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Contents
Industrial pollutants of the biosphere
Air pollution and its effect
Composition and classification of waste water
Industrial solid waste
Wasteless chemical processing
2
Industrial pollutants of the biosphereMaterial (mechanical,
chemical, biological)Emission to
atmosphereGases,
vapors, perfume
Liquid
Solid
Mixed
Waste water
Premonitory polluted
Polluted
Solid waste
Non-toxic
Toxic
Power generation
Heat emission
Noise,Vibration ,Ultrasound
Electromagnetic
Light, In, UV
Laser emission
Ionizing radiation
3
Materials
Non-biodegradable
Biodegradable
Groups of Industry Pollutants
Chemical pollutants
GasesLiquidSolid
Biological pollutants
Microorganisms and their wastes
Thermal or mechanical pollutants
1. Material pollutants2.Physical (energy) pollutants
4
Air Pollution
1. Natural pollutionDust storm: fine particle of soils, rock, seed and organismsVolcanic eruptions: hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, chloride, CO, CO2, SO2, HF, Ash(silica)
2.Man made air pollutionThermal pollution stations: fuelIron works and non ferrous smelteries: dust, CO, NO, SO2, Hydro carbon (HC)
Motor vehicle: NOx, CO, HCChemical Industries: toxic compound
5
Air Pollutants and Effects
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Colorless Respiratory irritant Poison Acid rain (H2SO4) Major source is fuel (coal,
oil) Carbon monoxide (CO)
Colorless Odorless Reduce O2 carrying in
blood Obtained when fossil fuel
is incompletely burned
6
Air Pollutants and Effects
7
Nitrous oxide (Nox) Mostly NO HNO3 and NO2
Reactive gas at Temperature > 1093.3°C (2000 °F)
Hydrocarbon Volatile organic compounds Evaporation of petroleum (fuel) Incomplete fuel combustion Carcinogenicity
Air Pollutants and Effects
8
Particulate or Particular matter (PM) 0.005-100 m (diameter) Dust Ash Smog Reduce visibility Reparatory problem Carcinogenicity
Greenhouse
effects
CO2
57%
CFCs25%
Methane12%
N2O6%
% = percent of contribution of greenhouse effect
9
2008 Global CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion
and some Industrial Processes (million metric tons of CO2)
11
Composition and classification of waste water
Pollutant sources Pollution compositions
1. Manufacture of mineral and inorganic salts
1. Inorganic acid, alkalis, salts (fluorides sulphates, phosphates, etc.
2.Basic organic and petro chemical synthesis
2. Fatty acid, aromatic compounds, monomers, polymer fragments, etc.
3.Manufacture of synthetic resins, polymers, synthetic fiber
3. High-molecular –weight compounds, monomers, polymer fragments, etc.
4.Petroleum processing, thermal conversion of fuel
4.Petroleum products, fuel oil, resins, surfactants, etc.
13
Water Contaminants
•Fine suspension (10-4-10-5 cm)
1.Water suspension
•Detergents with particle sizes 10-5-10-6 cm
2. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic colloidal system
•Particle sizes 10-6-10-7 cm3. Organic
composition
•Particle sizes less than 10-7 cm
4. Ionic solution
14
Waste Water Sources
Reaction water: reactants and products
Wash water: wash raw materials and products
Liquors Water extracts and absorption
fluid Cooling water Rain water
15
Grade of Waste Water
Lift after plant cooling and some condensate
Reactive water: acid and alkali Highly mineralized Contaminated with organic compound Containing component whose recovery
economically advantage Contain petroleum and oil Domestic waste water
16
Industrial Solid & Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste properties Corrosively: highly acid or alkali (pH <2 or
>12.5) Ignitability: easily ignited or fire Reactivity: explosion Toxicity: release to water and be toxic
Sources Manufacturing process Commercial/institutional wastes waste water treatment
17
Wasteless Chemical Process Wasteless chemical processing
Reduce water consumption Use non-toxic replaced toxic materials Volatile solvents are exclude from operation Better method for waste treatment is
researched
Good sample Air cooling using new ammonia synthesis
reduced water requirement ten-fold Using double absorption in H2SO4 manufacture
to reduce its emission from 0.2% to 0.03-0.05%
18