ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT · 2017. 8. 17. · environmental impact assessment report for the proposed construction of high level bridge across pulicat lake connecting

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

REPORT

FOR THE

PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH LEVEL BRIDGE ACROSS

PULICAT LAKE CONNECTING 0/4 OF CHENNAI � PULICAT ROAD

TO PASIYAVARAM ROAD

By

GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU HIGHWAYS

DEPARTMENT

Towards

Coastal Regulation Zone Clearance under CRZ Notification 2011

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT ...................................................................................................................... 1

2.0 BACKGROUND AND NECESSITY OF THE PROJECT .......................................................................... 2

2.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT .................................................................................................... 2

2.2 PLANT DESCIRPTION ...................................................................................................................... 9

2.3 PRESENT STATUS OF THE PROJECT ................................................................................................ 9

2.4 PROPOSAL DETAILS ........................................................................................................................ 9

2.4 NEED FOR EIA ............................................................................................................................... 11

3.0 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS ................................................................................ 12

3.1 OBJECTIVE .................................................................................................................................... 12

3.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................... 12

3.3 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 12

3.3.1 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS ......................................................................................... 12

3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT .................................................................................................. 13

3.5 SAMPLING LOCATIONS ................................................................................................................. 13

3.6 MICROMETEOROLOGY ................................................................................................................. 13

3.6.1 Temperature ............................................................................................................................. 17

3.6.2 Rainfall....................................................................................................................................... 17

3.6.3 Wind Speed ............................................................................................................................... 17

3.7 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ................................................................................................................. 19

3.7.1 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS ......................................................................................... 19

3.7.2 SELECTION OF SAMPLING LOCATION ........................................................................................ 22

3.7.3 PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10 and PM2.5) .................................................................................. 22

3.7.4 SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO2) ............................................................................................................ 22

3.7.5 OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NO2) ..................................................................................................... 22

3.8 Noise Environment ....................................................................................................................... 26

3.8.1 Ambient Noise Standards .......................................................................................................... 28

3.8.2 Identification of Sampling Locations ......................................................................................... 28

3.9 WATER QUALITY ........................................................................................................................... 29

3.10 SOIL QUALITY ............................................................................................................................. 31

3.10.1 Data Generation ...................................................................................................................... 31

3.10.2 BASELINE SOIL STATUS ............................................................................................................ 32

3.12.1 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT ........................................................................... 37

3.12.2 SURVEY METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 38

3.12.3 Baseline Status-Fauna ............................................................................................................. 40

3.12.4 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 47

3.14 BASELINE STATUS SUMMARY .................................................................................................... 53

4.0 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ................................................ 54

4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 54

4.2 IMPACT ASSESSMENT MATRIX ..................................................................................................... 54

4.3 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................... 55

4.4 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES DUE TO PROJECT SITING ............................................... 55

4.5 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE .................................. 55

4.5.1 LAND DISTURBANCE .................................................................................................................. 56

4.5.2 AIR IMPACT ............................................................................................................................... 56

4.5.3 NOISE IMPACT ........................................................................................................................... 56

4.5.4 WATER IMPACT ......................................................................................................................... 56

4.5.5 ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ................................................................................................................ 57

4.5.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ....................................................................................................... 57

4.6 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES DURING OPERATIONAL PHASE ..................................... 57

4.6.1 AIR QUALITY .............................................................................................................................. 57

4.6.2 WATER QUALITY ........................................................................................................................ 57

4.6.3 NOISE IMPACT ........................................................................................................................... 58

4.6.4 NOISE MODELING...................................................................................................................... 58

4.6.5 SOLID WASTE............................................................................................................................. 58

4.6.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ....................................................................................................... 58

4.6.7 ECOLOGY AND SENSITIVE LOCATIONS ...................................................................................... 59

4.6.9 RAINWATER HARVESTING ......................................................................................................... 61

5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION ACTION PLAN ............................................................... 62

6.0 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................... 76

7.0 ADDITIONAL STUDIES ................................................................................................................... 81

7.1 RISK ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................................ 81

7.1.1 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION USING PHA TECHNIQUES ................................................................. 82

7.1.2 BASED ON FIRE & EXPLOSION INDEX ........................................................................................ 82

7.1.3 HAZOP STUDIES ......................................................................................................................... 83

7.1.4 PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE ................................................................................................. 83

7.2 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................................................................... 83

7.2.1 EMERGENCY PLANNING FOR DISASTER .................................................................................... 83

7.2.3 ONSITE EMERGENCY PLAN ........................................................................................................ 83

7.2.4 OFFSITE EMERGENCY PLAN ....................................................................................................... 86

8.0 PROJECT BENEFITS ....................................................................................................................... 87

8.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................... 87

8.2 BENEFITS OF PROJECT .................................................................................................................. 87

8.3 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ................................................................................................................ 87

9.0 COST ESTIMATE ............................................................................................................................ 88

9.1 EMAP COST ESTIMATE ................................................................................................................. 88

10.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ........................................................................ 90

10.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 90

10.2 MITIGATION MEASURES AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE.............................................. 90

11.0 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................. 92

11.1 FINDINGS .................................................................................................................................... 92

10.0 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 94

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

1

CHAPTER 1 1.0 GENERAL

The proposed bridge is situated on the back waters of Pulicat Lake and Buckingham canal which is

near to the coast of Bay of Bengal. The bridge will connect a lot of fishermen hamlets and is expected

to serve as life line for more than 1,00,000 fisherman. The Government of Tamil Nadu has accorded

administrative sanction of Rs. 1500.00 Lakhs under Tsunami Rehabilitation Program (TRP) FOR THE

YEAR 2007-08 Vide G.O. No. 401 Revenue (MC III (2) ) AND (Chief Engineer's Lr No:24683/Salai /2006

Dt 01.08.07. Revised administrative sanction for Rs. 1820.00 lakhs was accorded, as per G.O.MS No.

315 / Revenue / DM (IV.1) / Department, dated 31.08.2015. The Government of Tamil Nadu has

proposed to construct High Level Bridges (HLB) in Tsunami affected areas on Government roads and

village roads, for which detailed engineering study will be undertaken through qualified and

experienced consultants adopting the Procurement Guidelines of ADB. The Project consists mainly of

Construction of HLB with Approach Roads in accordance with the IRC standards in Tsunami Affected

areas to meet the requirements of the local public. The proposed bridge is very useful as escape root

for those reside in the island (18,000 people) as well transporting emergency response operations

required for humanitarian aid, personnel and equipment to the affected site.

The State Government of Tamil Nadu has engaged M/s Turret & Alps, as a consultant to assist the

Highways Department in all aspects of the Project Preparation up to preparation of document related

to EIA, EMP, RAP and Bid Document.

The proposed bridge located at km 0/4 of Chennai - Pulicat Road to Pasiyavaram Road (Panchayat

Road) branch at Km24/10(RS) of Chennai Pulicat road and the road is a major link to Chennai and

Andhra Pradesh.

1.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT

The proposed High Level Bridge Construction is across the Pulicat Lake along with the

approach roads on both sides of the Lake. The start of approach road is on Pulicat Village

and end approach road is on Pasiyavaram Village. The proposed Right of Way for the

approach roads on the Pulicat Village and Pasiyavaram is 25m. While in case of the Pulicat

Lake, the propose RoW is 16m for the bridge portion.

The alignment of the bridge is taken along the existing road and it is branching along the

existing road towards Pasiyavaram Village. Lesser land acquisition is involved in the main

land due to the presence of existing road.


2

CHAPTER 2

2.0 BACKGROUND AND NECESSITY OF THE PROJECT

2.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

PASIYAVARM is an island in Pulicat Lake near Pazhaverkadu. Pazhaverkadu remains as a market

center and commercial hub for the local fishing community. Pazhaverkadu is also a place of tourist

attraction well connected to main land. PAZHAVERKADU is connected with bus services from Chennai

and some towns of Andhra Pradesh. Pasiyavaram though very near to PAZHAVERKADU is not

connected with any roads Pasiyavaram has around 50 old settlements houses and newly built

Tsunami housing. Residents of Pasiyavaram use boats or wade through water for their daily

essentials. People face maximum difficulty during rainy season and high tide times to cross the water.

So it is essential for the Island people to have an permanent remedy in the way of a bridge. The total

population around this location is about 50000 and their main occupation is fishing in the Bay of

Bengal and in the Pulicat Lake. At present, the people living in these kuppams have to go to Ponneri

town and Pulicat village for day - to - day activities by using boats. The depth of water during normal

period is noted to be about 2.0m. During monsoon period, water spread is about 500m. As per PWD,

the maximum depth of flow is reported to be 3.73m from the bed level of the Buckingham canal. Due

to raised water level in the lake, the villagers find it very difficult to cross this lake. The fishermen

experience much hardship to market their catches in the nearby town. Moreover it is found that

materials are conveyed through bullock carts and the carts with loads are drawn in the standing

water. Therefore it is absolutely necessary to construct a high level bridge across the Pulicat Lake.

S.No. Particulars Details

1. Plant Location Palaverkadu VILLAGE, Ponneri Taluk,

Thiruvallur District.

2. General Elevation 6.7 m from Mean Sea Level

3. Nearest Indian Meteorological centre Nungambakkam

4. Maximum temperature 39.3⁰C

5. Minimum temperature 21.0⁰C

6. Nearest highway The Nearest highway NH 16 is 20 km away

from the project site.


3

7. Nearest railway station Ponneri Railway Station

The Nearest railway station is 15 km away

from the Project site.

8. Nearest Airport Anna International Airport, Chennai

The Nearest Airport is 55 km away from the

project site.

9. Nearest Major Water Bodies Pulicat lake is adjacent from the project site

10. Nearest Town/ City Ponneri Town

State of Tamilnadu


4

Figure.2.1. Location of the Proposed Site at Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu


5

Figure 2.2 Satellite Image of the Project Site

Proposed Site


6

Figure 2.3 Terrain Map of Project Site

Proposed Site


7

Figure 2.4 Topo Map (10 km Radius)

SITE


8

SITE PLAN


9

2.2 PLANT DESCIRPTION

PASIYAVARM is an island in Pulicat Lake near Pazhaverkadu. Pazhaverkadu remains as a market

center and commercial hub for the local fishing community.

Pazhaverkadu is also a place of tourist attraction well connected to main land. PAZHAVERKADU is

connected with bus services from Chennai and some towns of Andhra Pradesh.

Pasiyavaram though very near to PAZHAVERKADU is not connected with any roads Pasiyavaram has

around 50 old settlements houses and newly built Tsunami housing. Residents of Pasiyavaram use

boats or wade through water for their daily essentials. People face maximum difficulty during rainy

season and high tide times to cross the water. So it is essential for the Island people to have an

permanent remedy in the way of a bridge.

The total population around this location is about 50000 and their main occupation is fishing in the

Bay of Bengal and in the Pulicat Lake. At present, the people living in these kuppams have to go to

Ponneri town and Pulicat village for day - to - day activities by using boats. The depth of water during

normal period is noted to be about 2.0m. During monsoon period, water spread is about 500m. As per

PWD, the maximum depth of flow is reported to be 3.73m from the bed level of the Buckingham

canal.

Due to raised water level in the lake, the villagers find it very difficult to cross this lake. The fishermen

experience much hardship to market their catches in the nearby town. Moreover it is found that

materials are conveyed through bullock carts and the carts with loads are drawn in the standing

water. Therefore it is absolutely necessary to construct a high level bridge across the Pulicat Lake.

2.3 PRESENT STATUS OF THE PROJECT

At present there is no bridge to link Chennai-Pulicat road and the Pasiyavaram Island, and the people

use boats to commute between the main land and the island and they cross the river by walk. During

emergency situations like cyclone, storm and Tsunami, boats could not be used and the island will be

completely cut off from the mail land. The people coming from Chennai or other parts of the cities get

down at Pulicat and they have to travel by the boats to reach their destinations in the Pasiyavaram

Village. There is no existing road in the island along the existing alignment. The following figures show

the conditions of the Project location.

2.4 PROPOSAL DETAILS

The zero chainage of the alignment starts at Km 0/4 i.e. 400m away from Pulicat Chennai Highways.

Further, the alignment continues in a straight line and-the bridge portion starts at chainage 268 m


10

and ends at 658 m. Again the alignment continues in a straight line and ends at chainage 974m in

Pasiyavaram Village.

The bridge consists of 20 spans of 21.6m centre to center and 1 navigation span 21.8 m. The central

span is raised over the other spans with a road level of+10.755m. The spans on pulicat side are in a

gradient of 1 in 96.7 m and on Pasiyavaram side 1 in 36. The road level at the abutment on pulicat

side is +8.302m.

2.4.1 SITE AND ITS ALIGNMENT

The existing horizontal alignment will be straight avoiding horizontal curves and vertical alignment of

the approach roads to the bridge will have to be maintained as per the bridge alignment. A vertical

clearance of 3.09m above HFL is provided for the navigation purpose. The alignment is proposed such

that no significant land acquisition/environmental concerns are involved.

2.4.1 NEED FOR PROJECT

There is no direct link or indirect link to Pasiyavaram village. 19 villages will get benefits after the

proposal. Depth of water level will be 0.5 � 2.0 m, during the monsoon period the water depth will

raise to 3.73 m and water spread will increase to 500 m as per PWD record. SO people and students

cannot cross the lake. This island suffered maximum casualties in the Tsunami 2004.

Following are the vehicle movement at Pulicat & Pasiyavaram road

Fast Moving Vehicles Slow mowing

Vehicles

2 W

hee

ler

3 W

hee

ler

Car

/ je

ep /

Van

LC

V

Bus

Tru

ck

3 Axle

Multi Axle

Ag

ri t

ract

or

Cyc

le

Cyc

le

Ric

ksh

aw

An

imal

D

raw

n

Han

d C

art

Ped

estr

ian

PCU

167 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 0 0 0 1026 147

143 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 955 123

139 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 924 111

123 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 830 100

152 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 1016 127

129 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 981 116

192 0 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 68 0 0 0 1035 166


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2.4 NEED FOR EIA

As per the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 1991 and its subsequent and extraordinary Gazette

Notification and its amendment up to the year 2002, CRZ clearance is required as per the conditions and

guidelines of Department of Environment, Government of Tamil Nadu and Ministry of Environment &

Forest, Government of India. For getting the consent to establish the proposed High Level Bridge

project, the clearance from Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board is required. Prior approvals for tree

felling are to be sought from the District Collector/RDO. EIA report is mandatory for getting CRZ

clearance.

The objective of EIA is to foresee the potential environmental problems that would arise out of a

proposed development and address them in the project's planning and design stage. The EIA process

should then allow for the communication of this information to:

(a) The project proponent;

(b) The regulatory agencies; and,

(c) All stakeholders and interest groups.

EIA integrates the environmental concerns in the developmental activities right at the time of initiating

for preparing the feasibility report. In doing so it enables the integration of environmental concerns and

mitigation measures in project development. EIA can often prevent future liabilities or expensive

alterations in project design.

The project proposed by the Proponent requires clearance as per the Coastal Regulation Zone

Notification, 2011 under sub-section (1) of section and clause (V) of subsection (2) of section 3 of the

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. As it involves construction of bridge in the area classified as CRZ I.

DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSAL

S.No Description Details

1 Type of Bridge High Level Bridge (Square Bridge)

2 Number of Spam 20

3 Oveall width of the bridge 8.5 m

4 Carriage Way 7.5 m

5 Length of Bridge 432 m

6 Seismic Zone Zone � III

7 Type of Foundation Pile Foundation (1000 mm Dia)


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CHAPTER 3

3.0 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

3.1 OBJECTIVE

The objective of the study is to carry out Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) considering the

proposed bridge.

3.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the EIA study is as follows:

Assessment of baseline environmental conditions for terrestrial environment within the study

area based on results of primary surveys carried out and other relevant secondary published

data.

Identification and prediction of significant impact on the physical environment considering

meteorological conditions, air, noise, water, soil, biotic environment, socio economic

environment, geological and hydro geological conditions within the study area.

3.3 METHODOLOGY

Considering the environmental setting of the project, project activities and their interaction,

environmental regulations and standards, following Environmental attributes have been included for

the EIA study. Study Area will be covering 10 km Radius from project boundary.

Site specific micrometeorological data for the parameters Wind Speed & direction, Temperature,

Humidity and Rainfall.

Ambient Air Quality (at 8 locations) for the parameters: PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2.

Noise Level Measurements at 8 Locations for both Leq-Day and Leq-Night values.

Water Quality - Surface Water (2 Locations) and Ground Water (6 Locations) for IS:10500 Norms.

Soil Quality (6 Locations) for Textural & Physical Parameters, Nutrients, etc.

Biotic Attributes: Flora & Fauna - Core zone & Buffer zone-Diversity Index.

Socio-Economic Profile (2011 Census): Total Population, Household Size, Age, Gender Composition,

SC/ST, Literacy Level, Occupational Structure, etc.

3.3.1 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

With rapid strides in economic development, particularly in urban areas, the need for

rationalizing and upgrading the infrastructure is imperative. In the process of development,

there has been intensive use of natural resources. Very often the process of development

has adversely affected the environment, leading to ecological imbalances. The importance of

conserving and enhancing the environmental assets has assumed urgency. Apart from land


13

use, conservation of flora and fauna and planning, meeting demand & supply ends and

infrastructural development is an important aspect of sustainable growth. The compilation

of environmental baseline data is essential to assess the impact on environment due to the

project activities. The physical environment mainly includes water, land, air, noise, ecology

and socio � economic issues. The information presented in the chapter has been collected

from desk research, other secondary sources and field studies. Majority of data on water

quality, soil quality, air and noise quality was collected during field studies in March to May

2015.

3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT

Considering the environmental setting of the project, project activities and their interaction,

environmental regulations and standards, following Environmental attributes have been included for

the EIA study. Study Area will be covering 10 km Radius from project boundary.

Site specific micrometeorological data for the parameters Wind Speed & direction, Temperature,

Humidity, Cloud Cover and Rainfall.

Ambient Air Quality (at 8 locations) for the parameters: PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, HC &

Particulate Lead.

Noise Level Measurements at 8 Locations for both Leq-Day and Leq-Night values.

Water Quality-both Surface Waters (8 Locations) and Ground Waters (8 Locations) for IS: 10500

Norms.

Soil Quality (8 Locations) for Textural & Physical Parameters, Nutrients, etc.

Present & Post-project Land Use Pattern based on Satellite Imagery.

Biotic Attributes: Flora & Fauna -Core zone & Buffer zone-Diversity Index.

Socio-Economic Profile (2011 Census): Total Population, Household Size, Age, Gender

Composition, SC/ST, Literacy Level, Occupational Structure, etc.

3.5 SAMPLING LOCATIONS

Locations of sampling stations for micrometeorology, air, noise, water and soil quality are

presented in Fig 3.1 - 3.3 respectively.

3.6 MICROMETEOROLOGY

As a part of the study, the micrometeorology and microclimatic parameters were recorded by

installing a weather monitoring station at the Plant site at 10 m height. Data of wind velocity, wind

direction, ambient temperature, relative humidity, cloud cover and atmospheric pressure were

recorded at hourly intervals along with rainfall for 24 hours throughout the monitoring period.


14

Micrometeorological Data of the project area for the period between April and June 2016 is

presented in the tables below.

Table 3.1 Meteorological Data-Project Site

For the month of April 2016

S.No. Date Temperature (oC) Relative Humidity Wind

Direction From-->To

Wind Velocity (Km/hr)

Rain Fall in mm Max Min Max % Min %

1 1-Apr-16 34.2 24.2 76 49 NW -SE 5.1 0

2 2-Apr-16 35.6 25.1 74 44 NW -SE 6.4 0

3 3-Apr-16 35.1 25.6 72 41 NW -SE Calm 4

4 4-Apr-16 35.1 25.4 70 53 NW -SE 4.6 2

5 5-Apr-16 35.2 24.3 71 58 NW -SE 5.2 0

6 6-Apr-16 34.9 26.3 76 59 W - E Calm 0

7 7-Apr-16 34.8 24.1 75 64 W - E Calm 5

8 8-Apr-16 34.9 23.6 74 56 SE - NW 6.8 6

9 9-Apr-16 34.6 22.9 73 58 SE - NW 5.6 0

10 10-Apr-16 34.2 23.6 74 52 SE - NW 4.1 7

11 11-Apr-16 33.2 24.6 75 48 SE - NW 7.2 4

12 12-Apr-16 33.6 25.7 69 49 S - N 4.2 0

13 13-Apr-16 35.6 26.4 67 42 S - N 2.8 4

14 14-Apr-16 35.1 27.1 75 38 S -N Calm 0

15 15-Apr-16 35.3 27.3 74 46 S -N 3.2 0

16 16-Apr-16 35.4 26.8 73 38 SW - NE 2.6 5

17 17-Apr-16 35.2 26.7 72 38 SW - NE 5.6 0

18 18-Apr-16 34.6 26.5 74 40 S - N calm 0

19 19-Apr-16 34.7 26.4 70 45 S - N 9.5 2

20 20-Apr-16 34.6 26.4 72 49 SW - NE calm 0

21 21-Apr-16 35.2 26.9 78 49 SW - NE 7.6 0

22 22-Apr-16 35.3 27.3 73 53 SW - NE calm 0

23 23-Apr-16 35.4 25.8 70 39 SW - NE 6.4 0

24 24-Apr-16 36.1 25.9 74 36 S - N 5.4 0

25 25-Apr-16 36.3 25.5 73 38 SW - NE 7.8 0

26 26-Apr-16 36.1 25.4 73 39 SW - NE 7.2 0

27 27-Apr-16 35.9 23.6 68 37 SW - NE 8.1 0

28 28-Apr-16 35.7 23.6 70 42 SW - NE 6.9 0

29 29-Apr-16 36.3 26.5 72 39 S - N 10.5 0

30 30-Apr-16 36.2 25.6 71 46 S -N 9.7 0


15


For the month of May 2016

S.No. Date Temperature (oC) Relative Humidity

Wind Wind

Velocity

(Km/hr)

Rain Fall

in mm Direction

Max Min Max % Min % From-->To

1 1-May-16 35.8 25.9 73 48 N - S 7 0

2 2-May-16 36.4 24.2 76 52 N - S 5 0

3 3-May-16 34.1 27.4 73 43 NE - SW 5 0

4 4-May-16 35.8 26 72 47 N - S 7 0

5 5-May-16 35.3 25.7 74 42 NE - SW 6 0

6 6-May-16 35.9 25.8 76 48 NE - SW 11 6

7 7-May-16 34.4 26.4 75 48 N - S 7 0

8 8-May-16 35.5 24.7 74 52 NE - SW 7 0

9 9-May-16 36.7 26.2 73 44 NE - SW 5 1

10 10-May-16 35.4 24.2 74 53 NE - SW 6 0

11 11-May-16 34.1 24.3 75 56 NE - SW 8 0

12 12-May-16 35.4 27.8 72 46 NE - SW 7 0

13 13-May-16 34.5 27.4 73 44 NE - SW 8 0

14 14-May-16 34.2 26.2 75 43 NE - SW 6 0

15 15-May-16 35.2 25.3 74 48 NE - SW 9 0

16 16-May-16 35.7 27.1 76 45 E - W 6 0

17 17-May-16 34.8 27.6 75 45 NE - SW 7 0

18 18-May-16 35.4 24.2 74 54 N - S 5 0

19 19-May-16 35.7 27.3 75 55 N - S calm 6

20 20-May-16 35.2 27.5 76 39 NE - SW 8 0

21 21-May-16 35.6 25.6 75 52 NE - SW 6 0

22 22-May-16 34.8 26.2 73 47 NE - SW 6 0

23 23-May-16 35.9 26.4 72 47 N - S 7 0

24 24-May-16 34.8 26.3 74 49 N - S 5 0

25 25-May-16 34.6 25.2 73 49 NE - SW 6 0

26 26-May-16 35.9 24.7 73 52 NE - SW 2 0

27 27-May-16 34.5 25.8 70 48 N - S 8 0

28 28-May-16 35.7 26.7 72 42 N - S 7 0

29 29-May-16 34.2 26.1 74 51 N - S 6 0

30 30-May-16 35.3 25.3 76 46 N - S calm 15

31 31-May-15


16


For the month of June 2016

S.No. Date

Temperature (oC) Relative Humidity

Wind Wind

Velocity

(Km/hr)

Rain

Fall in

mm

Direction

Max Min Max % Min % From-->To

1 1-June-16 34.9 26 71 50 S - N calm 0

2 2- June-16 34.6 24.7 68 53 S - N 11 3

3 3- June-16 35.7 25.2 70 55 SW - NE calm 0

4 4- June-16 36.8 24.1 69 61 SW - NE 8 0

5 5- June-16 37.1 26.3 70 56 S - N 7 0

6 6- June-16 37.1 25.9 73 63 N - S 8 0

7 7- June-16 36.2 24 71 51 NE - SW 8 0

8 8- June-16 36.5 25.7 68 57 N - S 9 0

9 9- June-16 36.2 25.2 70 55 N - S 8 0

10 10- June-16 35.4 26.8 69 51 NE - SW 8 0

11 11- June-16 35.2 25.6 70 56 N - S 12 2

12 12- June-16 35.8 24.2 69 57 NE - SW 10 0

13 13- June-16 34.4 27.6 71 52 NE - SW 10 0

14 14- June-16 36.3 26.2 73 50 N - S 8 0

15 15- June-16 35.3 26.1 68 54 NE - SW 12 0

16 16- June-16 35.3 24.4 68 60 NE - SW 8 0

17 17- June-16 35.9 25.4 72 57 NE - SW 11 1

18 18- June-16 35.7 25.3 70 55 NE - SW calm 0

19 19- June-16 36.5 24.2 69 56 N - S 10 0

20 20- June-16 34.7 24.3 72 50 N - S 10 6

21 21- June-16 37.6 24.2 70 62 N - S 10 6

22 22- June-16 36.2 25.8 68 52 N - S 9 0

23 23- June-16 37.8 25.5 71 58 N - S 8 0

24 24- June-16 33.8 25.4 69 44 NE - SW 11 0

25 25- June-16 36 26.9 73 53 NE - SW 7 13

26 26- June-16 35.8 26.1 71 58 NE - SW 8 0

27 27- June-16 34.6 26.7 69 44 NE - SW 10 0

28 28- June-16 37.4 24.2 72 62 NE - SW 8 0

29 29- June-16 36.7 24.1 69 63 NE - SW 8 0

30 30- June-16 35.3 24.8 71 55 NE - SW 11 0

31 31- June-16 37.4 25.6 70 59 N - S 8 0


17

3.6.1 TEMPERATURE

The average daily maximum and minimum temperature for each of the 12 months for the

period of 2009-2013 recorded at Nungambakkam has been furnished in the Table 3.2. June

is the hottest month with maximum temperature of 39.30C. January is the coolest month

with minimum temperature of 21.00C.

3.6.2 RAINFALL

The rainfall data collected for the period from 2009 to 2013 are presented in Table 3.2.

While the predominant rainy season is the north-east monsoon (Oct � Dec), the region is

also influenced to some extent by south-west monsoon (June - Sep). While maximum rainfall

of 968.4 mm is received during the month of October 2011, minimum traces are received

during February (0.0 mm). Monthly average rain fall and yearly average rainfall are shown in

Table 3.2

3.6.3 WIND SPEED

The minimum average speed was 0.0 km/h and the maximum average speed was 15 km/h is

presented in Table 3.2. The Pasquill stability class for wind speed is given in Table 3.1.

Table 3.4 Pasquill Stability Class

Surface Wind

Speed (m/s)

(at 10m)

Day Night

Incoming Solar Radiation

Strong Moderate Slight Thinly overcast or ≥4/8 low cloud

≤ 3/8 cloud

< 2 A A-B B E F

2-3 A-B B C E F

3-5 B B-C C D E

5-6 C C-D D D D

> 6 C D D D D

Note: A = extremely unstable, B = moderately unstable, C = slightly unstable, D = neutral, E

= slightly stable, F = moderately stable. Neutral class D should be assumed for overcast

conditions during day or night.


18

Table 3.5 Meteorological Data

STATION: NUGAMBAKKAM PERIOD : 2009- 2013

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

I. MONTHLY AVERAGE WIND SPEED , 24 HRS, (KMPH)

2009 5 5 6 8 9 9 9 7 6 6 3 5

2010 6 4 5 6 7 6 5 5 4 4 4 5

2011 13 12 5 6 7 8 7 7 5 6 6 8

2012 8 8 5 6 7 8 7 7 6 6 7 7

2013 6 6 5 6 7 9 7 7 6 6 7 8

II. MONTHLY MEAN RH AT 0830 HRS IST (%)

2009 82 82 79 73 68 55 58 70 73 73 85 87

2010 84 82 79 72 71 75 79 79 81 80 87 86

2011 82 81 77 75 64 72 73 78 81 83 85 86

2012 83 77 76 72 65 56 68 73 76 83 80 84

2013 88 84 80 77 73 61 80 83 82 86 86 80

III. MONTHLY MEAN RH AT 1730 HRS IST (%)

2009 62 58 61 63 62 54 45 65 66 62 79 77

2010 68 65 68 69 69 72 74 71 71 71 79 76

2011 60 61 59 65 58 54 68 74 75 78 76 81

2012 47 26 40 60 34 41 39 40 49 51 52 68

2013 60 46 52 65 54 39 59 60 60 61 69 55

IV. MONTHLY TOTAL RAINFALL (mm)

2009 34.2 0.0 2.1 0.0 40.3 16.1 68.4 143.5 182.3 43.1 646.1 214.9

2010 5.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 204.0 136.7 155.5 235.8 120.1 195.7 274.0 287.1

2011 10.8 88.9 0.0 12.1 76.5 61.3 146.2 225.8 115.3 968.4 876.5 188.1

2012 16.3 0.0 1.6 2.0 0.0 24.7 79.9 89.5 214.1 422.6 47.0 125.5

2013 Trace 14.3 11.9 3.6 3.6 34.0 146.6 195.1 240.1 157.2 193.7 85.9

V. MONTHLY MEAN MAX. TEMP (0C)

2009 30.1 32.2 34.1 36.3 38.4 39.3 37.8 35.7 35.0 34.3 30.4 29.0

2010 29.9 31.3 33.9 35.4 36.6 35.3 33.7 33.6 33.0 33.4 30.7 28.7

2011 29.9 30.9 32.9 35.1 37.5 38.3 36.4 35.3 34.7 33.2 30.3 29.4

2012 29.6 30.9 33.6 34.6 38.6 38.8 35.4 34.9 34.0 32.2 31.0 29.6

2013 29.9 30.7 32.6 34.8 37.7 37.5 34.3 34.2 33.5 33.2 31.0 29.5

VI. MONTHLY MEAN MIN. TEMP (0C)

2009 21.1 21.7 23.8 26.5 27.7 28.1 27.7 26.1 25.7 25.2 23.9 22.3

2010 21.2 21.8 24.0 26.9 26.8 25.5 24.7 26.1 25.7 25.5 23.9 22.0

2011 21.1 21.3 23.5 26.5 27.2 28.6 26.4 26.1 25.7 24.6 23.1 22.2

2012 21.2 21.5 25.1 27.6 29.4 29.0 26.8 26.1 25.6 25.1 22.8 22.6

2013 21.0 22.5 24.1 27.6 28.7 28.3 26.0 26.1 25.9 25.9 24.3 22.1

* Data not available, *** Data not issued


19

3.7 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

The ambient air quality with respect to the study zone of 10 km radius around the project

site forms the baseline information. The prime objective of the baseline air quality study

was to assess the existing air quality of the area. This will also be useful for assessing the

conformity to standards of the ambient air quality during the operation of the proposed

project. The study area represents partly residential and industrial environment. This

section describes the selection of sampling locations, methodology adopted for sampling,

analytical techniques and frequency of sampling. The results of monitoring carried out for

study period of April to June 2016 is represented in the tables below.

3.7.1 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS

Ambient Air Quality standards has been notified by the MoEF vide Gazette Notification

dated 18th November 2009 are presented in Table 3.6.


20

Table 3.6: National Ambient Air Quality Standards


21


22

3.7.2 SELECTION OF SAMPLING LOCATION

The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been assessed through a scientifically

designed ambient air quality monitoring network. The design of monitoring network in the

air quality surveillance program has been based on the following considerations:

Meteorological conditions of synoptic scale

Topography of the study area

Representative of regional background air quality for obtaining baseline status

Representatives of likely impact areas

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) stations were set up at eight locations with due

consideration to the above mentioned points. The AAQM locations are depicted in Figure

3.1.

3.7.3 PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10 AND PM2.5)

The PM10 and PM2.5 among the eight sampling stations covering the study region varied from

36 to 46 µg/m3and 17 to 23 µg/m3 respectively. These results are presented in Table 3.7 and

3.8

3.7.4 SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO2)

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentration recorded was ranging from 7.0 to 10.7 µg/ m3 presented

in Table 3.9.

3.7.5 OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NO2)

Nitrogen dioxide was in the range of 6 to 9 µg/ m3presented in Table 3.10.


23

Figure 3.1 (Air Sampling Locations)

S.No. Location

AAQ 1 Pulicat

AAQ 2 Kolathumedu

AAQ 3 Andikuppam

AAQ 4 Arangankuppam

AAQ 5 Vairavankuppam

AAQ 6 Pazhaverkadu

AAQ 7 Pulicat -1

AAQ 8 Pulicat - 2

1

2 5

4

6

3

7 8


24

Table 3.7�Ambient Air Quality Status (PM10) � (April to June 2016)

Averaging Time: 24 Hrs Unit: µg/m3

SA.

No. Sampling Station Bearing*

Distance*

(KM) Min Max

Arithmetic

Mean

Standard

Deviation 98th Percentile

SA1 Pulicat -- -- 42 46 44 2.83 45.8

SA2 Kolathumedu NW 1.0 41 45 43 2.83 44.9

SA3 Andikuppam N 1.3 39 43 41 2.83 42.8

SA4 Arangankuppam NE 1.5 38 42 40 2.83 41.8

SA5 Vairavankuppam E 1.6 38 41 39.5 2.12 40.8

SA6 Pazhaverkadu SE 0.8 36 40 38 2.83 39.8

SA7 Pulicat -1 S 0.6 41 45 43 2.83 44.8

SA8 Pulicat - 2 SW 0.5 40 44 42 2.83 43.8

*- With respect to project site

Permissible limit for industrial, Residential, Rural and other area 100 µg/m3

Table 3.8�Ambient Air Quality Status (PM2.5) � (April to June 2016)

Averaging Time: 24 Hrs Unit:µg/m3

SA.


Distance*

(KM) Min Max

Arithmetic

Mean

Standard

Deviation

98th

Percentile

SA1 Pulicat -- -- 20 23 21.5 2.12 22.8

SA2 Kolathumedu NW 1.0 19.5 22.5 21 2.12 22.3

SA3 Andikuppam N 1.3 19 20 19.5 0.71 19.8

SA4 Arangankuppam NE 1.5 18 21 19.5 2.12 20.8

SA5 Vairavankuppam E 1.6 18.5 20 19.25 1.06 19.8

SA6 Pazhaverkadu SE 0.8 17 20 18.5 2.12 19.9

SA7 Pulicat -1 S 0.6 19.5 22 20.75 1.77 21.8

SA8 Pulicat - 2 SW 0.5 19 21 20 1.41 20.8

*- With respect to project site

Permissible limit for industrial, Residential, Rural and other area 60 µg/m3


25

Table 3.9 � Ambient Air Quality Status (SO2) - (April to June 2016)

Averaging time: 24 hrs. Unit : µg/m3

SA.


Distance*

(KM) Min Max

Arithmetic

Mean

Standard


SA1 Pulicat -- -- 8.2 10.7 9.45 1.77 10.5

SA2 Kolathumedu NW 1.0 8.1 10.1 9.1 1.41 10

SA3 Andikuppam N 1.3 7.9 9.5 8.7 1.13 9.3

SA4 Arangankuppam NE 1.5 7.4 9.4 8.4 1.41 9.2

SA5 Vairavankuppam E 1.6 7.7 9.2 8.45 1.06 9.1

SA6 Pazhaverkadu SE 0.8 7.5 9.3 8.4 1.27 9.2

SA7 Pulicat -1 S 0.6 7 9.8 8.4 1.98 9.7

SA8 Pulicat - 2 SW 0.5 7.1 9.4 8.25 1.63 9.3

* With respect to project site

Permissible limit of SO2 for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other area = 80 µg/m3

Table 3.10 � Ambient Air Quality Status (NO2) - (April to June 2016)

Averaging Time: 24 hrs. Unit: µg/m3

SA.


Distance*

(KM) Min Max

Arithmetic

Mean

Standard


SA1 Pulicat -- -- 7 8 7.5 0.71 8

SA2 Kolathumedu NW 1.0 6 7 6.5 0.71 7

SA3 Andikuppam N 1.3 5 6 5.5 0.71 6

SA4 Arangankuppam NE 1.5 8 9 8.5 0.71 9

SA5 Vairavankuppam E 1.6 7 8 7.5 0.71 8

SA6 Pazhaverkadu SE 0.8 6 7 6.5 0.71 7

SA7 Pulicat -1 S 0.6 7 8 7.5 0.71 8

SA8 Pulicat - 2 SW 0.5 8 9 8.5 0.71 9

* With respect to project site

Permissible limit of NO2 for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other area =80 µg/m3


26

3.8 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

Figure 3.2 (Noise Sampling Locations)

S.No. Location

SN 1 Pulicat

SN 2 Kolathumedu

SN 3 Andikuppam

SN 4 Arangankuppam

SN 5 Vairavankuppam

SN 6 Pazhaverkadu

SN 7 Pulicat -1

SN 8 Pulicat - 2

1

2 5

4

6

3

7 8


27

The noise monitoring has been conducted for the determination of noise levels at eight

locations around the study area. Levels of noise have been monitored during 6am to 10pm

and night levels during 10 pm to 6 am. In the residential cum rural areas equivalent day

night noise levels ranges from 59.2 to 67.2 dB (A). The details of sampling locations with

respect to the plant site and the equivalent day night levels are tabulated in Table 3.11.

Table 3.11 � Equivalent Day-Night Noise Level Details

SA. No. Sampling Stations BEARING

*

DISTANCE

*

Equivalent Levels dB(A)

Day Time Night Time

SN1 Pulicat -- -- 69.5 57.4

SN2 Kolathumedu NW 1.0 66.3 64.8

SN3 Andikuppam N 1.3 67.3 65.2

SN4 Arangankuppam NE 1.5 60.2 59.4

SN5 Vairavankuppam E 1.6 60.5 58.4

SN6 Pazhaverkadu SE 0.8 59.2 67.2

SN7 Pulicat -1 S 0.6 65.5 63.5

SN8 Pulicat - 2 SW 0.5 62.4 59.5

Day Night

Permissible limit for Industrial Area - 75 70

Permissible limit for Rural Area - 55 45


28

3.8.1 AMBIENT NOISE STANDARDS

Ambient Noise level standards have been notified by the MoEF vide Gazette Notification dated

26th December 1989 and also in the Schedule III of the Environmental (Protection) Rules 1986.

It is based on the �A� weighted equivalent noise level (Leq). These are presented in Table 3.12

Table 3.12: National Ambient Noise Standards

Category of Zones

Leq in dB(A)

Day * Night *

INDUSTRIAL 75 70

COMMERCIAL 65 55

RESIDENTIAL 55 45

SILENCE ZONE ** 50 40

Source: Central Pollution Control Board

Note:-

1. Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m.

2. Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.

3. Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100 metres around hospitals, educational

institutions, courts, religious places or any other area which is declared as such by the

competent authority. Use of vehicle horn, loudspeaker and bursting of crackers is banned in

these zones.

4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above mentioned categories by

the competent authority and the corresponding standards shall apply

3.8.2 IDENTIFICATION OF SAMPLING LOCATIONS

A preliminary reconnaissance survey has been undertaken to identify the major noise

generating sources in the study area. Noise at different noise generating sources have been

identified based on the activities in the surrounding area, ambient noise due to small scale

industries, traffic and noise at sensitive areas like hospitals and schools.


29

3.9 WATER QUALITY The water samples were collected from eight locations in the study area. We have submitted

the permissible limit for the drinking purposes as well as the permissible limits in the

absence of alternative sources. Generally, the desirable limit is obtained by the river water

only, whereas we have received the water samples from bore well & open wells. The water

from sampled location falls in the range mentioned for drinking water when there is no

alternative source.

Figure 3.3 (Water Sampling Locations)

S.No. Location S.No. Location S.No. Location

GW 1 Pulicat GW 4 Arangankuppam SW 7 Kolathumedu Lake

GW 2 Pasiyavaram GW 5 Vairavankuppam SW 8 Kosasthalaiyar River

GW 3 Andikuppam SW 6 Pulicat Lake

1

2

5

4

6

3

7

8


30

Table 3.13 � Water Analysis Results

S.No PARAMETERS UNITS SAMPLING SITES & RESULTS

GW - 1 GW - 2 GW - 3 GW - 4 GW - 5 SW - 6 SW - 7 SW - 8

1 Calcium (Ca) mg/l 49 44 50 43 46 1000 956 103

2 Chlorides (Cl) mg/l 152 148 150 142 145 18800 17500 225

3 Colour (Visual) Hazen < 1.0 < 2.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 45

4 Electrical Conductivity --- 821 720 832 740 840 45600 35650 1123

5 Fluorides (F) mg/l 0.2 0.24 0.3 0.2 0.26 1.22 1.1 0.2

6 Iron (Fe) mg/l 0.08 0.12 0.05 0.09 0.1 0.18 0.15 <0.01

7 Magnesium (Mg) mg/l 17 19 18 16 20 1080 1050 30

8 Nitrates (NO3) mg/l 0.1 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.13 1.13 1.1 < 1.0

9 Odour --- Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable No offensive odour

Agreeable Dis Agreeable

10 pH@250C No. 7.4 7.69 7.5 7.6 7.45 7.96 7.0 7.6

11 Sulphates (SO4) mg/l 52 46 48 43 45 2600 105 106

12 Total Alkalinity

(CaCo3) mg/l 96 90 93 91 95 130 125 73

13 Total dissolved solids mg/l 529 480 501 485 490 36800 35500 730

14 Total hardness (CaCo3) mg/l 190 160 175 180 165 7000 6500 378

15 Turbidity (NTU) NTU 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.1 3.5 <0.5 30

S.No. Location S.No. Location S.No. Location S.No. Location

GW 1 Pulicat GW 3 Andikuppam GW 5 Vairavankuppam SW 7 Kolathumedu Lake

GW 2 Pasiyavaram GW 4 Arangankuppam SW 6 Pulicat Lake SW 8 Kosasthalaiyar River


31

3.10 SOIL QUALITY

It is essential to determine the potential of soil in the area and identify the impacts of

urbanization and industrialization on soil quality. Accordingly, a study of assessment of the soil

quality has been carried out.

3.10.1 DATA GENERATION

For studying soil profile of the region, sampling location was selected to assess the existing soil

condition in and around the plant representing various land use conditions. The physical,

chemical and heavy metal concentrations were determined. The samples were collected by

ramming a core-cutter into the soil up to a depth of 90 cm. Simultaneously, in-situ infiltration

test using double ring infiltrometer was carried out at all location to determine the

permeability.

The present study on the soil profile establishes the baseline characteristics and identifies the

incremental concentrations if any, due to the existing and proposed activities.

The sampling locations have been identified with the following objectives:

To determine the baseline soil characteristics of the study area;

To determine the impact on soil more importantly from agricultural productivity point of

view.

Eight locations within the study area of the plant site were selected for soil sampling. At each

location, soil samples were collected from three different depths viz 30 cm, 60 cm, and 90 cm

below the surface and homogenized. The homogenized samples were taken during April � June

2016 period to identify soil conditions.

The details of the sampling location are given in Table � 3.14 and are shown in Figure � 3.4.


32

3.10.2 BASELINE SOIL STATUS

It has been observed that the texture of soil is mostly �Clayey Sand� in the area. The common

color of the soil ranged from light brown. It has been observed that the pH of the soil quality

ranged from 7.6 to 8.2 indicating that the soil is usually neutral to slightly basic in nature.

The electrical conductivity was observed to be in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 µmhos/cm, the

Nitrogen values ranged between < 0.1 to 0.1 kg/acre. The phosphorous value ranges between

0.1 to 0.2 kg/acre. Potassium value ranges between 174 to 190 Mg/kg indicating that the soils

in that the surrounding area having very rich quantity of potassium. The standard of soil

classification is given in Table 3.15.


33

Table 3.14 � Soil Quality

S.No PARAMETERS UNITS RESULTS

SA-1 SA-2 SA- 3 SA- 4 SA- 5 SA - 6 SA-7 SA-8

1 pH No. 7.9 7.6 7.8 8.2 8.1 7.8 7.7 8.0

2 EC µmhos/cm 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2

3 Texture --- Clayey sand

Clayey Silty sand

Clayey Silty fine sand

Clayey Silty sand

Clayey sand

Clayey sand

Clayey sand

Fine sand

Macro Nutrients:

4 Nitrogen Kg/Ac 0.1 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 0.1

5 Total Phosphorus % 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

6 Potassium Mg/kg 181 185 190 180 175 185 189 174

Micro Nutrients:

7 Iron mg/Kg 1452 1521 1542 1463 1552 1582 1545 1485

8 Manganese mg/Kg 52 53 55 54 50 56 54 52

9 Zinc mg/Kg 21 19 18 20 22 21 20 18

10 Copper mg/Kg 35 38 37 36 34 35 33 34


34

Figure 3.4 (Soil Sampling Locations)

S.No. Location

SN 1 Pulicat

SN 2 Kolathumedu

SN 3 Andikuppam

SN 4 Arangankuppam

SN 5 Vairavankuppam

SN 6 Pazhaverkadu

SN 7 Pulicat -1

SN 8 Pulicat - 2

1

2 5

4

6

3

7 8


35

Table � 3.15 � Standards of Soil Classification

S.No. Soil Test Classification

1. pH

<4.5 Extremely acidic

4.51 � 5.00 Very strongly acidic

5.51 � 6.0 moderately acidic

6.01 � 6.50 slightly acidic

6.51 � 7.30 Neutral

7.31 � 7.80 slightly alkaline

7.381 � 8.50 moderately alkaline

8.51 � 9.0 strongly alkaline

9.01 very strongly alkaline

2. Salinity Electrical

Conductivity (mmhos/cm)

Up to 1.00 Average

1.01 � 2.00 Harmful to germination

2.01 � 3.00 Harmful to crops (Sensitive to salts)

3. Organic Carbon

Upto 0.2 : Very less

0.21 � 0.4 : Medium,

0.51 � 0.8 : On an average sufficient

0.81 � 1.0 : Sufficient

> 1.0 : More than sufficient

4. Nitrogen (kg/ha)

Up to 50 : Very less

51 � 100 : Less

101 � 150 : Good

151 � 300 : Better

> 300 : Sufficient

5. Potash (kg/ha)

0 - 120 Very less

120 � 180 Less

181 � 240 Medium

241 � 300 Average

301 � 360 better

> 360 More than sufficient


36

3.11 PULICAT LAKE

The proposed Bridge is to be constructed across Pulicat Lake. This lake is in Buckingham canal at

about 5 km from its confluence point with Bay of Bengal. There is a huge waterfront of the

Buckingham Canal with a vast spread of over flown tidal waters from the lake, in the North. This

Pulicat Lake is a saltwater lagoon. It is the second largest backwater lake in India. It is located

between 13°26' and 13°43'N latitude and 80°03' and 80°18' E longitude lying almost parallel to

the Bay of Bengal, It is extending over the Ponneri and Gummidipundi taluk of Thiruvallur

district in Tamilnadu and Sulurpet and Tada Taluk of Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh and

covers an area of about 461 square km. Table 3.10. Shows the aerial extent of various wetland

classes in Pulicat area. The lake extends to about 59km in the northern sector of the lake, The

lake at its southern end, near north of Pulicat town open into the Bay of Bengal by narrow pass

into the sea. The lagoon has a high water spread area of 460 square km and low floodwater

spread area of 250 square km. There is always fluctuation of the tidal seawater that changes the

pattern of the water in the Pulicat Lake. This Pulicat Lake is one of the important wetlands, in

Tamilnadu.

The lake as its southern end, near north of Pulicat town opens into Bay of Bengal by a narrow

pass into the sea. According to Paul Raj 1976, from March till September, the mouth gets silted

and reduced in width and depthVas/it shifts position, simultaneously from south to north. The

mouth normally gets completely closed once in above five years or even little more frequently if

there is no monsoon flood in any particular year.

Table 3.16 Arial extent of various Wetland classes in Pulicat area

Salt Marsh in

square Km

Mud Flat in square

Km

Sait Pan in Square

Km

Lake Party in

Square Km

26.80 0.356 0.257 252.040


37

3.12 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.12.1 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT

A habitat or an area comprises of different kinds of plants and animals within its boundary. The

distribution of flora and fauna in the given area represents the biological environment. The

biological portion of the environment includes, what is present in the study area, its values, and

its responses to impacts description of community uniqueness, the dominant species, and an

evaluation of rare or endangered species. Natural vegetation is scanty and the bio-diversity of

the area is low and it forms a part of deciduous area. Species diversity and food web index of

the surrounding area will be negligible. Considering this particulate project this is construction

of bridge, so there will not be any major impacts for us.

Flora-fauna: An ecological survey of the study area was conducted particularly with reference

to recording the existing biological resources. The objectives of the survey were intended to:

Generate baseline data from field observations from various terrestrial ecosystems,

Collect secondary data from Government records,

Compare the data so generated with authentic past records to understand changes,

Understand the impact of the proposed activity on vegetation structure in the site.

To accomplish the above objectives, a general ecological survey covering an area of 10 km

radius area was conducted. The locations were identified for phyto-sociological aspects to

assess the current status. Phyto-sociological studies were carried out by using least count

quadrant method. Trees species were surveyed by taking quadrates of 100 m x 10 m distributed

randomly. Shrub species were surveyed by taking quadrates of 10 m x 10 m. Herb species were

surveyed by taking quadrates of 1 m x 1 m. The data obtained was further used to estimate

Relative Dominance, Relative Density (RD), Relative Frequency (RF) and Importance Value Index

(IVI) as per the formula. Faunal survey covers the Terrestrial Fauna, Avian Fauna and Aquatic

Fauna. The survey was based on Personal observation, Enquiry with local population and

Records available. This survey will include identification of endangered and rare species as per

Red Book.


38

3.12.2 SURVEY METHODOLOGY

An ecological survey of the study area was conducted particularly with reference to recording

the existing biological resources. The objectives of the survey were intended to:

Generate baseline data from field observations from various terrestrial ecosystems,

Collect secondary data from Government records,

Compare the data so generated with authentic past records to understand changes,

Understand the impact of the proposed activity on vegetational structure in the site.

To accomplish the above objectives, a general ecological survey covering an area of 10 km

radius area was conducted. The locations were identified for phyto-sociological aspects to

assess the current status. Phyto-sociological studies were carried out by using least count

quadrate method. Trees species were surveyed by taking quadrates of 100 m x 10 m distributed

randomly. Shrub species were surveyed by taking quadrates of 10 m x 10 m. Herb species were

surveyed by taking quadrates of 1 m x 1 m. The data obtained was further used to estimate

Relative Dominance, Relative Density (RD), Relative Frequency (RF) and Importance Value Index

(IVI) as per the formula. Faunal survey covers the Terrestrial Fauna, Avian Fauna and Aquatic

Fauna. The survey was based on Personal observation, Enquiry with local population and

Records available. This survey will include identification of endangered and rare species as per

Red Book. The flora and fauna studies were carried out in the entire study area of 10 km

radius around the proposed site. The diversified plant genera distributed in this area. The

natural vegetation of the study area had more population with variety of species. Many varieties

of plant species were growing naturally. The overall aerial and close observations lead to the

conclusion that the diversity of plant species was more in the buffer zone.

Aquatic Flora

The Pulicat Lake harbors a variety of aquatic vegetation. However to know the actual status of

the phytoplankton, sampling has been done as per IS: 7967 Phytoplankton samples are

collected using Phytoplankton net with mouth area of 0.25 m2 and mesh size of 64 urn was

towed between 0 and 0.5m depth from the water surface for five minutes and the collected

samples are immediately preserved. Depending upon the biomass concentration, sub-samples

are taken to study the whole species diversity. Organisms are identified up to genus level under

microscope using standard identification key and counted using a Sedgwick rafter counting

chamber. The biomass concentration of phyto plankton is calculated from the displacement

volume of water.


39

Flora

The Study of flora involved intensive sample survey of vegetation in the project site and other

locations applying standard methods (e.g., Greig-Smith 1983, Caustan 1988). To examine the

trees and shrubs, quadrants of 25 x 25 m and for herbs 2 x 2 m were laid. In each of the larger

quadrants (i) Species (ii) their number, and (iii) Girth at Breast Height (GBH), were measured.

(Chaturvedi and Khanna,1982). The species of vegetation found in each station were identified

and listed according to their families, both in dicotyledons and monocotyledons of the plant

kingdom. The plant species were classified as per the classifications of �Bentham and Hooker�

and identified by using Gambles book on �Flora of Madras Presidency� and Mathew�s book on

�Flora of the Tamil Nadu Carnatic�.

Aquatic Fauna

There are many varieties of aquatic fauna that take shelter in the Pulicat Lake. The aquatic

fauna covering fish, prawns, crabs etc. have been covered in the Section 3.13. However, to

know the present status of the zooplanktons, samplings have been done as per the Standards of

IS:7967.

Zooplankton samples are collected at 8 locations. Zooplankton net with mouth area of 0.25 m2

and mesh size of 300 um is towed between 0 and 0.5 m depth for live minutes. Organisms are

identified up to genus level under microscope using standard identification key and counted

using a Sedgwick rafter counting chamber. The biomass concentration of zooplankton was

calculated from the displacement volume of water.

Fauna:

Both direct and indirect observation methods were used to survey the fauna. Visual encounter

(search) method was employed to record vertebrate species. Additionally survey of relevant

literature was also done to consolidate the list of vertebrate fauna distributed in the area

(Smith 1933-43, Ali and Ripley 1983, Daniel 1983, Prater 1993, Murthy and Chandrasekhar1988).

Since birds may be considered as indicators for monitoring and understanding human impacts

on ecological systems (Lawton, 1996) attempt was made to gather quantitative data on the

group. Point Survey Method: Observations were made in each site for 15 minutes duration. Road

Side Counts: The observer traveled from site to site, all sightings were recorded (this was done

both in the day and night time). An index of abundance of each species was also established.

Pellet and Track Counts: All possible animal tracks and pellets were identified and recorded


40

(South Wood, 1978). Based on the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (WPA 1972, Anonymous 1991,

Upadhyay 1995, Chaturvedi and Chaturvedi 1996) species were short-listed as Schedule II or I

and considered herein as endangered species. Species listed in Ghosh (1994) are considered as

Indian Red List species.

3.12.3 BASELINE STATUS-FAUNA

The list of Flora & Fauna is given below:

Table 3.17 LIST OF FLORA IN THE STUDY AREA

Scientific Name Family Distribution

Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Moderate

Cassia grandis Caesalpiniaceae Moderate

Polyalthia pendula Annonaceae Moderate

Polyalthia longifolia Annonaceae Moderate

Abrus precatorius Fabaceae Moderate

Rhynchosia suaveolens Fabaceae Moderate

Ampelocissus indica Vitaceae Moderate

Antigonon leptopus Polygonaceae Moderate

Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae Low

Basella rubra basellaceae Moderate

Vanilla planifolia Orchidaceae Moderate

Wattakaka volubilis Asclepiadaceae Abundant

Vanda testaceae Orchidaceae Moderate

Annona reticulate Annonaceae Low

Citrus aurantium Rutaceae Low

Citrus limon Rutaceae Low

Michelia champaca Magnoliaceae Moderate

Abelmoschus moschatus Malvaceae Abundant

Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Abundant

Acalypha indica Euphorbiaceae Abundant


41

Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Abundant

Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae Abundant

Aeschynomene aspera Fabaceae Abundant

Aeschynomene indica Fabaceae Abundant

Ageratum conyzoides Compositae Abundant

Alysicarpus monilifer Fabaceae Abundant

Delonix regia Fabaceae Moderate

Poinciana regia Fabaceae Moderate

Butea monosperma Fabaceae Moderate

Amaranthus spinosus Amarathaceae Abundant

Ammania baccifera Lythraceae Abundant

Andrographis echioides Acanthaceae Moderate

Andrographis echioides Acanthaceae Moderate

Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae Abundant

Argemone mexicana Papaveraceae Abundant

Biophytum sensitivum OxalidaceAE Abundant

Bacopa monieri Scrophulariaceae Moderate

Boerhavavi diffusa Nyctaginaceae Moderate

Boerhavaia erecta Nyctaginaceae Moderate

Brassica juncea Brassicaceae Moderate

Celosia cristata Amaranthaceae Abundant

Chrozophora prostrate Euphorbiaceae Abundant

Chrozophora rottleri Euphorbiaceae Abundant

Cleome aspera Capparidaceae Abundant

Cleome monophylla Capparidaceae Abundant

Areca catechu Areaceae Low

Borassus flabellifer Areaceae Low

Caryota urens Areaceae low

Cocos nucifera Areaceae Moderate


42

Phoenix sylvestris Areaceae Low

Cocos nucifera Palmaceae Low

Salix alba Salicaceae Low

Salix floridana Salicaceae Moderate

Salix cordata Salicaceae Moderate

Agave Americana Agavaceae Low

Agavee angustifolia Agavaceae Moderate

Asphodelaceae Aloe vera Moderate

Anisomeles indica Labiateae Abundant

Cajanus cajan Fabaceae Low

Acacia Fabaceae Low

Breynia vitis-idaea Euphorbiaceae Abundant

Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae Abundant

Casuarina cunninghamiana Casuarinaceae Moderate

Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarinaceae Abundant

Cassia fistula ceasalpinaceae Moderate

Cassia javanica ceasalpinaceae Low

Cleistanthus collinus Euphorbiaceae Moderate

Cordia domestica Boraginaceae Low

Capparis grandis Capparidaceae Moderate

Albizia amara Mimosaceae Low

Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae Low

Acacia planifrons Mimosaceae Moderate

Acacia tomentosa Mimosaceae Moderate

Neptunia prostrate Mimosaceae Low

Neptunia triquetra Mimosaceae Low

Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Low

Barringtonia acutangula Barringtoniaceae Abundant

Bauhinia purpurea Caesalpiniaceae Low


43

Bauhinia racemosa. Caesalpiniaceae Low

Ficus hispida Moraceae Moderate

Ficus mollis Moraceae Low

Memecylon edule Melastomataceae Abundant

Madhuca indica Sapotaceae Low

Manilkara zapota Sapotaceae Moderate

Casurina equiselifolia Casuarinaceae Low

Jatropha indica Euphorbiaceae Moderate

Tamarindus indicus Fabaceae Moderate

Hibiscus micranthus Malvaceae Abundant

Gynandropsis gynandra Malvaceae Abundant

Malachra capitata Malvaceae Moderate

Thespesia populnea Malvaceae Moderate

Ludwigia perennis Onagraceae Abundant

Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Moderate

Terminalia catappa Rosaceae Low

Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae Moderate

Cyathea dealbata Cyatheaceae Moderate

Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae Moderate

Streblus asper Moraceae Low

Streblus taxoides Moraceae Moderate

Millingtonia hortensis Bignoniaceae Low

Dolichandrone falcate Bignoniaceae Low

Tectona grandis Lamiaceae Low

Tectona hamiltoniana Lamiaceae Low

Tectona philippinensis Lamiaceae Moderate

Tamarix aphylla Tamaricaceae Abundant


44

The list of few animals is given below:

Table 3.18 Fauna of the Study area

Zoological Name Family

Ardea Ardeidae

A. alba modesta

Egretta intermedia

Psittacula krameri manillensis Pasirracida

Clamator coromandus

Eudynamus scolopaceae

Coracias bengalensis Coraidae

Upupa epops ceylonensis Upupidae

Dinopium bengalense puncticolle Picidae

Sturnus pagodarum Sturnidae

Acridotheres tristis tristis

Corvus splendens spendens Corvidae

Corvus macrorhynchos

Passer domesticus Passeriformes

Ploceus phillipinus phillipinus

Petronia xanthocollis

Copsychus saularis

Acrocephalus stentoreus

Coracina melanoptera sykesi

Acridotheres tristiris

Coturnix coturnix Galliformes

Perdicula argoondah

Naja naja Squamata

Bungarus coeralus

Calotes versicolor

Hemidactylus frenatus

Eryx johni


45

Zoological Name Family

Macropisthodon plumbicolor

Lycodon aulicus

Argyrogena fasciolatus

Nerodia piscator

Geochelone elegans Testudina

Ratus ratus Muridae

Pteropus spp. Chiroptera

Felis chaus Felidae

Capra aegagrus hircus Bovidae

Canis lupus familiaris -

Bos Taurus Bos

Bufo melanosticus Anura

Polypetadus maculates

Euphlyctis cyanophlyctics

Vegetation Cover

There are about 26 trees coming within the Right of Way of the proposed High Level Bridge

with approach roads. Out of 26 trees, only 3 trees of Babul species are coming within the RoW

on the mainland before the Lake water on Jetty side. Rest of the trees about 2.3 tress mostly

palm are coming within the Row on Island portion of the Light House Kuppam. Before the

construction work starts, many of them will have to be felled for the proposed Project. The

extent of the trees to be felled is to be determined during the detail design stage. Most of the

trees within the right of way do not have any significant ecological and/or commercial value but

are planted at random in privately owned areas.

3.12.4 FOREST AREA

The Row and the corridor of impact of the proposed project of the Bridge has no Forest Area.

The only forest area, which is having its East side boundary to the Bay of Bengal up to the

Village limits of Puliat, wherein the Department of Forests, Government of Tamil Nadu, has

established a Bird Sanctuary. The Pulicat Bird Sanctuary is outside and away from the project

site.


46

The Department of Forest, Government of Tamil Nadu has established the Pulicat Bird

Sanctuary long ago on the Pulicat lagoon primarily to conserve the terrestrial as well as aquatic

birds and to tempt the migratory birds which take the Pulicat Lake as a route to stop for a

break.

The Pulicat lagoon is the third most important wetland for the migratory shore birds on the

eastern seaboard of India and is protected as a Bird Sanctuary because of its rich biodiversity.

The lake is important area for a variety of resident and migratory birds like waterfowl, pelicans,

herons, egrets, storks, flamingos, ducks, gulls and terns. It boasts 65 different species of fish, 30

varieties of terrestrial and aquatic birds and a host of small mammals and reptiles. Flamingos

are the most frequent visitors to the lake, about 15,000 of them visit every year. Pelicans,

Kingfishers, Herons, Painted Storks, Spoonbills and Ducks are some of the other birds that show

up at Pulicat Lake in the bird sanctuary every year.

3.13 FISHERIES AND FISH HABITAT

The proposed bridge will be constructed across the Pulicat Lake but fish catching zone is far

away from the project area, it will not get influenced by the project construction. The major

business in the project region is of fishing only. The local economy of the Pulicat Village and

Light House Kuppam depends on the fishing activity. The Pulicat Lake is a very good habitat of

fisheries which can sustain fisheries business throughout the year. This big reservoir of Pulicat is

stocked with different types of commercial fisheries like Rohu, Mrigal, Katla, Ayla, Kingfish,

Tuna, Mullet, Pamphret, Mayle, Kota, Jelly fish, Mathi, Keluthi, Parrai, Valai, and Ladyfinger etc.

Occasionally the fishermen of the Pulicat Village get the shark fish which fetch the good

amount. Apart from fish, the other marine features which occupy major source of income are

prawns and Crabs providing a better business for the fishermen.

3.14 QUALITY OF LIFE VALUES

3.14.1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL/HISTORICAL MONUMENTS

The Corridor of impact/ RoW of the proposed project do not have ant protected / declared

archaeological. / Historical monuments.

3.14.2 TEMPLES/SHRINES/IDOLS/STATUES

The corridor of impact does not have any temple, shrine or any structure of religious

importance.


47

3.14.3 CULTURAL HERITAGE/SENSITIVE/CRITICAL/NATURAL HABITATS

There are no cultural heritage sites, sensitive and/or critical natural habitats, national parks,

wild life sanctuaries, sacred groves, protected natural reserves falling within corridor of

impact/RoW of the proposed project. The Pulicat Bird Sanctuary covering most of the Pulicat

Lake is beyond the right of way.

3.12.4 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY

The study of terrestrial ecology within the study area of 10 km radius has been carried out

through field investigation and satellite imagery data. The area can be classified into the

following ecological zone.

i. Scrub Eco-system (dry evergreen vegetation)

This type of ecosystem is dominated by Phoenix sylvestris species. Apart from typical scrub

jungle species, a few salt tolerant species were also recorded, probably because of the

proximity to the sea and the estuary.

ii. Tidal Eco-system

The plant growing in this area are salt tolerant as they are covered by the saline water during

high tides. The species like Arthrocnemum indicum, Suaeda Maritima are dominating species in

this ecosystem.

iii. Mangrove Eco-system

This type of ecosystem existed in western bank of the river Korattailar. This is dominated by

Avicinnia marine. Sesuvium Portulacastrum & Suaeda Maritima. These plants are periodically

washed by the tides and as result in some areas quick sands are noticed.

iv. Marsh Eco-system

The marshes are essentially fresh water supporting variety of plant. Acacia nilotica and

Azadirachata indica are the common species of the study area.

v. Agro Ecosystem

Rice and banana species of plant are the main species of this ecosystem.


48

vi. Flora

The field investigation and satellite imagery data show, that the study area is a mixture of

agricultural, wasteland and get irrigated by the tanks and tube wells.

The dry tropical vegetation is observed within the study area. The experimental finding of the

pre monsoon season shows the dominance of grasses like Cyanodon followed by Parthenium

hysterophorous, Croton sparsiflorus & Odina odiya and trees like Acacia nilotica, Azadirechta

indica, Anona squamosa, Delonix regia, Ficus benghalensis within the study area.

vii. Fauna

Domestic:

The domestic animals are mainly mammals. The domestic animals present in the study area are

listed.

viii. Wild Animal

Since the natural forests constitute negligible of the forest area and since they are in isolated

pockets, the wild life does not offer a wide spectrum of species. Wild animals are rarely seen

due to absence of natural dense forest and land occupied by human being. The wild animals like

Nilgai, Jackals, Fox and Rabbit have drastically reduced due to increase in human population

and clearance of wild flora for making residential and commercial land. Other than these, some

reptiles and amphibians can also be seen with a number of bird species.

A list of birds, reptiles, amphibians and rodents based on information gathered from local

inquiries is presented.

3.12.5 AQUATIC ECOLOGY

The specific biological species (Fishes, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton etc.) for a particular

environmental condition are the best indicators of environmental conditions are the best

indicators of environmental quality. Information on the environmental stress due to the

impacts of any industrial activities on the community structure serves as inexpensive and

efficient early warning and control system to check the effectiveness of the measures to

prevent damage to a particular ecosystem.


49

a. Planktons

Phytoplankton and Zooplankton are indicators of environmental stress. The quality and quality

of such biological species in a particular environmental largely depends on various

physicochemical characteristics of water such as pH, Conductivity, nutrients, BOD, alkalinity etc.

b. Fishes

The fishes/ aquatic fauna of the study area is reported based on the field sampling and

confirmed by the local people and secondary data provided by Thiruvallur district office is listed.

The fishes like Chirocenttrus, Lesser Sardines, Thriossocles, Anchoviella, Flying Fish, Sciaenids,

Caranx, Meckerel, Seer, Crabs found in good number in the study area.

Table 3.19 List of Zooplankton identified within the Study Area

S.No Zooplankton 1. Favella species 2. Tintinnopsis species 3. Globigerina Species 4. Acartia donae 5. Acartia erythraca 6. Acartia clansi 7. Calanns finrnarchicns 8. C furcatns 9. Paracalanus parvus 10. Microsetella norvegica 11. Microsetella rosea 12. Capilla Vitrea 13. Corycaeus danae 14. Oithona rigida 15. Oncacea venusta 16. Gastropod veliger 17. Barochinnous Unceolaris 18. Barochinnous Candatns 19. Monostyla bulla 20. Nancocalanus minor 21. Paracalanus parvus 22. Labidocera acuta 23. Euterpina acutifrous 24. Microsetella norvegica 25. Microsetella gracilis 26. Metis jousseaumei 27. Copilia vitrea 28. Corycaeus danae


50

29. Oithona bervicornis 30. Oithona rigida 31. Oncacea venusta 32. Bivalve veliger 33. Gastropod veliger 34. Copepod nauplius

3.13 SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

Socio-economic condition of the area was studied and has been described in this section. In

2011, Ponneri Taluk had population of 389862 of which male and female were 195181 and

194681 respectively. In 2001 census, Thiruvallur had a population of 946949 of which males

were 1876062 and remaining 1852042 were females.

Average literacy of Thiruvallur in 2011 were 2791721 of which male 1495711 and female were

1296010.

In census enumeration, data regarding children under 0-6 years of age is also collected for all

districts including Thiruvallur. There were total 405669 children under age of 0-6. Of total

405669 male and female were 208449 and 197220 respectively.


51

Table 3.20 Population Status Of Nearest Towns (As Per 2011 Census)

S.N

o

Name of the

Villages

No. of

House

Holds

Total Male Femal

e

0 - 6 SC Population ST

Population Literates Cultivators

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

1. Ponneri

Town 100866 389862 195181 194681 21900 20936 61814 62280 3946 3996 149414 126595 6129 1509

2. Minjur

Town 7048 28337 14168 14169 1579 1381 4627 4747 24 34 11813 10488 159 34

3. Padianallur

Town 5912 23819 12043 11776 1380 1222 995 999 33 35 10040 9132 81 11

4. Nallur

Town 4887 19595 9843 9752 1152 1166 1062 1082 121 122 7991 6945 13 2

5. Arani Town 3328 12833 6392 6441 678 694 985 1035 193 177 5066 4174 53 21

6. Edayanchav

adi Toewn 3142 12119 6042 6077 567 584 707 695 3 2 4969 4371 14 0

7. Athipattu

Town 2762 11034 5623 5411 677 580 2251 2254 147 152 4454 3751 6 4

8. Alamathi

Town 1894 7424 3790 3634 445 443 1166 1077 35 27 2923 2421 27 11


52

Table 3.21 Population Status of nearest Villages (As per 2011 Census)

S.No Name of the Villages

No. of

House

Holds

Male Female Total Literates Cultivators

Agriculture

Labours SC Population ST Population

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

1 Nalur 1655 6238 3146 3092 355 329 1427 1367 42 11 2452 2079 239 117

2 Nandiambakkam 1511 6268 3156 3112 359 360 1034 1014 280 269 2542 2275 78 11

3 Neithavayal 1400 5525 2777 2748 308 292 1773 1780 67 70 2109 1804 43 12

4 Pulicat 4619 17925 8915 9010 1160 1036 1157 1236 536 580 6320 5650 53 22

5 Sholavaram 2432 9397 4662 4735 534 536 1569 1555 153 156 3642 3329 137 58

6 Thangalperumbalam 573 2095 1083 1012 136 128 240 214 0 0 744 549 25 6

7 Thatchoor 1700 6584 3298 3286 406 377 669 665 41 44 2463 2137 150 23

8 Vallur 2993 11935 6089 5846 663 646 3958 3845 14 15 5040 4061 48 29

9 Vichoor 1437 5765 2868 2897 311 289 1443 1482 5 4 2211 1896 209 34

10 Voyalur 781 3114 1566 1548 152 158 751 723 37 38 1103 855 52 22

53

3.14 BASELINE STATUS SUMMARY

The findings of baseline environmental status of the study area are summarized below:

The monitored ambient air quality in the study area was found to be in compliance with the

National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) Norms of 100 µg PM10/m3, 60 µg PM10/m3, 80 µg

SO2/m3 and 80 µg NO2/m3 for Residential, Rural and other areas.

Ambient equivalent noise levels (Leq) during day and night times were found to be well

within the MoEF Norms.

The water quality of surface waters was found to be in compliance with CPCB norms.

The ground water quality was found to be in compliance with the IS:10500 Norms.

The absence of Oil & Grease, Phenols, Cyanides, low BOD & COD levels, trace metals below

their detectable limits, etc. confirm the fact that the water quality in the vicinity was not

getting polluted due to any industrial activity.

The soil in the study area would very well support vegetation after amending it suitably.

Presence of number of phanerophytes (shrubs and trees) and therophytes (annuals)

indicates semiarid vegetation structure in the study area.

There is no Wild Life Sanctuary or National Park or Biosphere or Hotspots within the study

area of 10 km.

Domesticated animals and common fauna only exist in the study area.

The area is thinly populated. All the villages are electrified, road connected and provided

with water supply. The basic amenities are there almost at all villages.

Thus, there is adequate buffer for the proposed Project in the physical, biological and edaphic

environments of the study area.

The project is proposed in an industrially backward area. There are significant numbers of non-

workers in the area and the project would provide direct or indirect job opportunities to them. Also,

there will be some migration of labour force from outside also during construction phase which may

result in social stress on the local settlements. However, this impact is envisaged to be marginal and

temporary in nature.

Thus, the overall impact on environment during construction phase due to the proposed Project

would be short term and insignificant.

54

CHAPTER 4

4.0 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Impact assessment describes identification and appraisal of various impacts due to the proposed

project.

"Environmental Impact" can be defined as any alteration of environmental conditions or creation of

a new set of environmental conditions, adverse or beneficial, caused or induced by the action or set

of actions under consideration. Generally, the environmental impacts can be categorized as either

primary or secondary.

Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly by the project

Secondary impacts are those, which are indirectly induced and typically include the

associated investment and changed patterns of social and economic activities by the

proposed action.

The proposed bridge project will improve the natural and social environment if proper mitigation

measures are adopted in the design phase, construction phase and operation phase. The potential

impacts due to bridge will be minor and for well be limited to construction phase only. The

environmental scenario in the entire sketch described in earlier chapters has revealed that there are

certain environmental issues, which may cause adverse impact.

The construction works for the project comprise the construction of the bridge across waterways of

the Pulicat Lake, construction of the additional paved and unpaved approach roads to the bridge,

carriageway and rehabilitation of existing structures and construction of road safety and

appurtenance works. These activities are expected to contribute to enhancement in transport

capacity, speed, connectivity between the kuppams on seaside and the main route to the Chennai.

The most important utility of the proposed bridge is very useful as an escape root for those reside in

the island kuppams as well as transporting emergency response operations required for

humanitarian aid, personnel and equipment to the affected site and thus it gives the transport

safety. Among other factors which lead to the economic growth of the island kuppams due to the

connectivity the potential impacts due to the proposed project of the bridge construction are

summarized hereunder along with the mitigation measures.

4.2 IMPACT ASSESSMENT MATRIX

From the Table-4.1 significant impacts are identified.

55

TABLE 4.1 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION MATRIXES

Activities ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES

Air Noise Water Land & soil Ecology Socio Economics Aesthetics

Site Clearing & Leveling

√ √ √

Construction & Erection of Plant

√ √ √ √ √

Operation √ √

Development of Greenbelt

√ √

Employment Generation

√

4.3 GENERAL

In this chapter, anticipated environmental impacts and proposed mitigation measures for the

proposed bridge has been elaborated. Impact prediction is a way of mapping the environmental

consequences of significant aspects of the proposed plant.

4.4 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES DUE TO PROJECT SITING

The project site is located in the premises. And so it does not involve land acquisition or revamping

activities. Further the land falls under non-planning area.

The existing roads will be used for transportation during construction phase.

4.5 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Use of the existing roads for hauling is to be avoided. If unavoidable, the roads are to be first

strengthened and/or widened so that the present users can continue to use the road and not

severely affected by the hauling operations. Alignment of the haul roads is to avoid agricultural lands

to the extent to the extent possible. In unavoidable circumstance, suitable compensation is to paid

to the people whose land will be temporarily acquired for the duration of the operations. The

compensation is to cover for loss of income for the duration of temporary acquisition and land

restoration. Prior to the construction of haul roads, topsoil is to be preserved and may be used for

tuning of the embankment. Water tankers with suitable sprinkling system are to be deployed along

the haulage roads. Water shall be sprinkled regularly to suppress the airborne dust due to the

dumper/truck movement. The required frequency is to be determined as per site conditions.

Truck/dumpers deployed for the material transportation are to be spillage proof In any case, all haul

roads are to be inspected at least once daily to clear accidental spillage, if any Material stacking sites

56

are to be access controlled for unauthorized entry people grazing cattle and stray animals; Haulage

roads are to be restored with a wearing coat after completion of the operations. The restoration

shall be conforming to the MOST specifications and left for the use by local communities. The

impacts of the construction phase of the project on the environment are as follows:

4.5.1 LAND DISTURBANCE

The present project does not involve any removing of vegetation and reshaping topography as the

land is vacant and leveled.

4.5.2 AIR IMPACT

The major source of air pollution during construction period is from the movement of vehicles for

construction activity. The emissions are from the stationary sources like generator sets during

emergency service only, and air borne dust emissions from cutting and filling of soil and vehicular

movements. The exhaust emission along with the dust emissions resulting from vehicles operating at

site will also add to air impact. Dust suppression by spraying of water will reduce these impacts

considerably. The emission from vehicles will depend on the type and capacity of the vehicles used.

The impact due to additional vehicles plying during the construction period is of temporary nature

and their impact on air quality will not be significant.

4.5.3 NOISE IMPACT

The major sources of noise pollution due to construction activity is from leveling and compacting,

trucks for transportation of construction materials, concrete mixers, asphalt mixing and laying

equipment all add to the general noise level. The noise generated from all construction activities will

be restricted to daytime working hours. Generally the noise will be limited very much within the site

boundary except noise of piling work for pile foundation, the trucks entering and leaving the site.

Hence, noise impact is expected to be minimal. Further the noise impact during construction will be

temporary in nature. The noise level will drop down to the acceptable level, once construction

period will be over.

4.5.4 WATER IMPACT

The impacts on water quality during construction phase mainly arise due to site cleaning,

leveling, excavation, storage of construction material, etc. Ground water will be used for

construction work. The construction phase of the proposed construction will have impact on

ground water. But after construction phase there will not be any water requirement.

57

4.5.5 ECOLOGICAL IMPACT

The proposed High Level Bridge with approach roads will only involve the felling of about 26 trees within the

Row. Out of 26 trees, only 3 trees of Babul species are coming within the Row on the mainland before the Lake

water on Jetty side. Rest of the trees which are mostly palm trees are coming within the Row on island portion

of the Light House Kuppam. Before the construction work starts, many of them will have to be felled for the

proposed Project. The extent of the trees to be felled is to be determined during the detail design stage.

During the detail design stage, the design-construction contractor has to explore all possible options to keep

the number of trees to be felled to a bare minimum keeping the objectives of the proposed project. Most of

the trees within the right of way do not have any significant ecological and/or commercial value but are

planted at random.

The clearing operations of the right of way will not have any other impact on the environmental

attributes as the number of trees to be felled is meager in quantity.

4.5.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT

The construction workers will be mainly employed from the adjacent villages. There will be

considerable beneficiary impact on social life of the people around the site. Displacement of the

people is not required, as site is free of habitation. Therefore, livelihood of the people will not alter.

Hence rehabilitation & resettlement (R&R) is not required.

4.6 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES DURING OPERATIONAL PHASE

4.6.1 AIR QUALITY

The proposed desalination plant will not have any pollutant emission in form of SO2, NOx, and SPM

as there is no fuel involved in the process.

4.6.2 WATER QUALITY

Water supply will be expected to fulfill the entire requirement; however, it is also proposed to

design a sewage treatment plant in such a way that sewage can be recycled for green belt

development and toilet flushing. Effluent generated will be

Generated waste water shall be treated to meet the liquid waste discharge limit. All plant process

drains and plant surface drains after suitable treatment. The waste water generated from the blow

down, bleed off and regeneration will be sent to the effluent treatment plant. The treated water will

be used for dust suppression and greenbelt development.

58

4.6.3 NOISE IMPACT

The exact noise level generation from working place will be identified only after commissioning of

the plant. The operational noise levels of the plant will be measured once the operation of the plant

starts. All units would be housed in closed buildings, which would considerably nullify any

transmission of noise to the outside environment. Maintenance and operating personnel working

within the plant would be provided with adequate personal protection against noise. All the

equipments in the plant are designed/operated to have the noise level not exceeding 85-90 dB(A)

measured at a distance of 1.5 m from the equipment. Also, all the measures would be taken to limit

the noise levels at the plant boundary within stipulated limits.

4.6.4 NOISE MODELING

Noise modeling is done based on the wave divergence formula. Based on this, the sound pressure

level generated by a noise source decreases with increasing distance from the sound source due to

wave divergence. The basic formula for the noise reduction is given below:

Lp2 = Lp1 � 20 log (r2/r1) where,

Lp2 = Sound pressure level in dBA at receptor at r2 from the source

Lp1 = Sound pressure level in dBA at a distance of r1 from the source

Noise level at the plant boundary is calculated considering the natural attenuation. This calculation

was done based on the divergence formula. The noise impact of the proposed desalination plant is

negligible and the impact can be considered as insignificant.

4.6.5 SOLID WASTE

No much solid waste will be generated from the proposed desalination plant. Any minimum waste

generated shall be disposed off through authorized recyclers or to authorized buyers adhering to

Polluters Pays Principle. Proper disposal of solid waste and its management will not pose any

contamination problem to the surrounding environment. No impacts are envisaged due to disposal

of solid waste.

4.6.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT

Proposed site has no inhabitation, permanent structure, vegetation and wildlife. Hence

rehabilitation issues are not involved that could alter the existing socio-economic pattern. Most of

the people around the site have an income directly or indirectly from the proposed project.

Secondary employment will also be generated due to this project, which will enhance the income of

surrounding population.

59

4.6.7 ECOLOGY AND SENSITIVE LOCATIONS

There are no National Park, Sanctuary, Elephant/Tiger Reserve, migratory routes/wildlife corridor

within 10 Km of the project site. The predicted background pollutant concentrations are expected to

be within NAAQS limit. Hence this will not cause any adverse impact on flora and fauna of the

surrounding area. Additional plantation will be done in the area earmarked for greenbelt. This will

improve the aesthetic look of the surrounding area. Neither liquid effluents nor air emissions would

be causative for any adverse impact on flora and fauna.

Greenbelt is developed inside the factory premises covering a total area of about 2.83 Acres. The

unit will also develop the nearby area around the industry for greenbelt. The inter-spaces are laid

with shrubs. The inter-space between trees planted is about 5m. It is proposed to double the tree density in

future.

4.6.8 NOISE & VIBRATION

Both the construction and operation of the proposed high level bridge induce noise impacts. While

the noise impacts during the construction stage can be largely controlled, operation stage impacts

are generally beyond the purview of the department of highway authorities. The sources that cause

much of the noise are the vehicular noise and the noise generated by the construction equipments

4.7 IMPACT MITIGATION

Noise induced by the construction activities is generally intermittent and depends on the type of

specific operation, location, function, equipment usage cycles and attenuates quickly with distance.

Impacts of noise during the construction activities can be largely controlled by the following

measures.

All equipment vehicles deployed for the construction activities shall not be older than 3 years and

regularly maintained.

Work force likely to be exposed to noise leves beyond the theshould limits is to be provided with

protective gears like ear plugs, ear muffs etc. Rotation of personnel which get exposed to noisy

environment, every four hours should be considered as a supplement measure.

Limiting the operations to daytime only particularly in the human settlement areas.

60

Due to the proposed project, the existing settlements near the project site will be exposed to

reatively lower vehicular noise as compared to the present situation due to the smooth traffic flow.

Improved geometries and existing road conditions of the Project will contribute to the reduction of

noise levels.

The Project design characteristics will ensure a more uniform speed as compared to the present

situation. Frequent acceleration/deceleration of the vehicles contributes to increased noise levels.

No blasting work will be carried out for the proposed project work.

4.8 AQUATIC FLORA AND FAUNA

4.8.1 POTENTIAL IMPACTS

The aquatic flora, fauna and the sediment quality are going to affect moderately. The food chain of

bottom dwelling organisms, particularly small fish or prawns moving in and out of the lake water

may get affected during this recuperation period. The construction debris may cover the bottom

dwelling organisms and disturb the food chain.

4.8.2 Impact Mitigation

The benthic flora and fauna in the lake water should be least disturbed. Sediment quality with

respect to the heavy metals is to be watched during the post development stage which is of concern

to the contamination of the lake water in the construction zone.

4.9.0 Fisheries Resources

4.9.1 Potential Impacts

Although the fish spawing grounds and fish catching areas are far away from the project site, there

will migration of some of the marine fisheries that take shelter in and around the project site

especially during the construction period.

4.9.2 Mitigation Measures

Construction operations should be carried out properly with at most care during the breeding

seasons of fishes (July - September). Furthermore dumping of construction waste in the lake water

will be strictly avoided and will be disposed in safe manner at appropriate locations considering the

consequences of the proposed activity. The objective would be to ensure clear of lake water from

any potential contamination arising from the waste due to the construction.

61

4.6.9 RAINWATER HARVESTING

Rain Water Harvesting:

Source: Rain water from open areas

RWH system includes:

Storm water manholes/channels

Sumps

a) Change in surface permittivity and grading

Construction of bridge and roads will change the natural characteristic of the surface. Addition

of impervious surface could add to marginal increase in runoff, which in turn could lead to soil

erosion in case that soil is improperly vegetated.

.

62

CHAPTER 5

5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION ACTION PLAN

5.1 GENERAL

The IEE of the proposed project of High Level Bridge proposal has identified the broad Impacts and

their mitigation measures. An environmental mitigation action plan (EMAP) has been drawn up for

implementing the mitigation measures. The EMAP is presented in Tables 5.1. The IEE report along

with EMAP are to be appended to the construction contracts to do so that the prospective

contractor is clearly aware of the environmental requirements of the proposed project works and

accordingly provide for the same in their bids.

5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION ACTION PLAN

The EMAP broadly comprise;

� Identification of the project action(s) and the environmental attributes those are likely to be

impacted.

� Appropriate mitigation and/or environmental enhancement measures

� Responsible agency for the implementation of the mitigation measures.

� Environmental management and monitoring plan.

5.2.1 ISSUES/PROJECT ACTIONS/ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES:

The project actions, which generally induce environmental Impacts, are clearing operations of the

ROW, temporary traffic diversions during construction period, construction of campsite, haulage

roads, quarry and broowing operations, hauling construction materials, construction of foundation,

substructure and super structure, air and noise pollution at all operational areas from the

construction equipment, plant and machinery, effects on aquatic flora and fauna, sanitation in

workforce camps and plant sites among others.

5.2.2 MITIGATION MEASURES

Appropriate mitigation and/or environmental enhancement measures have been identified for the

different environmental attributes, which are likely to be impacted upon.

63

5.2.3 RESPONSIBILITY FOR IMPLEMENTATION

The EMAP is to be appended to the construction contracts so that the prospective contractor should

aware of the environmental requirements of the proposed construction of the High Level Bridge and

accordingly provide for the same in their bids. The implementation of the EMAP by the contractor is

to be monitored by the Project Implementation Unit (PIU). The concerned Officer(s) under PIU will

oversee and monitor the implementation of EMAP on a day to day basis.

The institutional arrangements for implementation of EMAP are described under Chapter 6.0.

5.2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MONITORING FREQUENCY

A Monitoring mechanism in the form of a control matrix has been framed for overseeing the

implementation of the EMAP. The control matrix is presented in Table 5.2.

5.3 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS AND CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT

The proposed project of the High Level Bridge will adhere to the Technical Specifications based on

the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways Specifications for Road and Bridge Works{1995) and

the conditions of contract. Provisions for protection of environment are included in these

documents, The Specification has, for instance a number of clauses relevant or environmental

concerns. Clause 111 (Precautions for strengthening the Environment) has general requirements for

borrow-pit location, quarry operations control of erosion and pollution, as well as hazardous

substances. The Scope of works (clause 105) specifies attention to first

aid, adequate sanitary arrangements, and regular clearance of rubbish and clearing-up and

restoration of site. Clause 201 on site clearance has requirements to preserve the roadside trees, for

monuments not to be disturbed and for control of erosion and water pollution. It also provides for

removal of roots, overhanging trees and wastes. Clause 306 (Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control)

provides for provision of terms, sediment basins, fibre mats, mulches grasses, slope drains and other

devices to be specified, or directed. It also provides for minimization of areas opened and corrective

actions at Contractor's expense.

64

TABLE 5.1: ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRATION ACTION

Project Actions / Environmental Attributes

Mitigation Measures Responsibilities

ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION PLAN FOR CONST RUCTION STAGE

Setting out and

clearing operations

of ROW

� A two-mom school building and compound

wall of the hospital are to be

constructed/relocated to adjacent locations

in close consultation with local community

leaders.

� Re-location of utilities to adjoining areas of

the Proposed Project.

� Permission for tree felling is to be obtained

from the concern tree cutting authorities or

Department of Forests, Government of

Tamil Nadu.

During right of way clearing operations, any

treasure trove, slabs with epigraphically

evidence or edicts, sculptural or any

material are found and appear to have

historical importance, it should be brought

to the notice of Department of Archaeology,

Government of Tamil Nadu.

The Project implementation

Unit (Highways Department,

Government of Tamil Nadu)

will be required to initiate the

actions for seeking the

permission of tree felling and

re-location of the public

structures/public utilities

within the corridor of Impact.

PI U will co-ordinate and

ensure implementation and

ensure adequacy &

appropriate implementation.

Diversion of traffic Appropriate traffic diversion schemes shall

be implemented so as to avoid

inconvenience due to project

operations to present road users,

particularly during right time.

Proper diversion schemes will ensure

smooth traffic flow which minimizes

accidents, traffic snirl ups, and

commotion.

The diversion / Warming Precautionary

signs should be bold and clearly visible

particularly at night.

Diversion schemes particularly near lake

water (Jetty) should consider the ferrying

of the boats on either side of the lake.

Contractor is responsible for

implementation under

approval from PIU.

PIU will co-ordinate and

ensure implementation and

ensure adequacy & appropriate

implementation

65

� All project operations shall have proper

cladding wherever necessary.

Construction The construction campsite is to be located

away from any local human settlements

and preferably located on lands, which

are not productive presently. The camp

shall have adequate water supply,

sanitation and all requisite infrastructure

facilities. This would minimize

dependence of construction personnel on

outside resources, presently being used

by local populace and minimize

undesirable social friction thereof. The

water supplied to the construction camps

shall be free from Arsenic contamination.

All facilities are to be planned

and implemented by the

contractor under approval by

PIU.

PIU will monitor and ensure


The concerned PIU

personnel will visit the camp

sites at least once in a week for

inspection and compliance.

Camp Sites

� The camp shall have septic tank pit of

adequate capacity so that it can function

property for the entire duration of its use.

� The construction camp shall have rationing

facilities particularly for kerosene/LPG so

that dependence on firewood for cooking is

avoided completely to the extent possible.

The construction camp shall have health

care facilities for adults, pregnant women

and children. All construction personnel

shall be subjected to vaccinations and other

preventive/healthcare measures.

Haulage roads � The alignment of haulage roads (in case of

new ones) transportation link shall be

finalized to avoid the regular routes to the

extent possible. In unavoidable

circumstances, suitable compensation may

be paid to the people whose land will be

temporarily acquired for the duration of

operations. The compensation shall cover

for the loss of income for the duration of

the acquisition and land restoration.

Prior to construction of the approach roads

/ Bridge, topsoil if found suitable and free

The planning, design and

construction / up-gradation of

the existing roads to be used as

haulage roads are

responsibilities of contractor

under approval by PIU.

The concerned PIU

personnel will regularly

monitor and ensure


The PIU personnel will co-

ordinate regularly with the

66

from the adequate silt, shall be preserved

or at least shall be used for any other

useful purposes rather than allowing its

loss by construction activities.

villagers to ensure that their

interests are protected and no

social resentment sets in.

Water tankers with suitable sprinkling

system are to be deployed along the

transportation links. Water, may be

sprinkled with required frequency as per

site conditions all along the site to suppress

the airborne dust due to the truck

movement particularly on unpaved roads.

Roads, which are subjected for huge

material movement, provision for sprinkles

can be made which may become

economical as compared to water

sprinkling by tankers.

The vehicles deployed for material

transportation shall be spillage proof to

avoid or minimize the spillage of the

material during transportation. In any case,

the transportation like are to be inspected

at least twice daily to clear accidental

spillage, if any

The borrow and material dumping sites

must be access controlled to keep away

unauthorized entry of people, grazing cattle

and any other stray animals.

Use of the existing roads should be avoided

for h hauling of materials. If unavoidable,

roads are to first properly strengthen and

for widened so that existing users can also

continue to same road alongside in

dedicated tracks.

After completion of hauling, wearing coat

must be replenished and roads handed

over to local use.

Work sites � All personnel in the work site shall have

protective gears like helmets, boots etc.

so that injuries to the personnel are

All facilities are to be planned

and implemented by the


67

minimized.

Children and pregnant women shall not

be allowed to work under any

circumstances.

No personnel shall be allowed to work at

site for more than 10 hours per day.

Personnel who are likely to be exposed

to noise levels beyond stipulated limits

shall be provided with protective gears

like ear plugs etc. and regularly rotated.

Regular water sprinkling of water shall

be ensured so that dust levels are kept

to minimum

PIU.

�

PIU personnel will monitor and

ensure appropriate

� Implementation.

Construction

Equipment and

Vehicles

� All equipment�s / vehicles deployed for

construction activities shall be regularly

maintained and not older than 3 years.

� Vehicles / equipment�s deployed for

construction activities shall be regularly

maintained for smooth operation, a

measure contributing to air quality and

noise levels.

� Vehicles / equipment�s shall be regularly

subjected for emission tests and shall have

valid POLLUTION UNDER CONTROL

certificates. Revalidation of certificates

shall be done once in a month.

� All vehicles deployed for material

movement shall be spill proof to the extent

possible.

In any case all material movement routes

shall be inspected daily twice to clear off

any accidental spills.


ensuring provision of facilities

under approval by PIU.

The concerned PIU personnel

and other team members of

the PI U will monitor and

ensure appropriate

implementation.

Water Quality &

Drainage Pattern

Impacts arising out of the construction of

the High Level Bridge across the Pulicat

Lake are not likely to impact drainage

pattern of the water.

Adequate precaution is to be taken to

prevent oil / lubricant / hydrocarbon

The planning and construction

of new chute drainage

structures along the approach

roads are responsibilities of the


PIU.


68

contamination of lake water beds.

Spillage if any shall be immediately

cleared with utmost caution to leave no

traces.

� Channel beds are to be cleaned up and

restores to its previous state after

completion of construction but prior to

onset of monsoon.

The sections on both the sides of the

proposed construction site are to be

improved up to a distance of at least 100

m on either side to ease the water

passage in consultation with the PWD,


Adopting mitigate measures like cessation

of operations intermittently for limiting

turbidity, limiting hours of operation to

day time hence recuperation of

turbidity, strict prohibition of disposal of

solid and liquid waste disposal into waters

etc. Good sanitary and hygiene practices

on Lake Waterbeds etc. can largely

minimize Impacts on water quality during

the construction of bridge across the Lake

water. In any case such impacts will be

short term and transitory in nature.

will regularly monitor and

ensure appropriate

implementation.

Borrow areas � Prior approval of all the borrow areas must

be taken from Local concerned regulatory

authorities.

Borrow areas are to be demarcated with

signboards. All operational areas are to be

access controlled particularly for locals and

for gazing cattle.

� The top soil recovered from borrow areas

are to be restored or to be used for turfing

of embankment of the approach road

� All equipment deployed for excavation

shall have appropriate monitoring and

control facilities to improve accuracy of

Sourcing of borrowing

materials and all related

activities like planning and

deployment of the most

optimum number of vehicles

without disregarding the

existing uses in case of exist

linkages and construction/up

gradation of existing / new

haulage roads under approval

by PIU

The concerned personnel lof

69

positioning and excavating depths.

� Scrapping & tamping of the borrowed

areas shall be carried out to minimize

localized depressions & render a smooth

profile.

� Limit operations to day house only.

Rotation of personnel should be

considered to minimize exposure of noise

levels beyond limits.

� Provide protective gear like ear plugs if

necessary to operating personnel which

are likely to be exposed to noise levels

beyond threshold limits.

� All equipment deployed shall be well-

maintained and meet emission norms of

diesel vehicles.

� Demarcate areas identified for operations

and install signboards in regional language

prohibiting unauthorized movement of

locas, similarly personnel / labour

operation on borrow areas shall be

restrained to move in areas which are not

under operation. Movement it warranted

can be only with authorization.

� No labour camps shall be allowed either in

desilting/borrow areas or any other

location which is not authorized.

All borrow areas are to be re-vegetated

with a drainage facility connected to

nearby watercourses to avoid formation of

cesspools during/after monsoon, the side

walls shall have gentle slope.

the PIU will monitor and

ensure appropriate

implementation.

Air Quality & Noise

Level

� All operational areas under project

development like borrow area, jaulage

roads, work sites, construction camp site,

etc are to be regularly monitored (at least

once in a week) for air quality parameters

such as SPM, RPM, SO2, NOX, HC, CO, Pb

etc.,


ensuring the occupationally

healthy environment for all

personnel irrespective of

category under approval of

PIU.

70

� This will ensure identification of

operations/areas of concern with regard to

air pollution and mitigation measures such

as water sprinkling for dust suppression,

permitting construction equipment /

vehicles having pollution under control

certificates will reduce work area

concentration for air pollutants like RPM,

SO2, NOX, HC, CO, etc. and therefore does

not contribute to build up of pollutants.

� Like for air quality, all operational areas

under project development shall be

monitored for noise levels representing all

hours of a typical work shift.

This will ensure identification of

operations/areas of concern with regard to

noise pollution, Operational areas include,

work sites, haulage roads, quarries, borrow

sites etc.

Mitigation measures such as provision of

ear plugs, rotation of personnel, ensuring

regular maintenance/lubrication, limiting

operations to day time etc. will contain

noise levels to permissible/threshold

limits.


will independently monitor

these parameters at least once

a month with a staggered

schedule as that of contractor.

The PIU will have requisition

services of private or

governmental agencies for

undertaking periodic

environmental monitoring if

necessary to ensure

compliance of contractor in this

regard.

Soil erosion and Measures to ensure embankment

stabilization including selection of less

erodable material, good compaction, re-

vegetation, placement of fabions /riprap or

any suitable measures around bridges and

culverts etc. are included in technical

specifications and contract documents.

The engineering measures for countering

soil erosion, slope protection, drainage

wherever required considered for the

proposed project and detailed in the

project design documents.

� Many of impacts on soil can be significantly

Erosion control/embankment

protection measures as

governed by local site

conditions shall be prepared by

contractor under approval of

PIU

The concerned personnel of


ensure appropriate

implementation.

conservation

71

mitigated by some of the following

measures.

a) Minimising area of ground clearance only

to the extent required.

b) Balancing the filling and cutting of earth to

the extent possible

c) Avoiding creation of cut slopes and

embankments which are of an angle

greater than natural angle of repose for

locally available soil type.

d) Replanting disturbed area(s) immediately

after disturbance due to construction has

stopped and NOT after construction has

been completed.

Wet Mix Plants � Wet mix plants shall be at least 500m away

from any human settlements and

preferably located on leeward side.

As mentioned elsewhere under this section

all such plant/sites shall be located on

barred/uncultivable lands. Diversion of

cultivable/agricultural lands, even

preferred by local people for economic

gain shall not be allowed unless otherwise

warranted by specific local conditions.


ensuring an occupationally

healthy and hazard free

environment for all personnel

irrespective of category

under approval areas.

PIU will monitor and ensure

appropriate Implementation.

Loss of Top soil � Clearing operations within the right of way

and at all places of operational areas like

borrow areas, work sites, labour camps,

construction of new/up-gradation of

existing to new haulage roads, wet mix

plants, storage areas etc. shall consider

preservation of top soil to the extent

possible.

The topsoil can be restored to its initial

place after the specific activity is

completed for which the area was vacated,

or for enriching some other place like

embankment slopes for (erosion protective


ensuring a proper utilization of

fertile top soil under approval

of PIU.

The PIU will monitor and

ensure appropriate

implementation.

72

measure. The topsoil can also be used for

supporting re-plantation activities within

right of way.

Loss of

access

The construction works may often lead to

Temporary loss of the routine access from

one side of the lake to the other side

especially boat ferrying activities.

Efforts shall be directed for minimizing

such situations or suggest and provide the

alternative routes.

The local people shall be taken into

confidence through opening up of the

communication with local populace and

or community leaders.


ensuring the minimum

disturbance to local populace

due to operations and

provides alternatives wherever

access is lost due to operations

and restores it as soon as

possible under approval of PIU.



ensure appropriate

implementation.

Location of The location of campsite, storage depots

shall preferably on unproductive lands.

Use of agricultural/cultivable lands shall

not be allowed under any circumstances.

All fuel loading, unloading, storage areas

shall be spill proof, leakage proof and

carried out on impervious/paved areas.

The site shall have suitable system to

drain storm water, sanitary facilities and

should not contaminate Lake Water.

The site shall also have a system for

handling any emergency situation like

fire, explosion etc.

The Contractor is

Campsite,

storage

responsible for ensuring the

depots suggested actions under

approval of PIU.



ensure appropriate

implementation.

Storage of The areas intended for storage of

hazardous materials shall be

quarantined and provided with

adequate facilities to combat

emergency situations complying all

applicable statutory stipulations.

The personnel in charge of such areas

shall be properly trained, licensed and


ensuring an occupational

healthy and hazard free

environment for all personnel

also for communities in and

around all operational areas

under approval of PIU



hazardous

materials (if

required)

73

with sufficient experience.

� The areas shall be access controlled and

entry shall be allowed only under

authorization.

ensure appropriate

implementation.

Tree plantation The tree plantation is to be

implemented for the proposed project for

the retrieval of green cover.

According to the concern tree cutting

authority, such re-plantation should be

implemented.

Along the approach roads near the lake

water or the appropriate location as per

the tree cutting authority instructions,

trees may be planted.

The project implementing

agency High ways Department

will be required to initiate

consultation with the

concerned authorities for

Seeking tree felling permission

and re-plantation plan shall

cover for the maintenance of

the saplings for at least two

years.


PIU will co-ordinate and

ensure implementation of

tree plantation plan during the

implementation period.

Aquatic Flora and � Sediment quality with respect to the heavy

metals is to be watched during the post

development stage which is of concern to

the contamination of the lake water in the

construction zone.

The construction work of the High Level

Bridge should be carried out in a proper

fashion which tends to reduce the

disturbance to the surrounding

environment especially lake water and it

inhabitants i.e. benthic flora and fauna



ensure appropriate

implementation.

Fauna

74

Project Actions / Environmental Attributes

Mitigation Measures Responsibilities

ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION PLAN FOR CONSTRUCTION STATE

Air Quality & Noise

Level

� The major human settlements along the

proposed project which are adjacent to

the project are to be regularly monitors for

air quality parameters such as SPM, RPM,

SO2, NOX, HC, CO, Pb etc.

� The monitoring will determine the extent

of the improvement / deterioration due to

project operation and also ensure

identification of operations / areas of

concern with regard to air pollution.

� Like for air quality, selected sensitive areas

along project corridor like hospitals,

schools, human settlements which were

considered under baseline monitoring

during IEE studies may be monitored for

noise level both during day time and night

level.

� The monitoring may be carried out at least

ONCE in THREE months, each monitoring

lasting for full 24 hours covering both day

and night time.

The monitoring will enable to determine

either improvement/deterioration of noise

level due to operation of the proposed

project and also identify areas which are

experiencing high noise levels as compared

to present situation and necessity of any

noise mitigation measures.

The PIU will take care for the

environmental management

and environmental monitoring

on quarterly basis.


PIU will have to take care of

the monitoring of the air

quality and noise parameters at

least once in three months.

The PUI will have requisition

services of private /

governmental agencies for

undertaking periodic

environmental monitoring.

The PIU is to be responsible for

regular monitoring and

quarterly environmental status

reports.

The tree plantation

within the project

corridor

The green cover of the proposed project

shall be maintained and regularly watered

as per the schedule.

The PIU will have to monitor

the maintenance and upkeep

of vegetation for at least two

years.

75

Lake & Ground

Water Quality

� Monitor water quality for Physico-

chemical parameters as per IS:7961 after

completion of operations and to check the

status of the water quality.

� The monitoring of the lake water may be

carried out at least ONCE in THREE months

for the period of two years

In case of the ground water in settlement

areas near to the project site, sampling will

be done for pre monsoon and post

monsoon seasons for the period of two

years.

The PIU will have to take the

monitor water quality

parameters for at least two

years after the construction

stage.

Aquatic Flora &

Fauna

Aquatic flora and fauna i.e.

phytoplankton�s and zooplanktons will be

monitored of their status after completing

the construction stage of the proposed

project as per IS:7967

The PIU will take care of the

monitoring of the aquatic flora

and fauna.

76

CHAPTER 6

6.0 GENERAL

6.0 INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

The institutional requirements for implementation of environmental mitigation action plan are

presented in this section.

6.1 INSTITUTIONAL SETUP AND CO ORDINATION

The monitoring and evaluation of the EMAP is critical activity in ascertaining the effectiveness of

mitigation measures and controlling the adverse environmental impact of the project.

The project implementation Unit (PIU) Department of Highways has the responsibility in

implementing the environmental mitigation measures. The responsibility also includes the notifying

the affected parties, their relocation and notifying the utility departments such as telephones, water

supply, electricity etc. which use the approach roads for providing the utility services.

PIU will get the EMAP implemented by incorporating EMAP requirements in the contractual

agreement along with the provision of penalties to be levied if the contractor fails to comply with

the prescribed conditions.

6.1.1 DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS (DOH)

DOH shall initiate coordination process among the concerned organizations for EMAP

implementation. DOH shall take lead in:

� Reviewing the progress of the projects and plans particularly in respect of the EMAP.

� Reviewing and discussing the salient features of the quarterly environmental status reports

prepared by the concerned authorities.

� Organizing and coordinating training programs for all the PIU and related organizations.

� The PIU (DOH) is responsible for both environmental planning and management. It will also be

responsible for coordinating the environmental related works and ensuring preparation and

implementation of sectoral and project level EMAP for the Proposed Bridge projects.

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6.1.2 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AGENCY / UNIT (PIA / PIU)

The responsibility of implementing the various environmental mitigation measures lies with DOH as

PIU. The responsibility included various tasks such as notifying various affected persons (informal

vendors in this case), utility departments-government and private. Which use road/bridge for

providing utilities.

6.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT & CAPACITY BUILDING

DOH will take initiative at implementation stage for Environment Management & Capacity Building

(EMCB). PIU shall be responsible for:

Review institutional capacity of PIU vis-a-vis environmental management in general and

addressing environmental issues of TEAP in particular.

Identify organizational needs in terms of structure, resources {facilities, and staff), roles and

responsibilities in DOH.

Develop and plan training programme including:

Identification of different training modules covering various courses at different

levels {initial and recurring)

Identification of trainers.

Development of training programs for each module

Development of training material for each module (slides, videos and

information support material)

Planning a training schedule

Development of a mechanism for training feedback assessment.

Conduct or organise training program according to the above program and provide feedback

on the effectiveness of the training.

Coordinate the monitoring and supervision in coordination with ADB in relation to

environmental issues during project implementation by:

Helping to develop uniform codes of practice for construction management that integrate all

relevant environmental concerns upstream in subprojects (based on a review of what

currently exists within the PIU's)

Assisting in supervision of studies to be undertaken under the project, for example study on

noise levels along the project road to be undertaken in order to map the noise levels w.r.t.

sensitive receptors with a view to recommend adequate mitigation measures.

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6.1.4 PROJECT CONTRACTOR

The project contractor is the lower most agency in the multi-level institutional arrangement. The

contractor shall implement the EMAP measures, enhancement measures and measures as directed

by PIU. The responsibility on the contractor for implementing the EMAP measures shall be built into

contractual agreement that the contractor has with PIU. The PIU shall review and approve the ECR

submitted by the contractor. After approval PIU will forward ECR to ADB. This after review and

monitoring will be submitted to IPM for confirmation to implement of environmental mitigation

measures. Then accordingly report will be submitted to the Asian Development Bank.

6.2 INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING

The implementation of an environmentally sound transport strategy involves a number of

institutions/organizations at various levels, with each organization having a distinct role to play.

Introducing environmental dimensions in formulating and implementing a transport strategy would

require these institutions should have additional responsibilities for ensuring that the strategy does

not result in any significant adverse environmental Impacts.

In order to examine the existing capacities and identify the additional responsibilities that the

concerned Organizations/Institutions shall take up to address environmental issues.

DOH is the apex organization and being the regional planning authority has to be regular interactions

with various concerned Agencies. The existing capabilities of these organization/agencies for

environmental management have been carefully assessed. The envisaged roles and responsibilities

of these organization�s and additional strengthening requirements to meet the environmental

obligations are given in Table 6.1.

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Organization Roles & Responsibilities Strengthening Required

DOH/ADB Review the implementation of

EMAP

Facilitate implementation of policy

directives/emission laws etc. for

pollution prevention/mitigation by

interacting with various Govt.

Department viz., Environment, PCB

and PWD etc.,

Review the environmental

management capabilities of

implementation contractors to assist

them in developing their capabilities.

Obtain and analyze environmental

information generated by

organizations like TNPCB, or private

agencies etc.

Enhance the capabilities of the

PIU by out sourcing whenever

required. Training coordinated

by DOH to support the

EMCB programme on

� Environmental assessment

� Appreciation of

environmental Impacts and

procedures and

responsibilities for EMAP

implementation,

monitoring & reporting etc.

DOH/ Monitoring of ambient air quality,

noise level, surface and

underground water quality and

aquatic flora and fauna at existing

project locations. Extending

monitoring for post project

monitoring.

Regular report to DOH to enable

enviornmental planning

The contractor will monitor and

ensure appropriate

implementation during the

project construction stage.

DOH will have to operate air

quality, noise level, water

sampling, aquatic flora & fauna

monitoring programme during

post project through the state

PCB or private monitoring

agency which has already have

trained personnel. Training &

relation to Quality Assurance

and dissemination and other

issues as suggested in the

report.

Contractor

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6.2.1 ROLE OF IMPLEMENTING AUTHORITIES IN CONSTRUCTION PHASE

MITIGATION

Implementing Organizations for construction Stage mitigation

The project implementing authorities like DOH has major role in enforcement mitigation of

measures during construction phase. These measures can be taken care by the contractors assigned

the project under supervision of implementation authorities.

Mechanisms for implementing Mitigation

The project implementing agency shall include a section in their tender document for the project,

which is aimed at getting the mitigation measure implemented during construction stage. Various

points recommended for incorporation as:

� Construction should be scheduled in such a manner that excaved site does not remain exposed

during monsoons.

� Construction should be taken up stage wise to reduce inconvenience to users.

� Covering trucks carrying construction sites for the reasons of public safety, containment of dust

and aesthetics.

� Specifications of noise level for construction equipment. Values recommended are

Drilling 75 dB (A)

Vibrato 75 dB (A)

Dumper 75 dB (A)

Assurance from the Contractor that noise level shall not be exceeded the ambient noise standards of

50 dB (A) during day time and 40 dB (A) as project site is sensitive receptor which includes hospital

and school. Specifications for operating construction equipment away from sensitive receptor,

unless it is not feasible, in which case temporary noise shield to be used.

Specification for the sites to be used for the disposal of the excavated material at the DOH specified

sites.

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CHAPTER 7

7.0 ADDITIONAL STUDIES

7.1 RISK ASSESSMENT

Any new proposal activity involving any hazardous chemical named or classified in the various

schedules under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986/Hazardous Waste (Management and

Handling) Rules 1989 attracts compliance with the rules. Though there is no handling of any

hazardous chemicals in this project, a brief risk assessment study was undertaken for the proposed

project.

The major elements of the Risk Assessment include:

Hazard & Operability (HAZOP) Studies for identification of hazards and vulnerable sections of the

storage,

Consequence Analysis for various release scenarios,

Presentation of damage contour for worst damage from fire or explosion

Risk Assessment and

Provision of guidelines for emergency preparedness based on the findings of the risk analysis.

The details of the present study are:

1) Hazard Identification and Visualization of Credible Accident Scenarios

Identification of hazards,

Analysis of past accident data to develop the credibility of worst accident scenarios and

Visualization of Credible Accident scenarios (CAS).

2) Analysis of CAS

Analysis of identified CAS and quantification of effects pertaining to the cases of:

Outflow and releases

Heat radiation

Explosion

Application of damage criteria for heat radiation and explosion.

Presentation of damage contours for worst damages from fire or explosion.

Effect of the proposed project on neighboring areas (including cascade effects if any).

3) Risk Assessment based on the individual Risk Contour Plots and

4) Guidelines for emergency planning and other safety recommendations based on the studies.

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7.1.1 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION USING PHA TECHNIQUES

This is a construction of bridge project. Hence the corrosive hazard, fire hazard, toxic hazard and

explosive hazard will not be generated in the above project. Hence the risk is not generated in any

area till the work complete.

As per NFPA rating system it has been characterized by the �Diamond Shape� that is actually a

�Square on point� shape. It identifies the hazards of a material and the degree of severity of the

health, flammability, and instability hazards. Hazard severity is indicated by a numerical rating that

ranges from zero (0) indicating a minimal hazard, to four (4) indicating severe hazard. The hazards

are arranged spatially as follows: health at nine o'clock position, flammability at twelve o�clock

position, and instability at three o'clock position. In addition to the spatial orientation that can be

used to distinguish the hazards, they are also color‐coded as follows: blue for health, red for

flammability, and yellow for instability. The six o'clock position on the symbol represents special

hazards and has a white background. The special hazards in use are W, which indicates unusual

reactivity with water and is a caution about the use of water in either firefighting or spill control

response, and OX, which indicates that the material is an oxidizer.

7.1.2 BASED ON FIRE & EXPLOSION INDEX

The next stage of hazard identification involves the estimation of Fire & Explosion Indices for the

project in the facility to give the relative severity of the project from the fire angle. These are

evaluated from the knowledge of the Material Factor, General Process Hazard (GPH) and Special

Process Hazard (SPH) factors. Material Factor (MF) is the measure of the energy potential of a

particular chemical or its mixture with other chemicals. GPH and SPH are evaluated by taking into

account the exotherm or endotherm of a reaction, material handling and transfer hazards,

accessibility, severity of process conditions and possibilities, dust and other explosions, inventory

level of flammable material, etc. The F&EI value is then calculated as the product of MF, GPH and

SPH. Detailed fire and explosion indexing were carried out for the major sections of the proposal.

Fire & Explosion Indices (F&EI) for the entire storage unit in the Plant have been estimated to give

the relative degree of severity of the units using the criteria given below:

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Index Range Degree of Hazard

1-60 Light

61- 96 Moderate

97-127 Intermediate

128-158 Heavy

>159 Severe

7.1.3 HAZOP STUDIES

Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) is a powerful tool for identifying hidden design inadequacies

and understanding operational mistakes that may lead to incidents or accidents. This will, in turn,

help in taking suitable remedial measures.

The principle of HAZOP is that accidents occur when operations are conducted under conditions that

deviate from the desired intentions. Therefore, HAZOP starts by understanding the design intentions

of a particular line or a vessel and finds out meaningful deviations that can occur in the process. The

process then is to understand these deviations and the consequences of these deviations, and

detect which of these consequences will result in a major hazard.

7.1.4 PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE

The overall probability of occurrence was found to be extremely low (10-7).

7.2 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.2.1 EMERGENCY PLANNING FOR DISASTER

A major disaster that can be expected in project might be due to cyclones and rare occasion of

Tsunami also. More over Thiruvallur area comes under heavy rainfall area and the flooding of rivers.

7.2.3 ONSITE EMERGENCY PLAN

To meet any major emergency during the construction , the following on site plan are laid down.

Emergency personnel�s responsibilities during normal working hours are as follows:

84

Site controller:

He will retain overall responsibility of the factory and its personnel. As soon as he is informed of the

emergency he shall proceed to the control room and meet the communication officer. His duties

are:

Assess the magnitude of situation and decide for evacuation of staff etc. from their assembly

points.

Direct operational control over areas other than those affected.

Maintain continuous review of possible development and assess in consultation with the

incident controller and other responsible persons for further actions.

Contact senior officers of Fire Bridge, police, medical and factory inspector etc.

Issues authorized statements to news media and ensure that evidence is preserved for

enquiries.

Incident controller:

On hearing of the emergency he will rush to the scene of the occurrence and take over all charge

and report to site controller.

He will:

Direct all operations within the affected area with priorities for safety of personnel,

minimum damage to plant, property environment and minimize loss of materials.

Pending arrival of site controller assume the duties of his part and in particular direct

shutting down, evacuation of plant, areas, ensure that all key personnel and outside help is

called in Report all the significant developments to the site controller.

Fire and Security officer:

He is responsible for fighting. On hearing the alarm he will reach at the site immediately and advise

fire and security staff in the factory in the incidence zone. He will also contact immediately and

advise fire and security staff in the factory in the incidence zone. He will also contact immediately

through telephone or messenger the incident and site controllers that an incident has occurred in

such and such zone. He will open the nearby gate of incidence area and standby to direct the

emergency.

Departmental Heads:

They will report to incident controller and provide assistance as required. They will decide which

member of their staff, they require at the scene.

85

Engineer in-charge and Electricians:

They will report to the site of incident and close down the services as requested by the incident

Controller.

Shift in-charge:

Immediately after he becomes aware of the emergency and its location, he will assess the scale of

the incident and direct all operations within the affected areas with following properties:

Minimize damage, environment, minimize loss of materials

Inform other engineers, assistants as to what services will or will not be required.

Hand over charge of operations to the incident controller when he arrives on scene.

Fire and security officer:

On hearing the alarm, he shall rush to the gate, advise the fire and security staff of the incident zone

and cancel the alarm and on advice of the shift in-charge inform the local fire brigade. He will

through messengers / runner/ telephone (if working) on advise shift in-charge tell the staff to

evacuate the assembly points open the gate nearest to incident site and standby to direct the

emergency. He shall also call out the responsible persons.

First Aid Team:

Member of the first aid team is report to the shift in-charge /incident controller on hearing the

alarm. The first aider shall inform the shift executive in-charge, giving the name of the patient and

destination i.e. the hospital of doctor�s room and request the incident / shift controller to inform the

destination (hospital etc.) advising them about the casualties reaching there.

Fire fighting with Fire Extinguishers:

To deal with fires other than carbonaceous fires which can be dealt with by water suitable fire

extinguishers are required to do the job effectively. It is, therefore, necessary adequate numbers of

extinguishers are kept in readiness at easily approachable places.

Adequate numbers of �fire station� are established, which house and keep in readiness of the

following types of equipment and arrangements:

CO2 Extinguishers

Dry Powder Chemical Extinguishers

Foam Extinguishers

Fire buckets

50mm spray hoses upto 150 m length.

86

Appropriate types of fire extinguishers are provided at conveyor drive heads, crusher house, control

rooms, in machines like stacker, reclaimer, electrical yard, sub-station and other infrastructural

facilities within the premises In the transformer yard, automatic fire detecting and quenching system

are provided for each transformer. This system will come into operation whenever the temperature

of surrounding air exceeds 800oC and spray water over the transformer to prevent spreading of fire

and quench the same. In order to avoid fire in cable galleries, all the power and control cables of

FRLS type (Fire Resistant Low Smoke) are used. In addition fire detecting and fire alarm systems are

installed in the cable galleries.

Inspection:

Fire alarm panel (electrical) would cover the entire plant. Fire Extinguishers in Fire Stations and

machines and other places are periodically inspected by the inspection group.

Emergency telephone number boards are displayed at vital points by the groups. General

inspections for fire are being regularly carried out by the group.

7.2.4 OFFSITE EMERGENCY PLAN

Since it is close to the coastal area and Thiruvallur is more bourne to cyclone and rare occasion of Tsunami

also. More over Thiruvallur area comes under heavy rainfall area and the flooding of rivers, so off site

emergency plan is necessary for the bridge. When the disaster like cyclone or Tsunami it is necessary to involve

Govt. resources to control such emergency.

Probability for OffSite Emergency

S.No Scenario

1. Cyclone

2. Tsunami

87

CHAPTER 8

8.0 PROJECT BENEFITS

8.1 GENERAL

This chapter includes the benefits accruing to the locality, neighborhood, region and nation as a

whole. It should bring out details of benefits by way of:

By constructing the bridge people and students living in the island gets benefit, they can

cross the water by their own.

Improvements in the physical infrastructure by way of addition of project infrastructure

Improvements in the social infrastructure like roads, railways, townships, housing, water

supply, electrical power, drainage, educational institutions, hospitals, effluent treatment

plants, improved waste disposal systems, improved environmental conditions, etc.

8.2 BENEFITS OF PROJECT

In tsunami this area affected lot and people living in the area don�t have facility to escape from

there, so decided to construct a bridge , it will help the people to transport their basic needs from

one side to other side easily. By constructing the bridge the basic needs of all people will be

obtained.

8.3 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

The community structure will be benefited by generation of employment during construction phase.

This particulate project will require more man power to construct the bridge. The local people will

get the employment.

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CHAPTER 9

9.0 COST ESTIMATE

9.1 EMAP COST ESTIMATE

The broad Cost estimates of the environmental mitigation measures works out to some 13 lakhs.

The construction works of the proposed High Level Bridge have been estimated at about 15 crores

and the estimate is some 1 % of the investment cost of the proposed project. The EMAP cost

estimate along with its breakup is presented in Table 9.1.

Table 9.1: EMAP Cost Estimate

Sl.

No.

Item no. Assumption Rate

Adopted (in Rs.)

Total Cost

(in Rs.)

Construction Phase

1 Air Quality

Monitoring

One representative sample for 24

hours for each location (2x6) samples

for a period of 18 months for two

representative locations.

10,000/-per

sample

1,20,000

2 Noise Monitoring One representative sample for 24

hours for each location (2x6) samples

for a period of 18 months for two

representative locations

1,500/-per day 18,000

3 Water quality

monitoring

Two representative samples that

include one surface water and one

ground water sample Surface Water

(1 x 6) for a period of 18 months

Underground Water (1 x 6) for a

period of 18 months

1000/-per

sample

6,000

6,000

12,000

4 Monitoring of

Aquatic flora and

fauna

1 representative sample along with

its location for aquatic flora and

fauna for a period of 18 months

(1x1x6)

1500/- per

location

9,000

5 Tree Felling

plantation and

26 nos 1400/tree 36,400

89

maintenance for a

period of 2 years

6 Sewage / Effluent

disposal and waste

disposal during

construction

LS 50,000 /- 50,000

7 Dust suppression

Measures

18 months 50,000 per

month

9,00,000

11,45,4 0 Contingencies @ 5% 57,270

Total Amount 12,02,67 0

Operational Phase 1 Air Quality

Monitoring

One representative sample for 24

hours (1x8) samples for a period of 2

years

10,000/- per

sample

80,000

2 Noise Monitoring One representative sample for 24

hours (1x8) samples for a period of 2

years

1,500/-per

day

12,000

3 Water quality

monitoring

Two representative samples that

include one surface water and one

ground water sample Surface

Water (1x8) for a period of 2 years

8,000

Underground Water (1 x 4) for a

period of 2 years

4,000

12,000

4 Monitoring of

Aquatic flora and

fauna

1 representative sample along with

its location for aquatic flora and

fauna for a period of 2 years (1x1x8)

1500/- per

location

12,000

Total 1,16,000 Contingencies @ 5% 5,800

Total /Amount 1,21, 800 GRAND TOTAL 13,24,470

90

CHAPTER 10

10.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

10.1 INTRODUCTION

An Environmental Management brings upon continuity to the EIA Process and helps optimization of

environmental benefits at each stage of project development. Environmental Management Plan

(EMP) is required to ensure sustainable development in the area of proposed project. Hence it needs

to be an all-encompassing plan for which the project, Governing bodies and Regulating agencies like

the Central/ State Pollution Control boards and for the most part the public of the region need to

extend their cooperation and contribution.

Overall, through impact assessment it has been identified that the project area will not be affected

significantly. Mitigation measures at the source level and an overall Management Plan at the site is

elicited in order to maintain and enhance the exiting environment.

In order to keep in line with the social and economic development of the project area, a set of

mitigation measures are recommended towards protecting and conserving the environment.

Construction phase impacts are primarily short spanned and restricted to the proposed project area

and is not to be envisaged to a larger scale.

However, an EMP is delineated on the following;

Mitigation measures for each of the causing the environmental impact,

Monitoring plan for checking activities and environmental parameters and monitoring

responsibilities.

10.2 MITIGATION MEASURES AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

Each of the activities during construction and operational phases are considered and suitable

mitigation measures have been suggested.

The below Table elaborates on the mitigation measures for the activities considered to be causing

environmental impact.

91

Activity Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures

Site Clearing & Construction Air

Land

Water

Noise

Socio economy

Water Spraying during earth work

for dust suppression

Well maintained vehicles will be

used for transportation and

movement of material

Metaled road for Vehicle

movement

Top soil excavated will be

conserved and utilized for

Landscaping and Gardening

Site barricading will be done

during construction

Well maintained equipment will

be utilized to prevent noise

generation

Personal Protective Equipment

will be used by all workers

Labour force will be sourced

locally

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CHAPTER 11

11.0 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

11.1 FINDINGS

The following are the findings of the IEE of the proposed High Level Bridge across the Pulicat Lake to

Pasiyavaram Village.

� The IEE of the proposed project indicates an economic investment and is beneficial for the local

economy of the Kuppams and villages. In fact the proposed project on the bridge has been earlier

identified as high priority project under the prioritization study and investment plan of the Tamil

Nadu Government.

� The Project is largely confined to the minimum right of way in the lake water. The land acquisition

will be restricted to minimum in waterway as well as on the land. As per the Coastal Regulated Zone

Notification, the proposed will require the CRZ clearance from the Department of Environment,

Government of Tamil Nadu / MoEF, Government of India as per the regulations and their

requirements. Consent for establishment is also required from Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board,


� The corridor of Impact/right of way of the proposed bridge project does not traverse through

sanctuary area, reserve forests and sensitive natural habitats.

� The corridor of Impact does not have any historical/archeologically important monuments and

heritage sites.

� The proposed project will involve clearing of a very small number of trees (about 26 in number)

within the RoW. Although the loss of trees due to the proposed project will be apparent on short

term, impacts will not-be significant on long term. As per the stipulations of the Concerned Tree

Cutting Authority, it is mandatory to seek prior permission for tree felling and accordingly saplings

are to be planted for every tree felled during/after the project. The replanted saplings are to be

maintained for at least two years and funded by the project authorities, Department of Highways,


� The water requirements for construction will be largely met through the water tankers sourced

from outside of the project region.

93

� Project specific haulage roads are to be built and will be replenished with wearing coat after the

completion of hauling. During the hauling operations, measures will be enforced to ensure the

environment protection, namely, sprinkling of water to contain dust, spillage-proof vehicles for

hauling, regular maintenance of vehicles and monthly re-validation of vehicle emission test

certificate. In case, existing road network is to be used, the roads are to be upgraded widened /

strengthened as required so that movement of haulage vehicles will not affect the existing

users/local communities.

� Work force camp for the construction works is to be provided with adequate water supply, septic

tank with soak away pits, health care facilities and rationing of LPG to negate dependence on fuel

wood.

� The IEE has identified likely impacts and has defined mitigation measures in the form of an

environmental mitigation action plan (EMAP). These mitigation measures are to be implemented

and monitored. A control matrix showing responsibilities and monitoring frequency of mitigation

measures is defined. The IEE is to be included in the construction contract provisions so that the

prospective contractors are aware of the environmental requirements of the proposed project and

accordingly provide for in their bids.

� A project implementation Unit (PIU) is required for the implementation of the EMAP. The PIU will

manage and oversee the implementation of the EMAP by the contractors. The environmental

monitoring will be executed by a competent agency on the approved list of the Central Pollution

Control Board, Government of India or Tamil Nadu.

� Provision has been made in the project cost estimate for the implementation of the environmental

mitigation / enhancement measure for both/construction and initial 2-year operation period.

8.2 Recommendations

The environmental attributes likely to be impacted due to the project have been identified, assessed

and appropriate mitigation measures have defined to negate or limit the impacts. An Environmental

Mitigation Action Plan has been suggested for implementation. Therefore, the construction of the

proposed High Level Bridge across Pulicat Lake in Chennai-Pulicat Lake Road to Pasiyavaram in

Ponneri taluk of Thiruvallur district is unlikely to have any long-term impacts. Consequently no

further detailed environmental Impact assessment studies are required as per present and likely

future environmental scenario of the proposed project.

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CHAPTER 10

10.0 CONCLUSION

The overall assessment shows that the adverse effects on environment are insignificant in comparison to their

benefits and advantages through its proposed activity.

In the light of all the discussions and findings in the preceding sections, it can be concluded that the

construction of the proposed High Level Bridge across Pulicat Lake to Pasiyavaram in Ponneri taluk of

Thiruvallur district will not have any adverse impacts and will be an environmentally beneficial

option contributing to uplift of the economy of the kuppams on the Pasiyavaram side and is very

useful as an escape root for those reside in the island as well transporting emergency response

operations required for humanitarian aid, personnel and equipment to the affected site.

Documents

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT · 2017. 8. 17. · environmental impact assessment report for the proposed construction of high level bridge across pulicat lake connecting