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EIA
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K.M
. Sai
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slam
, IW
FM, B
UET Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Professor Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM)Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)
Dr. A.K.M. Saiful Islam
Training Course on ‘Training Course on Project appraisal, EIA and Formulation of DPP’
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Lecture Topicn Major Environmental Parametersn Potential Impact on infrastructure development
projects¨ Example-1: Road Projects of LGED
n National Policies, Strategies and Regulatory Framework
n Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)n Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
¨ Example-1: Road Project¨ Example-2: Bridge Project
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PHYSICAL
ECOLOGY
HUMAN
Environmental Parameters is components of environment. It can be grouped into major components.
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Physical Parametersn Regional Hydrology / Floodingn Drainage congestion/ Water Loggingn Erosion and Siltationn Dust and Noise Pollutionn Water Pollutionn Soil characteristics/ Soil Fertilityn Groundwater Table
Floods
Drainage Congestion
River Bank Erosion
Dust Pollution
Declining Groundwater tableDhaka city
Water pollution From industries
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Ecological Parametersn Fisheriesn Forestn Wildlife and Biodiversityn Solid Wastesn Nuisances Plant / Eutrophicationn Wetland and Wetland Habitatn Terrestrial Habitat n Tree plantation / Urban Vegetationn Wastewater
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Human Interest (Economic Impact)n Loss of Agricultural Landsn Loss of Top soil of Agricultural landsn Employment opportunityn Industrial Activities n Irrigation Facilities n Navigation/ Boat Communicationn Road Communication / Transportationn Agricultural Development n Landscape
Agriculture
Employment
Industry
NavigationLandscapeRoad Communication
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Quality of Life Values (Social Impact)
n Health and Well beingn Sanitation and Pure Water Supplyn Education / Literacy n Road Safetyn Slum Improvement
Primary School
Slum improvement
Community clinicDrinking water supply
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Potential Impacts on Environment
n A change in system exerts certain influence onmany different environmental parametersresulting a net positive or negative impact onthe environment.
n Potential Impact on Environment will be demonstrated through a Infrastructural development project: Thana Road project of LGED.
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Ecological Impactn (a) Fisheries:
¨ (-) Roads prevent longitudinal and lateral migration of fishes in the flood plain
¨ (-) Obstruct movement of fishes onto natural feeding and breeding grounds in the flood plain.
n (b) Forest:¨ (-) Roads running through forest
area and plantations may be the cause of destruction of trees in the forest and alteration of ecology of the forest.
Fisheries
Fish breeding ground
Road running through forest
Example: LGED Thana Road Project
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Ecological Impactn (c) Plantation:
¨ (+) The roadsides may be used for plantation of trees which is favorable impact of road construction.
n (d) Wetland and Wetland Habitant: ¨ (-) The road may encroach
wetlands which may alter the ecology of wetlands and may cause destruction of wetland habitat.
n (e) Nuisance Plant/Eutrophication:¨ (-) The Roads running through
forest area and plantations may be the cause of destruction of trees in the forest and alteration of ecology of the forest.
Roadside plantation
wetland
Eutrophication
Example: LGED Thana Road Project
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Physico-chemical Impact
n (a) Erosion and Siltation¨ (-) causes erosion during
flood and siltation in the downstream.
n (b) Drainage Congestion /Water logging¨ (-) roads interfere with cross
drainage and can cause flooding or drainage congestion in adjacent areas during periods of high precipitation.
¨ (-) May cause crop damage, water pollution and breeding of mosquitoes.
Road erosion
Road side water logging
Example: LGED Thana Road Project
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Physical Impactn (c) Regional Hydrology/Flooding
¨ (-) Roads constructed across flood plains perpendicular to the direction of water flow cause back water effect and increase duration, frequency and extent of flooding in the up stream.
n (d) Obstruction to Waste water flow¨ (-) Roads may obstruct the
drainage of sewage and industrial waste water loading to serious pollution problem.
n (e) Dust /Noise Pollution¨ (-) Dust raised from unpaved rural
roads and blown by the vehicles can pose a health hazard and damage vegetation along the sides of the road. Dust pollution
Road obstruction to drainage
Example: LGED Thana Road Project
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Impact on Human Interest
n (a) Loss of Agricultural Lands¨ (-) Construction of any road is
associated with the loss of agricultural lands.
n (b) Generation of Employment Opportunities ¨ (+) Construction of road generates
temporary employment during project implementation and permanent employment during maintenance phase.
n (c) Navigation and Boat Communication ¨ (-) Roads interference with navigation
and boat communication at least for certain period of the year.
Agricultural land
Road construction
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Impact on Human Interestn (d) Transportation and Road
communication¨ (+) Transportation of people and goods from
one place to another saving time and cost.n (e) Tourism
¨ (+) Easy movement due to road improvement has a positive impact on tourism, flourishing tourism at local as well as international level.
n (f) Industrial Activities ¨ (+) Road communication promotes industrial
activities.n (g) Irrigation Facilities
¨ (+) Borrow-pits by the side of the roads provide facility for small scale irrigation.
n (h) Landscape¨ (-) Scattered borrow pits, unauthorized
growth around road , erosion result in marred landscape.
communication
Borrow-pit Irrigation
Scattered borrow-pit
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Quality of Life Values
n (a) Health and Well-being of Users ¨ (+) Improvement of road communication
facilitates to prompt access to health centers.
n (b) Road Safety¨ (-) Increase number and speed of motor
vehicles can lead increased accident cause death and injury.
n (c) Culture and Landscape¨ (-) Disturbances in natural landscape
would occur miss-managed borrow pit.n (d) Education /Literacy
¨ (+) Improve facilities easy movement of people and created favorable environment and spreading education.
Health and well being
Road Safety
Literacy
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National Policies, Plan and Regulatory Framework
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National Policies and Plans
n National Environmental Policy (1992)n National Forest Policy (1994)n National Environmental Management Action Plan
NEMAP (1995)n Sustainable Environment Management Program (SEMP,
1998)n National Water Management Plan (NWMP, 2001)n National Adaptation Program of Action for Climate
change (NAPA, 2005)n Coastal Zone policy (2005)n Coastal Development Strategy (2006)
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National Environmental Policy 1992n Sets the policy framework for environmental
action, in combination with a set of broad sectoral guidelines. It emphasize the following:¨ Maintenance of the ecological balance and overall
development of the country through conservation and improvement of the environment.
¨ Protection of the country against natural disasters¨ Identification and control of activities related to
pollution and degradation of the environment ¨ Environmentally sound development¨ Environmentally sustainable use of all natural
resources ¨ Active association with all environmental related
international initiatives to the maximum possible level
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Regulatory Framework
n Environmental Conservation Act (1995)n Environmental Conservation Rule (1997)n Environmental Court Act (2000)
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Environmental Conservation Act (1995)
n The environmental conservation act was passed in the parliament in 1995. The salient features of the Act are:¨ Power and function of the DOE and that of the DG ¨ Declaration of Ecologically Critical Area¨ Regulation in respect of driving vehicles emitting smokes¨ Environmental Clearance¨ Formulation of Environmental Guidelines¨ Regulation of development activities from env. point of view.¨ Promulgation of standards of quality of air, water, noise, soils¨ Promulgation of acceptable limits of discharging and emitting waste.
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Environmental Conservation Rule (1997)In order to enforce the ECA 1995, rules and regulations were required. MOEF published in a gazette notification of ECR in 1997. Relevant rules are:
¨ Considerations for declaration of ecologically critical area¨ Procedure for granting environmental clearance¨ Requirements for IEE/EIA according to the appropriate
category of the projects (Green, Orange A, Orange B and Red)
¨ Environmental Clearance validity¨ Renewal of the clearance certificate¨ Provision of Appeal to the authority ¨ Procedure of hearing Appeal¨ Determination of Environmental Standards¨ Determination of waste discharge and emission standards
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Environmental Court Act (2000)
n The aim and objective of the Act is to materialize the ECA 1995, through judicial activities. The main features of this Act are:¨ The Govt. will establish Environmental Courts, one or
more in every Division.¨ Jurisdiction of the Courts¨ Procedure of activities and power of the Courts¨ Right of Entry for judicial inspection, and¨ Appeal and constitution of Appeal Court
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Environmental Clearance for Projects
n Green Project – not required¨ Book binding, Musical instrument, Assemble telephone,
photography, assemble bicycle, manufacture TV, Candle, etc.
n Orange A Project – not requiredn Poultry, Grinding, Cartoon, Dry cleaning, Comb, Pin, sports goods,
restaurant, press, weaving, cinema hall, wood, etc.
n Orange B Project - IEE and EMP requiredn PVC, Jute mill, glass factory, animal feed, ice-creme, carbon rod,
water purification plant, bricks, cold storage, rice mill, Garments etc.
n Red Project – IEE, EIA and EMP requiredn Tannery, Urea, Bridge length> 100m, Sugar, Cement, Oil refinery,
Battery, Detergent, Nuclear plant, Fiberglass, explosive, power plant, hospital, ship manufacture, tobacco, metal boat, carpets, water treatment plant, air conditioner manufacture, tyre factory etc.
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Green Category Orange-A Category
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Orange-BCategory
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RedCategory
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Environmental Clearance Procedure
Renewal Process: q The period of validity of an Environmental Clearance Certificate shall be, in case of Green Category,
3 years from the date of its issuance and in all other cases 1 year. q Each Environmental Clearance Certificate has to be applied for renewal at least thirty (30) days
before expiry
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Steps involved in the environmental clearance in BangladeshSource: DOE (1997) EIA Guidelines for Industries, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Greenn 1. Application through prescribed form-3 under Environment
Conservation Rules 1997 n 2. Prescribed fees under schedule-13 under Environment
Conservation Rules 1997 (Amended 2002) n 3. General information about the industrial unit or project; n 4. Exact description of the raw materials and the manufactured
product; and n 5. No objection certificate (Prescribed Form) from the local authority;
If an application for an Environmental Clearance Certificate for an industrial unit or project of Green Category is made under article 7(5) along with the relevant documents specified in Article7(6), then, within 15 days of the receipt of the application, the certificate shall be issued or the application shall be rejected mentioning appropriate reason for such rejection.
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Orange-An 1. Application through prescribed form-3 under Environment
Conservation Rules 1997n 2. Prescribed fees under schedule-13 under Environment
Conservation Rules 1997 (Amended2002)n 3. General information about the industrial unit or project;4. Exact
description of the raw materials and the manufactured product;n 5. No objection certificate (Prescribed Form) from the local authority;n 6. Process flow diagram;n 7. Layout Plan (showing location of Effluent Treatment Plant);n 8. Effluent discharge arrangement;n 9. Outlines of the plan for relocation, rehabilitation (if applicable);n 10. Other necessary information (if applicable);If an application is made under Article 7(5) along with the relevant documents specified in Article7(6), then in the case of an Orange- A Category industrial unit or project, within 30 days of the receipt of the application.
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Orange-Bn 1. Application through prescribed form-3 under Environment Conservation Rules 1997n 2. Prescribed fees under schedule-13 under Environment Conservation Rules 1997
(Amended 2002)n 3. Report on the feasibility of the industrial unit or project (applicable only for proposed
industrial unit or project);n 4. Report on the Initial Environmental Examination of the industrial unit or project, and
also the process flow diagram, Layout Plan (showing location of Effluent TreatmentPlant), design of the Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) of the unit or project (these areapplicable only for a proposed industrial unit or project);
n 5. Report on the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the industrial unit orproject, and also the Process Flow Diagram, Layout Plan (showing location of EffluentTreatment Plant), design of the Effluent Treatment Plant and information about theeffectiveness of the ETP of the unit or project, (these are applicable only for an existingindustrial unit or project);
n 6. No objection certificate (Prescribed Form) from the local authority;n 7. Emergency plan relating adverse environmental impact and plan for mitigation of the
effect of pollution;n 8. Outline of the relocation, rehabilitation plan (where applicable);n 9. Other necessary information (where applicable).If an application is made under Article 7(5) along with the relevant documents specified inArticle 7(6), then Orange-B Category industrial unit or project, within 60 days of the receiptof the application, a Location Clearance Certificate shall be issued or the application shall berejected mentioning appropriate reasons for such rejection.
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Redn 1. Application through prescribed form-3 under Environment Conservation Rules 1997n 2. Prescribed fees under schedule-13 under Environment Conservation Rules 1997
(Amended2002)n 3. Report on the feasibility of the industrial unit or project (applicable only for proposed industrial
unit or project);n 4. Report on the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) relating to the industrial unit or project,
and also the terms of reference (ToR) for the Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) of the unit or the project and its Process Flow Diagram; or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report prepared on the basis of terms of reference previously approved by the Department of Environment, along with the Layout Plan (showing location of Effluent Treatment Plant), Process Flow Diagram, design and time schedule of the Effluent Treatment Plant of the unit or project, (these are applicable only for a proposed industrial unit or project);
n 5. Report on the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the industrial unit or project, and also the Process Flow Diagram, Layout Plan (showing location of Effluent Treatment Plant),design and information about the effectiveness of the Effluent Treatment Plan of the unit or project (these are applicable only for an existing industrial unit or project);
n 6. No objection certificate (Prescribed Form) of the local authority:n 7. Emergency plan relating adverse environmental impact and plan for mitigation of the effect of
pollution;n 8. Outline of relocation, rehabilitation plan (where applicable); n 9. Other necessary information (where applicable);If an application is made under Article 7(5) along with the relevant documents specified in Article 7(6), then Red Category industrial unit or project, within 60 days of the receipt of the application, a Location Clearance Certificate shall be issued or the application shall be rejected mentioning appropriate reasons for such rejection.
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Environmental Assessment Procedures
n Initial screening and categorizing
n Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
n Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
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Flowchart of EIA Process Source: DOE (1997) EIA Guidelines for Industries, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
n Assessment of the beneficial and adverse changes in environment resources or values resulting from a proposed project.
n Essential Elements
v Identification of possible positive or negative impacts of the project.
v Quantifying impacts with respect to common base.v Preparation of mitigation plan to offset the negative
impacts.
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Methods of Assessment
n Environmental Impact Value
n Vi = Relative change of the environmental quality of parameters
n Wi= Relative importance or weight or parameter n N = total number of environmental parameters
å=
=n
iii )W(VEIV
1
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Quantification of Environmental Impact n Changes of environmental
parameters¨ Severe (+5 or -5)¨ Higher (+4 or -4)¨ Moderate (+3 or -3)¨ Low (+2 or -2)¨ Very Low (+1 or -1)¨ No change (0)
0 1 2 3 4 5
No change
Very low
Low
Moderate
Higher
Severe
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Relative importance of Environmental Parametersn All parameters are not equal importance or
weight.n It varies from country to countryn In Bangladesh flood, employment, agriculture,
fisheries carry more importance.n In next slide, a summary of relative importance
of parameters for Road project of LGED is presented.
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EIA Procedure
1. Preparatory Works – study report, maps2. Data collection – from all sources, survey,
satellite images, questionaire3. Data Analysis – convert to change scale4. Impact Evaluation – relative weight 5. Mitigation and Monitoring Plan –
Environmental Management Plan (EMP)6. Preparation of Report – help decision makers
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ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS Relative Importance Value
Degree of Impact
EIV
I. ECOLOGICALFisheriesForestTree PlantationWetland/Wetland HabitantNuisance Plant/Eutrophication
II. PHYSICALRegional Hydrology/FloodingDrainage Congestion/Water loggingErosion and SiltationDust Pollution/Noise Pollution
84241
4422
-20+10-1
-1-1-10
-15
-10
Example 1: Impact Evaluation of Road Projects
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ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS Relative Importance Value
Degree of Impact
EIV
III. HUMAN INTERESTLoss of Agricultural LandsEmployment OpportunitiesNavigation/Boat CommunicationIndustrial ActivitiesIrrigation FacilitiesLandscape
III. QUALITY OF LIFE VALUESHealth and NutritionSanitation and Water Supply Education/LiteracyRoad SafetySlum Improvement
Total Environmental Impact Value
662332
33333
-3+3-3+2+3-1
+20+2-1+2
+7
+15
-6
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n Example-2: EIA of a Bridge
Component Value
Length 588.0 m
Spans 14 equal spans of 42.0 m
Design Water Level 5.07 m PWD
Vertical clearance 7.83 m
Elevation of the bottom ofBridge at crest
12.90 m PWD
Height of deck at midsection
15.70 m PWD
Longitudinal profile ofbridge
Type: ParabolicSlope: 3%Starting: Along bridgecenterline from mid-section orcrest section
Approach Roads Formation Level: 8.58 m abovethe datum
A Bridge in Gopalganj Sadar Upzaila on the Madhumati River
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Physical Impact
n Regional hydrology and floodingThe construction of the proposed bridge will create 1 cmafflux, which will cause insignificant impact on flood level.
n ErosionPlanform analyses through Landsat TM images haveshown that between 1989 and 2010, the erosion rate wasless than 1.0 m/year at the proposed bridge section of theriver. The degree of impact has been assessed to be ‘verylow’ (-1).
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n Water pollutionConstruction activities such as piling, cutting and filling with material forfoundation of bridge, may generate loose mud and soil which mayincrease turbidity of the river water. However, the effect due toconstruction activities will be temporary and will not contaminate theriver water. Therefore, the degree of impact has been assessed to be‘very low’ (-1).
n Air qualityDusts will be generated during construction activities which needmanagement especially due to the fact that the bridge site is very nearto habitats at both the eastern and western banks. Therefore, thedegree of impact has been assessed to be ‘low’ (-2).
n Noise pollutionThe bridge site is located at a rural setting. There are some shops(Gopalganj end) and a mosque and some homesteads (Narail end)near the bridge site. The noise generated during construction activitiesand the traffic activities after bridge construction may cause someproblem. The degree of impact has been assessed to be ‘low’ (-2).
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Ecological Impactn Fish and fisheriesThe region is known for its fisheries resources andModhumita River is considered to be an important fishmigration route. The proposed bridge may create adverseimpact on the fisheries of Modhumita River, especiallyduring the construction phase. The degree of impact hasbeen assessed to be ‘low’ (-2).
n Trees and vegetationSome trees and few bamboo groves may need to be felledduring construction especially for approach road on theNarail end. However, the damage will be minimal given thecommonality of the species. The degree of impact hasbeen assessed to be ‘low’ (-2).
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Impact on Human Interest
n Loss of landsTo facilitate the smooth traffic communication on thewestern side of the river, new approach road will berequired at the Narail end which will cause loss ofagricultural land. The degree of impact has been assessedto be ‘moderate’ (-3).
n Industrial activitiesIt is expected that the proposed bridge will expand theindustrial activities at the locality as well as in the region.The degree of impact has been assessed to be ‘low’ (+2).
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n Employment opportunityPresently a large number of service holders face the difficulty of crossing the Madhumoti River everyday for their employment purposes. It is expected that the proposed bridge will generate as well as enhance employment opportunity other than short term labor during the construction phase. The degree of impact has been assessed to be ‘low’ (+2).
n Transportation and communicationThe proposed bridge will significantly enhance the road communication between Gopalganj and Khulna through Terokhada. In future, it will also facilitate the regional road network up to Kolkata, after the construction of Kalia Bridge under RHD. The degree of impact has been assessed to be ‘high positive impact’ (+4).
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n NavigationMadhumoti River is an important local as well as regional navigational route. Therefore, the proposed bridge will have some impact on the navigability of the river, especially during the construction phase. The degree of impact has been assessed to be ‘low’ (-2).
n Travel safetyTravel safety will improve for a large number of people who now have to cross the river with only one available ferry boat. The degree of impact has been assessed to be ‘very low’ (+1).
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n Service accessibility to healthThe Madhumati River imposes a huge risk for theemergency patients to reach Sadar Hospital at theGopalganj end. The risk will be significantly minimized andtravel time will be considerably reduced after theconstruction of the proposed bridge. The degree of impacthas been assessed to be ‘moderate positive impact’ (+3).
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n Education and literacyThere are well-established schools, on the east side (Gopalganj
end) of the river. For the students from the Narail end, thebridge will offer easier and convenient communication. Thus itis expected that the bridge will improve existing literacy in theregion. Female education will be especially benefited. Thedegree of impact has been assessed to be ‘moderate positiveimpact’ (+3).
n Cultural and Heritage ValuesOne important feature of the proposed bridge is that at one end
there is Bangabandhu Mausoleum, located at Tungipara ofGopalganj District and at the other end there is Shat GombujMasjid, located at Bagerhat District. So the bridge willfacilitate an easy communication between these two importantnational monuments . Considering the importance of theproposed bridge from the cultural and heritage point of view,the degree of impact has been assessed as ‘+2’.
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Parameters Relative importance
value
Degree of impact
Relative impact EIVPositive Negative
1. Physical -16Regional Hydrology andFlooding
4 -1 -4
Erosion 2 -1 -2Water Pollution 2 -1 -2Air Quality 2 -2 -4Noise pollution 2 -2 -42. Ecological -20Fish 8 -2 -16Trees and vegetation 2 -2 -43. Human interest +47Loss of lands 6 -3 -18
Industrial activities 3 +2 +6Employment opportunities 6 +2 +12
Transportation andcommunication
6 +4 +24
Navigation 2 -2 -4Travel safety 3 +1 +3Health 3 +3 +9Education and literacy 3 +3 +9Cultural and Heritage Values 3 +2 +6
Total EIV +69 -58 +11
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DOE Published Documentsn DoE has developed a generic EIA Guidelines for
Industries in 1997.
Sector Specific Guidelines developed are as follows: n EIA Guideline for Cement Industry n EIA Guideline for Project in the Natural Gas Sector
(Upstream and Downstream) n EIA Guideline for Textile Industry n EIA Guideline for Pharmaceutical Industry n EIA Guideline for Coal Mining n Guideline for Gender Responsive Environmental
Management n EIA Guideline for Roads & Bridges
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Other Useful References¨ Environmental Assessment Guidelines for LGED
Projects, LGED, 2008¨ Guidelines on environmental issues related to
physical planning, LGED, 1992.¨ Environmental Impact Assessment, CERM, BUET,
2003.¨ Manual for Environmental Impact Assessment,
Bangladesh Flood Action Plan, MWR, 1995¨ Hydrological & Morphological Study and EIA of
Proposed Eighteen Road Bridges over different rivers Under Construction of Large Bridge on Upazila and Union Road Project, LGED, 2011.
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Other Useful Referencesn JMBA, Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge Authority (1994), General
Environmental Guidelines for Construction of Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge (Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh).
n FAP, Flood Action Plan (1992), Bangladesh Flood Action Plan —Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment, Irrigation Support Project for Asia and the Near East (USAID, Dhaka, Bangladesh).
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Thank you !
