders has been conducted in and around the Hooghly hazardous waste landfill site villages (Photo 7.1.1 and 7.1.2), NGO’s working in Hooghly districts and Official of West Bengal Pollution Control Boards. The details of the major environmental and social issues discussed with the stakeholders are given in Table 7.1.11.

Photo 7.1.1 and 7.1.2. Public Consultation in hazardous Waste Sites



Table 7.1.11.Public Consultation

Stakeholders Name/No. of participant/s

Date Issues Discussed Measures proposed

NGO-Hooghly Mass Education Society

Mr. Krishna Prasanna Sarkar

• Air Pollution Due to Industrial activity

• Odour problem due to dumping of hazardous waste (near Sarkar Weigh Bridge)

• People are unaware about the dumpsite

• Contamination of land

• Industries should reduce the emission of pollutants

• Pollution Control Board should enforce strict rules and regulations on industries

• People living at the site should be told about the safety measures to be taken

NGO-Ankri Srirampur Paricharya

Mr. Susanta Kr. Haldar, Secretary

• Contamination of groundwater

• Hand pumps installed at the same place

• Noise Pollution due to movement of vehicle at national highway and industrial operation in the surrounding area.

• Odour problem due to dumping of hazardous waste

• Health problems of people

• Use of hand pumps installed at the waste dump should be prohibited

• Medical facility should be provided to the people

• Awareness campaign on sanitation issue should be organized

Residents of Bhadua village

47 26.09.2008 • Health problems of people due to hazardous waste

• People are unaware about the dumpsite.

• Air Pollution Due to Industrial activity

• Contamination of land due to industrial effluents

Noise pollution due to industrial activity

• Absence of medical facility

• Industries should follow rules and regulations

• PCB should play an active and efficient role in minimizing pollution in the area

• A hospital/dispensary should be provided by the govt.

• Industries responsible for land contamination should be fined

Residents of Padmabati colony and Bodo Garji

42 07/10/08 • Public health problems

• Odor Pollution due to dumping of hazardous waste especially near Sarkar weigh Bridge

• Air pollution • Ground water

contamination • Noise pollution due

to industrial activity • No medical facility

in the area

• Pollution Control Board should monitor and control pollution

• Provision of Medical treatment facility should be made

• Emissions from the industries should be reduced

• People should be given access to safe drinking water.



7.1.5.1 Findings of Preliminary Public Consultation

• Area around the landfill site has a mixed population of various categories.

• Various caste groups present are people from Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Caste, Other Backward Caste, and General category.

• Literacy rate is more than 60 percent in the area. However, being literate means just to have elementary knowledge of a language, which is not enough in today’s scenario. A little more than 10 percent of the population is educated.

• Nearly three-fourth of the total population works as labourers, either agricultural labourer or non-agricultural labourer. This clearly shows that, there is a vast majority of unskilled population in the Project Influence Area.

• Nearly 80 percent of populations’ monthly income does not exceed Rs.5000. This indicates towards poverty prevailing in the area.

• Supply water serves only 20 percent of the population. Others meet their water requirement through hand pumps or the tube wells available in the area.

• The primary use of available building structure is for residential purpose. Some also use it for their commercial interests.

7.1.6 Cultural/Religious Properties

There is no religious or cultural property present within 500 m of the dumping sites except Ashalatha HW site and Pasupathi seong HW site were temple is present with in 200 m of site; however there are few religious structures such as temples and masks are present in the adjoining villages, which may not be affected due to project activity. The locations of the cultural and religious structures are given in map 7.1.1 to 7.1.5 and the photo 7.1.3 to 7.17 shows the religious structures present at the Hooghly HW sites.

Photo 7.1.3 Temple at Bangihatti village (Sarkar

weigh bridge HW site) Photo 7.1.4 Mosque at Bangihatti village (Sarkar

weigh bridge HW site)

Photo 7.1.5 Temple at Ward No.22 in Baidyapati village

(Minu Weigh bridge, Shivang Trexim HW site) Photo 7.1.6 Temple at Bodo gorji village (Near

Ashalatha HW site)



Photo 7.1.7 Temple at Badhwa village (Chakundi HW

site) Photo 7.1.8 Temple at Baidyapati village (Zenith

Timber HW site)

Map 6.1.1 Layout and location of cultural and religious properties at Shivang Trexim HW site



Map 7.1.2 Layout and location of cultural and religious properties at Ashalatha brickfield HW site

Map 7.1.3 Layout and location of cultural and religious properties at Sarkar weigh HW site



Map 7.1.4 Layout and location of religious structures at Minu weigh bridge HW site and Zenith Timber HW sites

Map 7.1.5 Layout and location of religious structure at Chakundi HW site



Map 7.1.6 Layout and location of cultural religious site at Pasupathi Seong HW site

7.1.7 Details of Complaint/Legal Notices for Hooghly Site

i) Dankuni Coal Complex (HW-6)

No public complaint was registered by the local people to the regulatory bodies regarding the chrome mud disposal site. Also there is no official complaint/record available with WBPCB.

The site has been notified by WBPCB vide Gazetted Notification No: EN/1355/T-IV-3.002-1/2003/ (5) dated 14.11.2003 to develop the land as common disposal site for treated chrome mud.

ii) Shivang Trexim and Sree Balaji Veneers Access Road (HW-1)

No public complaint was registered by the local people to the regulatory bodies. This was further confirmed during consultation with local residents and statutory agencies. viz. Hooghly Regional Office of WBPCB

iii) Access road south of Sarkar Bridge (HW-2)

No public complaint was registered by the local population and those residing at site to the regulatory bodies. This was further confirmed during consultation with local residents and statutory agencies .viz. Hooghly Regional Office of WBPCB.

iv) Ashalatha Brickfield (HW-3)



No public complaint regarding hazardous waste dumping site within Ashalatha Brick Field was reported during consultation with local residents and statutory agencies .viz. Hooghly Regional Office of WBPCB.

However a public hearing was held by High Power Committee (HPC) in Kolkata on 31.08.2000 regarding management of hazardous waste at the Science City Auditorium. During the hearing, Mr. Bimal Ch. Roy and Shri. Amitadyuti Kumar of Hooghly both complained about chrome contamination due to indiscriminate waste and effluent disposal in Hooghly District. Specific mention was made of M/s Indotan Chemicals, which was observed to be located at NE corner of the site at a distance of 180 m. Wide publicity was given for the closure of the unit, but the unit re-opened within a few weeks, which was not published. The committee felt that separate note on chrome waste disposal should be prepared and the WBPCB should ensure utmost care in waste disposal of units handling chrome.

v) Minu Computer Weighbridge access road (HW-4)

No public complaint was registered by the local population and those residing at site to the regulatory bodies regarding hazardous waste disposal site. This was further confirmed during consultation with local residents and statutory agencies .viz. Hooghly Regional Office of WBPCB.

vi) Zenith Timbers access road (HW-5)

No public complaint was registered by the local population and those residing at site to the regulatory bodies regarding hazardous waste disposal site. This was further confirmed during consultation with local residents and statutory agencies. Viz. Hooghly Regional Office of WBPCB.

vii) Pasupathi Seong Access road (HW -7)

No public complaint or court case against Pasupathi Seong HW site is reported

7.1.8 NGO Activities

No NGO activities have been reported against these sites.

7.1.9 Environmental and Social Management Plan

The major environmental and social impacts identified at the Hooghly HW sites and their detailed mitigation and monitoring prorgrmme adopted during different stages of the project are detailed in Table 7.1.12.



Table 7.12 Site-Specific Impacts during Remediation phase

Environmental Component Activity Site-Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures (Mitigation budget in Section

7.1.10)

Air and Noise Movement of Vehicles, Excavating activities, Filling activities, transportation of waste. Land preparation, Operation of DG set and other machinery etc

Excavation of waste and soil activities will lead to dust pollution in working area. The operation of DG sets may lead to gaseous pollution apart from generating particulate matter. Transportation of sediments from one point to other point may lead to spillage of waste on the route. Operation of machinery, vehicles and DG sets will lead to noise pollution in the working area.

Vehicles and machineries will have to be regularly maintained to conform to the emission standards stipulated under Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Provision of Personal Protective Equipments (PPE) to all workers during the site remediation. Compliance with vehicular exhaust emission certification for the entire machinery involved in remediation. Dust suppression at approach roads and working area with water sprinkling facilities. DG sets must have acoustic jackets and appropriate stack heights to meet the requirements of CPCB. Waste should be transported from source to final dumping place in specialized and covered vehicles. Contractor must obtain consent from West Bengal Pollution Control Boards before starting remediation work. To ensure the efficacy of the mitigation measures suggested, air quality monitoring should be carried out at least two times during remediation period. The SPM, RSPM, CO, SO2, and NOx levels will be monitored for air quality.

Soil Excavation, Filling Remediation of Hooghly site will require fresh soil to be used for filling. Hence large amount of fresh soil will be required for remediation. This soil, if brought from agricultural fields, may lead to loss of

It will be assured by contractor that only high land areas will be selected for excavation of soil. Soil will be use only from soil depos notified by respective authorities.




7.1.10)

productive soil and may develop low lying fields in nearby areas. Soil contamination due to leakage of oil and chemicals from vehicles and machinery. Contamination of soil by solid wastes and hazardous debris.

Soil will be excavated in consultation with farmers and agricultural department and all fertile soil will be stored at some place so that this soil will be replaced back in farms after completion of excavation activity. In case of any contamination of soil due to leakage or spillage, that soil will be immediately removed and replaced with fresh soil. To ensure the efficacy of the mitigation measures suggested, soil quality monitoring should be carried out at least two times during remediation period.

Ground Water Remediation There are chances that groundwater may contaminate due to percolation of water through disturbed hazardous waste sites mainly in rainy seasons. This may leads to contamination of ground water with heavy metals. During remediation on HW sites seepage of water through excavated hazardous material may further contaminate groundwater of area. Pressure on drinking water and for other domestic use due to influx of labour and other staff.

State pollution control board should ensure system to prevent ground and surface water contamination. It should be assured by contractor that all excavated HW will be placed at a safe place, so that it does not spread during the rainy season or due to floods. Contractor must give an assurance that all activities associated with remediation will be carried out under the supervision of an environmental specialist. Also contractor will assure that all this work will be done during non -monsoon season.




7.1.10)

The works sites will be properly fenced. The remediation sites will have signs notifying about the remediation works and hazards if any, to prevent accidental access of local people and livestock. Contractor will ensure supply of extra requirement of drinking water for influx population. To ensure the efficacy of the mitigation measures suggested, ground water quality monitoring shall be carried out at least twice during remediation. Drinking water parameters should be monitored to check the water quality during remediation process.

Surface Water Remediation During remediation process, hazardous waste might spread over a wide area due to flood and rain which may lead to contamination of other surface water resources in this area.

It should be assured by contractor that all excavated HW will be placed at a safe place, so that it does not spread during the rainy season or due to floods. Any temporary storage on site during excavation will be only permitted if impermeable and safe platforms are built and used. Contractor must give an assurance that all activities associated with remediation will be carried out under the supervision of an environmental specialist. Also contractor will assure that all this work will be done during non monsoon season.

Noise Movement of Vehicles, Excavation, Land preparation, Operation of DG set and other

Health Impacts and disturbance in working. The equipment used for remediation will strictly conform to CPCB noise standards. Vehicles and equipments used shall be fitted with exhaust silencers. During routine servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust




7.1.10)

machinery etc silencers shall be checked and if found to be defective shall be replaced. The noise level from any machinery (measured at one metre from the edge of the equipment in free field) such as compactors, front end loaders, and cranes, shall not exceed 75 dB (A), as specified in the Environmental Protection Rules, 1986. Within 150m of the nearest habitation, noise creating activities will be stopped during the night time between 9:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m. To protect workers from severe noise impacts, noise standards of industrial enterprises will be strictly enforced, and workers shall be provided with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as earplugs. To ensure the efficacy of the mitigation measures suggested, noise level monitoring shall be carried out at least every month during remediation.

Flora and fauna Remediation of site Pressure on trees, vegetation and aquatic resources. Tree cutting. Increase pollution in Surface water.

There are chances that labourers and other staff engaged in remediation activities put a pressure on trees for fuel wood and temporary huts, vegetables and aquatic resources If there will be requirement of tree felling during remediation process, then permission for tree felling will be sought as per the guidelines of West Bengal State Government.

Wildlife No wild life is found near the site

None No mitigation measures is required




7.1.10)

Aesthetics Excavation of waste, site preparation and associated construction activities.

Visual and aesthetics loss In order to develop HW sites in Hooghly good approach roads and plantation is required.

Traffic Movement of Vehicles, Excavating activities, Filling activities, transportation of waste. Land preparation and construction activities

Increased traffic movements, dust All vehicles should be checked for “Pollution Under Control” certificates and occasional spot testing of emission from vehicles should be carried out with the assistance of the local administration. Proper traffic management by local administration

Livelihood

Remediation/Closure of sites

• Sarkar Wigh Bridge: -Five workers at Dhaba (Makeshift Restaurant) earn about 100 Rs/day. -One owner of Dhaba who earns about 250 Rs/day. -Owner of Sarkar Weigh Bridge will also lose his income during remediation. Per day income of the owner is Rs 500. -Five weigh bridge operators will lose their income during remediation period. Per day income of these operators is Rs 100. • Minu Computer Wigh Bridge

-Nine workers at Dhaba (Makeshift Restaurant) near Minu Computer Weigh Bridge who earn about 100 Rs/day

In case of loss of livelihood, compensation for the transition period will be provided to all affected persons. KMC and WBPCB can help affected people to start some small business depending upon climatic conditions of this area. As this area is warm and humid, options for this area may be poultry, aquaculture, flower cultivation, some local resource based handicrafts like hand made papers, potteries, candle making, composting etc. The NGO/s hired to help these communities improve their livelihoods options will work with the communities throughout the closure of the second, larger site, before the end of the project’s fifth year. One list for possible vocational training for these ragpickers and affected persons has been included in this report for reference as Annexure-6.2. In the unlikely and unforeseen case of temporary land acquisition, conditions of mutually agreed contract




7.1.10)

Livelihood (continued )

- One owner Dhaba will loose his income who earns about 500 Rs/day. -One Petty shop owner near the site will also loose his income, who earn 250 per day.

-Five weigh bridge operators will lose their income during remediation period. Per day income of these operators is Rs 100. -Owner of Minu Weigh Bridge will also lose his income during remediation. Per day income of the owner is Rs 700 • Zenith Timber. - One owner of shop will loose his

income who earns Rs 200 per day. - Two workers at this timber shop will

also loose their income who earns Rs 100 per day.

• Ashalata Brick Klin

-Ashalata brick kiln is in operation since 1991. The working season is from May to November. During site visit there were about 20 families consisting of 100 workers present on site. The maximum workers during peak working time would be 150 (told by owner of Klin) or around 30 families. All these workers migrate

between contractor and owner of land will be followed. All persons listed as having income streams interrupted due to project activities will be compensated according to national and World Bank social safeguards policy guidelines. Remediation would be done without closing the brick making as there is sufficient space available with owner for relocating workers colony. In this case we have to construct new exit for movement of vehicles. As discussed with owner (Mr. Surya Narayan Nandi,), he has no problem with this options, and he will cooperate during remediation.




7.1.10)

from Bihar and Jharkhand the neighbouring States and belong to SC or ST categories. Out of total workforce 50% is female. Per day income of these workers is Rs 100 to 125.

-Apart from these brick workers there are two operators who will loose there income during the course of remediation. The income of this operators is Rs 200 per day. - One accountant of this klin will also loose his income. He earns Rs 100/day. -Also owner of this klin will loose his income during the course of remediation.. The owner earns more than Rs 2000 per day.

• Shivang Trexim

-This Industry is already closed and there is no person here who will his income.

• Chakundi -One guard will loose his income in the course of remediation

• Pashupati Seong Industry -Three Security guard working at the




7.1.10)

Pasupathi Seong Industry will loose there income. Income of these security gaurds is Rs 100 per day. -Two workers at barber shop near this site will loose there income. These workers earns Rs 75 per day. -One owner of barber shop will also loose his income who earns Rs 100 per day. -Three owners in three dhabas near this site will loose there income. -Six workers in three Dhabas will lose their income. List of all these affected persons except brick klin workers is given in Annexure-7.1. The list of Brick klin workers will be available by the third week of December 2008 as contractor under which all these laborers are working was not available due to festival.

Shelters Remediation/Closure of sites

There is no person at Hooghly site who will loose his shelter or accommodation.

Agriculture activities


All sites are located in Industrial area; hence there are no agricultural farms in these locations. Though there are small ponds which are used for fish farming and developing other aquatics flora may be impacted due to remediation work.




7.1.10)

Employment Remediation/Closure of sites

Some employment will be generated as a result of remediation work

No mitigation measure is required.

Infrastructure Remediation/Closure of sites.

As a result of remediation work lot of temporary and permanent Infrastructure will be developed during remediation work.


Cultural/Religious Properties


There is no religious site which will be impacted due to remediation activities as no site fall in the zone of impact.

Although there will be no direct impact on any religious or cultural site, though all constructions camps will be sited at a distance 500 m away from these cultural and religious structures and settlements as a mitigation measure. Construction machinery and equipment will also be sited 500m away from habitation. A detailed plan to mitigate any impact on worshippers’ access to these Physical Cultural Resources is being developed during the Appraisal Mission (Dec. 2 – 12) and will be fully prepared well before Negotiations for the project.



7.2.10 Impacts and Mitigation Measures for Religious and Cultural Site at Hooghly

Impacts

• The Hooghly Hazardous Waste site is composed of seven individual sites grouped under the heading of Hooghly HW remediation. Based on preliminary surveys undertaken by ICT, the Ashalata Brickfield is the only one that was deemed at risk from the cultural perspective.

• The site is walled in on the western, southern and eastern sides and the northern edge of the property is bounded by agricultural land with no vehicular access (See Map 7.1.2 Layout and location of cultural and religious properties at Ashalatha brickfield HW site)

• All assumptions indicate that transport of hazardous materials will borrow the south/north Kolkata/Delhi main road to the transversal secondary road that leads to the gate of the brickfield located approximately 0.5 km. from the crossing.

• The Durga Temple, which is located at a distance of about 150m. from the Ashalata Brickfield gates is frequented by worshipers from a large radius, many of whom use the secondary road that will be used by the remediation contractor. The Temple is renowned for the curative powers of Durga and consultation with the Temple keeper, Ms. Nomita Douleh, revealed that approximately 25 to 30 people visit the Temple daily at any given time of the day and night. The road used by these worshipers to reach temple is very poor and there is no proper lighting facility on this road. At site visit time no more than 8 light posts were identified. These are about 4.5 m. tall and are fitted with small regular lamp bulbs of no more than 60 watts. Under such conditions, visibility at night fall is very poor especially in consideration of the fact that most visitors to the temple access it afoot or by bicycle.

Mitigation Measures

• The Durga Temple is the only venue likely to receive direct impact from project activities in Hooghly due to its proximity to the Ashalata Brickfield Hazardous Waste site. As such access and safety must be ensured.

• Excavation will take place within the central part of the property covering an area of approximately 400 m². Despite the fact that there is ample space for maneuvering trucks that will remove contaminated soil within the gated area of the Ashalata Brickfield.

• Following mitigation measures for vehicular flow are recommended.

o Therefore the recommendations for this site are taken in consideration not only in terms of diminishing disruption to religious rituals but also in terms of safety and health hazards. They include:

o paced relay of trucks to avoid congestion and queuing,

o immediate removal of contaminated soil,

o hermetic sealing of load containers,

o enforcement of speed limits below 20 km/hr within 100 m. of the remediation site,

o pause in works at midday prayer time for one hour estimated to take place between 12.30 or 13.30

o include hedge planting along the northern property line of the mosque to delineate parking area as part of the foreseen landscaping activities of remediation



• Additionally and in order to mitigate potential risks associated with accessing the Durga Temple particular attention has been given to improving road lighting conditions in the matrix in order to ensure that visitors to the Temple, especially during winter hours, are clearly visible to truck drivers.

Additional Recommendations

The following are recommendations pertaining to measures to be taken with contractors in terms of information sharing, procedures and bidding documents.

• Because of the large distances between HW sites and TSDFs (about 100 km in WB), it is essential that contractors hold proper liability insurance coverage.

• To ensure proper implementation of the mitigation measures it is essential that all landscaping and access improvement interventions be specified in the bidding documents pertaining to remediation contracting so as to allow bidders to include such costs in the relevant budget allocations.

• Because the TSDFs are located at a significant distance (up to 100 km. in WB) from remediation sites the contractor, in addition to proper liability insurance coverage evidence, should submit an emergency plan that covers procedures in case of accidental spillage particularly during the transfer of hazardous waste between the remediation site and the TSDF.

• Furthermore it is equally important that the selected contractor should be informed about the PCR impacts and requested to conduct an induction program to all relevant staff prior to the commencement of activities that outlines, among other things, codes of conduct to ensure that mitigation measures are respected

Table 7.1.13 Physical Cultural Resources (PCR) Mitigation Measures Matrix1

Possible Impact Mitigation Measure Responsible Entity

Monitoring Indicator

Estimated Budget

Ashalata Brickfield

Improve lighting along secondary road

Contractor with Road authorities?

Comparison with baseline consultation data

Access to the Durga Temple impediments

Establish a truck dispatching program to avoid congestion

Contractor Site Supervisor

Reduction of road accidents

Integral part of agreement with contractor.

Increased noise Pace the relay of trucks to avoid queuing and idling engines


Number of grievances recorded

WBPCB

Air quality deterioration

a) Pace the relay of trucks to avoid queuing and idling engines b) Remove contaminated sludge immediately not allowing it to remain on site and dry out



WBPCB

1 The contractor should be informed about the PCR impacts and requested to conduct an induction program to all relevant staff prior to the commencement of activities that outlines, among other things, codes of conduct to ensure that mitigation measures are respected.



Possible Impact Mitigation Measure Responsible Entity

Monitoring Indicator

Estimated Budget

Safety of worshipers

Establish a speed limit of no more than 20 km/hr within 500m. of the site clearly indicated by relevant signs

WBPCB with Transport and Road authorities?

Reduction of road accidents

WBPCB

a) Hermetically seal the containers to prevent spills and leaks



WBPCB Health hazards

b) prepare an emergency response and spill plan

Contractor Contractor Insurance

Chance finds during excavation and sludge removal

Comply with the Treasure Trove Act and report any finds to relevant authorities immediately2


WBPCB

2 Revenue Officer of the district and any officer appointed by the provincial authorities to perform the functions of “Collector” under the Treasure Trove Act



Table 7.1.14 Environmental Monitoring Cost for Hooghly HW sites Environmental Parameters, Hooghly site, West Bengal

Project Stage Parameters Location Frequency Standards Approximate cost

(Rs.) Implementation Supervision

Remediation stage

SPM, RPM, NOx, SOx, CO

Two location

24 hr continuous, in three seasons except monsoon season. Considering remediation period of one year

Air quality standard by CPCB

6000X2X3X1 =36000 Contractor through approved monitoring agency

PIU, SC Air Quality

Post Remediation stage

SPM, RPM, NOx, SOx, CO

-do- 24 hr continuous, in three seasons except monsoon season for three years

-do- 6000X2X3X3=108000 PIU PIU



Environmental Parameters, Hooghly site, West Bengal



Remediation stage

All the parameters for inland surface water quality standard for class-D will be tested for groundwater as per IS 10500:1991

Six locations

One samples on monsoon and other post monsoon in a year.

Water quality standard by CPCB

8000X6X2X1 = 96000 Contractor through approved monitoring agency

PIU, SC Surface Water Quality


-do- -do- One samples on monsoon and other post monsoon in a year. For a period of three year

-do- 8000X6X2X3=288000 PIU PIU

Ground Water Quality

Remediation stage

-do- Twelve locations


-do- 8000X12X2x1=192000 PIU PIU








-do- 8000X12X2X3=576000 PIU PIU

Remediation stage

As per National Ambient Noise Standard as per Environmental Protection Act, 1986 amended 2002

Two locations

24 hr monitoring in three seasons for one years

Noise level standard by CPCB

2000X3X2X1= 12000 Contractor through approved monitoring agency

PIU, SC Noise levels



-do- 24 hr monitoring in three seasons for three years

-do- 2000X3X2X1= 12000 PIU PIU






Remediation stage

As per the requirements of Agriculture soil

Twelve locations

Two samples in a year except monsoon season.

Soil Quality Standards for Agricultural soil with added parameter of type of contaminant prevalent in that area.

8000X12X2X1=192000 Contractor through approved monitoring agency

PIU, SC Soil



-do- Two samples in a year except monsoon season. For Three years

-do- 8000X12X2X3=576000 PIU PIU

Sub-Total Monitoring Cost (Rs.) Twenty Lakhs Eighty Eight Thousand only 2088000.00



Table 7.1.15 Social Management Plan (SMP) cost for Hooghly HW sites, West Bengal

S. No. Component Cost per day/month/year

Number of persons

No. of days/ months / years

Amount (Rs.) US$*

A Social Safe guard Cost 1 Workshop 225000/ year - 5 years 1125000.00 25000 Sub Total (A) 1125000.00 25000 B Compensation Cost R1 Resettlement Compensation Nil Nil Nil 0.00 0 R2 Income Restoration

Total 191 workers will be compensated. Sarkar Weigh bridge

- 5 operator at Sarkar Weigh bridge. - 1 owner of Wigh Bridge. - 5 workers of dhaba near weigh

bridge. - 1 owner of this dhaba.

Minu Weigh Bridge

- 5 operators at Minu Weigh Bridge. - 1 owner of weigh bridge - 9 workers at Dhaba near minu weigh

bridge. - 1 Owner of Dhaba. - 1 Petty shop owner.

100 /day 191 75 days 1432500.00 32000



Zenith Timber - 1 owner of timber shop. - 2 workers of timber shop.

Ashalata Brick Klin - 150 workers. - 2 Operators. - 1 Accountant. - 1 Owner.

Pashupati - 3 security guard at Pasupathi seong

industry - 2 workers at Barber shop near

Pasupathi seong industy - 1 owner of Barber Shop.

- 11 owner of small enterpriners

100/day 11 150 165000.00 4000

R3 Owner of Ashalatha Brick industry One time assistance by Mutual agreement

0.00 0

Sub total (B) 1597500.00 36000 Total (A+B) 2722500.00 61000



Table 7.1.16 Total ESMP cost for Hooghly MSW site

Cost Component Cost (Rs) Cost (US $)

Environmental Monitoring 2088000.00 46500

SMP Cost 2722500.00 61000

Total 4810500.00 107500

• • •



7.2 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SETTING OF DHAPA

7.2.1 Introduction

The baseline environmental status is based on primary and secondary data collected through on-site field observations and previous studies carried out by West Bengal Pollution Control Board, and records of Health Departments and Primary Health Centers and Clinics, Industrial Estate, Socio-Economic Surveys and public consultations around site. The following environmental and social components of Dhapa Municipal solid west site were focused on during this study: • Physical environment comprising climate, topography, geology, air and Noise

quality, water quality etc. • Ecological environment consisting of flora and fauna of study area. • Socio-Economic environment consisting demographic profile, occupational structure,

health issues, educational status, and literacy status, etc.

The Dhapa municipal solid waste landfill site (Map 7.2.1) is located about 10 km south-east of Kolkata city, and receives around 3,500 to 3,700 tonnes of waste daily. The disposal site is mountain shaped from west to east. The area of landfill site is 70 acres, divided into two parts, M/S. Eastern Organic Fertilizer Ltd, a compost plant, which is centrally located at the site.On the western side 23 acres land is used by KMC for landfill, which is operated mechanically (Photo 7.2.1). In eastern site 47 acres land is landfilled by private contractors and the loading/unloading of waste is done manually (Photo 7.2.2).

Map 7.2.1: Location Map of Dhapa Land fill site



Photo 7.2.1: Mechanical Unloading of waste by KMC

vehicle at Dhapa Land fill site Photo 7.2.2: Manual Unloading of waste by contract

vehicle at Dhapa Land fill site

7.2.2 Physical Environment

7.2.2.1 Physiography and Drainage

The study area falls in Kolkata, which is located in eastern India in the Ganges Delta at an elevation ranging between 1.5 to 9 m. The city is spread linearly along the banks of the River Hooghly in a north-south direction. The river takes off from the main Ganga Channel at the head of the delta near Farakka as Bhagirathi and further down stream assumes the name Hooghly in the tidal stretch. Most of the city was originally a vast wetland, reclaimed over the decades to accommodate the city's burgeoning population. Several low lying depressions in the form of marshes, shallow lakes or Jheels abound the area and most of these represent river scars of the past drainage channels of Bhagirathi. The master slope is towards south as indicated both by the course of the Hooghly and other major channels

7.2.2.2 Geology and Soil

The geology of the study area comprises quaternary sediments consisting of clay, silt, and various grades of sand, gravel, and pebbles. Lithological logs show the presence of a clay bed at the top, with a thickness of 10–40 m. There is a further clay bed 250–650 m below ground level. There is a group of granular aquifers between these layers, and these are being tapped as a groundwater resource. The area is seismically stable and lies in the part of Zone III that borders on Zone IV.

Soil of Dhapa and its surrounding area are Sandy clay loam in texture and the soil study done by Battacharyya et al 2008 in and around Dhapa land fill site reported high amount of sand (44–69%), but a lesser amount of silt and clay, than the background soil; soil were neutral to slightly alkaline. Organic Carbon varied significantly among the soils and was 4–7 times higher in the landfill soils than in the background soil, likely in relation to land filling with different types of organic solid wastes and the cultivation practices. The landfill soils also contained significantly higher amount of total Nitrogen and available phosphorous than the background soil. Soils in the Dhapa farming land also has high amount of waste materials such as papers, plastics, stones, glasses etc, which is highly lethal to farmers working in the field.

The landfill soils had significantly higher concentrations of total iron, manganese, cadmium, lead, zinc and copper compared to those in the background soil. Significant (P<0.05) variations existed in the metal concentrations among the landfill soils and were due to the heterogeneity in the waste materials dumped at the respective sites over the years. Soils of the sites are highly contaminated with heavy metals, more importantly the



dissolved total available phosphorous and water-soluble forms that are bioavailable and potentially toxic (Battacharryya et al 2008).

7.2.2.3 Climate Metropolitan Kolkata has a sub-tropical climate and shows distinct climatological features throughout the year. The annual mean temperature is 26.8°C; monthly mean temperatures range from 19°C to 30°C. Summers are hot and humid and maximum temperatures often exceed 40°C during May and June. Winter tends to last for only about two and a half months, with seasonal lows dipping to 12°C – 14°C between December and January. The highest recorded temperature is 43°C and the lowest is 5°C. Often during early summer, dusty squalls followed by spells of thunderstorm and heavy rains lash the city, bringing relief from the humid heat. The southeast monsoon rains lash the city between June and September and supplies the city with most of its annual rainfall of 1,633 mm. The highest rainfall occurs during the monsoon in August.

7.2.2.4 Ramsar Site The present MSW site is near East Kolkata Wetland (ECW), which have been declared as a Ramsar site under the provision Ramsar Convention 2000. The Govt. of West Bengal enacted. “The East Kolkata Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Act 2006”. Under the provision of this Act flora, fauna and biodiversity of wetland will be conserved. As discussed with KMC no part of present MSW site or any part of new MSW site developed for land filling falls under the ECW.

7.2.3 Pollution Issues of Affected Area 7.2.3.1 Air Environment

The air quality status of the Kolkata city during the months of January 2008 to August 2008 for SPM, RPM, SOx and NOx is given in Table 7.2.1. The highest values have been observed during the months of January to April through of all the parameters and the reported values of SPM, RPM and NOx during this period were above the permissible limit. On the other hand the SOx value is very low during the entire period, under the permissible limit. The major concern for the air quality of Kolkata city is the presence of high value of particulate matter, which is one and halftimes higher than the national residential standard. The high SPM and RPM are due to addition of more number of automobiles and also due to large scale construction activity (WBPCB, 2004).

Table 7.2.1: Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Average Values of Ambient Air Quality of Kolkata during January to August, 2008

SPM (µg/m3) RPM (µg/m3) SOx (µg/m3) NOX (µg/m3) Months/ Parameters Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg.

January 519 168 355 267 69 177 18 5 10 116 57 91

February 460 134 297 247 51 143 12 6 8 102 62 83

March 343 128 193 181 47 87 8 4 6 87 54 71

April 217 97 143 96 31 58 7 5 6 82 50 64

May 185 89 129 70 31 47 5 4 5 73 37 53

June 146 66 108 59 23 40 5 4 5 53 34 45

July 173 59 109 65 18 38 6 5 5 60 34 48

August 138 61 89 55 20 32 8 4 6 51 35 44

Residential Standard 200 100 80 80

Source: WBPCB



Photo 6.2.3 Smoke emission from Bone processing

There is no monitored data available for the Dhapa landfill site, but it is observed during the site visit of the ESA consultant that the condition at the site is worse than Kolkata city as far as air pollution is concerned. The high particulate matter is attributed by waste dumping activity, which is further induced by the rag picker in search of valuable materials. The frequent movement of vehicle on landfill site and the poor road condition of the area has led to high air pollution in the area.

Air pollution at Dhapa site is also reported to be very high due to smoke emanating from the near by bone processing industry (Photo 7.2.3) and crematorium. The public consultation survey conducted in the surrounding villages revealed the release of methane gas and heavy odour problem during monsoon months.

7.2.3.2 Noise Environment

Noise levels in the city during both day and night times are higher than the permissible limit. The excessive noise level is caused by increasing vehicular traffic, and the presence of small enterprises. The night-time noise levels in many sensitive zones exceed 100 A-weighted decibels (dBA) against the prescribed standard of 40 dBA by the CPCB (KEIP –ADB -2006).

The noise at Dhapa landfill site is also reported to be high during the day time. The high noise is due to the movement of waste transport vehicles as well as the operation of landfill leveling machinery at the site. The private contracted vehicles generate more noise due to poor maintenance.

7.2.3.3 Water quality

Surface and groundwater pollution from Dhapa landfill site is very likely and the leached water stagnant at the site is clearly visible (Photo 7.2.5 and Photo 7.2.6). During the public consultation, people were complaining that the leached water is reaching the nearby water bodies, which the hand pump water was contaminated with iron and that tube wells will become unusable after a period of two year. The leachate reaching the area has stopped after the construction of boundary wall around the village.

7.2.4 Social Issues of Affected Area

A socio economic profile of the project-affected area/population is essential to create database and develop indicators for the evaluation of the project impact. To understand the socio-economic context of the proposed project and for providing necessary inputs for social analysis of the project, relevant baseline data on socio-economic and cultural

Photo 7.2.4 and Photo 7.2.5: Leachate from Solid waste site



conditions were collected from various available primary and secondary sources like personal observation and enquiry, consultation with knowledgeable persons of the villages, etc.

On the basis of social survey, the affected settlements and villages have been identified and the same has been documented in the report. The important demographic features of the population, social categories, literacy level and economy of the population in the project influence area have been assessed.

The Project Influence Area (PIA) of the project comprises 5 village settlements located near the landfill site about 10kms South-East of Kolkata. Described below is the socio-economic analysis of the PIA near the landfill site. The description of concerned population includes all the people who are directly or indirectly affected by the project.

The following groups are identified who are likely to be affected by the project concerning the landfill site at Dhapa:

• People living in the above said 5 villages, located near landfill site

• Rag pickers including men, women and children

• People running small-scale businesses near the landfill site

• Any other person/s generating livelihood through involvement with landfill site.

The details of socio-economic survey and public consultations are presented in the following sections:

7.2.4.1 Social Category

Most people living in Project Influence Area, (90 percent) belong to the Scheduled Caste and 10 percent of the households belong to the General category. People belonging to Scheduled Tribe or OBC do not reside in this area. The category of population residing in study area is given in Table 7.2.2.

Table 7.2.2 Social Stratification

S. No. Social Categories No. of Responses Percentage

1 SC 96 89.7

2 General 11 10.3


7.2.4.2 Education Status

Majority of the population residing in PIA is illiterate, i.e. 72 percent and rest of the population, approximately 28 percent is literate. The level of education in study area is given in Table 7.2.3.

Table 7.2.3 Education Status

S. No. Education Status No. of responses Percentage

1 Illiterate 77 72.0

2 Literate 30 28.0




7.2.4.3 Employment Status

Other than rag picking (nearly 60%), most of the households,(16%) rely on farming as a primary source for their livelihood. 6 percent are engaged as non-agricultural labourers, with 1 percent who are engaged in some kind of Business. The smallest category is of people with less than 1 percent are self-employed. However, 14 percent of the population is involved in other economic activities. The employment status in the study area is given in Table 7.2.4.

Table 7.2.4 Employment status

S. No. Employment Status No. of Responses Percentage

1 Rag picking 64 59.8

2 Business 2 1.9

3 Farming 18 16.8

4 Labourer 7 6.5

5 Self employment 1 0.9

6 Other 15 14.0

Total 107 100.0 Source: ESA Survey, ICT New Delhi, Sept., 2008

7.2.4.4 Monthly Income

Nearly 98 percent earns an amount less than Rs.2000 in a month on an average. And only 2 percent earns somewhere between Rs.2000 and Rs.5000 every month. There is not a single household that has a monthly earning of Rs.5000 or more. The monthly income and expenditure of the respondent is given in Table 7.2.5 and Table 7.2.6 below.

Table 7.2.5; Monthly income

S. No. Monthly Income (Rs) No. of Responses Percentage

1 < 2000 105 98.1

2 2000 to 5000 2 1.9


7.2.4.5 Monthly Expenditure

On an average 95 percent of households spend less than Rs.2000 in a month. 5 percent population monthly expenses range between Rs.2000 and Rs.5000 though it is not understood as to how they were spending more than what they were earning..

Table 7.2.6: Expenditure Status

S. No. Monthly Expenditure (Rs.) No. of Responses Percentage

1 < 2000 102 95.3

2 2000 to 5000 5 4.7




7.2.4.6 Source of Drinking Water

All the households residing near landfill site satisfy their water needs through tankers provided by Kolkata Municipal Corporation which come to the place everyday. They use it for drinking and other domestic purposes. The source of Drinking water in study area is given in Table 7.2.7 below:

Table 7.2.7 Source of Drinking Water

S. No.

Drinking water No. of responses Percentage

1 KMC Tank Supply 107 100.0


7.2.4.7 Use of Structures

100 percent of the households use their building structure solely for residential purpose. The type of structures is study area is given in Table 7.2.8.

Table 7.2.8 Use of Structures

S. No. Use of Structures No. of responses Percentage

1 Residential 107 100.0

Total 107 100.0Source: ESA Survey, ICT New Delhi, Sept.,2008

7.2.5 Rag Pickers

Rag pickers form a very important group of stakeholders in the process of solid waste management. It is very natural to see rag pickers picking various kind of stuff at any landfill site. They collect all possible recyclable materials (plastics, bottles, papers) and sell them to kabadiwalas, local residents, small-scale factories etc. Often their livelihood is solely dependent on the landfill site. Any change in the existing dumping site has high probability of affecting rag pickers. Some of the characteristic features of the Rag Pickers at ‘Dhapa landfill site’ are given as follows.

7.2.5.1 Age of Rag pickers

12 percent of rag pickers are under the age of 14 years. Nearly 20 percent are youths, falling in the age group of 14-21 years. Remaining 67 percent of rag pickers are adults, 0ver 21 years of age. The age profile of rag pickers is given in Table 7.2.9.

Table 7.2.9 Age of Rag pickers

S. No. Age (Years) No. of responses Percentage

1 < 14 8 12.5

2 14 to 21 13 20.3

3 > 21 43 67.2




7.2.5.2 Sex ratio among Rag pickers

56 percent of the rag pickers are male and the rest are females. The sex ratio of respondent is given in Table 7.2.10.

Table 7.2.10 Sex of respondent

S.No. Sex No. of responses Percentage

1 Male 36 56.32 Female 28 43.7 Total 64 100.00


7.2.5.3 Reading Ability Among the Rag pickers, 16 percent are able to generally read their native language (Bangla). A majority of 84 percent does not know how to read. The reading and writing ability of these rag pickers is given in Table 7.2.11 and Table 7.2.12 below.

Table 7.2.11: Reading Ability of Rag pickers

S. No. Able to read No. of responses Percentage

1 Yes 10 15.62 No 54 84.4 Total 64 100.0


7.2.5.4 Writing Ability Writing ability amongst the rag pickers is similar to their reading ability. 16 percent of the rag pickers can write but only in their native language.

Table 7.2.12: Writing Ability Rag pickers

S. No. Able to write No. of responses Percentage

1 Yes 10 15.62 No 54 84.4 Total 64 100.0


7.2.5.5 Living Place An interesting finding was that 51 percent of the rag pickers have their huts/jhuggis where they stay. 23 percent of the rag pickers use the footpath as their place of stay, 3 percent do not have any fixed place and 1 percent rent some place. A good amount of rag pickers (20%) live in their own houses. The living places detail of rag pickers is given in Table 7.2.13 below.

Table 7.2.13: Living place of Rag pickers

S. No. Place Total Percentage

1 Rented place 1 1.62 Footpath 15 23.43 No Fix Place 2 3.1



S. No. Place Total Percentage

4 Hut/ Jhuggi 33 51.65 Own House 13 20.3 Total 64 100.0


7.2.5.6 Migration Status

Most of the rag pickers, who work at Dhapa landfill site, are native residents of Dhapa itself. They constitute 86 percent of the total rag picker population. 14 percent have migrated from other places and now work here. The Migration status of these rag pickers is given in Table 7.2.14.

Table 7.2.14 Migration Status of Rag pickers


7.2.5.7 Income All the rag pickers are able to earn a minimum amount of Rs.50 in a day. 19 percent of the rag pickers are able to earn Rs.100 to Rs.150 each day. Remaining rag pickers’ income varies from Rs.50 to Rs.100. The monthly income of these Rag pickers is given in Table 7.2.15.

Table 7.2.15 Per Day Earning of Rag pickers

S. No. Amount (Rs.) No. of responses Percentage

1 50-100 52 81.3

2 100-150 12 18.8


7.2.5.8 Sickness Record

52 percent of the rag pickers admitted that they have fallen sick while working at the landfill site, whereas 48 percent refused any such incidence. The illness record and the approach of treatment by these rag pickers is given in Table 7.2.16 to Table 7.2.18 below.

Table 7.2.16 Sickness Record of Rag pickers

S. No. Ever been sick No. of responses Percentage

1 Yes 33 51.62 No 31 48.4 Total 64 100.0


S. No. Migrated No. of responses Percentage

1 Yes 9 14.0

2 No 55 86.0

Total 64 100.0



7.2.5.9 Common Diseases

A variety of diseases is prevalent in this area. Few of the most common diseases reported by the rag pickers are Fever, Respiratory problem, Water borne diseases, Skin diseases etc.

Table 7.2.17 Common Diseases reported by Rag pickers

S. No. Disease No. of responses Percentage

1 Fever 41 64.02 Respiratory problem 6 9.43 Water borne 8 12.54 Skin disease 1 1.65 Water borne 8 12.5 Total 64 100.0


7.2.5.10 Access to professional Doctor

98 percent of the rag pickers consult a Doctor in case of need, where as 2 percent rely on some medical shops.

Table 7.2.18 Status of access to Doctor S. No. Consulted person No. of responses Percentage

1 Doctor 63 98.42 Medical shops 1 1.6 Total 64 100.0


7.2.6 Preliminary Public Consultation

Public consultation has been conducted in and around the Dhapa land fill site with the rag pickers, small vendors and municipality workers working at the site. Also meetings were conducted with the labourers and farmers working at the Dhapa garbage farming area. Besides this, West Bengal Pollution Control Board Officers, Engineers deputed on MSW site, and local NGOs were also consulted for the social and environmental issues. The major environmental and social issues discussed with all the stakeholders. are given in Table 7.2.19.

Table 7.2.19: Public Consultation

Stakeholders Name/No. of participant/s Date Issues Discussed Measures

proposed

West Bengal Pollution Control Board

Dr Adhikari Senior, Environmental Engineer., Waste Management Cell

• Lack of availability of Land for dumping

• Collection and transport of waste

• Public doesn’t take this issue seriously

• Lack of manpower at Pollution control Board for enforcement

• Govt. should provide land

• Municipality should act responsibly for waste management

• Sensitization of public




proposed monitoring

• Villagers are encroachers

West Bengal Pollution Control Board

Mrs. Sarmistha Kundu, Environmental Engineer, Waste Management Cell

• Farming in and around the Garbage leads to health problems

• Sustainable development of dumping land through providing addition land for scientific land filling

• Fishing in and around the waste water adds to hazards

• Health safety awareness for workers involved in collection, transport of solid waste

• Farming/fishing activities near waste should be discouraged

• Arrangement for sanitary landfill should be made

• Awareness among masses is required

Solid Waste Management Cell, Kolkata Municipal Corporation

Subashis Chattopadhyay, A.K. Mondal (Executive Engineer, Mr. Arup Maiti (Assistant Engineer, Dhapa Landfill site)

• Absence of safety measures for rag pickers

• Transportation of

uncovered waste • Boundary around

Dhapa landfill site doesn’t exist

• Promotion of masks, gloves, shoes among rag pickers while working

• Fine for uncovered transportation of waste

• Construction of wall around the site

SAFE (Saviours And Friends of Environment) NGO

Head of the NGO

• Dhapa garbage farming area is contaminated with heavy metals

• Unproductive rag picking activity

• Low income of the villagers

• Environmental and health safety awareness

• No educational

institute in the area

• Municipality and PCB should work together and make the area pollution free

• Alternate Income generation methods to be devised for villagers as well as rag pickers

• Provision of Govt. schools in




proposed the area

Change Initiatives (NGO)

Director, Change Initiatives

• Lack of concern in Municipality

• Awareness education

for rag pickers • Children’s education

• Municipality shall be held responsible for contamination of land, water

• Educational Infrastructure should be developed

Residents of Khanneperia and Ucchepota Village

31 26/09/08 • Public health • Problem of flies and

mosquitoes • Respiratory diseases

such as Asthma, TB • No toilet facility at

village, toilet constructed by KMC is damaged and they are using the public place

• Inadequate supply of water

• Another site for dumping must be provided

• Hospital should be constructed for medical facility

• KMC should supply adequate water

Residents of Durgapur

38 27/09/08 • Nose and Eye irritation due to gas release

• No hospital facility • Site also being used

for cremation of dead bodies

• KMC supplying

water on alternate days to the villages through tanks

• Dumping site should be relocated so that pollution problems are minimized

• Provision for medical treatment should be made by the govt.

• Water tank should come to villages everyday

Labourers working at the Garbage farming

23 25/09/08 • Skin diseases while working at the garbage farm and as rag pickers

• Inadequate drinking water

• Frequent injury

• Agricultural lands shall be made free from contamination

• Boundary wall around site should be

d




proposed while working at the farm

• Soil fertility increased

• Agriculture land is polluted with metallic pieces, stones and polythene bags.

constructed

Photo 7.2.6: Consultation at SAFE, NGO Photo 7.2.7 : Consultation at Ucchepota village

Photo 7.2.8 : Consultation with Mr.Adhikari Sr.Environmental Engineer, WBPCB

Photo 7.2.9 : Consultation with Mrs.Kundu Environmental Engineer, WBPCB

7.2.7 Finding

Socio-economic survey

• The area around the landfill site is primarily inhabited by people belonging to the Scheduled Castes. Mandal, Doloi, Sarkar are amongst the dominant castes.



• Less than 30 percent of the population is literate, which is much lower than the National Literacy Rate of India (65 percent), as well as that of West Bengal (69 percent).

• People are primarily involved in farming for livelihood generation. However, they are not legal owners of the lands. They have encroached on govt. lands.

• The other poor section of population work as agricultural labourers on the lands owned by the powerful ones.

• People are also engaged in non-agriculture labour, self-employment in order to sustain themselves.

• Almost all the people (except for a population of 2 percent) earn Rs.2000 or less in a month. Thus 98 percent of population falls in close proximity to BPL according to World’s Bank definition.

• There is no regular piped water supply for these households. Kolkata Municipal Corporation however provides water tankers to these areas every alternate day.

• These tankers are inadequate to meet the needs of the population.

• People use the available building structures for residential purpose. Commercial utilization of structures is not done.

Rag pickers’ survey

• More than ten percent of the rag pickers are child labourers i.e. they are under the age of 14 years.

• Youths below the age of 21 years comprise 20 percent of the rag picker population approximately.

• Both males and females work as rag pickers in equal ratio approximately.

• Illiteracy rate among the rag pickers is very high. Nearly 85 percent of them are illiterate. 15 percent of, rag pickers are able to read/write only in their native language i.e. Bangla.

• A good number (20 percent) of Rag pickers own the house where they live. This can be said to be a positive socio-economic indicator.

• But the majority stays in slums, and also on footpaths.

• Kolkata being a metropolitan city has large number of migrants who come in search of employment. Among the Rag pickers also, approx. 15 percent have migrated from other places.

• Around 80 percent of rag pickers are Below Poverty Line (BPL), based on the criteria laid down by the World Bank.

• By workingat landfill sites without any preventive measures, rag pickers often get sick. As reported by the rag pickers themselves, around 50 percent of them got ill in recent past.

• Fever is the most prevalent illness in this area is followed by water borne diseases, respiratory problems and then skin diseases.



• The rag pickers are sensitized enough to consult a medical doctor on need. However, few of them also consult small medical shops for the same purpose.

• They do not rely on traditional approaches of treatment.

Public and Stakeholders consultations:

• People are not satisfied with the govt.’s role concerning to the landfill site

• Burning of waste leads to emission of gases, which causes irritation in eyes of people residing nearby.

• Agricultural lands near the site are polluted. However, soil fertility has increased.

• Child labour is also practiced at Dhapa landfill site.

• The public toilets at Ucchepota village are damaged, and people don’t have any option as of now.

• The existing landfill site has adverse effects on the health of people living nearby.

• People use the landfill site for cremation purpose also, which adds to the problem of pollution.

• Sensitization of public on solid waste management is required.

• Adequate drinking water is not available for people.

• Rag pickers do not use any protective measures while working.

7.2.8 Cultural/Religious Properties

There is no religious or cultural property at/or near the dumping site, however there are few religious structures such as temples present in the adjoining villages, which may not be affected due to project activity. One electric cremation ground is located within the project site and is non functional for longtime. The locations of the cultural and religious structures are given in map 7.2.2.

7.2.9 Legal/Political History of Site

Neither any court case nor any complaint has been registered involving landfill site.

7.2.10 NGO Activity

There are about 18 registered NGO’s working in Kolkata and all the NGO’s were working on the environmental and social issues as per the data collected from the WBPCB. Consultations were conducted with two NGOs, Saviours and Friends of Environment (SAFE) and Change Initiatives. A summary of the consultation with NGOs is as follows:

Saviours and Friends of Environment (SAFE)

• Dhapa garbage farming area is contaminated with heavy metals

• Unproductive rag picking activity

• Awareness education for rag pickers

• Alternative income generating activity at the villages

• Children’s education




PPPrrrooopppooossseeeddd EEELLLFFF SSSiiittteee

Change Initiatives

• Alternative income generating activity at the villages

• Children’s education


• Awareness education for rag pickers

7.2.11 Environmental and Social Management Plan

The major environmental and social impacts identified at the Dhapa Landfill site and their detailed mitigation and monitoring prorgrmme adopted during different stages of the project are detailed in Table 6.1.14.

Map 7.2.2 Cultural sites at Dhapa landfill site



Table 7.2.20 Site-Specific Impacts during Remediation phase

Environmental Component Activity Site-Specific Impacts Mitigation Measures (see Section 7.2.12 for

Mitigation budget)

Air and Noise Movement of Vehicles, Excavating activities, Filling activities, transportation of waste. Land preparation, Operation of DG set and other machinery etc

Excavation of waste and soil activities will lead to dust pollution in working area. A study carried out for CDM project in Feb 2007 indicates that there will be approximately 10,000 tonnes (annual average) of methane generated. This methane emitted in environment will increase the green house gases in atmosphere. Also there may be some risk of fire due to release of these gases, this may spread to surrounding area. Although earlier KMC was thinking of taking up this project as a CDM project, they were not in a position to say anything about this during discussion with us.. MSW waste excavation work during site preparation/remediation will release noxious gases in atmosphere. Higher concentrations of these gases are fatal. Beside this there may be some odour problem during excavation of solid waste and sediments.

Vehicles and machineries will have to be regularly maintained to conform to the emission standards stipulated under Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Respective MC should take measures to avoid hazards and risks of huge amount of methane gas to atmosphere, if it is not possible to consider these MSW sites as CDM project. To prevent risk MC’s should take preventive and cautious measures to alert and aware people around the site. The bidding documents will have to include requirements to contractor to prevent pollution hazards during remediation works. There should be a system for gas collection before starting any developmental activities on Dhapa site to stop release of noxious gases. Provision of Personal Protective Equipments (PPE) to all workers during the site remediation. Compliance with vehicular exhaust emission certification for the entire machinery involved in remediation. Dust suppression at approach roads and working area with water sprinkling facilities. DG sets must have acoustic jackets and appropriate stack heights to meet the requirements of CPCB. Waste should be transported from source to final




Mitigation budget)

The operation of DG sets may lead to gaseous pollution apart from generating particulate matter. Transportation of sediments and solid waste from one point to other point may lead to spillage of waste on the route. Operation of machinery, vehicles and DG sets will lead to noise pollution in the working area.

dumping place in specialized and covered vehicles. Regular inspection of vehicles for safe transportation will be a responsibility of contractor for which requirements will have to be included in the bidding documents. Contractor must obtain consent from Bengal Pollution Control Board before starting remediation work. To ensure the efficacy of the mitigation measures suggested, air quality monitoring should be carried out at least two times during remediation period. The SPM, RSPM, CO, SO2, and NOx levels will be monitored for air quality.

Soil Excavation, Filling Soil will be used for developing parks and landscaping at site in The area of this site is 70 acres. As there are big heaps of waste, the surface area of these sites is much more than the area of these sites. Hence large amount of fresh soil will be required for remediation. This soil, if brought from agricultural fields, may lead to loss of productive soil and may develop low lying fields in nearby areas. Soil contamination due to leakage of oil and chemicals from vehicles and machinery. Contamination of soil by solid wastes

It will be assured by contractor that only high land areas will be selected for excavation of soil. Soil will be use only from soil deposits notified by respective authorities. Soil will be excavated in consultation with farmers and agricultural department and all fertile soil will be stored at some place so that this soil will be replaced back in farms after completion of excavation activity. In case of any contamination of soil due to leakage or spillage, that soil will be immediately removed and replaced with fresh soil. To ensure the efficacy of the mitigation measures suggested, soil quality monitoring should be carried out




Mitigation budget)

at least two times during remediation period.

Ground Water Remediation There are chances that groundwater may contaminate due to lechate site, especially in rainy seasons. Pressure on Drinking water and for other domestic use due to influx of labour and other staff.

WBPCB and Municipal Commissioner of Kolkata should ensure that Dhapa landfill must be provided with lechate collection system to prevent ground and surface water contamination. It should be assured by contractor that all excavated MSW will be placed at a safe place, so that it does not spread during the rainy season or due to floods. Contractor must give an assurance that all activities associated with remediation will be carried out under the supervision of an environmental specialist. Also contractor will assure that all this work will be done during non -monsoon season. The works sites will be properly fenced. The remediation sites will have signs notifying about the remediation works and hazards if any, to prevent accidental access of local people and livestock. Contractor will ensure supply of extra requirement of drinking water for influx population. To ensure the efficacy of the mitigation measures suggested, ground water quality monitoring shall be carried out at least two times during remediation. Drinking water parameters should be monitored to check the water quality during remediation process.




Mitigation budget)

Surface Water Remediation Contamination of nearby water bodies due to leaching

WBPCB and Municipal Commissioner of Kolkata should ensure that Dhapa landfill must be provided with lechate collection system to prevent ground and surface water contamination. Contractor must give an assurance that all activities associated with remediation will be carried out under the supervision of an environmental specialist. Also contractor will assure that all this work will be done during non monsoon season.

Noise Movement of Vehicles, Excavation, Land preparation, Operation of DG set and other machinery etc

Health Impacts and disturbance in working. The equipment used for remediation will strictly conform to CPCB noise standards. Vehicles and equipments used shall be fitted with exhaust silencers. During routine servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust silencers shall be checked and if found to be defective shall be replaced. The noise level from any machinery (measured at one metre from the edge of the equipment in free field) such as compactors, front end loaders, and cranes, shall not exceed 75 dB (A), as specified in the Environmental Protection Rules, 1986. Within 150m of the nearest habitation, noise creating activities will be stopped during the night time between 9:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m. No noisy activities will be permitted around the silence zones, a distance of 100m from the sensitive receptors as hospitals, educational institutions etc. To protect workers from severe noise impacts, noise standards of industrial enterprises will be strictly enforced, and workers shall be provided with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as earplugs.




Mitigation budget)

To ensure the efficacy of the mitigation measures suggested, noise level monitoring shall be carried out at least every month during remediation.

Flora and fauna Remediation of site Migration of birds and some breeding problems for aquatic fauna at Dhapa MSW site. In Dhapa MSW more than 100 -150 cows, 50-100 dogs and birds including vultures, eagles, crows and many other species depend upon the waste for their food. In case of closure all these fauna may be adversely affected. Pressure on trees, vegetation and aquatic resources. Tree cutting.

Municipality, with help of NGO’ should develop a rehabilitation program for all affected fauna There are chances that labourers and other staff engaged in remediation activities put a pressure on trees for fuel wood and temporary huts, vegetables and aquatic resources particularly at Dhapa site. If there will be requirement of tree felling during remediation process, then permission for tree felling will be sought as per the guidelines of West Bengal State Government. Such impacts are likely to be low. Impact will be of increased turbidity and alkalinity. Phytoplankton/ zooplankton productivity will be impacted thereby affecting adversely the yield of fish. Such impacts will be low, short term and reversible.

Wildlife No wild life is found near the site

None No mitigation measures is required

Aesthetics Excavation of waste, site preparation and associated construction activities.

Visual and aesthetics loss Site fencing plantation and vegetation development and other landscaping measures will be required to improve the aesthetic value of site. Approach roads and other associated infrastructure is required for overall development of Dhapa MSW site as all approach roads are badly maintained and flooded with




Mitigation budget)

waste water and sludge.

Traffic Movement of Vehicles, Excavating activities, Filling activities, transportation of waste. Land preparation and construction activities

Increased traffic movements, dust All vehicles should be checked for “Pollution Under Control” certificates and occasional spot testing of emission from vehicles should be carried out with the assistance of the local administration. Proper traffic management by local administration

Livelihood

Remediation / Closure of sites

• As per the schedule of WBPCB closing of site will happen in two phases. The 8 Hectare site will be closed at the end of 2nd year and 13 Hectare site will be closed at the end of 5th year.

• In case of closure of MSW site, about 600 rag pickers ((List of these ragpickers has been enclosed as Annexure-7.2)) will lose their livelihood. Per day income of these rag pickers is about Rs 150.

• KMC and WBPCB have no plan for livelihood rehabilitation as far as rag-pickers are concerned. In their opinion these rag pickers may shift to new landfill site for their survival.

• There are two small shopkeepers who will also lose their income permanently.

• There are 130 households in

In case of loss of livelihood, compensation for the transition period will be provided to all affected persons. In case of rag pickers who are losing their income permanently, besides giving them compensation, provisions will be made to employ some of them in remediation and post-remediation maintenance work; others will be engaged in vocational and handicraft training; some of them may receive grant seed money to purchase auto-rickshaw/paddle rickshaw, etc. All this rehabilitation work will be carried out with the help of local NGOs. One list for possible vocational training for these ragpickers and affected persons has been included in this report for reference as Annexure-6.2. People residing in Makantala and Ucchepota villages of Dhapa are poor and illiterate. KMC and WBPCB can help these people to start some small business depending upon climatic conditions of this area. As this area is warm and humid, options for this area may be poultry, aquaculture, flower cultivation, some local resource b d h di f lik h d d i




Mitigation budget)

Livelihood (continued 1)

Ucchepota and 120 households in Makantala villages around Dhapa MSW site. All these families belong to SC/ST group. Out of these 250 families, only 180 families engage in pig farming. Pig farming is only a alternative business for these families, apart from rag-picking and animal husbandry.

• There are about five pigs on an average with each household.

• Annual income from these pigs is around 10,000 for each household.

• These pigs totally dependent on MSW waste for their food. Closure of this site will directly impact the survival of these pigs and ultimately income of the owners.

based handicrafts like hand made papers, potteries, candle making, composting etc. The NGO/s hired to help these communities improve their livelihoods options will work with the communities throughout the closure of the second, larger site, before the end of the project’s fifth year. In the unlikely and unforeseen case of temporary land acquisition, conditions of mutually agreed contract between contractor and owner of land will be followed. All persons listed as having income streams interrupted due to project activities will be compensated according to national and World Bank social safeguards policy guidelines. Note: the few rag pickers at this cluster of sites are not collecting waste as their sole livelihood source, as the sites do not contain sufficient valuable waste. These individuals will be included in plans to train project-affected peoples in alternate, improved livelihoods.

Shelters Remediation/Closure of sites

Agriculture activities


• There are about 60 farmers around Dhapa MSW site. All the land which is being cultivated by these farmers belongs to Government. Throughout the year farmers are growing cash




Mitigation budget)

crops like Cauliflower, Brinjal, Bitterguard, leafy vegetables and pumpkins etc. As all remediation work is confined within the fencing boundary of MSW site, there will be no impact on these crops, though there may be some loss in agricultural productivity due to dust pollution

Employment Remediation/Closure of sites

Some employment will be generated as a result of remediation work


Infrastructure Remediation/Closure of sites.

As a result of remediation work lot of temporary and permanent Infrastructure will be developed during remediation work.


Cultural/Religious Properties


There are four villages in the surroundings of Dhapa MSW site. Out of these four villages two villages have temples. In Kannaperia there are five temples and in Durgapur there are three temples. All these temples are too far from MSW site, so there will be no impact on these religious sites. There is one electric crematorium near MSW site but it is in abandoned condition now.

Although there will be no direct impact on these properties, all constructions camps can be sited at a distance 500 m away from these cultural and religious structures and settlements as a mitigation measure. Construction machinery and equipment will also be sited 500m away from habitation.


7.2.12 Environmental and Social Management Budget

The cost of Environmental and Social Management ESM has been calculated considering different components of environmental and social mitigation and management plan described above, Environment monitoring cost was calculated based on the site specific environmental issues from Dhapa landfill sites. The Social development cost was calculated for project affected populations especially rag pickers working at the Dhapa landfill site. It is also proposed to organize an awareness workshop twice in year for a period of five year and also to provide employment training to rag pickers. The details of the above cost are given in table 7.2.21 and 7.2.22.

Table 7.2 21. Environmental Monitoring Cost for Dhapa Landfill site

Environmental Parameters, Dhapa site, West Bengal


(Rs) Implementation Supervision

Remediation stage

SPM, RPM, NOx, SOx, CO,CH4

Two locations

24 hr continuous, in three seasons except monsoon season. Considering remediation period of one year

Air quality standard by CPCB

6000X2X3X1 =36000 Contractor through approved monitoring agency

PIU, SC Air Quality


SPM, RPM, NOx, SOx, CO,CH4

-Do- 24 hr continuous, in three seasons except monsoon season for three years

-do- 6000X2X3X3=108000 PIU PIU





Remediation stage

All the parameters for inland surface water quality standard for class-D will be tested for groundwater as per IS 10500:1991

Six locations


Water quality standard by CPCB


PIU, SC Surface Water Quality



-do- 8000X3X2X3=144000 PIU PIU

Ground Water Quality

Remediation stage

-do- Twelve locations


-do- 8000X3X2x1 =48000 PIU PIU


-do- -do- One samples on monsoon and other post monsoon in a year. For

-do- 8000X3X2X3=144000 PIU PIU





a period of three year

Remediation stage


Two locations

24 hr monitoring in three seasons for one years

Noise level standard by CPCB


PIU, SC Noise levels



-do- 24 hr monitoring in three seasons for three years

-do- 2000X3X2X1= 12000 PIU PIU





Remediation stage


Twelve locations

Two samples in a year except monsoon season.

Soil Quality Standards for Agricultural soil with added parameter of type of contaminant prevalent in that area.

8000X3X2X1=48000 Contractor through approved monitoring agency

PIU, SC Soil



-do- 2 samples per year, except monsoon season. For 3 years.

-do- 8000X3X2X3=144000 PIU PIU

Sub-Total Monitoring Cost (Rs.) Seven Lakhs Forty Four Thousand only 744000.00


Table 7.2.22 Social Management Plan (SMP) cost for Dhapa MSW site, West Bengal S. No. Component Cost per

day/month/year Number of persons

No. of days/ months / years

Amount (Rs.) US$*

A Social Safe guard Cost 1 Workshop 540000 / year - 5 years 2700000.00 60000 2 Awareness Campaign 180000/year - 5 years 900000.00 20000 3 Skill development

training 15000/year 300 1st year 4500000.00 100000

4 Assistance for school going children

25/ day 300 225 days 1687500.00 37500

5 ID cards 500 600 1 year 300000.00 7000 6 Safety measures

(Remediation workers) 1000 /year 600 5 3000000.00 67000

Sub Total (A) 13087500.00 291500 B Compensation Cost R1 Resettlement

Compensation Nil Nil Nil 0.00 0

R2 Income Restoration 100 /day 300 75 days 2250000.00 50000 R3 Acquisition of land Nil Nil Nil 0.00 0 Sub total (B) 225000.00 50000 Total (A+B) 13312500.00 341500

Table 7.2.23 Total ESMP cost for Dhapa MSW site Cost Component Cost (Rs) Cost (US $)

Environmental Monitoring 744000.00 17000

SMP Cost 13312500.00 341500

Total 14056500.00 358500

Documents

Environmental and Social Assessment Study