ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES … · communication, learning), policy development (e.g. fire policy, land use policy, revenue policy), capacity building (e.g. institutions,

SouthSudan

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES

ASSESSMENTNatural resources

management and climate change in South Sudan

Government of the Republic of South SudanMinistry of Environment

United Nations Development Programme

2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES ASSESSMENT

3Natural resources management and climate change in South Sudan

Flows of the White Nile.Image courtesy of Daniel Kammen


This Environmental Impacts, Risks and Opportunities Assessment was carried out from 2 May to 15 June 2011 with the aim of identifying environmental project interventions that will assist the Government of South Sudan to establish adequate environmental governance. Action in this area is urgent due to the effects of climate change and the increasing pressures on the environment caused by the resettlement of people returning to South Sudan after the war.

After a period of over fifty years dominated by wars, and the independence process which created the country of South Sudan, an institutional and regulatory framework to govern environmental issues is now being developed. This process, however, needs to be boosted to cope with the complexity of the issues and dynamics of transition, which include rapid deforestation, land grabbing, and insecure, vulnerable livelihoods for large sections of the population. Indicators of these dynamics include a significant increase in population size during 2011 (estimated to be more than 10 percent), and the rate of land privatization in South Sudan, which is currently the highest in Africa.

The assessment is based on the results of earlier assessments and surveys carried out by, among others, the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), International Resources Group, (IRG), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). In addition, interviews were held with South Sudan government staff at national, state, county, payam and boma levels, staff from international organizations, resource users, returning war refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs), and with local community based organizations and non-governmental organizations (CBOs and NGOs).

Some of the most striking impacts relating to climate change and environmental degradation on water, soil, forests, biodiversity, agriculture and fisheries were observed as:

■■ The drying up of permanent rivers resulting in seasonal rivers, the reduction of water tables in boreholes, and the delay and shortening of rainy seasons;

■■ Increased soil degradation due to water erosion, wind erosion and fire;

■■ Accelerating deforestation due to wood being collected for fuel, charcoal production, livestock, agriculture, bricks, and collection of construction materials;

■■ Reduced wildlife populations due to war-related hunting with a limited possibility of recovery in many areas;

■■ Lower agricultural revenues per hectare due to unpredictable rains and soil degradation;

■■ Competition for drinking water between people and livestock and habitat degradation for livestock and wildlife due to vegetation degradation and desertification (in the north and south-east of South Sudan);

■■ Loss of fish species and reduction of fish size as a result of rivers becoming increasingly seasonal.

Dealing with these impacts requires action that addresses the following threats:

■■ Climate change;

■■ The short-term perspective of land users;

■■ Unsustainable use of natural resources including communities’ dependence on forest products;

■■ No value added through processing (forestry, agriculture);

■■ Increased export of forest products due to improved road access;

■■ Land privatization associated with unregulated large scale clearing (land grabbing);

■■ Mineral exploitation without adequate mitigating measures (particularly oil exploration in wetlands such as the Sudd wetlands);

■■ Increased insecurity at community level and conflicts often related to resource access.

Weaknesses in the current governance framework for environmental management have been identified as follows:

SUMMARy


■■ An incomplete legal framework (e.g. the Environmental Bill not endorsed);

■■ Environmental policy and legal framework not elaborated at lower administrative levels (state, county);

■■ Lack of capacity to monitor development and resource use;

■■ Unclear institutional roles and responsibilities;

■■ Revenue collection not used to regulate resource utilisation;

■■ Lack of coordination between sectors.

South Sudan has a number of significant opportunities putting it in a beneficial position compared to most other countries in the region and creating a considerable potential for sustainable development. These include:

■■ The opportunity to develop new and effective governmental structures and systems, with limited hindrance by old, ineffective practices;

■■ Strong international attention from donors and investors;

■■ A high number of young people able to learn and take up jobs;

■■ Low population density in relation to a significant wealth of basic primary resources such as abundant water, good soils, relatively high rainfall and potentially a good forest cover;

■■ The presence of the Sudd and other wetlands as a climate buffer and as a resource for agriculture, livestock, fisheries and various Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs);

■■ Considerable oil revenues potentially providing significant alternative income;

■■ Potential for tourism providing significant alternative income;

■■ International support available through the adoption of international conventions such as the Convention on Biological Diversity

(CBD), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD);

■■ Existence of international funding mechanisms through the United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (UN-REDD).

To enhance environmental governance, this assessment proposes the application of a conceptual model intervening at the levels of knowledge management (e.g. assessments, analysis, monitoring, communication, learning), policy development (e.g. fire policy, land use policy, revenue policy), capacity building (e.g. institutions, communities, public-private partnerships, logistics) and natural resources management practices (e.g. high pressure brick making, integrated fish farming).

The overall goal of project support to environmental governance is proposed to be:

Supporting the Government to develop capacity at national and sub-national levels for sustainable environmental governance to deal with climate change adaptation and mitigation and to cope with increasing pressure on natural resources, assuring a future for current and returning populations.

Proposed project intervention priorities:

(1) The development and mainstreaming of a green energy and low carbon policy, aiming to stop the degradation of forest, soil and water resources, and to link up with related global initiatives;

(2) The consolidation of the institutional and regulatory framework for environmental management, aiming at the completion, endorsement and implementation of the environmental policy framework, addressing all current institutional and legal issues;

(3) Sectoral integration of natural resources policy planning and implementation with regard to forest, land and water through the introduction of Strategic Environment Impact Assessment (SEA), the promotion of integrated land use planning, and integrated river basin management.


Summary 4

Acronyms 8

1.Introduction 101.1 Purpose of this assessment 10

1.2 Implementation 10

1.3 Geographical and physical context 10

1.4 Climate change 12

2.Problemformulation 132.1 Historical perspective 13

2.2 Environment issues 13

2.3 Environment, social conflicts and governance 14

2.4 Natural resources management challenges 14

3.Stakeholderanalysis 163.1 Background 16

3.2 Government 16

3.3 Traditional authorities 16

3.4 Private sector 16

3.5 IDPs, returnees 16

3.6 Fishers 17

3.7 Cultivators 18

3.8 Livestock keepers 18

3.9 Urban population 19

3.10 Local NGOs and CBOs 19

3.11 International NGOs and donors 19

4.Institutional&policyframework 204.1 Relevant institutions 20

4.1.1 Governmental agencies 20

4.1.2 Natural resource management and environment working groups 21

4.2 Policy and regulations 22

4.2.1 General framework 22

4.2.2 South Sudan Development Plan 22

4.2.3 Environmental Policy and the Environment Protection Bill 23

4.2.4 The Land Act 2009 25

4.3 Policy gaps 25

4.3.1 Policy implementation 25

4.3.2 Integrated policy development 25

4.3.3 Integrated resource management 26

4.3.4 Halting degradation 26

4.3.5 Climate change adaptation 26

4.3.6 Energy 29

5.Assessmentofimpactsandrisks 305.1 Methodology and availability of data 30

5.2 Climate 30

CONTENTS


5.3 Water 33

5.3.1 The Sudd wetland and Jonglei canal 33

5.3.2 Disappearing rivers 35

5.3.3 Water pollution 35

5.3.4 Oil exploitation 35

5.4 Natural forest 36

5.4.1 Clearing for cultivation 36

5.4.2 Clearing for roads and settlements 36

5.4.3 Charcoal burning 37

5.4.4 Brick making 39

5.4.5 Construction wood 39

5.4.6 Livestock grazing/browsing 39

5.4.7 Fires 40

5.4.8 Water table reduction 41

5.5 Land 42

5.6 Biodiversity 42

5.7 Food security 43

5.8 Case: sustainable farming along Juba – Yei road 43

6.Recommendedprojectinterventions 466.1 Conceptual framework for policy development and implementation projects 46

6.2 Environmental risk factors 46

6.3 Intervention fields 47

6.3.1 Adaptation to climate change 47

6.3.2 Clean energy 47

6.3.3 Integrated development planning 47

6.3.4 Sustainable natural resources management 48

6.3.5 Water and air pollution control 49

6.3.6 Monitoring and information management 49

6.4 Good practices 49

6.5 Current initiatives and efforts 51

6.6 Priority interventions 52

7.Fundingopportunities 547.1 Introduction 54

7.2 Revenues from resource exploitation 54

7.3 Donor funding 55

7.3.1 Global Environment Facility (GEF) 55

7.3.2 World Bank 56

7.3.3 Bilateral cooperation 56

7.4 Climate related funding mechanisms 57

7.4.1 Strategic Climate Fund 57

7.4.2 UN-REDD Programme 58

7.4.3 Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) 59

7.5 Private sector 59

Appendices 60


BSF Basic Service Fund

CAMPFIRE Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources

CAR Central African Republic

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity

CBNRM Community Based Natural Resources Management

CBO Community Based Organization

CIDA Canadian International Development Agency

CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement

CPRU Crisis Prevention and Recovery Unit

DDR Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration

DGIS Directorate General of International Cooperation, Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs

DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo

EA Environmental Assessment

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EIRO Environmental Impacts, Risks and Opportunities assessment

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

ESSAF Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

Feddan = 0.42 hectare

FRA Forest Resources Assessment

FS Forestry Service (under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, GoSS)

GEF Global Environment Facility

GIZ German Agency for International Cooperation

GIS Geographic Information System

GTZ German Agency for International Cooperation

GO Governmental Organization

GONU Government of National Unity

GOSS Government of Southern Sudan

GR Game reserve

HCENR Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources

IA Implementing agency

IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development

IOM International Organization for Migration

IRG International Resources Group

IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature

IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management

LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund

M&E Monitoring and evaluation

MDG Millennium Development Goal

MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreement

MHLPU Ministry of Housing, Lands, and Public Utilities

MoAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

MoE Ministry of Environment

MoF Ministry of Finance

MoU Memorandum of Understanding

ACRONyMS


MW Mega Watt

MWCT Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism

NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action

NCEA Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment

NGO Non-governmental organization

NP National Park

NRM Natural Resources Management

NRMG Natural Resources Management Group

NTFP Non Timber Forest Products

OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

PA Protected area

PAN Protected area network

PCEA Post Conflict Environmental Assessment (UNEP)

PIF Project identification form

PPCR Pilot Program for Climate Resilience

RCU UNDP/GEF regional coordination unit

REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation

SCF Strategic Climate Fund

SCCF Special Climate Change Fund

SDG Sudanese pound (currency)

SEA Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment

SIFSIA Food Security Information for Action

SREP Program for Scaling-Up Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries

SSCCSE South Sudan Commission for Census, Statistics and Evaluation

SSDP Southern Sudan Development Plan

SSEC South Sudan Electricity Corporation

SSRRC Southern Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Commission

TOR Terms of reference

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

UNDP CO UNDP country office

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNEP United Nations Environmental Program

USAID United States Agency for International Development

WCS Wildlife Conservation Society

WFP World Food Programme

WWF World Wildlife Fund

Author: Floris Deodatus | All images © UNPD / Floris Deodatus unless otherwise stated. | Design: DLD

Refugee settlement along Lol River, NBG


1.1PuRPoSeoFthISASSeSSment

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and other development partners are currently helping to build environmental institutional and technical capacity within the Government of South Sudan. This gradual process seeks to encourage the Government’s adoption of environmental control measures to counter degradation of the natural environment and to help mitigate the severity of future environmental impacts as South Sudan develops. At the same time, it is essential that more immediate and direct action is taken to address the myriad of environmental issues facing South Sudan.

To guide and inform the Government as it selects priority environmental projects, this Environmental Impacts, Risks and Opportunities (EIRO) Assessment has been carried out with the objectives of:

(a) accurately reflecting the nature and scale of current and potential environment impacts in South Sudan;

(b) identifying the socio-political, economic and environmental risks that may result if insufficient action is taken to address the identified environmental impacts; and

(c) identifying the most sustainable long-term environmental interventions to mitigate adverse impacts and to reduce the risk of human-induced natural disasters in the future.

A sector-wide approach capturing all environmental and sustainable energy challenges of South Sudan will be applied and result in the identification and elaboration of project opportunities categorized under two thematic areas:

(1) Climate change (incorporating adaptation, low carbon development, technology transfer, and, in particular, clean energy development;

(2) Natural resources management (incorporating sustainable forest management and land degradation).

Within the scope of these two thematic areas, the assessment has identified technical, institutional and policy gaps, challenges and opportunities to be considered by the Government in the formulation of strategies and projects to enhance governance of natural resources and climate change issues.

1.2ImPlementAtIon

The assessment and elaboration of priority interventions have been carried out by an Environmental Specialist (Floris Deodatus) in close collaboration with the UNDP South Sudan Crisis Prevention and Recovery Unit (Emanuel Gebremedhin, Andrew Shuruma, Martin Dramani, Stuart Crane, Ganiyu Ipaye), the Ministry of Environment (David Oliver Batali), UNEP, the World Bank, and other relevant stakeholders in Juba, including other Government agencies, NGOs, donors, the private sector, and resource users. The Environment Cluster Group, in which many of these organizations are represented, provided an important platform for discussion and reflection.

Staff from central and local Government, as well as development partners, were interviewed in Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, Lakes, Northern Bahr el Ghazal and Upper Nile States. Field visits took place in Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Upper Nile and Western Bahr el Ghazal States.

1.3GeoGRAPhIcAlAndPhySIcAlcontext

South Sudan (Figure 1) has an area of approximately 640,000 km2. The country is situated in the Nile catchment area, receiving water from the highlands of the Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia and Uganda, which flows into a low and vast clay basin covering much of South. The lowest part of this basin forms one of the world’s largest swamps, the Sudd wetland, and other smaller wetlands. Altitude varies between 600 and 3000 m above sea level; the lowest point is found in the extreme north of Upper Nile State and the highest in the mountains of Eastern Equatoria State.

Most of South Sudan has a semi-humid climate, with annual rainfall ranging from 200 mm in the southeast (Eastern Equatoria) to 1200-2200 mm in the forest zone in Western Equatoria and the Equatorian highlands. In the northern states rainfall varies between 700 and 1300 mm. Mean average temperatures vary between 26° and 32°. Rainfall is seasonal: the rainy season is from April to December and causes seasonal flooding of floodplains. The seasonal climate patterns cause cyclic relations in the ecosystem and

1. INTRODUCTION


hence determine land use patterns of cultivation, livestock grazing and fisheries.

The Fifth Sudan Population and Housing Census (2008) estimated the total population of South Sudan to be 8,260,490. The figures of this census are debated and considered to be on the low side, possibly in an attempt to influence the 2011 referendum process. The annual population growth rate has been estimated at 2.2 percent (Figure 2).

Most of the country is covered with natural and semi-natural vegetation with a variable tree density: generally high in the south-west and the highest mountains and low in the south-east and north, while wetlands are dominated

by grasslands, aquatic vegetations and open water. The dominant land use in terms of land occupation is livestock keeping, which is practised throughout almost all the country, but particularly in dryer areas, which have better grass quality and lower livestock parasite occurrence. The vast forested areas provide, apart from food for livestock, timber, fuel wood, charcoal and an innumerable list of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) including food plants, medicines and bushmeat. However, agricultural production currently takes place on a relatively small proportion of the land.

Descriptions on the different physical and ecological aspects of South Sudan are provided

FIGuRe1: Map of South Sudan showing roads and settlements


1. INTRODUCTION

by various publications, of which the UNEP Sudan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment (2007) and the USAID (IRG) Southern Sudan Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment (2007) are highlighted here.

1.4clImAtechAnGe

The Sudan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment (UNEP, 2007) identifies climate change as one of the most important threats to the development of Sudan. According to this assessment, expected changes in weather patterns are projected to exacerbate existing household vulnerabilities and to exceed current coping mechanisms, limiting still further poor people’s capacity to maintain sustainable livelihoods. Expected impacts are increased water scarcity, accelerated desertification and soil erosion processes, decreased productivity (a 20 percent drop in crop yields is predicted), damages caused by more extreme climate events such as droughts or floods, increased heath-related illnesses, and higher risk of pest and disease outbreaks.

Similar conclusions are drawn in other studies (USAID, 2007, IFAD, 2009).

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101214161820

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Pop

ulat

ion

(mill

ion)

growth rate 2.2%FIGuRe2: Projected growth of the population of South Sudan based on the population census of 2008, an annual increase of 2.2 percent and the estimated influx of returnees (UNHCR, IOM, OCHA).

River bed exploitation for construction materials


2. PRObLEM fORMULATION2.1hIStoRIcAlPeRSPectIve

After gaining independence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956, Sudan suffered seventeen years of civil war during the First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972) followed by ethnic, religious and economic conflicts between the Sudanese Government and the people of South Sudan. This led to the Second Sudanese Civil War in 1983, which ended with the signing of a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005 granting autonomy to the southern part of Sudan. Following a referendum held in January 2011, South Sudan seceded on 9 July 2011.

During the wars the utilization of natural resources was generally not controlled and in some cases excessive exploitation was reported (USAID, 2007). However, due to the depopulation of many areas and inaccessibility due to mines, the pressure on resources was generally low. The signing of the CPA was followed by the return of millions of refugees from camps in Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda and IDPs from northern Sudan. This number accelerated during the referendum period.

To deal with the process of return, the Government of South Sudan is supported by international organizations such as the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the United Nations (including OCHA, UNDP, UNHCR, UNICEF and WFP). So far, these efforts have been primarily focused on direct and basic needs such as food, housing, health and education. The urgency of the situation on the one hand, and the absence of a fully elaborated and efficient institutional and regulatory framework on the other, means that environmental considerations have often been overlooked.

Current signs of environmental mismanagement and their consequences, such as riverbank erosion, invasive species, pesticide mismanagement, water and soil pollution, canal sedimentation, irresponsible deforestation and conflicts between resource users, plainly call for the development and implementation of policies addressing these issues.

2.2envIRonmentISSueS

A problem analysis of the current environmental trends in South Sudan reveals a complex relationship between causes and consequences. It shows chains of causal relations which are often interconnected and frequently result in cumulative effects. Root causes of environmental degradation are: (a) an increasing number of people depending on the same resource base, limited in space and quantity, (b) the globalization of economy and culture resulting in increasing export of resources in response to increasing demand in other parts of the world, (c) the need to generate cash income for households accelerated by changing consumption patterns, (d) insecurity complicating control, and (e) insufficient means and capacities for environmental governance.

At present the main threats to the environment in South Sudan are:

(1) Decreasing water levels of rivers due to (upstream) land use changes and water management interventions such as forest clearing, dams, irrigation, over-grazing and fires resulting in increased evaporation and decreased infiltration;

(2) Decreasing and irregular rainfall due to climate change as a result of external factors (global warming) and local environmental changes such as deforestation and wetlands drainage modifying albedo and precipitation (Charney et al., 1977)1 leading to decreased agricultural production, among other consequences;

(3) Soil degradation due to unsustainable and expanding agriculture as well as poor bushfire management, leading to degrading ecosystem services and competition with other forms of land use;

(4) Habitat degradation and fragmentation due to increasing livestock grazing as well as unsustainable and expanding agriculture, leading to degrading ecosystem services and competition with other forms of land use;

1 In the 1970s, experiments in the Negev desert in Israel showed that reduction of vegetation due to grazing and fire leads to higher reflection of solar radiation (albedo) which results in decreasing rainfall. Protection of a large area over a longer period resulted in increased rainfall.


(5) Habitat degradation and fragmentation due to infrastructure and settlement development not providing for mitigation of environmental threats, leading to degrading ecosystem services;

(6) Soil, air and water pollution due to industrial and agricultural practices not providing for mitigation of environmental impacts;

(7) Declining biodiversity due to habitat degradation and increased (illegal) exploitation (poaching);

(8) Resource depletion due to increasing and unsustainable land use resulting from population increase and immigration/resettlement (e.g. timber, charcoal, NTFP, bushmeat, water, land).

2.3envIRonment,SocIAlconFlIctSAndGoveRnAnce

Environment and social conflicts are interlinked through access to resources by different social groups. Conflicts often result often in weakened governance and the breakdown of structures maintaining sustainable natural resources management (UNEP, 2007). However, in turn, degrading ecosystem services cause friction between competing forms of land use and competition for resources within land use sectors, which often leads to social conflicts and instability. The keys to the solution of such conflicts are:

(1) Transparency with regard to costs and benefits of resource utilization;

(2) Thorough understanding of long term impacts of unsustainable resource use;

(3) Agreement on the allocation of land and resources;

(4) Achievement of sustainable use.

2.4nAtuRAlReSouRceSmAnAGementchAllenGeS

The process leading to the establishment of the Republic of South Sudan has been characterized by a dynamic history with numerous conflicts related to power, culture and access to land and resources.

Challenges for the Government in the near future include:

(1) Managing the consequences of an increasing demand for water to satisfy the needs of irrigation and hydropower in South Sudan and further downstream in Sudan and Egypt;

(2) Matching increasing resource requirements (e.g. food, fuel) in the context of current shortages and a fast-growing population;

(3) Controlling land use conflicts to ensure fair and sustainable resource utilization;

(4) Mitigating pressure on the environment due to increasing industrialization, infrastructure development and intensifying land use;

(5) Regulating sustainable resource management in the context of intensifying international trade and globalisation;

(6) Adapting to climate change to cope with risks with regard to resource requirements and environmental sustainability;

The formation of a new state is a great opportunity to create an optimal institutional regulatory setting to deal with these issues. The Government of South Sudan is currently in the process of establishing institutions, policies and legislation in an effort to address sustainable development, natural resources management and environmental issues.

2. PRObLEM fORMULATION


Heavily degraded Balanites-Acacia forest due to charcoal production, Upper Nile State

FIGuRe1: Mean annual rainfall zones in South Sudan


3.1BAckGRound

South Sudan is in the middle of a transition process leading to the organisation of the State, which started with the CPA. During this time the people of South Sudan are trying to find their place in the evolution of their new country. For some of them, this means securing their immediate livelihoods. For others it is a time to start working on the future, which could mean a career in the Government or private sector. The social upheavals during the war (and also the preceding colonial period) disrupted the status quo with regard to access to land, resources and power, resulting in a complex situation.

In most of South Sudan, the socio-geographical map has been dramatically altered by the movements of significant numbers of people fleeing from the war and the return of people after the signing of the CPA. Many people have spent a considerable period, if not all, of their lives, outside South Sudan as internally displaced people (IDPs) or refugees. Different groups of “citizens of South Sudan” may be distinguished and various classifications can be applied according to, among other factors, social role, ethnic background, livelihood or history. In the following sections, a simplified classification of stakeholder categories has been made, using various distinguishing characteristics. However, the categories are not exclusive and people can belong to one or more categories at the same time.

3.2GoveRnment

The formation of a new state involves developing the administration at all levels – national, state, county, payam, and boma – requiring recruitment of considerable numbers of new staff. As a result, a new elite is being formed. This process is actively supported by international agencies increasing opportunities for training and access to ‘new technology’ and other advantages. Presently, the institutional, policy and legal framework of the new State is being formed and this is further addressed in Chapter 4. A major challenge for the Government in the near future will be to keep the focus on working towards a better and sustainable future for the country and all its citizens, and to keep individual administrators away from the temptations that may be posed by private investors to orient decisions in their advantage, or even to use their position for their own profit.

To cope with this challenge, the Government has established an Anti-Corruption Commission.

3.3tRAdItIonAlAuthoRItIeS

Traditional authorities still play an important role in South Sudanese society that should not be overlooked. The traditional system often has three levels: local chiefs, paramount chiefs and king/sultan. Traditional authorities play a role in various fields such as social-related legal issues. They also enforce traditional regulations on resource use. Examples include the obligation to return any small fish caught to the water, regulations for the use of forest fires, and the protection of certain wildlife and tree species such as the ostrich and the Balanites tree. Traditional authorities collect fines from trespassers and taxes from resource users, such as pastoralists using their territory for the grazing of livestock.

3.4PRIvAteSectoR

International and national private investors and entrepreneurs form an essential pillar of the development of the South Sudan’s economy and future prospects. The wealth of natural resources in the country has attracted the attention of an array of sectors, such as oil, agriculture, construction, hydro-power and tourism. More will certainly follow, considering the growing global demand for resources.

Generally, investors and entrepreneurs focus on the breaking even of their investments and the generation of profits in relation to financial risks, rather than on sustainability. Investors and entrepreneurs target usually maximum profit and expansion of their own activity. Often they are not concerned about the costs of their business borne by other sectors or individuals. This is considered to be the responsibility of the Government. Mechanisms to promote responsible entrepreneurship such as certification and codes of conduct, which urge companies to comply with social and environmental norms, have not yet been developed for the private sector of South Sudan.

3.5IdPS,RetuRneeS

After their return, most returnees were received in camps spread as much as possible across

3. STAKEhOLDER ANALySIS


South Sudan. The Government and international organizations provide food and other facilities such as water, health clinics and schools. Camps are usually located near state or county capitals offering employment to some of the returnees. Presently, at the level of communities, a distinction can be made between people who (a) did not move during the war (residents), (b) people who left their homes and came back to their villages after the war, and (c) those who left and temporarily returned to South Sudan but settled elsewhere, temporarily or permanently.

Being used to ‘urban life’ and easy access to social facilities and food, many returnees were not very eager to return to the rural conditions of the villages where their parents grew up. In fact, many of these villages were partly or entirely destroyed. They are often in remote locations, and options for social and economic development are limited. The Government has also been allocating land that was nationalized by the Government of Sudan in the 1970s. Other returnees have resettled in larger urban areas but have obtained plots for cultivation in the surrounding rural area. This requires a daily commute but allows them to access urban services and amenities and may prove a valuable investment if land prices around growing urban areas rise in the future (Table 1).

A case was reported in Aweil where the state government wanted to move IDPs to their native

villages, where their land can provide livelihood opportunities. After their refusal, and the rejection of the suggestion to force people to the villages, 10,000 plots were allocated near the town of Aweil. A forested area of close to 10 km2 has been cleared for this purpose and 60 boreholes will be drilled to accommodate 40-50,000 people. However, the area does not provide land for cultivation or other employment opportunities. Moreover, some government staff suggested that the extensive support provided by international aid organizations to IDPs may be creating ‘dependency syndrome’ and even a ‘lost generation.’

3.6FISheRS

Fishing is not very developed in South Sudan and it is not associated to specific tribes. Generally, it is believed that fish as a resource is underutilized in South Sudan. Simple fishing techniques are used, such as gillnets, throw nets and hooks. Women in the north are using baskets to catch fish in stagnating pools. Fish traps and related fish dams

Status doesnotcultivate cultivatesIDP/refugee 73.6% 26.4%Resident 20.8% 79.2%Returnee 53.2% 46.8%total 24.7% 75.3%

tABle1: Cultivation by residential status in 2009 (FAO, 2009)

© UNDP/Ferdinand von Habsburg


3. STAKEhOLDER ANALySIS

which are being used neighbouring countries are not being used in South Sudan.

On the Nile and in the Sudd wetlands fishers from Sudan operate with fast boats. Fishers are not licensed and not taxed, but fish retailers are taxed when selling fish on the market. In Nyamlel, there is a fishers’ association which has established a social security system based on the regular contributions of members.

3.7cultIvAtoRS

Most of the rural population practise cultivation. In the northern part of the country, sorghum, sesame and groundnuts are the principal crops. Many farmers have little access to inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizer and pesticides. Micro credit systems have not yet been developed.

Farmers reported they are suffering from a changing climate. In the last decade, the rainy season has started late and for several years planting of crops

has begun one to two months later than in the past. In addition, rainy seasons also are tending to be shorter and sometimes interrupted, which results in an early harvest before crops are fully grown. Adapting to climate change could be achieved by establishing small dams to improve irrigation and by promoting animal traction to prepare land for cultivation which would enable a quicker response to rains than if it is done by manual labour.

3.8lIveStockkeePeRS

Livestock-rearing may be categorized according to three systems: (a) nomadic, based largely on herding of cattle, camels, sheep and goats in the semi-arid north (e.g. Misseriya); (b) semi-nomadic agro-pastoralism, combining the herding of cattle and some sheep with cultivation (Dinka, Nuer); and (c) a sedentary system, where cattle and small livestock are reared in close proximity to villages (UNEP, 2007).

The number of cattle is high (Table 4) and

Urbanisation patterns around Wau, WBG


rangelands are considered to be overstocked. The production of livestock products (milk, butter, meat and hides), however, is low. Livestock is mainly perceived as a store of value by many livestock keepers, particularly the nomadic and semi-nomadic. For example, during an interview, two herdsmen with 10 cattle coming from the cattle market in Aweil and going to their village beyond Marial Bai, declared that they just bought this herd because they received money from a relative, and they did not want to keep the amount in cash.

3.9uRBAnPoPulAtIon

The urban population consists of a diversity of different socio-economic categories, among which the principal groups are (a) people working for the Government, (b) small business entrepreneurs, (c) labourers, (d) people without jobs and (e) IDP and returnees, who often have no land and no job, but many of them create or find more or less temporary occupations such as charcoal burning (men) or growing and selling vegetables (women). Usually there is also an elite, related to the government or private sector (or both).

(1) Urban people require resources such as water, fuel and food. On average they have more to spend than rural people and hence the level of consumption is generally higher. Moreover, consumption is not so much determined by the availability of resources, but more by the level of income in relation to commodity prices.

3.10locAlnGoSAndcBoS

The local NGO sector is not yet very well developed. Many local NGOs have political links or have been established to create access to subsidies. In Northern Bahr el Ghazal, we met two NGOs that were established by individuals. One of them was associated with an international NGO (Concern Worldwide), which gives financial and operational stability. ‘Basic’ CBOs are present in the form of user group associations. An important motivation for such associations is to share risks and costs.

3.11InteRnAtIonAlnGoSAnddonoRS

A large spectrum of international organizations (both inter-governmental and non-governmental) are present in South Sudan, many of whom started their operations following the signing of the CPA or even more recently. Presently, many service gaps are filled by these organizations. These organizations focus very much on meeting primary needs such as food, health and shelter of IDPs, as well as on capacity building to enable the different government agencies to fulfil their tasks. The risk of emphasizing capacity building without assuring a clear link with policy implementation and service delivery is that all government staff’s capacity is absorbed by learning rather than doing. Moreover, coordination is required to avoid conflicting approaches and duplication of work.

Sheep and goat herding on the way to Lofi, Eastern Equatoria

Cultivated land is bare and prone to flooding and erosion during the dry season (NBG)


4.1RelevAntInStItutIonS

4.1.1 Government agencies

South Sudan has five administrative levels, namely: (1) national level, (2) state, (3) county, (4) payam and (5) boma. At both national and state level ministries are established, and below that the administrations have departments or units for the various sectors. Before South Sudan’s independence, the Government of Southern Sudan (GOSS) had the following ministries working on issues related to the environment:

■■ Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

■■ Ministry of Environment

■■ Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning

■■ Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation

■■ Ministry of Roads and Transport

■■ Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries

■■ Ministry of Energy and Mining

■■ Ministry of Cooperatives and Rural Development

■■ Ministry of Commerce and Industry

■■ Ministry of Wildlife and Tourism

■■ Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

The information on functions of these ministries extracted from the Government website (www.goss.org) is presented in Appendix 4. Ministries directly involved in sectors such as agriculture, animal resources, fisheries, forestry, wildlife, water and mining of course play an important role in natural resources management. In addition, ministries responsible for finance, rural development, physical planning and road infrastructure have an important role to play in assuring effective management of natural resources and the environment.

Ministry of Environment

The Ministry of Environment is responsible for the development and implementation of environmental policy and legislation, performing

the following functions and duties:

■■ Develop and execute policies and programmes on environmental protection and conservation throughout South Sudan;

■■ Establish the Government’s environmental policy and monitor its effectiveness and impact;

■■ Create programmes, in collaboration with other ministries, for the control of environmental degradation and control of desertification;

■■ Develop Environmental Impact Assessment standard methodologies and procedures for Government development policies and for private sector investment;

■■ Advise and support states and local governments in their responsibilities for environment and build their capacity to assume all functions vested by the Constitution and Government policy;

■■ Advise and support states and local governments in their responsibilities for environmental protection and build their capacity to assume all functions vested by the Constitution and Government policy.

At the level of the states and local governments, environmental governance has not yet been shaped. Only a few states have environmental directorates attached to one of their ministries. In Eastern Equatoria, the Directorate of Environment is part of the Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism. An interesting structure in that state is the Environmental Task Force, which is composed of representatives of all state line ministries. Its role is joint planning of natural resources issues, and it meets monthly according to the Directorate of Environment.

Land Commission

The Land Commission is an independent agency within the Government, responsible for the management of land, involving issues such as ownership, registration, conflict resolution and development of policy and legislation in this regard. It is a crucial entity for the coordination of management of the environment as well as of

4. INSTITUTIONAL & POLICy fRAMEWORK


natural resources. The commission has a partnership with UN-HABITAT. The Land Act 2009 lays out an institutional arrangement for land management at the lower administrative levels, but this has not yet been put in place.

4.1.2 Natural resource management and environment working groups

To support coordination of policy development and technical support two working groups have been established, the Natural Resources Management Group and the Environment Cluster Group.

Natural Resources Management Group

The mission of the Natural Resource Management Group (NRMG) is to ensure holistic and integrated management of South Sudan’s natural resources for sustainable development. The NRMG is currently formed of seven Government ministries and the South Sudan Land Commission:

■■ Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

■■ Ministry of Energy and Mining

■■ Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries

■■ Ministry of Cooperatives and Rural Development

■■ Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism

■■ Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation

■■ Ministry of Housing and Physical Planning

■■ Ministry of Environment

■■ South Sudan Land Commission


Demonstration of fuel efficient stoves in Magwi, Eastern

Equatoria State, South Sudan


Environment Cluster Group

The Environment Cluster Group (ECG), formed of development partners including UN agencies and NGOs, was established to assist the Ministry of Environment in identifying and addressing significant environmental issues in South Sudan, and ensure that the Ministry of Environment is effective in coordinating its development partners through knowledge sharing, formation of partnerships, and provision of collaborative support. The ECG creates an opportunity for development partners to provide a coordinated approach in support of the Government that enable joint activities to be taken in identifying solutions to existing and newly emerging environmental issues.

4.2PolIcyAndReGulAtIonS

4.2.1 General framework

The current fundamental policy framework is the Interim Constitution of South Sudan. Since the signing of the CPA, policies and legislation developed under the Government of Sudan in Khartoum were gradually replaced and renewed by the Government of Southern Sudan and now by the Government of South Sudan. However, most are now in the final consultation and approval phase and have draft status (Appendix 6). Generally, draft versions are considered as confidential and therefore not available for review. Policies and legislation at lower levels follow after those at national level and therefore an analysis of the lower administrative levels is even more restricted.

4.2.2 South Sudan Development Plan

The main guiding document for the development of the country is the South Sudan Development Plan (SSDP) which addresses conflict management, poverty reduction and economic development. One of the goals of the document is to strive for less dependence on oil. The Government’s role is not to undertake economic activities itself, but to create an enabling environment for economic development by assuring peace, security, rule of law, macroeconomic stability, basic infrastructure and effective tax administration (GOSS, 2011).

The SSDP is structured through four ‘Pillars’, namely: (1) governance, (2) economic development, (3) social and human development, and (4) conflict

prevention and security. Within these pillars, cross cutting issues are defined as (1) anti-corruption, (2) capacity development, (3) environment, (4) gender, (5) HIV and AIDS, (6) youth, and (7) human rights.

Under the Governance Pillar, the Government’s role is to:

■■ ensure that development is sustainable through enforcing environmental and social impact assessments for all development programmes and projects

■■ accede to and ratify applicable and beneficial multilateral environmental treaties, conventions and agreements

■■ promote inclusive participation, access to information and good governance in sustainable natural resources management and environmental protection.

The Economic Development Pillar covers the following priority programme areas: (a) agriculture and forestry, (b) roads and road transport development, (c) development of energy, mineral and mining sectors (including oil), (d) animal resources and fisheries, and (e) Water resources management, development, utilisation and provision of sanitation services. Environmental sustainability of economic development and related activities including oil extraction, logging and charcoal production is to be ensured. The use of environmental impact assessments (EIAs) is required for infrastructure and power supply development.

The Social and Human Development Pillar envisages environmental awareness-raising of children, and improved health and sanitation facilities focusing particularly on the youth. A national early warning system will be developed to reduce risks of disasters.

The Conflict Prevention and Security Pillar will ensure environmental awareness-raising of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) participants as well as the requirement of EIAs for all major construction projects.

The following additions are recommended to be included in the SSDP:

■■ Explicit mention of climate change, adaptation strategies, and risks of climate change to livelihood, security



and economic development in the Governance Pillar;

■■ Mechanisms for the mainstreaming of environmental sustainability into development policies (e.g. SEA) in the Governance Pillar;

■■ Integrated land and resource use planning in Governance and/or Economic Development Pillar;

■■ Green energy promotion and carbon reduction should be included in the Economic Development Pillar;

■■ Discussion of the risk of land grabbing and excessive deforestation associated with the investment-eager policy of the Economic Development Pillar;

■■ Awareness-raising in the Social and Human Development Pillar should address adults as well as children;

■■ Attitudes towards littering the environment should be addressed through awareness-creation initiatives under the Social and Human Development Pillar (this is a very wide problem which starts with throwing plastic bottles everywhere and ends with dumping toxic products without feeling any responsibility).

4.2.3 Environmental Policy and the Environment Protection Bill

The South Sudan National Environmental Policy has been drafted to achieve sustainable development in light of the following factors (draft January 2010):

(1) The upcoming huge investment and development activities following the attainment of comprehensive peace in the country;

(2) Emerging environmental management challenges pertaining to diversion of land use systems, urban sprawl, oil exploration in the Sudd wetlands, loss of biodiversity, waste management and others;

(3) Ineffective environmental governance due to inadequate institutional capacity and limited government budgetary allocation for

environment;

(4) The need to harmonize the environmental legal frameworks with sectoral legislation and guidelines;

(5) The need to decentralize and devolve management of the environment to the lowest levels of government within the framework of the federal system of rule;

(6) The current state of environmental degradation as manifested in widespread pollution by the oil industry, increasing loss of biodiversity due to over-exploitation of forests, inadequate environmental sanitation associated with urban sprawl, and desert encroachment southwards;

(7) Lack of reliable information and data on the environment and limited research capacity.

The policy is based on the following principles: good governance, sustainable development, prevention, subsidiarity, the precautionary principle, scientific knowledge, skills and expertise, and ‘The Polluter Pays’. The policy gives guidance to all relevant sectors: agriculture, biodiversity, energy, fisheries, forestry, health, human settlements, industry, livestock, mining, oil, roads, tourism, transportation, water and sanitation. It emphasizes the importance of carrying out Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) in relation to any activity that may affect the environment.

The arrangements required for the implementation of the environmental policy are elaborated in the Environmental Protection Bill 2010. Relevant in relation to this EIRO assessment are the following elements:

■■ The establishment of the South Sudan National Environmental Authority (Article 8);

■■ The arrangements for the integration and mainstreaming of the environmental policy in line ministries and lower level governments through Environmental Liaison Units and State Environmental Committees and Local Environmental Committees (Articles 23-27);

■■ The elaboration and implementation of the 5-yearly Environmental Action Plan (Article 28);

■■ The implementation of EIA, EIS,



Fisherman at Lol River near Nyamlell, NBG


environmental audits and monitoring (Articles 29-33);

■■ Land use planning (Article 42);

■■ The protection of wetlands, lakes, rivers, hilly and mountainous areas, biodiversity, forests, rangelands, natural heritage and the ozone layer (Articles 43-55).

4.2.4 The Land Act 2009

The Land Act was enacted in 2009 and it is another crucial legal document in relation to sustainable environmental management. The Land Act classifies land as (a) communal, (b) public, or (c) private land. Only South Sudanese citizens can own land, but foreigners can lease land. The document defines rights and restrictions of land users and owners. The Land Commission supervises the application of the Land Act and its institutional set-up at the different administrative levels is elaborated in the Act. The Act prescribes EIA for investment projects, but there are no elaborate provisions for land use planning such as land use categories or planning and allocation procedures. A Land Policy is still under development and it will include some amendments to the Land Act.

4.3PolIcyGAPS

4.3.1 Policy implementation

The South Sudan National Environmental Policy and Environmental Bill form an excellent basis for sustainable environmental management of the country covering practically all required issues. The challenge, however, will be to make it work. The Bill is well elaborated, but it refers to a long lists of tasks to be accomplished before it can actually be fully implemented:

■■ The completion of orders, regulations, standards, criteria, measures, mapping, registers, and prescriptions as mentioned in the Bill;

■■ The establishment of institutional capacity, regulations and commitment at the lower administrative levels (Environmental Liaison Units and State Environmental Committees and Local Environmental Committees);

■■ Realization of capacity (including financial resources) for monitoring and law enforcement.

One of the most crucial threats in the immediate future is that the Environmental Bill has not yet been endorsed, so investments and development affecting the environment continue without being assessed and guided. As the originating and coordinating body for the Environmental Bill, the Ministry of Environment (MOE) is tasked with presenting the Bill to the Council of Ministers for endorsement. It is of paramount importance that an immediate and concerted effort is made by the MOE to have the Bill endorsed.

4.3.2 Integrated policy development

Most sectoral policies within the field of natural resources management are very sector-oriented. The environment is recognized by several policies and the SSDP as a factor to take into account through awareness-raising and the implementation of EIA. Several policies such as the Electric Power Policy, explicitly mention the importance of EIAs. However, generally land and natural resources are regarded only from the perspective of how they are interact with each sector, instead of being considered as a common asset to be managed by the sectors jointly to achieve a wise, fair and sustainable development of the country’s wealth for all. As a result, each sector devolves a part or all the cost of its development to other sectors. Examples are (a) charcoal burners destroying resources for livestock keepers and NTFP collectors, (b) livestock keepers burning tree seedlings of future forest users, (c) dam builders degrading floodplains of livestock keepers and fishers, etc.

The effectiveness of an EIA to achieve integrated development has limitations. An EIA is effective for the correction of project plans and the mitigation of its expected negative effects. However, it does not optimize resource use strategies and policies taking all sectors into account in an integrated way. The tools used to realize integrated policy development leading to sustainable natural resources management and climate change adaptation and mitigation are the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) or Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA).


4.3.3 Integrated resource management

Land use planning and a resource use based system for revenue collection are effective mechanisms to make integrated policies work. The former is a mechanism to assure a fair, wise and sustainable allocation of resources to all stakeholders, the latter is a system for monitoring, feedback and the provision of funding of maintenance (e.g. monitoring and protection). Land use planning is basically addressed by the Environmental Bill, but not by the current Land Act 2009.

The concept of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM), which is becoming widely applied globally, has not yet been used in South Sudan. This concept is particularly effective to facilitate the involvement of local communities in the management of restricted use areas, such as protected areas, forest reserves, buffer zones and corridors. A successful application in the East African region of this approach was in the Masai Mara Reserve in Kenya. In view of the large wildlife areas to be managed in both the east and west of the country, the development of this approach could be beneficial for both communities and government agencies responsible for resource protection. This approach also fits in well in a decentralized governance model.

Indirectly linked to resource-use planning are urbanization, migration and population growth. Although the SSDP deals extensively with health and the large proportion of the population that needs to be educated, there is no reference to population policy.

4.3.4 Halting degradation

All policies related to natural resources management should address the impact on vegetation, soils and climate of vegetation degradation and destruction due to charcoal production, fuel wood collection, livestock overstocking, (human made) forest fires and clearing for mechanized agriculture. Forest plantations are very useful to release the pressure from natural forests and to obtain forest products that satisfy specific needs. However, they is no long-term (nor a cheap) solution to degradation. Planted forests tend, in the long term, to become vulnerable to phyto-parasites, which may cause mass die-off. Examples of this exist in pine forests

in southern Africa and Europe. In many countries, (e.g. Carpathian and Alpine countries) foresters have started natural regeneration in mono-species forests to cope with this problem. In fact, the best and only long-term option is proper fire management, maintaining livestock numbers and forest exploitation at sustainable levels. An interesting experiment was carried out in the 1970s in the Negev desert in Israel when a vast semi-desert area was fenced to exclude livestock. After several years, green natural vegetation settled and stabilized and even higher rainfall was measured.

Dealing with the livestock problem is a challenge in a country where this sector has such a prominent place in society and the economy. However, with the current numbers, addressing this issue is unavoidable. A good suggestion in the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) 2007 was to shift from goats to sheep, but further thinking is required to transform the livestock sector into one having less impact on the environment and contributing more to the economy, without losing all of its cultural importance.

The most urgent gap in the current policies is the absence of an elaborate fire policy. Fire is costing South Sudan a great deal in terms of reduced forest production and consequences of climate change. West African Sahel and Sudan zone countries (e.g. Senegal, Burkina Faso and Ghana) have recorded significant achievements by developing and implementing effective wild fire policies. Such policies would be applicable in South Sudan as the climatic conditions and general land use are comparable.

The Environmental Policy and Bill provide a good starting point for the protection of water, catchment areas and slopes. These measures urgently need to be mainstreamed and implemented at the lower administrative levels.

4.3.5 Climate change adaptation

The Environmental Bill addresses the protection of the ozone layer, but neither the Environmental Policy nor the SSDP mentions climate change adaptation as urgent. The NAPA, prepared by the Government of National Unity in 2007, specifies adaptation measures to be applied in the field of agriculture, water and health.



Major adaptation activities and needs with regards to agriculture:

■■ Community-based forest and rangeland management and rehabilitation;

■■ Replacement of household goat herds with sheep herds to reduce pressure on fragile rangelands;

■■ Lessening of pressure on local forests through use of mud brick building design and alternative energy sources;

■■ Land use conversion from agricultural activities to livestock raising;

■■ Strengthening of agricultural and veterinary extension services, including demonstration;

■■ Introduction of drought-resistant seed varieties, poultry and fish production;

■■ Afforestation of areas denuded of trees for building construction and firewood;

■■ Drought early warning systems for disaster preparedness;

■■ Extension services in agricultural capacity strengthening for small scale farmers;

■■ Protection and rehabilitation of rangelands, including construction of shelterbelts to reduce windstorm impacts.

Water intake in Juba on the Nile river bank to supply returning citizens with water, Central Equatoria State


Major adaptation activities and needs with regards to agriculture:

■■ Introduction of new water harvesting/spreading techniques making use of intermediate technologies;

■■ Promotion of greater use of effective, traditional water conservation practices;

■■ Rehabilitation of existing dams as well as improvements in water basin infrastructure for increased water storage capacity, particularly in central and western regions of South Sudan;

■■ Construction of dams and water storage facilities in some of the water valleys, particularly in the western region of South Sudan;

■■ Introduction of water-conserving agricultural land management practices;

■■ Improvement of access to groundwater supplies by humans and animals though installation of water pumps;

■■ Enhancement of capabilities of regional meteorological stations to monitor hydro-climatic variables;

■■ Introduction of a revolving micro-credit fund to support implementation of small water harvesting projects;

■■ Extension services in to strengthen capacity in water capture and storage techniques among small-scale farmers.

Major adaptation activities and needs with regards to health:

■■ Improved community sanitation and medical services, including capacities for diagnosis and treatment;

■■ Building of community awareness regarding preventative measures for malaria, meningitis, and leishmaniasis;

■■ Introduction of preventive measures to restrict malaria transmission such as mosquito nets, treatment/drying up of breeding sites;

■■ Introduction of early disease diagnosis and treatment programmes for malaria, meningitis, and leishmaniasis;

■■ Improvement of irrigation system management so as to reduce breeding sites;

■■ Provision of alternative water supply systems for domestic use that do not involve open standing water areas.

It is recommended that South Sudan join the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and that climate change adaptation are


Sale of thatching grass, fuel wood and charcoal and Ikotos market, Eastern Equatoria


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mainstreamed in its policies based on a National Adaptation Programme of Action for South Sudan. The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is an effective tool to support the development of climate adaptation programmes and policies.

4.3.6 Energy

The South Sudan National Electric Sector Policy (‘the policy’) was approved in 2007. The policy is very much geared towards diesel and hydropower. The policy envisages a parastatal status for the main producer, the South Sudan Electricity Corporation (SSEC), supervised by the Government and investors. Since 2005, electricity production powered by diesel has expanded significantly and now covers the towns of Bor, Kapoeta, Juba, Malakal, Maridi, Rumbek, Wau, Yambio and Yei with more planned for Aweil, Bentiu, Kwajok, Malakal and Torit (Figure 4). The policy aims at the development of an extensive power network to allow fewer but larger power plants to satisfy needs.

The policy strives also for diversification and sustainable energy generation. To this end, the feasibility of eight hydropower dams is being investigated (Juba barrage, Due, Kinyeti, Bedden,

Fula, Lakki and Shukolli). Moreover, a tender is running for the construction of a 50 MW power plant generated by municipal waste and biomass gasification funded by an European Union (EU) loan. There is also interest in the use of solar power and the Ministry of Energy and Mining is currently studying an offer for streetlights powered by solar power. However, no feasibility studies have been carried with regard to solar and wind energy, despite the country’s potential for those resources (Afrepen, 2011).

The policy does not address other household energy needs. Charcoal and fuel wood are considered as issues to be dealt with by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. An effective policy for charcoal and fuel wood management is badly needed. Currently, these resources are essentially considered as ‘free resources’ that can be used without limitation, resulting in accelerating depletion with deforestation, erosion and climate change as side effects.

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FIGuRe1: Increasing diesel-powered electricity production in South Sudan’s main cities by the SSEC (source: Min. Energy & Mining, Department of Energy)


5.1methodoloGyAndAvAIlABIlItyoFdAtA

Field data on natural resources and ecosystem services are very scarce in South Sudan due to the long period of war, during which data collection stalled and during which existing data sources were also lost. Moreover, the focus of many studies and data sets was on northern Sudan.

To quantify impacts of land use and environmental changes such as climate change, it is necessary to gather data over extended time intervals, preferably spanning several decades. Data series derived from spatial analysis are very useful for this purpose, but such information could only be collected on a few occasions. However, the Sudan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment (UNEP, 2007) contains some maps on land cover changes in different areas of Sudan, indicating locally a dramatic shift from woodland and forest to cultivated and bare land.

Most of the information on impacts and risks in this chapter is obtained from existing assessments and publications. Further information was obtained by interviews with a wide variety of stakeholders (Appendix 1). In some cases, data sets were provided by Government agencies and processed with statistical analysis procedures (SPSS). Where possible, graphs were used to visualize trends. Additional information, particularly on ecosystem dynamics, was used from scientific publications reporting research in other but comparable areas. As much as possible crosschecking and triangulation was done between different information sources. As a result of the variable availability of information, the level of the presented results and conclusions varies per section.

At the end of this chapter a figure is presented giving a summary of all impacts recorded (Figure 14).

5.2clImAte

Climate is mainly determined by water and temperature. The National Adaptation Plan of Action (HCENR, 2007), which was prepared for the entire Sudan before South Sudan became independent, predicts rising temperatures and a decrease in rainfall having significant consequences for agriculture, water and health:

Climate scenario analyses conducted as part of the preparation of Sudan’s First National Communications indicate that average temperatures are expected to rise significantly relative to baseline expectations. By 2060, projected warming ranges from 1.5oC to 3.1oC during August to between 1.1oC to 2.1oC during the month of January. Projections of rainfall under climate change conditions also shows sharp deviations from baseline expectations. Results from some of the models show average rainfall decrease of about 6 mm/month during the rainy season. Such changes in temperatures and precipitation will adversely affect sustaining the development progress that has achieved in many sectors in Sudan. The three highest priority sectors where urgent and immediate action is needed were identified through the NAPA consultation process to be agriculture, water, and public health (Figure 5).

For South Sudan, no specific climate change scenario models have been found, but generally expectations are based on regional trends. According to various sources (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ministry of Water and Irrigation) climate change in South Sudan is manifested through:

(1) Duration and timing of rain becoming erratic, rainy season delayed and shorter;

(2) Some areas receiving generally less rain, water tables dropping;

(3) The desert expanding southward.

Rainfall data for South Sudan are scarcely available. The FAO SISFIA project managed to collect data from 1980 onwards from different rainfall stations and apart from that some additional data were collected from other sources by the assessment team. These data do not show a clear change in annual rainfall (Figure 6). Data on monthly rainfall in Malakal (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Upper Nile) do however show a trend of delayed and shortening rainy seasons over time (Figure 7). An even longer period of data from Aweil (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Northern Bahr el Ghazal) shows a similar trend (Figure 8) and, moreover, a tendency towards an earlier finish to the rains, resulting in a more drastic shortening of the rainy season. These trends were confirmed by different sources in Upper Nile and Northern Bahr el Ghazal at government level and in the field by farmers.

5. ASSESSMENT Of IMPACTS & RISKS


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FIGuRe5: Projected yields for all Sudan (north and South Sudan) with climate change showing decreasing harvests in the future due to climate change (source: results of Sudan’s First National Communication under the UNFCCC, 2003)

FIGuRe6: Annual rainfall measured at El Renk, Juba, Malakal, Raga and Aweil meteorological stations in South Sudan from 1975 to 2010 showing no clear trend of annual rainfall decrease but significant fluctuations of from year to year (sources - El Renk, Juba and Raga: FAO Juba; Malakal: Upper Nile State Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; Aweil: Northern Bahr el Ghazal State Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry)



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FIGuRe8: Months with over 20mm rainfall (indicated as dashed) in Aweil in the period 1975 – 2010, indicating a trend of delayed and shortened rainy seasons (source: Northern Bahr el Ghazal State Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries)

FIGuRe7:Months with over 20mm rainfall (indicated as dashed) in Malakal in the period 1990 – 2010, indicating a trend of delayed and shortened rainy season (source: Upper Nile State Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries)


5.3wAteR

Most of South Sudan is covered by the Bahr el Ghazal, Nile and Sobat River catchments which join at their confluents near Malakal to form the White Nile (Mohamed et al., 2004, Mohamed et al., 2005; Sutcliffe & Parks, 1989). The Sobat River and even more so the Bahr el Ghazal river catchments have a strong seasonal character in contrast with the Nile, which finds its origin in various climatic zones and whose hydrological dynamics are also toned down by the lake systems in East Africa. The Sudd wetlands between Bor and Malakal have a similar effect, as per other African wetlands such as the Niger Inner Delta, the Senegal Delta and the Okavango Delta (Sutcliffe & Parks 1989). Remarkable, however, is the dramatic increase of the Wetlands due to heavy rains in Congo and East Africa in the 1960s and 1970s (Sutcliffe & Parks, 1987). At present, flooding is close to the limits it had during the first half of the twentieth century, but there is generally a trend of decreasing flooding.

5.3.1 The Sudd wetland and Jonglei canal

In the Sudd and Bahr el Ghazal wetlands, water stagnates and a high proportion evaporates. However, the evaporated water is not lost from the system as it is partly recycled in the form of rain and it contributes to an increase of the air moisture index, which results in a reduction of evaporation in the dry season (Mohamed et al., 2005). Plans to complete the Jonglei Canal – draining part of the Sudd swamps in order to increase the quantity of water available for hydropower and irrigation downstream – are therefore expected to have a negative effect on the climate in South Sudan. Apart from this, a dramatic impact is to be expected on wildlife, livestock and fish, as dry season feed supply for wildlife and livestock will decrease due to reduced flooding, and wet season spawning areas for many fish species will also decrease.

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Discharge of sewer into Nile River at Malakal, Upper Nile State


5.3.2 Disappearing rivers

Rivers coming from the plateau along the border with the Central African Republic are drying up. A number of rivers that were reported to have been permanent rivers in the past have become seasonal in the last two decades. This applies to rivers such as the Kir, Lol, Jur, Gal and Peyia. This phenomenon has been confirmed in interviews with several older people in the region. The decrease of water flow in the river is most likely related both to land use (forest clearing, overgrazing and forest fire accelerating erosion and siltation) and climate change (less rainfall and higher evaporation). The siltation in the river has increased, causing congestion of irrigation channels and a drop in the water table in riverbeds. Furthermore, swamp areas are decreasing and trees have been reported as dying in some areas due to lack of water.

The ecological impact of rivers changing from perennial to seasonal is significant and so are the consequences for livelihoods. There is a significant change in water quality, particularly at the onset of the rains. Many migratory fish species will disappear, and only fish which can survive in stagnating dry season ponds or in the mud will survive. Fishermen in Nyamlel fishing in river Lol reported that they suspect that five species have disappeared from their river out of the 15 species they know, and the size of fish they caught has also decreased. Mudfish (Protopterus aethiopicus) could reach a length of 1.5 metres in the past but nowadays the fishermen are catching specimens which are a maximum of 0.5 metres in length. More factors may play a role here, but over-fishing is most probably not one of them as the fishing in these rivers is quite limited and simple techniques are being used.

5.3.3 Water pollution

Water pollution is increasing due to the increasing concentration of people in urban areas and the use of an increasing number of chemical and toxic products (UNEP, 2007). In Malakal, for example, it was observed not only that the open sewer discharged directly into the River Nile, but also waste water from a hospital and run-off from the electricity power plant, which was obviously seriously polluted with oil. In Wau, a slaughterhouse was visited whose drainage discharged into a nearby wetland, but a new slaughterhouse is being constructed.

5.3.4 Oil exploitation

Oil pollution is a very serious risk, particularly in wetlands. From various persons who managed to visit the oil exploitation sites in Abyei, Unity State and Upper Nile State, it was understood that oil pollution around these sites is visible (see also Cooper & Catterson, 2007 and GoSS, 2010). However, these sites were then under the control of the Khartoum Government and the Government of Southern Sudan generally had no access and no control. It was therefore impossible to monitor the level of respect paid to the environment by the oil companies. Cooper and Catterson (2007) state: “The areas in Unity and Upper Nile currently yielding petroleum are dotted with small ponds created near the well heads to hold the “produced water” that typically comes out of the ground from the oil wells. Produced water is produced with the oil, often with high concentrations of chemicals, minerals or mixed with oil, and frequently at high temperatures. The high amounts of the contaminants (salts or chlorides, hydrocarbons, well treatment chemicals, oil separation and water treatment chemicals) can reach toxic concentrations that will pollute the surrounding areas or waters if dispersed directly into them (Exxon Mobil 2000). They are currently being stockpiled in man-made ponds adjacent to the drilling sites where the expectation is that they will be disposed of by evaporation over time.”

Some other risks of oil exploitation mentioned in the same report are:

■■ Oil spills causing contamination at exploration/production facilities and around pipelines;

■■ Disruptions to the local hydrology (of various types and magnitudes and with varying collateral adverse socio-environmental impacts);

■■ Contamination as a result of disposal and release of produced water;

■■ Disposal and release of hazardous materials used in drilling;

■■ Pollution from human waste, solid waste from oil camps and/or fuel and lubricants associated with mechanized equipment;

■■ Species and habitat loss from increased accessibility to otherwise remote areas, especially within the swamps of the Sudd.


5.4nAtuRAlFoReSt

The FAO Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) 2010, (Table 5, and Table 6) estimates the current annual loss for forests and other wooded land in South Sudan at 277,630 hectares. The rate of forestation is determined by the national and foreign demand for tree products. It is likely that deforestation (without significant improvement of protection) increases at least proportionally with the number of national consumers, but probably much faster due to accelerated deforestation for the reasons explained in the following sections. The number of consumers increases as a result of immigration, natural population growth and the extension of the market (e.g. to Kenya, Uganda and Sudan) due to the reduction of transport barriers (Figure 10). The factors playing an important role in deforestation are explained in the following sections.

5.4.1 Clearing for cultivation

The most important factor responsible for total forest clearing is cultivation. The average small-scale farming household uses 0.4 to 1 hectares of land for the cultivation of subsistence crops. However, the total area under cultivation in South Sudan is still low. It may be expected that the cultivated area will increase proportionally with the increasing population and, in the longer term when agricultural mechanization becomes more common, even more.

Since the security situation has been improving, mechanized agriculture has expanded in all parts of South Sudan. A recent survey of land-based investments (Deng, 2011) indicates that, from 2007 to 2010, foreign companies, governments and individuals have sought or acquired at least 2.64 million hectares (26,400 km

2) of land for projects in the agriculture, biofuel and forestry sectors in South Sudan. Private investment projects in agriculture may help the country’s economy forward, but if social and environmental aspects are not taken into account social and environmental cost may be very high.

This is particularly the case with mechanized agriculture, which does not contribute much to employment. According to the Upper Nile State Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 442,470 hectares of mechanized agricultural land have been planted in the season 2010-2011 in Upper Nile State, which is an area close to the total current area under cultivation in the state (448,442 hectares,

according to FAO). In Central and Western Equatoria States, large scale clearing has been carried out with bulldozers in some dense, humid forest areas to make space for mechanized maize production and biofuels. It has been reported that in some counties in Central Equatoria, up to 70 percent of the territory has been leased out to the private sector. Such large-scale forest clearing projects have been reported in the vicinity of Juba, Terekeka and Yambio (unknown large areas for maize cultivation), among others; and along the Juba - Yei road there are plans to clear an area of 20,000 hectares. One project initiative (The Joseph Project) even proposes the clearing of 1 million hectares of forest in the Nile region of South Sudan for highly mechanized and partly irrigated agriculture. This American-Canadian company has links with the American agro-machinery company John Deere.

The production of biofuels is becoming one of the most important causes of deforestation worldwide. Due to rising oil prices and a growing and insatiable market, only a strong land use policy can resist this pressure. ‘Land grabbing’ is also occurring in other parts of the world. In countries such as Brazil, Indonesia and Malaysia, it is counterproductive to the development of rural communities and it causes social stress and conflicts. Experience has shown that such large-scale developments can only bring long-term benefits and minimal social and environmental costs if they are carefully planned. A high level and fully independent EIA should be applied in all these cases.

5.4.2 Clearing for roads and settlements

To create space for roads, settlements and other social and economic infrastructure, forested areas are often to be cleared. The area cleared is usually larger than the area occupied by the structures themselves. Moreover, the impact of human presence and land use associated with roads and settlements usually reaches much further than the original area cleared. Continuous use of forest products by people and passing livestock results in an impact gradient in a wide zone along and around such areas, which may stretch over a distance of up to 5 km or more away from roads and settlements (Deodatus & Toko, 1998).

Currently, a highway is being constructed from Khartoum via Malakal, Bor, and Juba to Gulu in Uganda. This road will open up vast areas in the states of Upper Nile, Jonglei and Central Equatoria that were previously isolated. The road will have a



positive influence on the economy of these areas, but at the same time pressure on their resources will increase considerably. Prior to the construction of this highway no Environmental or Social Impact Assessment was carried out and hence no mitigating measures to minimize its impacts were included in this project. A resident livestock farmer near the Sobat River (Upper Nile State) reported that nobody was consulted or informed in his village, and in April bulldozers cleared his land in front of his house, without even explaining what was going to happen. The course of the road is not only reducing his land, but it cuts through it, which will force him in the future to cross the road with his cattle on a daily basis.

5.4.3 Charcoal burning

The main fuel used in urban centres is charcoal. Many returnees burn wood to make charcoal to generate income, because no license is needed and simple tools are required. Moreover, the forest

belongs ‘to nobody.’ The production of charcoal requires large quantities of wood and likely contributes significantly to deforestation (Table 3). Two charcoal burners in Northern Bahr el Ghazal used five trees for one charcoal mound, which is producing three to four bags of charcoal. In Upper Nile, larger mounds are made producing 20-30 bags, but on average we can estimate that one bag of charcoal contains more or less 1.5 trees. The Northern Bahr el Ghazal burners produced on average 4 bags per week, which were sold for 20 Sudanese Pounds to buyers who then took them to Aweil market. According to various interviewees, one family (on average five persons) uses approximately one bag of charcoal per week. If we assume that 30 larger trees are found per hectare on an undisturbed savanna (based on Google Earth image of Upper Nile), than each removed tree results in the deforestation of 0.03 ha. Hence, the annual use of charcoal of one family accounts for 2.6 ha of deforestation in that area. This estimate may be not very precise due to variations in tree

Charcoal burning Magwi County, Eastern Equatoria


cover and tree size, but it is meant to give a tangible sense of the scale of deforestation due to charcoal utilization. In the humid savannas, tree densities are higher (10-50 times for example, in areas assessed by the team in Central Equatoria) and therefore the deforestation rate expressed in hectare per bag of charcoal is lower.

Large quantities of charcoal are also exported. Based on some monthly figures on charcoal

exportation from the Renk County in Upper Nile State to Sudan (Table 2), it is estimated that now annually in the order of 60,000 bags of charcoal are exported from Renk County, representing 2,700 hectares of deforested land. This estimate is based on an extrapolation of the annual fluctuations in charcoal production due to seasonality. Since more charcoal may have been exported unregistered or illegally, the real figure is expected to be much higher.

month numberofbags

January 3,118

February unknown

March 7,596

April 3,605

May 4,325

tABle1: Number of bags of charcoal taxed for exportation to northern Sudan in Upper Nile during the first months of 2011 (source: Upper Nile State Ministry of Finance)

tABle2: Observed activities contributing to woodland degradation in the area west of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (source: Malimbwi et al., n.d.)

Activity Percentage

Charcoal making 75

Timber 12

Agricultural expansion 7

Others 6

total 100


Charcoal selling along Magwi-Torit road


Charcoal burners often do not realize that they degrade the forest and deplete their own source of income in the longer term. A charcoal burner in a returnee settlement of Malakal stated:

“We feel that this forest is so big that the wood will never finish.”

5.4.4 Brick making

In the past, houses were made of sun-dried bricks. Nowadays more and more baked bricks are used. Brick bakers interviewed in the Bahr el Gazal region produced 120,000 bricks in one cycle, which are sold for 0.25 Sudanese Pounds per piece. One brick-baking cycle uses 8 cubic metres of firewood. Building the kiln takes 7-14 days, baking 7 days and taking the bricks out another 7-8 days. In Upper Nile brick makers produced between 80,000 and 160,000 bricks per kiln using one truck load of

wood for large kilns and a half a truck load for small kilns. One brick-baking cycle was half a month, which means that the presence of one kiln accounts for the utilization of an average of 18 truckloads of firewood per year.

5.4.5 Construction wood

The demand for wood for construction has increased due to the construction of new settlements. For timber, higher quality wood of larger older trees (Daniellia oliveri, Khaya senegalensis) is exploited. If taken in large quantities, important elements of the vegetation are removed, which impacts vegetation structure and may increase erosion. Teak plantations are found in the more humid parts of the country. Most of them lack proper management and were badly harvested during the war (UNEP, 2007).

5.4.6 Livestock grazing/browsing

Livestock in South Sudan, particularly cattle, sheep and goats, consume grass and trees (leaves, branches, seedlings). Grazing and browsing is

Brick making along Sobat River near the end of the Jonglei canal, Upper Nile State


sustainable as long as the re-growth capacity of the vegetation matches the level of use. If the off-take by livestock is too high or if other factors of degradation (e.g. fire, clearing for different purposes, low rainfall, drop of water table) interact with grazing the vegetation will degrade, which means that open tree savannas may fragment and on the long run they turn into grasslands or deserts (Miehe et al., 2010).

The number of livestock has increased dramatically since the 1960s, and the stocking rates even more due to the loss of rangeland. From 1961 to 2004, the number of livestock in Sudan and South Sudan has increased almost fivefold, while the number of cattle increased 3.6 percent annually. South Sudan has a very high number of livestock (Table 4), but data from the Sudan Institutional Capacity Programme: Food Security Information for Action (SIFSIA) show a recent slowdown of the increase of cattle, which had an annual increase rate of 2 percent between 2005 and 2010. In approximately the same period (1973 to 2006), the area of rangeland in South Sudan has decreased annually by 18.5 percent between due to degradation and land conversion (UNEP, 2007).

The impact of livestock grazing is less visible and more difficult to quantify than that of clearing for agriculture and cutting for charcoal, fuel wood or construction. The most important contribution

of livestock to deforestation is the removal of seedlings, which eliminates the capacity of the forest to regenerate. Heavily grazed forest therefore often shows a very open structure on the ground. Fire is very much associated with livestock keeping, as pastoralists burn grass to promote the re-growth of perennial grasses in the dry season. Again, fire kills seedlings and hence reduces re-growth of trees. If fires are badly managed they also degrade perennial grasses (Penning de Vries, 1982).

5.4.7 Fires

Bush fire may originate from a number of causes:

■■ Farmers use fire to remove vegetation for cultivation; sometimes they lose control and wildfires result;

■■ Pastoralists use fire to remove dry grass cover and to stimulate re-growth of perennial grasses (green flush);

■■ Hunters use fire to chase animals hidden in the vegetation;

■■ On some occasions natural fires occur due to thunderstorms, but this is actually rare since thunderstorms mainly occur in the wet season and they are accompanied by rain.

tABle4: Livestock numbers in South Sudan states (source: SISFIA)


State cattle Goats Sheep total

Upper Nile 990,024 650,503 447,097 2,087,624

Unity 1,188,824 1,511,319 1,784,172 4,484,315

Jonglei 1,475,096 1,423,281 1,227,409 4,125,786

Northern Bahr el Ghazal 1,590,400 1,305,897 1,657,635 4,553,932

Western Bahr el Ghazal 1,256,416 1,183,622 1,138,833 3,578,871

Lakes 1,320,032 1,252,096 1,488,919 4,061,047

Warrap 1,538,712 3,130,788 1,391,907 6,061,407

Central Equatoria 882,672 1,286,333 1,172,576 3,341,581

Eastern Equatoria 894,600 1,041,783 1,151,487 3,087,870

Western Equatoria 679,896 1,188,513 1,151,487 3,019,896

Total 11,816,672 13,974,135 12,611,522 38,402,329


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Fires destroy seeds, tree seedlings, rhizomes of perennial grasses and organic contents of the soil. Areas frequently devastated by fires lose tree re-growth and perennial grasses. Annual grasses, which have less nutritious value for livestock, gain an advantage from fire, since their seeds may survive in the subsoil or recolonize burned areas by dispersion through wind or herbivores. However, frequent, hot (late) fires will even reduce occupation of the soil by annual grasses. The impact of fires depends on the time of year and of day that they take place. Fires early in the dry season are less destructive as air temperature is normally relatively low in that period and plants are less dry. As a result, fires are less hot, pass quickly, and only dead material burns, leaving trees and topsoil intact. More or less the same applies to fires started early in the day when air temperature is relatively low and air humidity is high. Fires on slopes are usually hotter and more destructive than fires in flat areas.

5.4.8 Water table reduction

Resistance to drought varies between tree species. The drop in water tables (section 5.3) reduces the availability of water for tree species of limited drought resistance in the dry season, particularly

species found in gallery and ground water forests. Farmers and staff of the Northern Bahr el Ghazal State Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry reported a significant drop in the water table, but this was not observed in Upper Nile and Central Equatoria States, which can be explained by the better water retention of the clay soils along the River Nile.

Area Forest(ha) otherwoodedland(ha) Annualloss(ha) Annualpercentageloss

Bahr el Ghazal 14,048,291 4,829,122 113,958 0.60

Upper Nile 15,165,707 6,333,033 76,192 0.35

Equatoria 14,256,099 3,356,184 87,480 0.50

Forest Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use.

otherwoodedland Land not classified as “forest”, spanning more than 0.5 hectares; with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of 5-10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ; or with a combined cover of shrubs, bushes and trees above 10 percent. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use.

otherland All land that is not classified as “forest” or “other wooded land”.

otherlandwithtreecover(Subordinatedto“otherland”)

Land classified as “other land”, spanning more than 0.5 hectares with a canopy cover of more than 10 percent of trees able to reach a height of 5 meters at maturity.

Inlandwaterbodies Inland water bodies generally include major rivers, lakes and water reservoirs.

FIGuRe10: Predicted changes of forest cover and other wooded land in South Sudan regions based on the deforestation rate during the period 2005-2010 and an annual population increase of 2.2 percent, indicating disappearance of forest within a century if protection is not improved (FAO, 2010).

tABle5: Cover of forest and other wooded vegetation in South Sudan regions (FAO, 2005) and annual loss of forest cover (FAO, 2010) in hectares and percentage.

tABle6: FAO Forest Resources Assessment forest cover classification (FAO, 2010).


5.5lAnd

Erosion is a serious problem, which occurs particularly on sloping areas with coarse soil texture and poor vegetation cover. Factors accelerating erosion are cultivation, over-grazing, wildfire and other activities responsible for the clearing of the land’s natural ground cover. The major consequences of erosion are loss of soil quality for natural vegetation and agriculture, and the siltation of rivers, lakes, dams and irrigation canals. Water erosion is more prominent in the Bahr el Ghazal region and Eastern Equatoria, due to higher human pressure, more sloping land and/or generally coarser soil types compared to the landscapes dominated by the Nile floodplains in the centre of the country. Signs of erosion observed in Northern Bahr el Ghazal were ‘rill’ erosion and clogged irrigation canals in the Aweil Rice scheme. However, the most striking consequence (partly) due to erosion is the drying up of permanent rivers in the dry season.

Construction of roads and settlements usually implies removal of vegetation, and hence contributes to the erosion hazard. Almost everywhere along newly constructed roads quarries are found which were used to extract laterite for the road pavement. Usually these are not decommissioned after use.

According to the Ministry of Energy and Mining, no field surveys have yet been carried out to explore mineral resources, but potential areas for mining (e.g. for gold, diamonds and cement) have been mapped, based on remote sensing data. Artisanal mining occurs dispersed throughout the country but no data exists yet on this activity. The exploitation of clay along the main rivers for the production of bricks is widespread, particularly in the north of the country. This is not controlled and environmental impacts are not taken into account, although it contributes significantly to lateral river bed erosion.

The risks related to large investment projects mechanized agriculture (e.g. biofuels) with respect to land were highlighted in section 5.4.1. In addition to the environmental impact of such projects, large scale leasing of land may conflict with the interests of local communities (Shanmugaratham, 2008) and reduce options for these communities to adapt to climate change. This risk is significant since Social Impact Assessments (SIA) and consultations have so far

not been used in land use planning (see also the example of the construction of the Malakal – Bor highway given in section 5.4.2).

5.6BIodIveRSIty

This assessment mainly focused on human-dominated landscapes, where it is expected that biodiversity will be impacted and larger wildlife species are usually less common. Visual and qualitative assessment of the vegetation showed that, particularly in Northern Bahr el Ghazal, grasslands are heavily degraded. Even in the floodplains, tuft-forming perennial grasses (e.g. Andropogon gayanus) show clear signs of degradation. In the lower parts, patches of Vetiveria nigritana survive, but apart from that low quality annual grasses are taking over.

The absence of a good understory of young trees and seedlings in the woodlands indicate overgrazing and the impact of wildfire, evidence of the 2.5 million livestock coming from northern Sudan to spend the dry season in the Bahr el Ghazal area reported by the State Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries in Aweil. The Upper Nile plains east of the River Nile show less impact of grazing and fire than in Northern Bahr el Ghazal and perennial grasses seem to have generally a better condition. The forest structure of the area around Malakal is however strongly determined by the impact of charcoal burning. Most of the older trees have been removed.

Birds are quite common and include some charismatic species such as the Crowned Crane, Spurwing Goose, Open Bill Stork and others. It is very probable that high numbers of migratory birds are present during the period November – March. There are however no data that enable an assessment of the current status of birds.

The presence of mammal species is very poor. During the two-week assessment period, only a few Sun Squirrels and Patas Monkeys were observed, despite the excellent wildlife habitat that can be found along the Nile River in Upper Nile. Villagers in Upper Nile reported the occasional sighting of gazelles. Game guards in Northern Bahr el Ghazal gave a reliable report of the recent sighting (May 2011) of two adult lions and a cub in the vicinity of Ashana Game Reserve, which is a positive indicator of wildlife in that area. Poaching in that area is however very common,



particularly by Baggara, often in large groups of 40 to 50 hunters using horses and sometimes even cars or trucks.

5.7FoodSecuRIty

Among the most important staple foods, cereal production has increased on average 5 percent per year (Figure 11). This trend, however, was strongly influenced by the extremely good season of 2008. If this year is omitted, the increase in cereal production is, on average, 3.4 percent per year, which is still more than the natural increase of the human population, but less than the actual population increase due to migration. In the same period, with an average annual cereal production of 700,000 tonnes per year, an average 100,000 tonnes of imported food aid was provided by WFP alone (Table 7).

The increased production of cereals is a consequence of the extension of the area under cultivation (Figure 12). Production per hectare shows a light decrease (Figure 13), which could be a consequence of climate change and/or soil degradation.

tABle7: Food aid provided by WFP to South Sudan from 2006 to May 2011 (source: WFP).

year Beneficiaries tonnes

2006 2,102,283 124,176

2007 1,693,206 70,624

2008 1,433,220 83,422

2009 1,325,940 74,241

2010 2,399,553 157,755

2011 (Jan-May) 953,655 35,336

5.8cASe:SuStAInABleFARmInGAlonGJuBA–yeIRoAd

To give this chapter a happy ending, a report is included about a family farm visited by chance by the assessment team, along the Juba - Yei road. This ‘traditional farm’ appeared to have included principles of agro-forestry and sustainability in its diversified farming practices, such as:

■■ Sustainable charcoal production through tree coppicing in agricultural fields;

■■ Leaving coppiced trees in the fields, to enable new harvesting of wood after re-growth;

■■ Long cultivation cycle with a variety of crops (e.g. sesame, groundnuts, cassava, teak);

■■ Tying goats during crop season;

■■ Applying fire only in the month of October (as fires are less destructive short after the rainy season);

■■ Avoid perennial grasses to be affected by fire;

■■ Managing perennial grasses for production of thatching grass;

■■ No agro-chemicals;

■■ Small-scale plot pattern alternated with trees (including fruit trees).

Marabu storks near Juba, Central Equatoria


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FIGuRe11: Annual production of cereals in Equatoria, Bahr el Ghazal and Upper Nile regions and respective regression lines indicating an increase in all regions, but also increasing production fluctuations related to climate change (source FAO)

FIGuRe12: Annual production of cereals in South Sudan (in 1000 tonnes) and cultivated area (in 1000 ha) indicating that the increase in production is correlated with an increased area under cultivation (source: FAO).

FIGuRe13: Production of cereals per hectare showing a trend of gradual decrease of production per hectare (source: FAO).


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6.1concePtuAlFRAmewoRkFoRPolIcydeveloPmentAndImPlementAtIonPRoJectS

Effective policy development and implementation is usually based on a cyclic learning process that starts with acquiring knowledge and understanding of the relevant sector. After the problem analysis, policies can be elaborated to give direction to interventions and operations. If these have been defined, the capacity required has to be determined and mobilized. Then, operational and managerial activities can be implemented. At a certain (usually pre-set) moment, the achievements are assessed, eventually in the context of external factors to enable improvement or adaptation of the strategy in a changing context. At this stage, the cycle recommences.

The impact of environmental project interventions will be optimal if they adhere to the basic structure stated above, paying attention to the requirements of each phase in the cycle. According to this model, a successful project in the field of natural resources management and climate change needs to intervene at all of the following four levels to avoid bottlenecks in the cycle:

1. Knowledge management – ensuring adequate information availability for sound decision-making, planning and policy development, and sharing information with all stakeholders for transparency and the formation of a joint vision;

2. Policy and strategy development – developing guidelines for operations and resource management, including target setting and determination of pre-conditions and requirements;

3. Capacity building – adjusting capacity to needs, including staffing, awareness, skills, logistics, tools and infrastructure, in order to accomplish tasks and targets;

4. Natural resources management practice – deliver the outputs required to achieve sustainable natural resources management, e.g. resource planning, revenues taxation, alternative livelihood, awareness-raising (see section 6.4).

6.2envIRonmentAlRISkFActoRS

The analysis carried out through the assessment and consultations revealed a number of issues that urgently need to be addressed in order to turn current practices into a sustainable system:

Threats

■■ Climate change resulting in unpredictable rains, desertification;

■■ Short term perspective of land users resulting in unsustainable practices;

6. RECOMMENDED PROjECT INTERVENTIONS

Forest clearing with bulldozers for agriculture at the foot of Imatong range, Eastern Equatoria


■■ High exploitation levels due to communities’ dependence on forest products and limited added value through processing of forest and agricultural products;

■■ Increased export forest products due to improved road access;

■■ Land privatization associated with unregulated large scale clearing (land grabbing);

■■ Pollution due to mineral exploitation (particularly oil exploration in wetlands).

Weaknesses of current governance framework

■■ Incomplete legal framework (Environmental Bill not endorsed);

■■ Environmental policy and legal framework not elaborated at lower administrative levels;

■■ Lack of capacity to monitor development and resource use;

■■ Unclear institutional responsibilities;

■■ Benefits and taxes of revenue collection not used to regulate resource utilization;

■■ No coordination between sectors.

In the following sections, measures to deal with these issues are elaborated into possible interventions, which would be building blocks for projects enhancing policy and practice in climate change adaptation and mitigation and sustainable resources management.

6.3InteRventIonFIeldS

6.3.1 Adaptation to climate change

Presently, people are very vulnerable to climate change-related impact and disasters due to the dependence of their households and most of their economic activities (livestock, agriculture, fisheries, brick making) on water. Settlements are therefore often found in low, flood-prone areas. Some groups (e.g. in Northern Bahr el Ghazal) have solved this issue by having temporary dry season hamlets in

floodplains next to their villages on higher ground.

Policies of climate change adaptation should, among other things, address planning of settlements and facilities (e.g. boreholes), floodplain and wetlands protection (to avoid riverbed degradation and to absorb excess water of floods), agricultural measures (e.g. different varieties) and health (dealing with waterborne diseases).

6.3.2 Clean energy

The South Sudan Development Plan adopts “Diversified and sustainable economic growth and development which improves livelihoods and reduces poverty” as an outcome of the Economic Pillar. The energy policy is a crucial element of economic growth.

The current economy depends very much on carbon fuels and, apart from some hydropower projects, there have not been many initiatives to shift to more green sources of energy. Policies should promote an economy shifted towards low carbon use activities. There is a wide array of options which have proved successful in other parts of the world, including biogas, efficient stoves, solar power and wind power, some of which are presented in section 6.4. Some of these options require feasibility studies, such as wind power.

Collaboration with the private sector will be very helpful to move the introduction of clean energy forward. The development of wind power would involve international companies, while regional companies could promote liquefied gas utilization (stoves, gas cylinder filling), and local companies could take up high-pressure brick making. The establishment of public-private partnerships might also be considered.

6.3.3 Integrated development planning

As concluded in section 4.3.2, integrated policy development is essential to minimize conflicting approaches and targets among different sectors on the one hand, and between development and caring for the environment on the other hand. Several policies, such as policies related to land, environment and revenues are crucial in this process of policy tuning. However, an integrated approach is required in all policies affecting the environment and natural resources. The most common and effective tool presently used for integrated policy development is the SEA (OECD, 2006). SEA capacity



building will be required to enable the introduction and promotion of integrated planning.

At the lower strategic level, such as plan and programme development, complex issues (e.g. returning IDPs, town planning, land use planning and water management) can usually be addressed using a similar approach.

Integrated River Basin Management is a conceptual framework for Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), which addresses water allocation and management issues in catchments taking into account supply and requirements upstream as well as downstream. The concept would apply very well in particular to the catchment areas of the rivers flowing from west to east in the Bahr el Ghazal region.

6.3.4 Sustainable natural resources management

The following elements are essential for the development of sustainable management systems of natural resources:

1. Sustainable resource use planning

Sustainable resource use planning should be based on understanding of the resources, their capacity to recover and how to achieve their conservation. The sustainable resource management system is established in a management plan, which includes a monitoring system as a mechanism for adaptation to external factors, unpredictable events and managerial inefficiency.

If there is only one party or one individual in full control of the resources, a sustainable management system is relatively easy to maintain. However, when there is no effective control of resource use, and/or there is no clear ownership of the resources, extractors will maximize their short-term profits. The concept of sustainability does not apply because what one extractor spares today may be taken by a competing extractor tomorrow (‘tragedy of the commons’).

A solution that has proved to be effective in many cases (but not always) is Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM), where a delineated area including its resources is allocated to a specific group of people (usually a community) on the condition that a sustainable resource management plan is made and monitoring applied according to established criteria. Normally, the

CBNRM concept is initiated after developing a policy and legal framework especially for this purpose, and after establishing conditions and an enabling setting. Such a framework should include responsibilities, arrangements for fund flow and control, management planning, monitoring and reporting. One of the first such models functioning successfully for many years was CAMPFIRE in Zimbabwe, but since then it has been implemented in many other countries in Africa and Asia.

2. Payment for ecolosystem services

Payment for ecological services is based on the principle of recognizing the economic value of services provided by ecosystems in terms of (1) regulatory functions, (2) habitat functions, (3) production functions and (4) information functions, and then expressing that in monetary terms. These values are used to weigh ecological services against other economic interests in the context of resource-related processes or actions such as planning, allocation and extraction. The consequence of this approach is that users of ecological functions (e.g. resource extractors) pay for what they take. The revenue should be (at least partly) used to maintain the service/resource, for example through plantation and protection while some ‘overhead’ is used to cover administrative costs.

3. Transparent revenue collection system

To improve collection and utilization of revenues from natural resources, which can constitute a significant contribution to sustainable resource planning, the current revenue collection system needs to be reviewed. Under the current system, payments are not related to the value of the resource and its abundance or scarcity, but instead are linked to sale values, as determined by the purchasing power of the market. Extractors usually pay nothing and as a result, even if the resource becomes scarcer, extractors continue extraction at equal levels. There are some exceptions, such as the exploitation of mahogany, which is subject to a licensing system, and payments made in some areas to traditional authorities by livestock owners grazing their animals on the land. However, in no revenue collection system is there direct use of the revenue for the maintenance or conservation of the resources. Revenues are, in the best-case scenario, absorbed by the budgets of the various levels of the administration, without any specific allocation. To create trust and acceptance of the system it should be fully transparent to all stakeholders.



6.3.5 Water and air pollution control

Due to the relatively low number of cars and absence of heavy industry, air pollution is still at a low level. Even flaring, and other oil exploitation-related air pollution is assumed to be insignificant (so far). The main source of carbon emissions is probably forest fire. The most urgent action in this context is therefore the development of a strategy and policy to control forest fires.

Water pollution is rapidly increasing due to urbanization and industrialization (section 5.3). Water pollution is playing a significant role in sanitation, but not yet in relation to climate change and sustainable natural resource management. However, this may change in the future as a result of interactions between water pollution and flooding, for example.

6.3.6 Monitoring and information management

Policy implementation as well as management require monitoring to enable the adaptation of strategies in order to:

■■ Improve efficiency and effectiveness;

■■ Adapt to a changing context;

■■ Introduce and test innovative approaches and techniques.

Information on changes in the environment (particularly rainfall, river discharge), and social and economic issues (demography, trade, land use, etc.) are important indicators for this purpose. Collection of these data has been limited in the past and a lot has been lost during the war. The present availability of data is therefore very limited and there is a general lack of means to share information. Some organizations, particularly the South Sudan Commission for Census, Statistics and Evaluation (SSCCSE) and FAO are working hard to close this gap.

Current facilities for information sharing are poor throughout the country, in particular from the national level down to the lower levels and vice versa. The costs of communication could be reduced significantly by developing shared facilities, such as natural resource management extension services, radio services, awareness events and open databases.

6.4GoodPRActIceS

In different parts of the world various practices of sustainable natural resources management have been developed which could be valuable alternatives to the current resource use practices in South Sudan. These good practices aim to reduce energy use, deforestation and erosion. They lead to less dependency of external inputs, to a general decrease of costs and hence to poverty reduction. All of these practices have been successful in different African countries and other continents. A number of such practices are presented in the following sections as examples.

Integrated fish farming

Integrated fish farming combines different economic activities that can be connected through recycling of waste and by-products. Dung from chicken or pig farming, and any organic agricultural by-products, can be used to produce fish feed, since the disposal of these products in fishponds leads to the growth of meso- and macrofauna and algae which are consumed by fish.

An example of an elaborate integrated farming system is a sugarcane project in Dwangwa (Malawi) which uses its organic waste for fish farming and a part of the fish production, and the heat generated by the sugar processing for the heating of pens for crocodile farming (increasing crocodile growth rates by 50 percent).

Biogas production

Organic waste from farming, including livestock dung, can be used to generate biogas for home use. In the Indian Central Highlands dung from two cattle produces enough gas to cook food for a family of 7-10 people. The use of biogas reduces deforestation caused by fire wood collection. The second advantage of this system is that cattle have to be kept at home to enable efficient dung collection. As a result, forest degradation due to grazing is reduced. However, food must be available to keep the cattle near the house. In the Central Highlands, grass and other food plants are harvested to feed the cattle. Since there is no need to spend time finding wood for fuel, the time/energy balance is still positive. After fermentation in the gas tanks, the dung can still be used as fertilizer.


Solar energy

The use of solar energy is a way of avoiding power generation by other sources such as diesel generations and batteries which involve pollution as side effects. Particularly in remote areas and at the level of smaller villages, solar energy is a good alternative. Solar energy provision may involve setting up collectives or micro-enterprises renting out rechargeable light units. The investment for panels, batteries, charging devises and rechargeable light units is relatively high, but could be covered by a recoverable micro credit facility.

Fuel-efficient stoves

To reduce deforestation and to reduce the time necessary for fuel wood collection, an innumerable variety of fuel-efficient wood stoves has been designed, each adapted to location-specific household needs and fuel availability. This ‘new’ technology has actually been in use since the 1970s after the drought in the Western Sahel (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger). Generally, innovations in this area are readily accepted by local populations. In South Sudan, the use of this type of stoves is not yet common, perhaps because a feeling still prevails among consumers that resources are abundant and inexhaustible. In Darfur, however, introduction of fuel-efficient stoves has been successful since 2003 (http://www.stovesonline.co.uk/darfur-stove.html).

Fuel-efficient fish smoking facilities

Fish smoking requires a lot of fuel. However, in the same vein as fuel-efficient stoves, fuel-efficient fish smoking facilities have been designed and made. World Wildlife Foundation (WWF), for example, was very successful with this in the coastal areas of Senegal where fuel wood is very scarce.

Liquefied gas use promotion

Liquefied gas is a good alternative to charcoal and firewood. Its contribution to carbon release in the atmosphere is much less than that of charcoal, it is cheaper in the long term and it saves firewood users a lot of time spent collecting firewood. Women and children do most firewood collection, and it may take up to half a day’s work per day per household. The price of a 14 kg gas cylinder in Malakal is 35-40 Sudanese Pounds, which is equivalent to the price of a bag of charcoal. A family uses one bag of charcoal per week for cooking, whereas a cylinder of gas may last two weeks or perhaps more. One of

the barriers to switching to gas is the price of a gas stove and the cost of the first cylinder deposit. At present gas cylinders are imported from Khartoum or Uganda. The price of a gas cylinder in Khartoum is reported to be much lower (15 Sudanese Pounds). If the filling and distribution of gas cylinders could be done in South Sudan, the price would go down and the utilization would increase. A financial support system for the purchase of stoves could boost their use even more. The current price of gas stoves is between 40 and 125 Sudanese Pounds. The main barriers for increased use of liquefied gas are:

■■ Deposit value of empty cylinders to be paid for the first cylinders (210 Sudanese Pounds);

■■ The availability of empty cylinders (currently they are imported from Turkey and Saudi-Arabia, but a production plant is under development in Khartoum which will improve availability significantly);

■■ The non-inter-changeability of gas cylinders among suppliers, which means that if a certain supplier is out of stock, his clients are forced to pay the first time deposit charge again to get a cylinder from a different supplier;

■■ The transport cost of cylinders which strongly influences the current price (but a gas cylinder filling plant is planned in Juba, which will reduce the price significantly;

■■ Border issues on the Sudan-South Sudan border including increasing import/export taxes are hindering supply and raise the price.

High pressure brick moulding

Brick manufacturing may use significant quantities of fuel wood if bricks are baked, which may cause serious deforestation in brick producing areas. High-pressure brick moulding is a system that produces hard resistant bricks without baking. It uses various mixtures as base material (usually formed by soil of different textures), which is then mixed with termite soil or cement. The bricks are compacted under very high pressure to harden. The best bricks are made of pure termite soil whereby termite excretions solidify the bricks under pressure. The system was thought to have been developed in South Africa, but it is used in many countries all over Africa and Asia.



Agroforestry

The integration of agriculture and forestry into one land use system forms a very sustainable alternative to traditional agriculture and modern mechanized agriculture and forestry systems. It provides a variety of products for food and household use, reduces erosion significantly and contributes to a favourable microclimate.

Pig farming

Pigs are omnivores and consume a wide variety of agricultural and household waste products. Hence, pig farming can contribute to reduction of garbage in urban and peri-urban areas. By providing an alternative to the meat of ruminating animals, pig meat supplied to the market may reduce ruminant numbers and consequently deforestation. Furthermore, pig dung can be used to supply biogas units and fish farms.

Vermiculture

Worms (e.g. Lumbricus terrestris) convert organic waste such as agricultural by-products and dung, which can be used as high quality fertilizer. The application of such fertilizers increases agricultural production and makes soils more erosion resistant.

Eco-tourism

The development of tourism can, if well-organized, be a very sustainable form of land use of natural areas. Potential for the development of eco-tourism is dependent on the attraction value of areas, which is determined by the availability of wildlife, natural beauty, fishing water, and/or the potential for activities (e.g. hiking, rafting, horseback safari, boat trips). Eco-tourism requires a very specific approach in relation to the target group, but if well-designed and easily accessible by the market, it may generate significant revenue.

The development of tourism catering for the national (urban) market is also important. It will not only contribute to revenues, but more importantly, it is a very effective mechanism for the promotion of wildlife conservation at the levels of decision-makers and society in general.

Forest plantation

Plantation of forests near users reduces the pressure on natural forests and improves resistance to erosion. Forest plantations may provide local populations with timber, firewood, charcoal and other NTFPs. Forest plantations also contribute to a better climate if planted in highly deforested areas, particularly near urban areas.

Firebreaks

Fire risk can be reduced by the creation of firebreaks. Firebreaks may be bare strips of land, but this type of break increases erosion risk and is expensive to keep clear. Firebreaks may also be planted with fire resistant species which suppress the growth of herbs and grasses on the ground such as Cassia (Cassia spec.) and Mango (Mangifera indica).

Polythene recycling

Synthetic waste such as plastics mainly produced as disposable packing, pose a serious risk to the environment. Stray plastic bags are known to block water outlets such as culverts and cause intestine and stomach congestion in livestock and wild animals, often leading to a slow and painful death. Polyethylene is easy to recycle. In other countries (e.g. Bangladesh and Ghana) collection systems have evolved based on incentives for collectors, often providing income to poor families.

6.5cuRRentInItIAtIveSAndeFFoRtS

Since the signing of the CPA, many initiatives have started to improve environmental management, many of them intervening at the level of improved livelihoods and capacity building.

UNEP was one of the first organizations who started working on environmental issues in South Sudan after the CPA was signed. The Post Conflict Environment Assessment (PCEA) is a very significant output of their efforts which is still the main baseline for environmental initiatives in the country. The current UNEP Programme in South Sudan Programme is mainly funded by DFID and covers (1) environmental capacity building, (2) sustainable forestry, and (3) waste management.

FAO has been involved in a variety of initiatives and projects particularly dealing with information management through the Sudan Institutional


Capacity Programme, SIFSIA, which is funded by the European Union (EU). Important contributions are the South Sudan Land Cover Assessment and the Annual Crop and Food Security Assessment, carried out jointly with WFP.

USAID and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), through UNDP, are funding a large conservation project in Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria and Jonglei States on biodiversity conservation implemented by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). The project is based on the Landscape Approach, which involves looking beyond the boundaries of protected areas to look at entire landscapes harbouring wildlife populations as units to be managed, in order to cover all possible ecological bottlenecks. This project will also look into land use planning as a tool to minimize conflicts between different forms of land use, and land use planning processes will be carried out in Eastern Equatoria and Jonglei States.

6.6PRIoRItyInteRventIonS

The overall goal of support to environmental governance is to support the South Sudan Government (specifically the Ministry of Environment and partner Ministries dealing directly and indirectly with natural resources management). This support aims to develop capacity at national, state and local levels for sustainable environmental governance addressing climate change adaptation and mitigation, and coping with an increasing pressure on natural resources, assuring a future for the current and returning populations.

With respect to this goal, UNDP is committed to support the development of project(s) with a duration of 2-3 years. The project(s) will include a funding mechanism to encourage the participation of local NGOs in the promotion of sustainable natural resource management (NRM) practices and also collaboration with the private sector will be sought. The project would be funded by contributions from the Government, UNDP and other donors. The proposed projects should address the following key interventions:

1. Development and mainstreaming of a green energy and low carbon policy

The development and mainstreaming of green energy and low carbon policy through reducing

forest degradation and deforestation (REDD) is a major theme covering many sectors. Therefore, it should address all issues, helping the various ministries dealing with natural resources and the environment to improve environmental governance in general. Important partners apart from these ministries would be, among others, UNEP (specifically the capacity building programme funded by DFID) and FAO (the proposed WISDOM project). Also, the private sector could play a role in relation to the promotion of alternative energy (e.g. liquefied gas distribution) and alterative livelihoods (e.g. agricultural and forestry products processing).

Mindsets, attitudes and practices do not change by simply changing rules, for a number of reasons including:

■■ Other priorities such as urgent needs;

■■ Attachment to traditional trusted practices;

■■ Lack of other options;

■■ No positive or negative incentives to change practices;

■■ No skills or techniques to apply other practices;

■■ No enabling economic or regulatory context.

Introducing a different approach to the use of natural resources therefore requires overcoming these barriers by: (a) the creation of positive and negative incentives, (b) the active promotion of new practices, and (c) policy reform, supported by experience sharing, extension and training. Crucial results of this intervention should be:

■■ Green development mainstreamed in sectoral policies;

■■ A transparent revenue collection and benefit sharing system linking resource use and preservation, developed in collaboration with the Ministry of Finance;

■■ New policies developed (e.g. on forest fire);

■■ South Sudan signing the CBD, UNFCCC and UNCCD;

■■ Green alternative livelihood development promoted;

■■ Green energy practices promoted.



2. Consolidation of the institutional and regulatory framework for environmental management

To enable the Ministry of Environment to fulfil its mandate requires the development of its capacity to liaise and collaborate with all other ministries and sectors involved in natural resources and environment, as well as with the administrations at lower levels (states, counties, payams and bomas).

Crucial results of this intervention should be:

■■ Institutional arrangements for environmental governance finalized, including an independent body to deal with compliance issues, and the ‘branching’ of environmental governance through sectors at all administrative levels;

■■ Environmental Policy and Environmental completed Bill and endorsed;

■■ Reviewed and approved Environmental Management Plan;

■■ Orders, regulations, standards, criteria, measures, mapping, registers, and prescriptions as mentioned in the completed Bill;

■■ Institutional capacity, regulations and commitment at the lower administrative levels (Environmental Liaison Units and State Environmental Committees and Local Environmental Committees) established;

■■ Monitoring and enforcement system established (including communication and financial resources).

3. Sectoral integration of natural resources policy planning & implementation

The South Sudan Development Plan (SSDP) promotes economic development through an integrated (multi-sector) approach, while both the SSDP and the Land Act 2009 acknowledge the importance of land use planning and the need to introduce land use planning to manage land and resources. Integrated resource use planning can be applied to any resource and should take into account all ecosystem services, sectors and stakeholders into the process of land and resource allocation, searching for a balance among interests and leading to a sustainable mode of exploitation. Apart from

natural resources-related ministries, important potential partners are the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, the Land Commission, the Local Government Board and SSCCSE.

Crucial results of this intervention should be:

■■ Integrated planning and budgeting implemented;

■■ Enhanced ministerial capacity for EIA and SEA;

■■ Integrated land use planning mainstreamed in town planning, resettlement of returnees, state and county planning;

■■ Established policy framework for community-based resource use management;

■■ The concept of community-based resource use management established in a number of communities;

■■ The concept of integrated river basin management applied in pilot catchment areas (e.g. Bahr el Ghazal region);

■■ Sustainable livelihood development.

Effects of climate change on crops, Eastern Equatoria State. © UNDP / Martin Dramani


7.1IntRoductIon

To make Government operations sustainable their functions must be funded through current Government budgets as much as possible (Table 8). Taxes on revenues are normally indirectly used as they are absorbed in the country’s treasury at the different administrative levels. In several African countries, mechanisms have been developed to collect and spend revenues locally to enable direct support and protection and to address livelihood issues (section 7.2). Similar systems could be considered for South Sudan.

Supplementary funding from other sources may help to bring about change and enhancement of common practices, improving effectiveness and efficiency of operational and managerial systems. Typically, donor funding is used for this purpose and can be sourced from multilateral and bilateral sources that are earmarked for specific purposes such as climate change or sustainable forest management, or through a framework for budget support (section 7.3).

Finally, funding may be attracted from the private sector in the form of direct investments or public-private partnerships (section 7.5).

Agency millionSdG

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 65.5

Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries 44.3

Ministry of Cooperatives and Rural development 12.4

Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism 143.0

Ministry of Environment 5.0

Land commission 2.2

7.2RevenueSFRomReSouRceexPloItAtIon

Oil revenues

Currently, 2 percent of oil revenues are supposed to be used for local communities. The money is collected at central level and transferred through the states to local level. The effectiveness of this mechanism has not been evaluated by this EIRO, but it could constitute an interesting concept for ‘payments for ecological services.’ The resources available for this mechanism are expected to increase significantly since the revenues from oil exploitation will not be shared with Sudan after July, and revenues will also increase due to the expansion of oil exploitation.

Payment for ecosystem services

‘Payment for ecosystem services’ is a mechanism partially feeding back the revenues from the utilization of ecosystem services to cover their maintenance costs, through levies on utilization and arrangements for the flow of funds. Such systems work best when the lines between levy and application are short and implemented at the local level. The Government should mainly play a controller role. Such systems have been developed in many countries (e.g. Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) and when conditions are favourable (low corruption, effective monitoring and control of natural resources and fund flow, security) they have been very successful.

An innovative payment for ecosystem services is the introduction of carbon credits to cover cost of forest conservation for carbon sequestering by payments from sources of carbon emission such as industries or industrialized countries. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)2 is such a system.

Current revenue system

The current revenue system is not used as a tool to control resource use by adjusting tax and exploitation quotas to resource availability and scarcity. Instead, most levies are on the market/consumer side, which is determined by the purchasing power of the consumers. Resource extraction revenue systems should actually be used

Government of South Sudan Budget 2011 (source: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning)

7. fUNDINg OPPORTUNITIES

2 http://cdm.unfccc.int/index.html


to adjust exploitation levels to resource abundance and to maintain renewal and sustainability of resources.

Firstly, taxes should be collected on extractor’s side and linked to the quantity extracted. In many countries fees are collected through exploitation licences and/or concessions. Moreover, collectors may be taxed for the quantity extracted, and traders and marketers may be taxed for quantities handled. Secondly, collected revenue taxes should (at least partly) be used as directly as possible for local resource management. In the current system, part of the revenues remain in private hands at local levels and the remainder is transferred to the more central levels and absorbed by the State budget. Good communication and transparency is required with regard to revenue collection and reporting in order to achieve a constructive attitude among stakeholders. Furthermore, collaboration is required between different ministerial branches to ensure an efficient system contributing to sustainable resource management.

7.3donoRFundInG

7.3.1 Global Environment Facility (GEF)

With respect to the environmental issues identified in the current assessment, GEF support could be

applied for in the following three focal areas.

Climate Change (Mitigation and Adaptation)

The GEF supports projects in:

(1) Climate Change Mitigation: Reducing or avoiding greenhouse gas emissions in the areas of renewable energy; energy efficiency; sustainable transport; and management of land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF).

(2) Climate Change Adaptation: Aiming at developing countries to become climate-resilient by promoting both immediate and longer-term adaptation measures in development policies, plans, programmes, projects, and actions.

As the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC, the GEF contributes to projects in energy efficiency, renewable energy, sustainable urban transport and sustainable management of land use, land-use change, and forestry. The GEF also manages two separate, adaptation-focused Funds under the UNFCCC — the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) and the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), which mobilize funding specifically earmarked for activities related to adaptation, and the latter also to technology transfer (Appendix 9).


Sale of Non-Timber Forest Products at Ikotos market


Land Degradation

In 2003, the GEF was designated as a financial mechanism of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), ensuring that GEF projects addressing desertification would be aligned with objectives of this Convention. The GEF as a financial mechanism of the UNCCD directly contributes to implementation of the 10-year (2008-2018) Strategic Plan and Framework. The Strategic Plan aims ‘to forge a global partnership to reverse and prevent desertification/land degradation and to mitigate the effects of drought in affected areas in order to support poverty reduction and environmental sustainability.’

Sustainable Forest Management / REDD+

Since its inception in 1991, the GEF has financed over 300 projects and programmes focusing on forest conservation and management in developing countries (Figure 3). The total GEF allocation to forest initiatives during this period amounts to more than $1.6 billion, leveraging $5 billion from other sources. Drawing on guidance from the three international conventions dealing with forests (CBD, UNFCCC and UNCCD), the GEF has funded projects that can be broadly classified into three categories:

(1) Forest conservation (primarily protected areas and buffer zones);

(2) Sustainable use of forests (forest production landscapes);

(3) Sustainable forest management (addressing forests and trees in the wider landscape).

Convention on Biodiversity and Development

Most of the GEF funds cannot be accessed before joining the Convention on Biodiversity and Development (CBD). If South Sudan starts this project now, funds will be available in next cycle starting in 2014. However, the limitation of grants to signatory countries only does not apply to the Green Climate Fund and the Climate Adaptation Fund.

7.3.2 World Bank

The World Bank has developed a series of safeguard policies to help staff promote socially and environmentally sustainable approaches to development as well as to ensure that

Bank operations do not harm people and the environment. These safeguard policies include the Bank’s policies on Environmental Assessment (EA), Cultural Property, Disputed Areas, Forestry, Indigenous Peoples, International Waterways, Involuntary Resettlement, Natural Habitats, Pest Management and Safety of Dams.

The Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework (ESSAF) details general policies, guidelines, and procedures to be integrated into projects to ensure compliance with the World Bank’s safeguard policies and is applicable to all World Bank/Multi Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) funded projects.

The World Bank administers globally a number of funds addressing climate change and green energy (section 7.4.1, Appendix 9). Currently, there are no projects running or in the pipeline under one of these funds: eligibility and conditionality for South Sudan needs to be investigated.

A number of current and proposed projects related to infrastructure, health and natural resources management implemented and supported by the World Bank/MDTF offer support to the strengthening of Environmental Monitoring Units and environmental safeguard activities within the line ministries.

7.3.3 Bilateral cooperation

A number of bilateral donors are supporting South Sudan in the field of sustainable natural resources management (including water management) and livelihood security. Climate change and environment are considered as cross-cutting issues by some of them. In the following section some of these contributions are presented. Apart from these examples other governments such as Norway (sustainable forestry, hydro power, oil), Germany (through GIZ), Sweden, Switzerland and Denmark are active or will be active in this broad sector.

United States of America (USAID)

The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is one of the most important donors in South Sudan contributing in many areas and focusing particularly on security and economic growth. USAID activities link isolated communities and facilitate an enabling environment for market development, through improvement of roads, assistance in electrification, agricultural support,



bolstering of private sector competitiveness, support for improved land policies, and promotion of better environmental management of the Boma–Jonglei landscape and its rich biodiversity.

European Union (EU)

The European Union (EuropeAid) supports projects under the themes of Rural Development and Infrastructure. One of the cross-cutting themes is Environment. The use of EIAs is compulsory for all EU-funded projects and importance is being attached to EIA capacity building. Currently, the EU supports projects such as SIFSIA and the Aweil Rice Scheme, as well as, in Sudan, livestock and fisheries projects.

United Kingdom (DFID)

The Department for International Development (DFID) in South Sudan supports, through the Basic Service Fund (BSF), health, education, water, sanitation, trade development, custom services, and governance. Other funds are the Capacity Building Fund and the South Sudan Peace Building Fund.

DFID is currently funding a large part of UNEP’s South Sudan Programme covering capacity building related to environmental management, waste management in Juba and sustainable forest management.

The environmental programme for South Sudan was under DFID’s Khartoum office until July, after which the administration of all DFID programmes in South Sudan shifted to Juba.

Netherlands (DGIS)

Environment is no longer a priority area (theme) of the Netherlands international cooperation programme, which is managed by the Directorate General for International Cooperation (DGIS) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. However, some of the current priority areas (water, agriculture and governance) are directly connected to the environment.

Apart from the current programme, DGIS provides funds to the Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) to support governments to develop policy and implementation capacity for environmental management. In this way they have supported

governments including Cameroon, Ghana, Uganda and Yemen, to mainstream Environmental Impact Assessment and Strategic Environmental Assessment. Since South Sudan is on the priority list of the DGIS, the Commission can provide technical assistance to the Government of South Sudan and is interested to do so.

Canada (CIDA)

At present, the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) does not have programmes on climate change or sustainable NRM in South Sudan. The environment is, however, a cross-cutting theme, and while environmental considerations have to be integrated into all projects, there are no specific CIDA projects or programmes that are focusing on environment. CIDA’s South Sudan Programme focuses on the thematic priorities of Food Security (agriculture, value chains, etc.), Children and Youth (health, education, basic services) and Governance. Given the context of South Sudan, combined with the fact that both climate change and natural resource management will have an impact on CIDA’s priority programme areas, there may be interest in initiatives targeting climate change or sustainable NRM, if they tie in well with current programme priorities.

7.4clImAteRelAtedFundInGmechAnISmS

Several climate and energy projects have been instituted since climate change has gained priority on the international development agenda (Appendix 9). To receive support and more access to climate related funding, South Sudan should join the UN Convention on Climate Change as an independent State. Climate related funding is administered by the World Bank (section 7.3.2), the GEF (section 7.3.1) and the UNREDD secretariat (7.4.2).

7.4.1 Strategic Climate Fund

The Strategic Climate Fund (SCF, administered through the World Bank) is one of the two funds of the Climate Investment Funds. It serves as an overarching framework to support three targeted programmes with dedicated funding to pilot new approaches with potential for scaled-up, transformational action aimed at a specific climate change challenge or sectoral response. Targeted programmes under the SCF include:


(1) The Forest Investment Program (FIP), approved in May 2009, aims to support developing countries’ efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation by providing scaled-up financing for readiness reforms and public and private investments. It finances programmatic efforts to address the underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation and to overcome barriers that have hindered past efforts to do so;

(2) The Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR), approved in November 2008, was the first program under the SCF to become operational. Its objective is to pilot and demonstrate ways to integrate climate risk and resilience into core development planning, while complementing other ongoing activities;

(3) The Program for Scaling-Up Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries (SREP), approved in May 2009, is aimed at demonstrating the social, economic, and environmental viability of low carbon development pathways in the energy sector. It seeks to create new economic opportunities and increase energy access through the production and use of renewable energy.

The GEF (section 7.3.1) supports projects in:

(1) Climate Change Mitigation: reducing or avoiding greenhouse gas emissions in the areas of renewable energy; energy efficiency; sustainable transport; and management of land use, land-use change and forestry.

(2) Climate Change Adaptation: assisting developing countries to become climate-resilient by promoting both immediate and longer-term adaptation measures in development policies, plans, programmes, projects, and actions.

7.4.2 UN-REDD Programme

The UN-REDD Programme (UN-REDD 2011) is the United Nations Collaborative Initiative on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) in developing countries. The Programme was launched in September 2008 to assist developing countries prepare and implement national REDD+ strategies, and builds on the convening power and expertise of FAO, UNDP and UNEP. UN-REDD funds help countries to support the development and implementation of national REDD+ strategies.


Drying skins at the Wau slaughter house, WBG


The UN-REDD Programme’s strategy for delivering readiness is based on four operational principles. National REDD+ strategies must be:

■■ Demand and context-driven, iterative processes that are supported by a strong monitoring system;

■■ Country-owned and driven by national stakeholders and partners;

■■ Developed within the context of national policies and economic development;

■■ Supportive of the implementation of the decisions of the UNFCCC.

7.4.3 Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF)

The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) is a global partnership focused on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, forest carbon stock conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+). The FCPF assists tropical and subtropical forest countries develop the systems and policies for REDD+ and provides them with performance-based payments for emission reductions. The FCPF complements the UNFCCC negotiations on REDD+ by demonstrating how REDD+ can be applied at the country level.

The World Bank acts as trustee for the Readiness Fund and the Carbon Fund, it provides secretariat services, and it is a delivery partner for the FCPF, providing technical support to the REDD+ Country Participants and conducting due diligence on matters such as fiduciary policies and environmental and social safeguards. The focus of the facility to date has been on REDD+ readiness, though it is expected that the Carbon Fund which will provide payments for verified emission reductions from REDD+ programmes in countries that have achieved, or made considerable progress towards REDD+ readiness, will become operational in the course of 2011 as a public-private partnership.

7.5PRIvAteSectoR

The private sector can be an important source of funding to induce a change in exploitation or production practices. In order to give

direction to development, public-private partnerships (PPPs) may be formed based on common interests and consolidating a shared approach. PPPs are sometimes created for the development of infrastructure or services such as public transport, power supply and drinking water. In such cases the government may create favourable conditions for companies to deliver their desired service or investment, or joint investment is also possible. An example of an opportunity for such a partnership in the field of greening the economy is the offer presented by a South African company to the Ministry of Energy and Mining for the development of a solar power based street lighting system.

In the area of greening the economy, it is worth investigating the possibilities for such collaboration with regard to improving the accessibility of liquefied gas on the market throughout the country, including the possibility to establish one or more gas refilling centres within the country. In addition, the possible role to be played by the private sector in the promotion of the utilization of gas stoves fuelled by liquefied gas or biogas could be investigated.

Another opportunity could be sought in the collaboration with oil companies. Western companies in particular are under pressure to maintain a good public image due to oil disasters and bad practices in other parts of the world. They are often interested in opportunities to “green” their image by investing in environmental investments. Examples are to be found in oil exploitation fields in Gabon.

It is to be expected that apart from these examples the private sector could play a prominent role in the generation of investments and the development of employment in urban areas. To save the country’s land, water and forests for the future, its economy should shift from extraction to focus more on processing. Opportunities are in particular those related to agriculture and livestock, for example sesame and groundnut oil, dairy products, and leather and wood processing based on forest plantations. The Government has to facilitate this shift, but the private sector could be the engine in many cases by investing in and developing the businesses, among them several of the ‘good practices’ mentioned in section 6.4.


name Position organisation

Jaafar Zaki ABARCI Petroleum Company

Albina Madhan Anei Minister Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, Northern Bahr el Ghazal

Samuel Ajing Deputy Director for Animal Health

Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, Northern Bahr el Ghazal

Abdul Malek Microfinance Specialist BRAC, Torit

William Ibrahim Programme Organizer BRAC, Torit

Jason Schmuttz CIDA

Modest Oroma Acting Director of Administration and Finance Commission of Finance, Eastern Equatoria

Peter Loki Acting Executive Director Commission of Finance, Eastern Equatoria

Peter Louju Commissioner General Commission of Finance, Eastern Equatoria

Justin Tata Consultant - Land Management Land Commission

Rejoice Manasi Deputy Director for Conflict Resolution Land Commission

Wilson Kiri Lada Deputy Chairperson Land Commission

Robert Ma Otto Assistant Commissioner County Commission, Magwie County, EES

Judith Achieng Omondi Coordinator ORMA Project UNDP Conflict Prevention and Recovery Unit

Unidentified Member Farmers association, Delep Hill, Upper Nile

Unidentified Brick makers Delep Hill, Upper Nile

Unidentified Fishers Delep Hill, Upper Nile

Unidentified (3) Labourers Deng Deng’s Brick Bakery

Ben Okello Programme Assistant DFID, Juba

Katarina Hadad Programme Associate Environment and Energy Group, Arab States Coordination Unit, UNDP

Massimiliano Pedretti Programme Manager EU

George Okech Deputy Representative FAO

Michael Oyat FAO

Mtendere Mphatso Food Security and Livelihoods FAO

Sworo Yopes Assistant Emergency Coordinator FAO

Elijah MukhallaDennis Poggo Information Systems Specialist FAO SISFIA

Bokan Dinka Minister FAO, Northern BeG

Athuai Majak Fisher Fisher Association

APPENDICESAPPENDIx 1: PeoPleInteRvIewedBetween2mAyAnd15June2011



Deng Athian Fisher Fisher Association

Mou Athum Chairman Fisher Association

Mary Lamaka Fuel efficient stove promoter Magwie County, Eastern Equatoria

Okee Mathew Ochillo Fuel efficient stove promoter Magwie County, Eastern Equatoria

Guyo Haro Coordinator Sudan Productive Capacity Programme GIZ

Iris Knabe Country Director GIZ

James Miller Fisheries Production and Marketing Project GIZ

Ariel Joseph Deng Manager Gomjuerthii Rural Development Programme, Nyamlel

Bot Aguer Jel Chief IDP camp Nyamlel

David Dok Clerk of Chief IDP camp Nyamlel

Deng Akol Chief IDP camp Nyamlel

Deng Dumo Jol Resident IDP camp Nyamlel

John Adwong Resident IDP camp Nyamlel

Jok Chang Resident IDP camp Nyamlel

Michael Deng Chief IDP camp Nyamlel

Unidentified women (2) Resident IDP camp Nyamlel

Alphons Loro Headman labourers Kogikawada, Central Equatoria

Manju Stevenson Sekurat

Assistant Forestry Commissioner Lainya County, Central Equatoria

Stephen Alhag Chief Loka West, Central Equatoria

James Garang Deng Manager Madingaweil Humanitarian Association, Nyamlel

APPENDICES



Unidentified Returnees Malakal, Upper Nile

Shouki Aboch Agang County Commissioner Malakal County

Unidentified Malakal water supply service

Unidentified (2) Pastoralists Marial Bai, Northern Bahr el Ghazal

John Pangech Ministry of Cooperatives and Rural Development

Patrick Legge Ministry of Energy and Mining

Anna Otwara Acting Director General Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives and Rural Development, Eastern Equatoria

Daniel Alau Mbiyo Director, Afforestation and Natural Forest Conservation

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives and Rural Development, Eastern Equatoria

Elizeo Liki Director, Community Development

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives and Rural Development, Eastern Equatoria

Gina Ceasar Director, Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives and Rural Development, Eastern Equatoria

Peter Ohure Philip Director, Cooperatives Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives and Rural Development, Eastern Equatoria

Daniel Loleya Extension worker, community development

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives and Rural Development, Ikotos County, Eastern Equatoria

José Faustino Longulo Extension worker, cooperativesMinistry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives and Rural Development, Ikotos County, Eastern Equatoria

Andruga Dominique Buni Forest Officer

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives and Rural Development, Magwie County, Eastern Equatoria

Kouch beach Chol Director, Taxation Ministry of Finance, Upper Nile

Okwini Yor Director, Budget Ministry of Finance, Upper Nile

Dominic Fargalla Director, Fisheries Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, Eastern Equatoria

Donato Apari Act. DG Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, Eastern Equatoria

Kadong Merisa Director, Animal Production and Range Management

Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, Eastern Equatoria

Mark Wani Director, Planning Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, Eastern Equatoria

Gabriel Aban Fisheries Officer Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, Upper Nile

APPENDICES



Manyang Chol Veterinary Officer Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, Upper Nile

Stephen Opyemy Deng Acting Director General Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, Upper Nile

Kenyi Bullen Baggu Nathaniel

Director, Agroforestry and Extension Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

Mindo Odrande James Director, Afforestation and Natural forest Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

Beda Machar Deng Undersecretary Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Juba

Jaden Tongun Emilio Undersecretary Forestry Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Juba

Michaya Gamunde Nasona Deputy Director, Planning Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Juba

Ayii Bol Akol Minister Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Northern Bahr el Ghazal

Albino Simon Wanh Acting Director Planning Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Upper Nile

Ulaw Dor Deng Director, Forestry Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Upper Nile

Ann Felix BaigoDirector General, Animal Production and Range Management

Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries

Undo Adriano Noti Director General, Fisheries Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries

Waragak Gatulak Faguir Undersecretary Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries

Anthony Agiem Abot Ministry of Cooperation

Samuel Tabou Youziel Director General, Power supply Ministry of Energy and Mining

Thongjang Awak Thongjang

Director General, Minerals Development Ministry of Energy and Mining

William Ater Maciek Undersecretary Ministry of Energy and Mining

Cecilia Mogga Kenyi Senior Inspector Ministry of Environment

Joseph Lam Achaye Director Ministry of Environment

Kuol Alor Kuol Undersecretary Ministry of Environment

Moses Gogonya Assistant Inspector Ministry of Environment

Paul Lado Dimitri Assistant Inspector Ministry of Environment

Victor Wurda LoTombe Director General Ministry of Environment

Kol Luki Ipoto Ojok Director General Ministry of Environment, Wildlife & Tourism, Eastern Equatoria

Martin Kocemoyi Acting Director, Environment Ministry of Environment, Wildlife & Tourism, Eastern Equatoria

Sabrino Majok Majok Director General Ministry of Finance and Planning



Andrew Adura Karea Assistant Director, Revenue Unit Ministry of Finance, Upper Nile

Bataki Samuel Reporter Ministry of Information, Eastern Equatoria

Peter Kuot Jel Minister Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Mining

James Deng Akurkwac Director Rural Water Supply Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Mining, Upper Nile

Laurents Okic Director Urban Drinking Water Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Mining, Upper Nile

Mobior Arok Acting Area Manager SSEC Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Mining, Upper Nile

William Kur Ajang Deng Director General Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Mining, Upper Nile

Emmamuel Parmenas Lupai

Acting Director General, Planning and Projects Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation

Isaac Liabwel Yol Undersecretary Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation

James Adam Boi Director General, Hydrology and Surveys Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation

Anthony Kenyi Acting Director, Water and Sanitation

Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Eastern Equatoria

Lino Akai Assistant IT Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Eastern Equatoria

Satiro Tio D/D Sanitation maintenance Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Eastern Equatoria

Beneth Boyo Nicholas Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism

Dr D. Wani Undersecretary Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism

James Ariath Controller accounts Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism

APPENDICES


APPENDIx 2: ReFeRenceS

Afrepen. (2011). Country Energy Profile: Sudan. Energy, Environment and Development Network for Africa. Retrieved from www.afrepren.org.

Ahmad, A.M. (2008). Post-Jonglei planning in southern Sudan: combining environment with development. Environment & Urbanization, Vol. 20(2), 575–586.

Athorbei, D.D. (2009), Government of Southern Sudan 2010 Budget Speech. Presented to the Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly by H.E. David Deng Athorbei, Minister of Finance and Economic Planning. 14 December 2009.

Athorbei, D. D. (2011). Government of Southern Sudan 2011 Budget Speech. Presented to the South Soudan Legislative Assembly (SSLA) by H.E. David Deng Athorbei, Minister of Finance and Economic Planning. January 2011.

Government of Southern Sudan 2010 budget speech. Presented to the Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly by H.E. David Deng Athorbei, Minister of Finance & Economic Planning, 14th December 2009.

Charney, J., Quirk W.J., Chow, S.-H., & Kornfield, J. (1977). A comparative study of the effects of albedo change on drought in semi-arid areas. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 34, 1366-1385.

Cimato F., & Mullan M. (2010). Adapting to climate change: analysing the role of Government (PB13341). London, UK: DEFRA Evidence and Analysis Series, Paper 1. Retrieved from http://www.defra.gov.uk/publications/2011/04/08/pb13341-analysing-role-government/.

Cooper, J.C., & Catterson, T. (2007). Scoping statement for the programmatic environmental assessment of the oil exploration and production activities in Southern Sudan. Washington, DC: STEP/IRG.

Delfino J.A., & Achaye J.L. (2003). Report on the Pre-Survey Visit to the Southern Portion of the Southern National Park from Western Equatoria. Juba, Sudan: USAID-USDA PASA.

Deng, D.K. (2011). The New Frontier. A baseline survey of large-scale land-based investment in Southern Sudan. Norwegian People’s Aid.

Deodatus, F.D., & Toko, J.M. (1998). Etude de l’impact environnemental et socio-economique de la construction de deux ponts sur le fleuve Ntem. Gabon, Cameroun: Etudes d’Impact sur l’Environnment – Tractebel Developpement, B7 - 6200/96-14/020.

EIA. (2007). Sudan Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis - Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal. Washington, DC: US Energy Information Administration, Retrieved from www.eia.doe.gov.

Exxon Mobil. (2000). Environmental Assessment for Chad/Cameroon Pipeline Project—Executive Summary and Update.

FAO. (2005). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. Rome: FAO. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/a0400e/a0400e00.htm.

FAO. (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010. Rome: FAO. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra/en/.

FAO. (2010). Climate change implications for food security and natural resources management in Africa. Luanda, Angola: FAO. Retrieved from www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/018/k7542e.pdf.

FAO/WFP. (2011). Special Report: FAO/WFP Crop and food security assessment mission to Southern Sudan. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al973e/al973e00.htm.

FSTS. (2010). Food security policy in Southern Sudan – Challenges and the way forward. Juba, Sudan: SSCCSE/FSTS. Retrieved from www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/.../Policy_brief_October_2010.pdf.


Glemarec, Y. (2011). Catalysing Climate Finance: A Guidebook on Policy and Financing Options to Support Green, Low-Emission and Climate-Resilient Development. New York, NY: UNDP. Retrieved from www.undp.org/climatestrategies/docs/lecrds/catalysing_climate_finance.pdf.

Government of Southern Sudan (2009). 12th Quarterly Donor Forum - Summary of discussions. Juba, Sudan: GOSS. 15 December 2009.

Government of Southern Sudan (2010a). Commissioners’ Forums 2010: Draft Consolidated Report. Juba, Sudan: Government of Southern Sudan (GOSS)

Government of Southern Sudan (2010b). GOSS Growth Strategy. Juba, Sudan: Government of Southern Sudan (GOSS).

Government of Southern Sudan (2010c). GOSS priority core governance functions: Costed Action Plan for Rapid Capacity Development. Juba, Sudan: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (GOSS).

Government of Southern Sudan (2011). Southern Sudan Development Plan (draft). Juba, South Sudan: Government of South Sudan

Government of Sudan (2009). National Policy on Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). Khartoum: Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Government of Sudan (GoS). Retrieved from www.carim.org/public/legaltexts/LE3SUD1646_1375.pdf.

HCENR. (2007). National Adaptation Programme of Action. Khartoum, Sudan: Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/sdn01.pdf.

Howell, P., Lock, M., & Cobb, S. (1988). The Jonglei canal: impact and opportunity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

IFAD. (2009). Republic of The Sudan - Country strategic opportunities programme. Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). Retrieved from: www.ifad.org/gbdocs/eb/96/e/EB-2009-96-R-42-Rev-1.pdf.

IOM. 2011. Migration in Sudan - A Country Profile 2011. International Organization for Migration.

Ismail, E., Goubti N., Fernandes M., & Dougherty, B. (2005). NAPAssess: A Decision Support Tool for Use in the Sudan NAPA Process. Presented at the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 11), Montreal. Retrieved from http://www.eldis.org/assets/Docs/21612.html.

Malimbwi, R.E., Zahabu, E., Kajembe, G.C., & Luoga, E.J., (n.d.). Contribution of Charcoal Extraction to Deforestation: Experience from CHAPOSA Research Project. Morogoro, Tanzania: Department of Forest Mensuration and Management, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture

MHLPU. (2007). Southern Sudan National Electric Sector Policy. Ministry of Housing, Lands, and Public Utilities.

Miehe, S., Kluge, J., von Wehrden, H. & Retzer, V. (2010). Long-term degradation of Sahelian rangeland detected by 27 years of field study in Senegal. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47, 692–700.

Mohamed, Y. A., van den Hurk, B.J.J.M., Savenije, H.H.G. & Bastiaanssen, W.G.M. (2005). Hydroclimatology of the Nile: results from a regional climate model. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 9, 263–278.

Mohamed, Y.A., Bastiaanssen, W.G.M., & Savenije, H.H.G. (2004). Spatial variability of evaporation and moisture storage in the swamps of the upper Nile studied by remote sensing techniques. J. Hydrol, 289: 145-164.

OECD, (2006). Applying Strategic Environmental Assessment - Good practice guidance for development co-operation. Paris: DAC Guidelines and Reference Series, OECD. Retrieved from www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/21/37353858.pdf.

Omer, A.M. (2011). Agriculture Policy in Sudan. Agricultural Science Research Journal, Vol 1(1) pp. 1 – 29.

Penning De Vries, F.W.T., & Djiteye, M.A. (1982). La Productivité des Pâturages Sahéliens. Une Etude des Sols, des Végétations et de L’exploitation de Cette Ressource Naturelle. Agricultural Research Reports, 918, Pudoc, Wageningen.

APPENDICES


Sene, K.J. (2000). Lake Victoria on flows in the upper White Nile. Hydrological Sciences - Journal - des Sciences Hydrologiques, 45(1).

Shanmugaratnam, N. (2008). Post-War Development and the Land Question in South Sudan. Department of International Environment & Development Studies, Noragric, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB). Presented at International Symposium on Resources Under Stress organized by the Afrasian Centre for Peace and Development, Ryukoku University, Kyoto Japan.

SSCCSE. (2010). Food security policy in Southern Sudan: challenges and the way forward. Food Security Technical Secretariat, South Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation.

SSCCSE, 2010. Key Indicators for Southern Sudan. Juba, Sudan: Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation.

Sullivan, P.J., & Nasrallah, N., 2010. Improving natural resource management in Sudan: a strategy for effective state building and conflict resolution. New York, NY: United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved from www.usip.org/files/resources/SR242SullivanNasrallah.pdf.

Sutcliffe, J.V., & Parks, Y.P. (1989). Comparative water balances of selected African wetlands. Hydrological Sciences - Journal - des Sciences Hydrologiques, 34, 1.

Sutcliffe J.V., & Parks Y.P., (1987). Hydrological modelling of the Sudd and Jonglei Canal. Hydrological Sciences - Journal - des Sciences Hydrologiques, 32 (2).

Tate E.L., Sene K.J., & Sutcliffe J.V., (2001). A water balance study of the upper White Nile basin flows in the late nineteenth century. Hydrological Sciences - Journal - des Sciences Hydrologique, 46(2), 301-318.

UNDG. (2010). Integrating Climate Change Considerations in the Country Analysis and the UNDAF: Guidance Note for United Nations Country Teams. New York, NY: United Nations Development Group. Retrieved from http://www.undg.org/docs/11473/UNDG-GuidanceNote_ClimateChange-July2011.pdf.

UNDP. (2009). Regional Programme Document for the Arab States 2010-2013. New York, NY: UNDP (RBAS). Retrieved from http://204.200.211.31/contents/file/CPD/RPD_AS_2010_2013.pdf.

UNDP. (2010). Arab Climate Resilience Initiative: Concept Note. New York, NY: UNDP (RBAS). Retrieved from http://www.arabclimateinitiative.org/index.html.

UNDP. (2010). Concept Note: Environment and Sustainable Energy, Southern Sudan. Juba: UNDP Southern Sudan.

UNDP. (2010). Mapping of climate change threats and human development impacts in the Arab Region. New York, NY: Arab Human Development Report Papers (Paper 10.03). Retrieved from www.arab-hdr.org/publications/other/ahdrps/paper02-en.pdf.

UNEP. (2007). Sudan post-conflict environmental assessment. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/sudan/post-conflict/.

UNEP. (2008). Destitution, distortion, and deforestation: The impact of conflict on the timber and woodfuel trade in Darfur. Retrieved from http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/darfur_timber.pdf.

UNREDD. (2011). The UN-REDD Programme Strategy 2011-2015. The United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (UN-REDD). Retrieved from http://www.un-redd.org/.

USAID. (2007). Southern Sudan environmental threats and opportunities assessment: biodiversity and tropical forest assessment. Washington, DC: International Resources Group. Retrieved from http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADL108.pdf.


APPENDIx 3:uSeFulInteRnetlInkS

website link

The A-Z Southern Sudan Map Series from UNJLC-FAO

http://www.unjlc.org/old-site/sudan/maps/catalogue/a_z_southern_map_series/

Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa http://www.ceepa.co.za/

Common SEA tools - World Bankhttp://web.worldbank.org/wbsite/external/topics/environment/0,,contentMDK:21324865~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:244381,00.html

Energy, Environment and Development Network for Africa http://www.afrepren.org

European Coalition on Oil in Sudan http://www.ecosonline.org/

The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility http://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/fcp/

Government of the Republic of South Sudan http://www.goss.org/

Gurtong Peace Project http://www.gurtong.net/

IAP Sudan projects http://cafnr.missouri.edu/iap/sudan/

Life Cycle Assessment Programme Brief http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/sab/lca/lca_brief.htm

Nile Basin Initiative http://www.nilebasin.org/newsite/

Nile Basin Initiative, Transboundary Environmental Action Project http://www.nileteap.org/

South Sudan Crop and Livestock Market Information System (CLiMIS) http://www.southsudan-climis.org/

South Sudan Net http://www.southsudan.net/

Sudan Institutional Capacity Programme: Food Security for Action (SIFSIA)

http://www.fao.org/sudanfoodsecurity/en/

The REDD Desk http://www.theredddesk.org/redd_basics

The REDD Monitor http://www.redd-monitor.org/

UN Department of Safety and Security https://dss.un.org/dssweb/

UN Environmental Accounting http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seea.asp

UN Sudan information http://www.unsudanig.org/new_gateway/

UNEP Sudan Environmental Database http://postconflict.unep.ch/sudanreport/sudan_website/

UN-REDD programme http://www.un-redd.org/

APPENDICES


Approaching rainstorm in Bahr al Ghazal floodplain near Aweil


Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

■■ Formulate legislation, policies, standards, and plans for the development of agriculture and forestry in South Sudan;

■■ Prevention of environment degradation through tree planting, soil and water conservation and proper utilization of agricultural land;

■■ Promotion of sustainable use of natural resources for agricultural and forestry production including non-timber forest products;

■■ Human resource training in the field of agriculture and forestry;

■■ Promote the development and adaptation of appropriate technology in the field of agriculture and forestry;

■■ Create a national food policy to ensure adequate food availability throughout South Sudan;

■■ Establish and manage an effective agricultural extension service;

■■ Promote and where necessary regulate the efficient production and marketing of agriculture and forest products;

■■ Develop and implement a forestry development strategy for South Sudan;

■■ Promote community-based forestry conservation, management and utilization to ensure sustainable forestry production;

■■ Issue licenses to fell and/or export timber;

■■ Collect agricultural and forestry production data and their socio-economic impact on incomes and well-being;

■■ Promote, and where possible, undertake demand-driven agricultural and forestry research;

■■ Establish and manage/supervise an agricultural microfinance and credit banking scheme;

■■ Control crop and tree diseases;

■■ Control and regulate the use of agricultural chemicals and phytosanitary regulations and seed quality standards and licensing;

■■ Rehabilitating and expanding training institutions and research institutions; and

■■ Provide technical assistance and training to state governments and other local governments to build their capacity to assume their responsibilities for agriculture and forestry matters as defined in the Constitution and Government policy.


■■ Develop and execute policies and programmes on environmental protection and conservation throughout South Sudan;

■■ Establish the government’s environmental policy and monitor its effectiveness and impact;

■■ Lay down programmes, in collaboration with other ministries, for the control of environmental degradation and control of desertification;

■■ Develop Environmental Impact Assessments standard methodologies and procedures for Government development policies and for private sector investment;

■■ Advise and support states and local governments in their responsibilities for environment and build their capacity to assume all functions vested by the Constitution and Government policy;

■■ Advise and support states and local governments in their responsibilities for environmental protection and build their capacity to assume all functions vested by the Constitution and Government policy.

APPENDICES

APPENDIx 4:FunctIonSAnddutIeSoFthedIFFeRentmInIStRIeSoFtheGoveRnmentoFSouthSudAn(mAy2011)(www.goss.org)


Ministry of Housing and Physical Planning

■■ Formulate policy, standards and regulations on urban planning and urban land management;

■■ Advise and support states and local governments in their responsibilities for physical planning and housing and build their capacity to assume all functions vested by the Constitution and Government policy;

■■ Provide for all affordable shelter in urban areas and facilitate slum improvement and upgrading;

■■ Surveying and mapping of South Sudan and safe keeping of maps and documents;

■■ Establish and oversee the operation of urban land titling and registration;

■■ To oversee the definition and designation of city, municipal and town councils in South Sudan;

■■ Design, implement or supervise development programmes and projects to build housing in urban areas;

■■ Rehabilitate war damaged housing infrastructure;

■■ Provide or ensure the provision of suitable schemes for sewerage disposal and treatment in housing schemes and urban areas;

■■ Conduct building research for the development of the construction industry and the supply of affordable construction materials;

■■ To establish building industry standards and draw up a code of regulations for the building industry of South Sudan;

■■ Develop and oversee implementation of a housing policy for South Sudan;

■■ Oversee the operation of the South Sudan Housing Development Corporation;

■■ Formulate and implement a policy on housing for public servants and organize forces;

■■ Manage office accommodation and housing for constitutional office holders;

■■ Develop, construct and maintain Government buildings; and

■■ Advise and support states and local governments in their responsibilities for protection, physical planning and housing and build their capacity to assume all functions vested by the Constitution and Government policy.

Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources

■■ Draw up and oversee the implementation of policies, guidelines, master plans and regulations for water resources development, conservation and management in South Sudan;

■■ Encourage and where appropriate, fund scientific research into the development of water resources in South Sudan;

■■ Oversee the operation of the Water Corporation of South Sudan to ensure it performs its functions as laid out in the relevant Act;

■■ Undertake or supervise the design, construction and management of dams and other surface water storage infrastructure for irrigation, human and animal consumption and hydro-electricity generation;

■■ Set tariffs for the sale of water for whatever purpose;

■■ Draw up policy on rural and urban water resource development and management;

■■ Implement ground-water supplies of drinking water for the rural populations and make provisions for local community management and maintenance of constructed water supplies until such times as state and local governments have the capacity to undertake such functions;

■■ Initiate irrigation development and management schemes;

■■ Inspection of rural water yards;


■■ Draw up and oversee the implementation of rural flood control policy;

■■ Protection of the Sudd and other wetlands from pollution;

■■ Participate in international bodies charged with management of the Nile River basin;

■■ Water hyacinth management and control;

■■ Map water resources and carry out hydrological studies and research;

■■ Design and implement surface water resources projects including those for irrigation schemes;

■■ Establish flood warning schemes and other measures to protect against floods;

■■ Advise and support states and local governments in their responsibilities for water supply and build their capacity to assume all functions vested by the Constitution and Government policy.

Ministry of Roads and Transport

■■ Establish and oversee the implementation of the legal framework and regulations for the development of the transport network of South Sudan;

■■ Develop and execute an integrated transport strategy for South Sudan;

■■ Develop and oversee specific strategies for the development of road, air, rail and river transport;

■■ Develop road construction standards and specifications and maintenance regimes on all classifications of roads throughout South Sudan;

■■ Draw up and maintain a system of road classification for all public roads in South Sudan;

■■ Design, construct and maintain all roads classified as international and inter-state roads;

■■ Oversee the operation of the South Sudan Roads Authority;

■■ Oversee the standards of construction of roads constructed by states and local governments;

■■ Implement and manage the construction of roads on behalf of states and local governments until such time as the relevant government unit has the capacity to undertake such functions independently;

■■ Design, construct and maintain river ports, docking yards and navigation channels;

■■ License and regulate all commercial river transport operators;

■■ Develop railway railways standards and specifications, design, construct, supervise and monitor the development of railway lines and operations;

■■ Operate, manage and develop international and national airports in South Sudan;

■■ Manage all other airports and airstrips until such time as state governments have the capacity to undertake this responsibility;

■■ Establish and implement standards for the operation of commercial airlines and aircraft operating in South Sudan;

■■ Carry out training of drivers, mechanics and operators for the efficient control and management of public vehicles;

■■ Maintain an inventory of government vehicles;

■■ Regulate privately-owned public transport services through licensing and inspection;

■■ Registration of road, rail, river and aeronautical engineers carrying out business in South Sudan; and

■■ Provide technical assistance and training to state governments and other local governments to build their capacity to assume their responsibilities for road construction and other transportation matters as defined in the Constitution and other Government policies.


■■ Formulate legislation, regulations, policies

APPENDICES


and standards for the development of the animal and fisheries resources of South Sudan;

■■ Provide policy guidance and monitor performance of livestock and fisheries activities undertaken in South Sudan;

■■ Protect against environment degradation through pasture and soil conservation through proper usage of grazing areas;

■■ Identify and promote investment opportunities in livestock and fisheries in South Sudan;

■■ Human resource training in the field of animal production and fisheries;

■■ Provide technical advice on animal health and disease control policies and introduce plans to improve livestock health and production in South Sudan;

■■ Encourage the private livestock sector and regulate the delivery of veterinary services and supplies;

■■ Monitor and investigate the prevalence, spread and impact of animal diseases in the livestock populations;

■■ Support a meat inspection service at appropriate levels of government and the development of abattoirs;

■■ Promote and coordinate partnership between public institutions and private livestock owners and operators and provide needed technical assistance for the transformation of traditional livestock practices into a modern market-oriented system;

■■ Promote the improvement of fishing and fish processing technologies to improve the quality and quantity of fish catches in South Sudan;

■■ Ensure the sustainability of the fisheries sector through the development and enforcement of policies and regulations governing the exploitations of fish stocks;

■■ Promote and develop aquaculture fish production;

■■ Promote effective community-based extension programmes in livestock and fisheries production;

■■ Promote the development of bee-keeping industry and other emerging livestock resources;

■■ Promote animal welfare; and

■■ Provide technical assistance and training to state governments and other local governments to build their capacity to assume their responsibilities for animal resources and fisheries matters as defined in the Constitution and Government policy.

Ministry of Energy and Mining

■■ Formulate necessary legislation and regulation for the management and development of the energy and mining sectors of South Sudan;

■■ Develop and implement Government policies and strategies on power generation and distribution, industrial development, and mining;

■■ Organize and identify the energy potential of South Sudan in order to facilitate economic growth;

■■ Identify all sources of hydro-power and other sources of renewable energy and facilitate their exploitation for electricity generation;

■■ Plan electricity power supply schemes and oversee their implementation and operational management;

■■ Identify potential commercial partners to develop and run electricity generation schemes in South Sudan;

■■ Oversee the operation and management of the South Sudan Electricity Corporation to ensure it performs its functions as laid out in the relevant Act;

■■ Set electricity tariffs for the sale of electricity to customers;

■■ Regulate the exploitation of minerals, oil and other fossil fuels;


■■ Supervise geological surveys;

■■ Coordinate with the Sudanese Government on matters concerning oil and other mineral exploration and exploitation on behalf of Government;

■■ Monitor the activities of commercial enterprises involved in the exploration for and exploitation of oil and other mineral resources of South Sudan to ensure compliance with relevant regulations; and

■■ Provide technical assistance, training and other capacity building to state governments and other local governments to build their capacity to assume their responsibilities for energy and mining maters as defined in the Constitution and Government policy.

Ministry of Cooperatives and Rural Development

■■ Formulate and implement Cooperative Society legislation and policy;

■■ Establish and train a cooperative extension service;

■■ Promote and undertake the training of cooperative societies;

■■ Promote and enhance the formation of cooperative societies and community-based organizations as vehicles of community empowerment and poverty eradication;

■■ Mobilize and organize communities to initiate community-based and self help development projects;

■■ Develop policy on Cooperative Savings and Banking services and facilitate their establishment throughout South Sudan;

■■ To provide training to upgrade the management and performance of community based programmes;

■■ Support the Amadi Institute of Community Development;

■■ Develop, in conjunction with other relevant ministries, state and local governments, policies, and strategies for the development of rural areas in South Sudan;

■■ Promote and coordinate area-based rural development schemes until such time as the appropriate state or local government has the capacity to undertake such responsibility; and

■■ Provide technical assistance to state governments to build their capacity to support cooperative societies and undertake rural development planning and manage the implementation of rural development plans.

Ministry of Commerce and Industry

■■ Formulate and oversee the implementation of the Government’s commercial, industrial and trade development policy and necessary legal framework;

■■ Formulate legislation, regulations and standards for weights and measures and consumer protection;

■■ Define minimum standards for the maintenance of quality control of goods and services;

■■ Supervise the South Sudan Bureau of Standards;

■■ Micro Enterprise promotion through strategies for promotion of activities that encourage development of small scale industries;

■■ Develop and oversee regulations, contracts, protocols and agreements in the fields of commerce;

■■ Issuance of commercial and trade licenses to individuals and companies;

■■ Participation in preparation of economic and financial policies to achieve commercial development in the states of South Sudan;

■■ To provide technical and commercial information on opportunities for trade expansion to the private sector in order to enhance economic development;

■■ To promote the export of South Sudan products;

■■ To facilitate the development of wholesale markets and the efficient distribution of

APPENDICES


goods and services throughout South Sudan;

■■ To facilitate access by the private sector to commercial and marketing research, together with new technologies;

■■ Facilitate, encourage and initiate the establishment of private and public industries to promote economic growth;

■■ Develop and oversee an investment code and control the issuance of industrial licenses;

■■ Develop an Industrial Investment Promotion Policy and Industrial Investment Code;

■■ Encourage and facilitate investment for industrial development in South Sudan;

■■ Register trade marks;

■■ Facilitate and where necessary provide training to industrial entrepreneurs in business skills;

■■ Establish and oversee the working of an Inspectorate to maintain standards of hygiene and safety in shops and other commercial enterprises; and

■■ Provide technical assistance, training and other capacity building to state governments and other local governments to build their capacity to assume their responsibilities for the commerce and industrial matters as defined in the Constitution and Government policy.

Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism

■■ Develop and execute legislation, regulations, policies and strategies for the protection and management of South Sudan’s wildlife resources and protected areas;

■■ Formulate plans and programmes for the promotion and development of tourism in South Sudan;

■■ Develop policies to promote tourism as an income earning opportunity;

■■ Regulate and license private enterprises, bodies and other agencies operating in the field of tourism;

■■ Provide security to tourism institutions and resorts;

■■ Administer and manage the Wildlife Protection Service;

■■ Initiate community-based wildlife conservation and tourism industry awareness campaigns;

■■ Demarcate protected areas and build infrastructure in and around parks and reserves;

■■ Advise Government on international wildlife and tourism conventions and other agreements to which Sudan is a party;

■■ Develop and manage cross-border international “Peace Parks”;

■■ Promotion of ecotourism; and

■■ Advise and support states and local governments in their responsibilities for wildlife conservation and tourism and build their capacity to assume all functions vested by the Constitution and Government policy.

Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

■■ Develop and implement legislation and regulations, including those for Public Financial Management, Tax and Revenue Collection, Procurement and other legislation as required;

■■ Develop and execute sound economic, fiscal and investment policies for South Sudan;

■■ Develop and implement a sound public financial management system for South Sudan and manage the Government Consolidated Fund;

■■ Develop and execute revenue policy for taxes and other sources of revenue within the purview of the Government;

■■ Collect tax revenues within the purview of the Government;

■■ Ensure remittance of Government non-tax revenues collected by other Government institutions to the Consolidated Fund;


APPENDICES

(grants and loans), and reflect donor support and external debt in the Government’s Annual Budget;

■■ Implement rigorous procurement policies, regulations and procedures and ensure compliance throughout the Government through capacity building;

■■ Approve all contracts made under the procurement regulations, monitor all associated obligations and payments and maintain a register of Government contracts;

■■ Oversee and build the capacity of the internal audit function throughout Government;

■■ Produce monthly Government budget execution reports and Government accounts on a quarterly, semi-annual and annual basis;

■■ Oversee and build the capacity of accounting units in all spending agencies of Government;

■■ Jointly with the South Sudan Fiscal and Financial Allocation and Monitoring Commission, set allocation policies for inter-governmental fiscal transfers, manage their disbursement, monitor their utilization and ensure accountability at the state level;

■■ Coordinate Government inputs to the Sudan Donors Consortium;

■■ Act as the custodian of Government assets and property and maintain a central assets register; and

■■ Provide technical assistance and training to state governments and other local governments to build their capacity to assume their responsibilities for financial management, accounting and audit and planning functions and other such matters as defined in the Constitution and Government policy.

■■ Liaise with the Government of Sudan and the states of South Sudan on harmonized tax policy and administration across the levels of government;

■■ Monitor the disbursement of the South Sudan share of oil revenues received from the Sudanese Government;

■■ Agree on policies with the Sudanese Government for management and draw down from the Oil Revenue Stabilization Account;

■■ Develop and execute a reserve management policy for the Government;

■■ Macroeconomic forecasting and identification of Government resource availability to finance the annual budget and medium term expenditure framework;

■■ Coordinate the Government’s short, medium and long-term planning process to develop a prioritized development framework for the Government;

■■ Coordinate the preparation of the annual Government budget and medium term expenditure framework and manage their implementation;

■■ Sanction all Government expenditure payments in conformity with the approved Annual Budget and oversee the disbursement of all Government expenditure from the Consolidated Fund;

■■ Appraise all development projects and programmes requiring financial contributions from Government prior to their approval and financing;

■■ Develop and execute Government policies on aid coordination;

■■ Coordinate and approve external donor financing programmes, monitoring their implementation and evaluating their impact;

■■ Evaluate, approve and manage all external loans to Government;

■■ Manage the disbursement of all donor grants and maintain a central database of all external aid financing to Government


APPENDIx 5: PRoJectSIntheFIeldoFclImAtechAnGeAndSuStAInABlenAtuRAlReSouRceSmAnAGement

Project ministry Partners

SIFSA (Sudan Institutional Capacity Programme: Food Security Information for Action)

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries

FAO

SPCRP (Sudan Productive Capacity Recovery Programme)

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries

FAO, GIZ, EU

SSALDP (South Sudan Agriculture and Livestock Development) Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MDTF, World Bank

SAFD (Support to Agriculture and Forestry Development) Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MDTF, World Bank

NFG (Norwegian Forestry Group) Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry NORAD

Sudan Bridge Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

SSFCRP (South Sudan Food Crisis Response Program) Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MDTF, WB

FARM (Food Agribusiness and Rural Market project) Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

Multi Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries

Livestock Epidemio Surveillance Project (LESP-SS)


Support Programme for Integrated National Action Plans against Avian and Human Influenza (SPINAP-AHI)


Pan African Tsetse and Tripanosomosis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC)


Support to cooperative formation and development


Construction of Community Development Centres and Community Development Offices in States


Support to Community Based Organizations and Rural Development Associations and Groups


Institutional capacity building, training, outreach consultancy and community extension


Medium voltage for Thongpiny and Munuki Ministry of Energy and Mining

Studies for Benden, Fula, Lakki, Shukilli, some Rivers Hydro electric Power Ministry of Energy and Mining


APPENDICES

Project ministry Partners

South Sudan Private Sector Development Project with the following components Ministry of Commerce and Industry

Embankment of flood control dikes in floods prone areas of Phom el-Zeraf (Fangak County) and Twic East County, in Jonglei State, so as to protect lives, properties, farmlands and wet season grazing areas from flooding and reclaim lands for returnees

Ministry of Water and Irrigation

Water harvesting constructions (Hafirs and Barriers), so as to increase spatial and seasonal availability of water for various uses


Rehabilitation and construction of rural water supply and sanitation facilities, with emphasis being on guinea worm endemic villages, schools, health centres, market places, administrative centres and other areas where communities congregate


Operation, maintenance, management, rehabilitation, and provision of Irrigation facilities, in an effort to boost food security


Projects of Investment Cooperation with some Chinese Public Companies: in 2006 the Ministry signed an MOU with China Construction and Machinery Company (CCM)


Projects of Technical and Development cooperation with Egypt: the Government of Egypt offered and pledged six projects at a value of $26.6 million, over a period of three years


National Projects through the Dams Implementation Unit (DIU): Since October 2006, the Ministry has been in charge of coordination of DIU activities in South Sudan


The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI): in collaboration with the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) Subsidiary Action Programmes



APPENDIx 6: PolIcyAndStRAteGIcdocumentS

entityresponsible document Status

National Government South Sudan Development Plan 2011

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Food and agricultural policy framework

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Forestry policy

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Strategic plan 2011-2015 draft

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Strategic plan 2007-2011

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Training and Capacity Building Policy draft, ready end May

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Research Policy draft, ready end May

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Seeds Policy draft, ready end May

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Plant Protection Policy draft, ready end May

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Horticulture Policy draft, ready end May

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Mechanisation and Plant Protection Policy draft, ready end May

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Micro Finance Policy draft, ready end May

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Agriculture and Livestock Extension Policy approved

Ministry of Environment Environment Policy draft

Ministry of Environment Environment Bill draft

Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation

National Technical Guidelines and Manuals for Water Supply and Sanitation Facilities

Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation Water Policy 2007

Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation Mid-term Strategic Plan

Ministry of Wildlife and Tourism Wildlife Conservation and National Parks Act 2003

Ministry of Wildlife and Tourism Tourism Potential in South Sudan


1.Airquality 2.waterquality 3.Soilquality 4.vegetation 5.Biodiversity 6.Socio-demo-graphiceffects

7.healthandsecurity

8.naturalresources

9.Privateproperty

10.Agricultureandlivestock

11.employmentandincome

12.trade,trans-port,industry

A.drainageofwetlandsforoilexploitationoragriculture

Decreasing humidity, increasing dust Loss of water buffer Erosion Degrading natural

vegetation, more fires Reduction Settlement extension

May reduce water borne diseases

Usually leads to resource degradation

Depending on objectives of property

Improved cultivation, improvement livestock not certain

Improved

Positive if leading to improved agricultural production

B.dikesforoilexploitation,agriculture

No impact Flood risk, accumulated oil spill Nutrient flow disturbed Changing natural

gradients Reduction Convenient for settlements

Increase in waterborne diseases

Ecosystems disturbed


Reduces flooding, negative for dry season farming

Depends current land use


c.dams(irrigation,power) No impact Flood risk, interruption

of nutrient flow Reducing nutrient flow Changing natural gradients

Decreasing natural biodiversity

Drinking water, electricity facilitating settlement

Increase water borne diseases

Loss downstream, benefits around dam

Sometimes people displaced

Irrigation but loss downstream


Positive due to electricity and agro-activities

d.charcoalburning Pollution No impact Erosion due to decreased cover Deforestation Reduction due to tree

off-takeBurners moving to find new forests

May increase cancer risk Competing No impact Competing with

livestock

Generating employment and income.

Positive

e.Brickmaking Light air polution Destruction of river banks Erosion Deforestation Reduced through

deforestationMore stable settlements

No significant impact Competing No impact Competing


Positive

F.constructionwoodcollection No impact Increased silt content Erosion due to

decreased cover Deforestation Reduced through deforestation No impact No significant

impact Competing No impact Moderately competing


Positive

G.livestockgrazing/browsing No impact No impact Erosion when intensity

is highDegradation when intensity is high Reduced No impact May compete for

drinking water Competing Hardly impact Livestock may damage crops


Positive

h.Forestfires Smoke Little impact Destroying organic components, erosion Forest degradation Reduced No likely impact Fire hazard, smoke

and injury Destructive Fire hazardStimulates regrowth for livestock,

May reduce income No impact

I.mechanisedagriculture Pollution Pollution by

agrichemicalsDemineralization, erosion Forest destruction Reduced May involve foreign

labourDust, agri-chemicals Competing

Sometimes land confiscated and people displaced

Reduction of land for these activities


Positive

J.traditionalcultivation No impact Increased silt content Erosion Forest degradation Reduced No impact No impact Competing Not likely

Conflicts between cultivation and pastoralists


positive

k.hunting Little impact Pollution by lead of bullets No impact Depending hunting

technique Reduced No impact Depending hunting technique No impact Not likely Not likely


not significant

l.Fishing No impact Depending extraction technique No impact No impact Reduced No impact Depending fishing

technique

Not likely, but depends techniques used

Not likely Not likelyGenerating employment and income.

Positive

m.otherntFPcollection No impact Usually No impact No impact Depending extraction

techniqueDepending extraction technique No impact May provide

medicins Competing No impact Usually notGenerating employment and income.

Positive

P.Roadconstruction Pollution Increasing silt content Often lateral erosion Usually zone of influence

Reduction due to fragmentation and reduced connectivity

Temporary disturbance

Work floor accidents

Resource loss on the spot


Limited access Temporary employment Positive

Q.Roadutilisation Pollution Increasing silt content Often lateral erosionUsually zone of influence (deforestation)


Better communication and facilities

Road accidents, but also better access to facilities

Increased exploitation Disturbance

Better marketing, but also landscape fragmentation

Better mobility and access to jobs

Significant improvement

R.urbanisation Moderate pollution Mainly organic pollution Erosion Deforestation Significant reduction

Better facilities, but sometimes degrading social climate


Increasing demand More competition for space Limited access

Increased employment and higher living costs

Usually higher economic diversity

S.oilexploitation Pollution Risk of significant pollution

Risk of significant pollution, structure modification and erosion

Risk of degradation

Degradation by flaring, pollution, disturbance and associated human activities

Temporary employment and settlement often causes social frictions

Reduction Usually leads to degradation


Limited access and effects of pollution

Usually temporary income Positive

APPENDICES

APPENDIx 7: vARIouSenvIRonmentAlImPActSoBSeRvedRelAtedtotheutIlIzAtIonoFnAtuRAlReSouRceSAndlAnd


1.Airquality 2.waterquality 3.Soilquality 4.vegetation 5.Biodiversity 6.Socio-demo-graphiceffects

7.healthandsecurity

8.naturalresources

9.Privateproperty

10.Agricultureandlivestock

11.employmentandincome

12.trade,trans-port,industry

A.drainageofwetlandsforoilexploitationoragriculture

Decreasing humidity, increasing dust Loss of water buffer Erosion Degrading natural

vegetation, more fires Reduction Settlement extension

May reduce water borne diseases

Usually leads to resource degradation


Improved cultivation, improvement livestock not certain

Improved


B.dikesforoilexploitation,agriculture

No impact Flood risk, accumulated oil spill Nutrient flow disturbed Changing natural

gradients Reduction Convenient for settlements

Increase in waterborne diseases

Ecosystems disturbed


Reduces flooding, negative for dry season farming



c.dams(irrigation,power) No impact Flood risk, interruption

of nutrient flow Reducing nutrient flow Changing natural gradients

Decreasing natural biodiversity

Drinking water, electricity facilitating settlement

Increase water borne diseases

Loss downstream, benefits around dam

Sometimes people displaced

Irrigation but loss downstream


Positive due to electricity and agro-activities

d.charcoalburning Pollution No impact Erosion due to decreased cover Deforestation Reduction due to tree

off-takeBurners moving to find new forests

May increase cancer risk Competing No impact Competing with

livestock


Positive

e.Brickmaking Light air polution Destruction of river banks Erosion Deforestation Reduced through

deforestationMore stable settlements

No significant impact Competing No impact Competing


Positive

F.constructionwoodcollection No impact Increased silt content Erosion due to

decreased cover Deforestation Reduced through deforestation No impact No significant

impact Competing No impact Moderately competing


Positive

G.livestockgrazing/browsing No impact No impact Erosion when intensity

is highDegradation when intensity is high Reduced No impact May compete for

drinking water Competing Hardly impact Livestock may damage crops


Positive

h.Forestfires Smoke Little impact Destroying organic components, erosion Forest degradation Reduced No likely impact Fire hazard, smoke

and injury Destructive Fire hazardStimulates regrowth for livestock,

May reduce income No impact

I.mechanisedagriculture Pollution Pollution by

agrichemicalsDemineralization, erosion Forest destruction Reduced May involve foreign

labourDust, agri-chemicals Competing


Reduction of land for these activities


Positive

J.traditionalcultivation No impact Increased silt content Erosion Forest degradation Reduced No impact No impact Competing Not likely

Conflicts between cultivation and pastoralists


positive

k.hunting Little impact Pollution by lead of bullets No impact Depending hunting

technique Reduced No impact Depending hunting technique No impact Not likely Not likely


not significant

l.Fishing No impact Depending extraction technique No impact No impact Reduced No impact Depending fishing

technique

Not likely, but depends techniques used

Not likely Not likelyGenerating employment and income.

Positive

m.otherntFPcollection No impact Usually No impact No impact Depending extraction

techniqueDepending extraction technique No impact May provide

medicins Competing No impact Usually notGenerating employment and income.

Positive

P.Roadconstruction Pollution Increasing silt content Often lateral erosion Usually zone of influence


Temporary disturbance

Work floor accidents

Resource loss on the spot


Limited access Temporary employment Positive

Q.Roadutilisation Pollution Increasing silt content Often lateral erosionUsually zone of influence (deforestation)


Better communication and facilities

Road accidents, but also better access to facilities

Increased exploitation Disturbance

Better marketing, but also landscape fragmentation

Better mobility and access to jobs

Significant improvement

R.urbanisation Moderate pollution Mainly organic pollution Erosion Deforestation Significant reduction



Increasing demand More competition for space Limited access

Increased employment and higher living costs

Usually higher economic diversity

S.oilexploitation Pollution Risk of significant pollution

Risk of significant pollution, structure modification and erosion

Risk of degradation

Degradation by flaring, pollution, disturbance and associated human activities

Temporary employment and settlement often causes social frictions

Reduction Usually leads to degradation


Limited access and effects of pollution

Usually temporary income Positive


A Institutional capacity building and strengthening

1 Integrate environmental concerns into national development planning process;

2 Finalize and approve of the draft environmental policy and legislation;

3 Enact new legislation, where needed, in the thematic areas, e.g. climate change, biodiversity conservation etc;

4 Develop Environmental Management Action Plan;

5 Develop a strategic plan for Sudd Ramsar site;

6 Build capacity for implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs);

7 Strengthen collaboration and cooperation among Government, NGOs, civil society and other relevant stakeholders;

8 Provide technical equipment and other facilities;

9 Streamline and harmonize sector specific environmental regulations/legal frameworks;

10 Conduct a skills needs assessment with respect to the national priorities of the Ministry.

B Technical Professional Training and Research Training needs, but not limited to these;

1 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA);

2 Integrated environmental management;

3 Environmental monitoring and auditing;

4 Pollution prevention and control;

5 Waste management;

6 Use of relevant technology such as GPS/GIS and remote sensing applications;

7 Environmental standards and policy formulation;

8 Wetlands and biodiversity conservation;

9 Environmental education and awareness;

10 Integrated water resource management;

11 Information Management System;

12 Climate change adaptation and mitigation;

13 Water quality monitoring;

14 Training in Environmental Planning Research areas, but not limited to these;

15 Country Environmental Profile/ State of Environment;

16 Climate Change Variability and Adaptation;

17 Biodiversity Assessment and Inventory;

18 Inventory of Wetlands in South Sudan;

19 Research on Waste Management and Water Quality.

C Public awareness and participation

1 Develop an integrated programme for public awareness;

2 Launch public awareness campaigns to inform all relevant stakeholders of their obligations towards environmental protection;

3 Increase collaboration with the private sector, media and NGOs to enhance awareness efforts;

D Information Management system

1 Support development of Environmental Information Centre;

2 Establish environmental database;

APPENDICES

APPENDIx 8: PRIoRItyActIonSIntheFIeldoFenvIRonmentIdentIFIedBythemInIStRyoFenvIRonment


3 Develop agreements for information sharing and promote user-friendly data;

4 Establish a website for the Ministry and a web-based information system and sharing mechanism;

E Establish and develop a National Environmental Trust Fund to fund identified national priorities (National and Donor funding)

1 Increase national annual budgetary allocations for environment;

2 Contribution from productive sectors (e.g. oil, forestry, mining etc) for environmental management;

3 Contribution from environmental enforcement activities, i.e. charges etc;

4 Pursue funding from Multilateral and bilateral partners;

F International cooperation

1 Facilitate cooperation and implementation of MEAs;

2 Participation in international conferences, seminars, symposia etc;

3 Promote international cooperation on climate change, biodiversity conservation and transboundary environmental concerns.

Sale of thatching grass at Ikotos market, Eastern Equatoria

Sale of timber in Juba, Central Equatoria

Charcoal traders in Ikotos county, Eastern Equatoria


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, ht

tp:/

/ww

w.

clim

atei

nves

tmen

tfun

ds.

org/

cif/

node

/3

clim

ate

cha

nge

-

The

Stra

tegi

c C

limat

e Fu

nd (S

CF)

is o

ne o

f the

tw

o fu

nds

of th

e C

limat

e In

vest

men

t Fun

ds. I

t se

rves

as

an o

vera

rchi

ng fr

amew

ork

to s

uppo

rt

thre

e ta

rget

ed p

rogr

amm

es w

ith d

edic

ated

fu

ndin

g to

pilo

t new

app

roac

hes

with

pot

entia

l fo

r sc

aled

-up,

tran

sfor

mat

iona

l act

ion

aim

ed a

t a

spec

ific

clim

ate

chan

ge c

halle

nge

or s

ecto

ral

resp

onse

clim

ate

Res

ilien

ce-

Th

e P

ilot P

rogr

am fo

r C

limat

e R

esili

ence

(PP

CR

), ap

prov

ed in

Nov

embe

r 20

08, w

as th

e fir

st

prog

ram

me

deve

lope

d an

d op

erat

iona

l und

er

the

Stra

tegi

c C

limat

e Fu

nd (S

CF)

, whi

ch is

one

of

two

fund

s w

ithin

the

desi

gn o

f the

Clim

ate

Inve

stm

ent F

unds

(CIF

). Th

e P

PC

R a

ims

to

pilo

t and

dem

onst

rate

way

s in

whi

ch c

limat

e ri

sk a

nd r

esili

ence

may

be

inte

grat

ed in

to c

ore

deve

lopm

ent p

lann

ing

and

impl

emen

tatio

n.

In th

is w

ay, t

he P

PC

R p

rovi

des

ince

ntiv

es fo

r sc

aled

-up

actio

n an

d in

itiat

es tr

ansf

orm

atio

nal

chan

ge. T

he p

ilot p

rogr

amm

es a

nd p

roje

cts

impl

emen

ted

unde

r th

e P

PC

R a

re c

ount

ry-l

ed,

build

on

Nat

iona

l Ada

ptat

ion

Pro

gram

s of

Act

ion

(NAP

A) a

nd o

ther

rel

evan

t cou

ntry

stu

dies

and

st

rate

gies

. The

y ar

e st

rate

gica

lly a

ligne

d w

ith

othe

r do

nor-

fund

ed a

ctiv

ities

to p

rovi

de fi

nanc

ing

for

proj

ects

that

will

pro

duce

exp

erie

nce

and

know

ledg

e us

eful

to d

esig

ning

sca

led-

up

adap

tatio

n m

easu

res.

The

PP

CR

con

trib

utes

to

the

obje

ctiv

es o

f the

SC

F by

inte

grat

ing

clim

ate

resi

lienc

e co

nsid

erat

ions

into

nat

iona

l de

velo

pmen

t pla

nnin

g an

d im

plem

enta

tion

that

are

con

sist

ent w

ith p

over

ty r

educ

tion

and

sust

aina

ble

deve

lopm

ent g

oals

. Und

er th

e P

PC

R

two

type

s of

inve

stm

ents

are

sup

port

ed.

1) F

undi

ng fo

r te

chni

cal a

ssis

tanc

e to

ena

ble

deve

lopi

ng c

ount

ries

to b

uild

upo

n ex

istin

g na

tiona

l wor

k to

inte

grat

e cl

imat

e re

silie

nce

into

na

tiona

l and

sec

tora

l dev

elop

men

t pla

ns.

2) F

undi

ng p

ublic

and

pri

vate

sec

tor

inve

stm

ents

in

dent

ified

in n

atio

nal o

r se

ctor

al d

evel

opm

ent

plan

s or

str

ateg

ies

addr

essi

ng c

limat

e re

silie

nce.

ht

tp:/

/ww

w.c

limat

einv

estm

entf

unds

.org

/cif/

ppcr

Gui

delin

esfo

rJo

intm

issi

ons

tod

esig

nth

eP

Pc

Rp

ilotp

rogr

amm

es -

ht

tp:/

/ww

w.c

limat

einv

estm

entf

unds

.org

/cif/

site

s/cl

imat

einv

estm

entf

unds

.org

/file

s/P

PC

R_

join

t_m

issi

on_g

uide

lines

_fina

l_0.

pdf

APPENDICESA

PP

END

Ix 9

: So

uR

ceS

oF

Fun

dIn

GF

oR

en

vIR

on

men

tA

nd

cle

An

en

eRG

yP

Ro

Ject

S


nam

eof

Fun

d/

Fund

ing

org

aniz

atio

nth

emat

icA

reas

c

over

edb

yFu

ndP

rogr

amm

e(s)

wit

hin

Fund

App

licat

ion

Info

rmat

ion

Ren

ewab

lee

nerg

y -

Th

e P

rogr

am o

n Sc

alin

g-U

p R

enew

able

En

ergy

in L

ow In

com

e C

ount

ries

(SR

EP) i

s a

targ

eted

pro

gram

of t

he S

trat

egic

Clim

ate

Fund

(SC

F), w

hich

is w

ithin

the

fram

ewor

k of

the

Clim

ate

Inve

stm

ent F

unds

(CIF

). Th

e SR

EP w

as a

ppro

ved

by th

e SC

F Tr

ust F

und

Com

mitt

ee in

May

200

9 to

dem

onst

rate

the

econ

omic

, soc

ial a

nd e

nvir

onm

enta

l via

bilit

y of

low

car

bon

deve

lopm

ent p

athw

ays

in th

e en

ergy

sec

tor

in lo

w-i

ncom

e co

untr

ies.

It a

ims

to h

elp

low

-inc

ome

coun

trie

s us

e ne

w e

cono

mic

op

port

uniti

es to

incr

ease

ene

rgy

acce

ss th

roug

h re

new

able

ene

rgy

use.

The

SR

EP s

timul

ates

ec

onom

ic g

row

th th

roug

h th

e sc

aled

-up

deve

lopm

ent o

f ren

ewab

le e

nerg

y so

lutio

ns a

nd,

it ac

ts a

s a

cata

lyst

for

the

tran

sfor

mat

ion

of th

e re

new

able

s m

arke

t by

obta

inin

g go

vern

men

t su

ppor

t for

mar

ket c

reat

ion,

pri

vate

sec

tor

impl

emen

tatio

n, a

nd p

rodu

ctiv

e en

ergy

use

. R

ecog

nizi

ng th

e si

gnifi

cant

rol

e th

e pr

ivat

e se

ctor

has

in p

rom

otin

g re

new

able

ene

rgy,

SR

EP p

rom

otes

bot

h pu

blic

and

pri

vate

sec

tor

actio

ns to

rem

ove

barr

iers

that

mig

ht o

ther

wis

e in

hibi

t sca

led-

up p

riva

te s

ecto

r in

vest

men

ts.

SREP

is c

ount

ry-l

ed a

nd b

uild

s on

nat

iona

l po

licie

s an

d th

e ac

tiviti

es o

f oth

er e

xist

ing

ener

gy in

itiat

ives

. It w

ill o

pera

te in

a s

mal

l nu

mbe

r of

low

-inc

ome

coun

trie

s to

max

imiz

e its

impa

ct a

nd d

emon

stra

tive

effe

ct.

http

://w

ww

.clim

atei

nves

tmen

tfun

ds.o

rg/c

if/pp

cr

SReP

Pro

gram

min

gm

odal

itie

san

dop

erat

iona

lgui

delin

es -

ht

tp:/

/ww

w.c

limat

einv

estm

entf

unds

.org

/ci

f/si

tes/

clim

atei

nves

tmen

tfun

ds.o

rg/

files

/SR

EP%

20P

rogr

amm

ing_

mod

alit

ies_

final

_110

910_

key_

docu

men

t.pd

f Co

ntac

t: C

limat

e In

vest

men

t Fun

ds

Emai

l: C

IFA

dmin

Uni

t@w

orld

bank

.org

P

hone

: (20

2) 4

58-1

81


APPENDICESn

ame

ofF

und/

Fu

ndin

go

rgan

izat

ion

them

atic

Are

as

cov

ered

by

Fund

Pro

gram

me(

s)w

ithi

nFu

ndA

pplic

atio

nIn

form

atio

n

cle

ant

echn

olog

yFu

nd,

Wor

ldba

nk,

http

://w

ww

.cl

imat

einv

estm

entf

unds

.org

/ci

f/no

de/2

cle

ane

nerg

yd

evel

opm

ent -

Th

e C

lean

Tec

hnol

ogy

Fund

(CTF

), on

e of

two

Clim

ate

Inve

stm

ent F

unds

, pro

mot

es s

cale

d-up

fina

ncin

g fo

r de

mon

stra

tion,

dep

loym

ent

and

tran

sfer

of l

ow-c

arbo

n te

chno

logi

es w

ith

sign

ifica

nt p

oten

tial f

or lo

ng-t

erm

gre

enho

use

gas

emis

sion

s sa

ving

s. It

is e

xpec

ted

that

the

CTF

will

fin

ance

pro

gram

s in

15

to 2

0 co

untr

ies

or r

egio

ns.

Wha

t kin

d of

pro

gram

s do

es th

e C

TF p

rom

ote?

Pow

er S

ecto

r: R

enew

able

ene

rgy

and

high

ly

effic

ient

tech

nolo

gies

to r

educ

e ca

rbon

inte

nsity

Tran

spor

t Sec

tor:

Effi

cien

cy a

nd m

odal

shi

fts

Ener

gy E

ffici

ency

: Bui

ldin

gs, i

ndus

try,

and

ag

ricu

ltur

e H

ow d

oes

the

CTF

aim

to fi

nanc

e tr

ansf

orm

atio

nal

actio

ns?

Pro

vidi

ng p

ositi

ve in

cent

ives

for

the

dem

onst

ratio

n of

low

car

bon

deve

lopm

ent a

nd m

itiga

tion

of G

HG

em

issi

ons.

Thi

s w

ill b

e do

ne th

ough

pub

lic a

nd

priv

ate

sect

or in

vest

men

ts;

Scal

ing-

up d

evel

opm

ent t

hrou

gh fu

ndin

g lo

w

carb

on p

rogr

amm

es a

nd p

roje

cts

that

are

em

bedd

ed in

nat

iona

l pla

ns a

nd s

trat

egie

s.

In th

is w

ay, t

he d

iffus

ion

and

tran

sfer

of c

lean

te

chno

logi

es w

ill b

e ac

cele

rate

d;

Rea

lizin

g en

viro

nmen

tal a

nd s

ocia

l co-

bene

fits.

Th

is w

ill il

lust

rate

the

pote

ntia

l hel

d by

low

-ca

rbon

tech

nolo

gies

to c

ontr

ibut

e to

the

goal

s of

sus

tain

able

dev

elop

men

t and

the

Mill

enni

um

Dev

elop

men

t Goa

ls (M

DG

s);

Inte

rnat

iona

l coo

pera

tion

on c

limat

e ch

ange

and

su

ppor

ting

agre

emen

t on

the

futu

re o

f the

clim

ate

chan

ge r

egim

e;U

tiliz

ing

the

skill

s an

d ca

pabi

litie

s of

the

Mul

tilat

eral

Dev

elop

men

t Ban

ks (M

DB

s) to

rai

se

and

deliv

er n

ew a

nd a

dditi

onal

res

ourc

es. T

hese

w

ill in

clud

e of

ficia

l and

con

cess

iona

l fun

ding

, at

sign

ifica

nt s

cale

; Sh

arin

g ex

peri

ence

s an

d le

sson

s le

arne

d w

hile

re

spon

ding

to th

e ch

alle

nges

of c

limat

e ch

ange

.ht

tp:/

/ww

w.c

limat

einv

estm

entf

unds

.org

/cif/

node

/2

Ren

ewab

lee

nerg

yen

ergy

effi

cien

cyct

Ffu

ndin

gel

igib

ility

cri

teri

a -

To

be

elig

ible

for

CTF

fund

ing

a co

untr

y m

ust

be O

DA

elig

ible

and

hav

e an

act

ive

Mul

tilat

eral

D

evel

opm

ent B

ank

(MD

B) c

ount

ry p

rogr

amm

e.

Whe

n a

coun

try

expr

esse

s in

tere

st in

acc

essi

ng

CTF

fina

ncin

g, th

e M

ultil

ater

al D

evel

opm

ent B

anks

co

ncer

ned

will

con

duct

a jo

int m

issi

on in

volv

ing

othe

r re

leva

nt d

evel

opm

ent p

artn

ers.

MD

Bs

will

en

gage

with

gov

ernm

ent o

ffici

als,

pri

vate

indu

stry

an

d ot

her

stak

ehol

ders

on

how

the

fund

may

hel

p fin

ance

sca

led-

up, l

ow c

arbo

n ac

tiviti

es in

the

give

n co

untr

y. A

n in

vest

men

t pla

n w

ill b

e de

sign

ed

unde

r th

e le

ader

ship

of t

he r

ecip

ient

cou

ntry

. ht

tp:/

/ww

w.c

limat

einv

estm

entf

unds

.org

/cif/

node

/2

Clim

ate

Inve

stm

ent F

unds

Em

ail:

CIF

Adm

inU

nit@

wor

ldba

nk.o

rg

Pho

ne: (

202)

458

-182


nam

eof

Fun

d/

Fund

ing

org

aniz

atio

nth

emat

icA

reas

c

over

edb

yFu

ndP

rogr

amm

e(s)

wit

hin

Fund

App

licat

ion

Info

rmat

ion

Glo

bale

nvir

onm

ent

Faci

lity,

GeF

, ht

tp:/

/ww

w.t

hege

f.org

/

clim

ate

cha

nge,

Inte

rnat

iona

lwat

ers,

la

ndd

egra

dati

on,S

usta

inab

leF

ores

tm

gmt,

cap

acit

yd

evel

opm

ent,

cle

ane

nerg

yd

evel

opm

ent -

Th

e G

loba

l Env

iron

men

t Fac

ility

was

est

ablis

hed

in O

ctob

er 1

991

as a

$1

billi

on p

ilot p

rogr

am in

th

e W

orld

Ban

k to

ass

ist i

n th

e pr

otec

tion

of th

e gl

obal

env

iron

men

t and

to p

rom

ote

envi

ronm

enta

l su

stai

nabl

e de

velo

pmen

t. Th

e G

EF w

ould

pro

vide

ne

w a

nd a

dditi

onal

gra

nts

and

conc

essi

onal

fu

ndin

g to

cov

er th

e “i

ncre

men

tal”

or

addi

tiona

l co

sts

asso

ciat

ed w

ith tr

ansf

orm

ing

a pr

ojec

t w

ith n

atio

nal b

enefi

ts in

to o

ne w

ith g

loba

l en

viro

nmen

tal b

enefi

ts. T

he U

nite

d N

atio

ns

Dev

elop

men

t Pro

gram

me,

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

En

viro

nmen

t Pro

gram

, and

the

Wor

ld B

ank

wer

e th

e th

ree

initi

al p

artn

ers

impl

emen

ting

GEF

pro

ject

s. In

199

4, a

t the

Rio

Ear

th S

umm

it,

the

GEF

was

res

truc

ture

d an

d m

oved

out

of t

he

Wor

ld B

ank

syst

em to

bec

ome

a pe

rman

ent,

sepa

rate

inst

itutio

n. T

he d

ecis

ion

to m

ake

the

GEF

an

inde

pend

ent o

rgan

izat

ion

enha

nced

th

e in

volv

emen

t of d

evel

opin

g co

untr

ies

in th

e de

cisi

on-m

akin

g pr

oces

s an

d in

impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

proj

ects

. Sin

ce 1

994,

how

ever

, the

Wor

ld

Ban

k ha

s se

rved

as

the

Trus

tee

of th

e G

EF T

rust

Fu

nd a

nd p

rovi

ded

adm

inis

trat

ive

serv

ices

. As

part

of t

he r

estr

uctu

ring

, the

GEF

was

ent

rust

ed

to b

ecom

e th

e fin

anci

al m

echa

nism

for

both

the

UN

Con

vent

ion

on B

iolo

gica

l Div

ersi

ty a

nd th

e U

N F

ram

ewor

k C

onve

ntio

n on

Clim

ate

Cha

nge.

In

par

tner

ship

with

the

Mon

trea

l Pro

toco

l of t

he

Vien

na C

onve

ntio

n on

Ozo

ne L

ayer

Dep

letin

g Su

bsta

nces

, the

GEF

sta

rted

fund

ing

proj

ects

th

at e

nabl

e th

e R

ussi

an F

eder

atio

n an

d na

tions

in

Eas

tern

Eur

ope

and

Cen

tral

Asi

a to

pha

se o

ut

thei

r us

e of

ozo

ne-d

estr

oyin

g ch

emic

als.

The

G

EF s

ubse

quen

tly

was

als

o se

lect

ed to

ser

ve a

s fin

anci

al m

echa

nism

for

two

mor

e in

tern

atio

nal

conv

entio

ns: T

he S

tock

holm

Con

vent

ion

on

Per

sist

ent O

rgan

ic P

ollu

tant

s (2

001)

and

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Con

vent

ion

to C

omba

t Des

ertifi

catio

n (2

003)

.

Pro

gram

me

fund

ing

avai

labl

e fo

r

each

The

mat

ic A

rea

- ht

tp:/

/ww

w.t

hege

f.org

/gef

/Are

as_w

ork

Rel

evan

t pub

licat

ion:

Ste

p-by

-Ste

p G

uige

to N

APA

D

esig

n an

d Im

plem

enta

tion,

ht

tp:/

/unf

ccc.

int/

reso

urce

/doc

s/pu

blic

atio

ns/

ldc_

napa

2009

.pdf

App

licat

ion

tem

plat

es

and

Gui

delin

es -

B

efor

e dr

aftin

g a

proj

ect p

ropo

sal,

the

appl

ican

t sh

ould

con

tact

the

Cou

ntry

Ope

ratio

nal F

ocal

P

oint

and

ver

ify th

at th

e pr

opos

al c

ompl

ies

with

th

e cr

iteri

a m

entio

ned

abov

e. If

ther

e ar

e do

ubts

ab

out t

he e

ligib

ility

of t

he p

roje

ct, i

t is

advi

sabl

e to

hav

e an

info

rmal

con

sult

atio

n w

ith th

e G

EF

Secr

etar

iat (

Cou

ntry

Rel

atio

n O

ffice

rs in

the

Exte

rnal

Aff

airs

team

). G

EF A

genc

ies

assi

st e

ligib

le

appl

ican

ts in

the

deve

lopm

ent,

impl

emen

tatio

n,

and

man

agem

ent o

f GEF

pro

ject

s. T

hey

are

the

chan

nel b

etw

een

coun

trie

s an

d th

e G

EF fo

r th

e pr

ojec

t app

rova

l pro

cess

and

par

ticip

ate

in G

EF

gove

rnan

ce a

s w

ell a

s in

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f GEF

po

licie

s an

d pr

ogra

ms.

The

cho

ice

on th

e A

genc

y sh

ould

be

base

d on

its

resp

ectiv

e co

mpa

rativ

e ad

vant

ages

as

stat

ed in

the

docu

men

t Com

para

tive

Adv

anta

ges

of th

e G

EF A

genc

ies

(GEF

/C.3

1/5

Cor

r.1, 2

007)

. O

nce

thes

e pr

epar

ator

y st

eps

are

take

n, th

e pr

opon

ent s

houl

d de

velo

p th

e P

roje

ct Id

entifi

catio

n Fo

rm (P

IF),

in c

lose

coo

rdin

atio

n w

ith th

e G

EF

Age

ncy

and

follo

win

g th

e in

tern

al p

roje

ct c

ycle

pr

oced

ures

. Onc

e th

e P

IF is

rea

dy, t

he A

genc

y w

ill s

ubm

it it

to th

e G

EF S

ecre

tari

at fo

r ap

prov

al.

Tem

plat

es a

nd G

uide

lines

GEF

Pro

gram

me

Stra

tegy

on

Ada

ptat

ion

2010

-14,

ht

tp:/

/ww

w.t

hege

f.org

/gef

/site

s/th

egef

.org

/file

s/do

cum

ents

/Pro

gram

%20

stra

tegy

%20

V.2.

pdf


APPENDICESn

ame

ofF

und/

Fu

ndin

go

rgan

izat

ion

them

atic

Are

as

cov

ered

by

Fund

Pro

gram

me(

s)w

ithi

nFu

ndA

pplic

atio

nIn

form

atio

n

leas

tdev

elop

edc

ount

ries

Fun

d -

Th

e Le

ast D

evel

oped

Cou

ntri

es F

und

(LD

CF)

was

es

tabl

ishe

d un

der

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Fra

mew

ork

Con

vent

ion

on C

limat

e C

hang

e (U

NFC

CC

) at i

t se

vent

h se

ssio

n in

Mar

rake

ch in

200

1, a

nd it

is

man

aged

by

the

GEF

. The

Fun

d ad

dres

ses

the

spec

ial n

eeds

of t

he L

east

Dev

elop

ed C

ount

ries

(L

DC

s), w

hich

are

esp

ecia

lly v

ulne

rabl

e to

the

adve

rse

impa

cts

of c

limat

e ch

ange

. Thi

s in

clud

es

prep

arin

g an

d im

plem

entin

g N

atio

nal A

dapt

atio

n P

rogr

ams

of A

ctio

n (N

APA

s), w

hich

aim

is to

id

entif

y “u

rgen

t and

imm

edia

te n

eeds

” of

eac

h LD

C

acco

rdin

g to

spe

cific

gui

delin

es p

rovi

ded

by th

e Le

ast D

evel

oped

Cou

ntri

es E

xper

t Gro

up (L

EG).

Rel

evan

t pub

licat

ion:

GEF

: Fin

anci

ng A

dapt

atio

n A

ctio

n.

http

://w

ww

.the

gef.o

rg/g

ef/s

ites/

theg

ef.o

rg/fi

les/

publ

icat

ion/

adap

tati

on-a

ctio

ns_0

.pdf

Acc

essi

ng F

inan

cing

und

er L

DC

F -

In o

rder

to

assi

st th

e Le

ast D

evel

oped

Cou

ntri

es in

acc

essi

ng

fund

s un

der

the

LDC

F, th

e fo

llow

ing

tool

s ha

ve

been

dev

elop

ed w

ith th

e su

ppor

t of t

he G

EF:

1. S

tep-

by-S

tep

Gui

de: T

his

guid

e ha

s be

en

wri

tten

to s

uppo

rt le

ast d

evel

oped

cou

ntri

es

(LD

Cs)

in d

esig

ning

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

na

tiona

l ada

ptat

ion

prog

ram

s of

act

ion

(NA

PAs)

, an

d to

gui

de c

ount

ry te

ams

in a

cces

sing

exi

stin

g fu

ndin

g fr

om th

e Le

ast D

evel

oped

Cou

ntri

es

Fund

(LD

CF)

for

impl

emen

ting

thei

r N

APA

s. T

he

guid

e ha

s be

en w

ritt

en b

y th

e LD

C e

xper

t gro

up

(LEG

), un

der

the

coor

dina

tion

of U

NFC

CC

and

in

col

labo

ratio

n w

ith th

e G

EF a

nd it

s ag

enci

es.

A s

igni

fican

t por

tion

of th

e gu

ide

is d

evot

ed to

ac

cess

ing

the

LDC

F, w

hich

is m

anag

ed b

y th

e G

EF. P

artie

s ha

ve c

omm

unic

ated

the

diffi

cult

ies

they

face

in a

cces

sing

the

LDC

F an

d th

e LE

G h

as

asse

mbl

ed th

is fe

edba

ck th

roug

h a

stoc

ktak

ing

mee

ting

in S

epte

mbe

r 20

07, s

urve

ys c

ondu

cted

on

the

mar

gins

of t

he S

ubsi

diar

y B

odie

s m

eetin

gs o

f th

e U

NFC

CC

, and

thro

ugh

inte

ract

ion

with

Par

ties

and

agen

cies

dur

ing

its m

eetin

gs in

diff

eren

t re

gion

s of

the

wor

ld. T

he g

uide

was

dev

elop

ed to

ad

dres

s al

l the

obs

tacl

es id

entifi

ed th

roug

h th

ese

cons

ulta

tions

. 2.

Reg

iona

l Wor

ksho

ps: T

he C

OP

by

its d

ecis

ion

8/C

P.13

ext

ende

d th

e m

anda

te o

f the

LEG

in

supp

ortin

g pr

epar

atio

n an

d im

plem

enta

tion

stra

tegy

of N

APA

s. U

nder

its

activ

ities

for

2008

-20

10, t

he L

EG s

elec

ted

trai

ning

wor

ksho

ps fo

r im

plem

entin

g N

APA

s as

one

of t

he p

rior

ities

. A

tota

l of fi

ve tr

aini

ng w

orks

hops

hav

e th

eref

ore

be

plan

ned

by th

e LE

G in

col

labo

ratio

n w

ith th

e G

EF

and

its a

genc

ies.

The

obj

ectiv

e of

the

trai

ning

is:

to p

rovi

de te

chni

cal s

uppo

rt to

LD

C te

ams

in th

e de

sign

of a

n im

plem

enta

tion

stra

tegy

for

the

NA

PAs,

and

to b

uild

cap

acity

of t

hese

team

s in

the

prep

arat

ion

and

subm

issi

on o

f pro

ject

doc

umen

ts

(PIF

, PP

G a

nd F

SP d

ocum

ent)

to th

e G

EF u

nder

the

LDC

F; to

pro

vide

whe

re n

eede

d te

chni

cal s

uppo

rt

to th

ose

LDC

Par

ties

that

are

stil

l pre

pari

ng

thei

r N

APA

s. T

hree

reg

iona

l wor

ksho

ps h

ave

take

n pl

ace,

as

of J

une

20th

, 201

0. T

his

incl

udes

a

wor

ksho

p th

at w

as h

eld

from

19-

23 O

ctob

er

2009

in T

anza

nia

for

Ang

loph

one

Afr

ican

LD

Cs

com

pris

ing

12 P

artie

s to

the

UN

FCC

C, f

rom

8-1

2 Fe

brua

ry 2

010

in M

ali

for

Afr

ican

Fra

ncop

hone

LD

Cs,

com

pris

ing

16

coun

trie

s, a

nd fr

om 4

-8 M

ay to

in L

ao P

DR

for

Asi

an L

DC

s in

volv

ing

10 c

ount

ries

. An

addi

tiona

l w

orks

hop

targ

etin

g Lu

soph

one

LDC

s (5

cou

ntri

es)

is s

et to

take

pla

ce in

Sep

tem

ber

2010

. 3.

Acc

essi

ng F

inan

cing

und

er th

e Le

ast D

evel

oped

C

ount

ries

Fun

d (G

EF/L

DC

F.SC

CF.

8/3)

: Add

ition

al

sim

plifi

ed g

uide

lines

, pre

pare

d by

the

GEF

Se

cret

aria

t, on

acc

essi

ng fi

nanc

ing

unde

r th

e LD

CF

wer

e pr

esen

ted

to th

e LD

CF/

SCC

F C

ounc

il in

Ju

ly 2

010

(cur

rent

ly u

nder

rev

isio

n.)

http

://w

ww

.the

gef.o

rg/g

ef/s

ites/

theg

ef.o

rg/fi

les/

docu

men

ts/A

cces

sing

%20

Res

ourc

es..p

df

Cont

act:

GEF

Eva

luat

ion

Offi

ce

Pho

ne: +

1 (2

02) 4

73-4

054

E-m

ail:

gef

eo@

theg

ef.o

rg

Spec

ialc

limat

ec

hang

eFu

nd -

The

Spe

cial

C

limat

e C

hang

e Fu

nd (S

CC

F) w

as e

stab

lishe

d un

der

the

UN

Fra

mew

ork

Con

vent

ion

on C

limat

e C

hang

e (U

NFC

CC

) in

2001

to fi

nanc

e ac

tiviti

es,

prog

ram

mes

, and

mea

sure

s re

latin

g to

clim

ate

chan

ge th

at a

re c

ompl

emen

tary

to th

ose

fund

ed

by th

e re

sour

ces

allo

cate

d to

the

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

Foca

l Are

a of

the

GEF

and

by

bila

tera

l and

m

ultil

ater

al fu

ndin

g.

The

SCC

F ha

s fo

ur d

iffer

ent w

indo

ws:

1.

Ada

ptat

ion

2.

Tra

nsfe

r of

tech

nolo

gies

3.

Ene

rgy,

tran

spor

t, in

dust

ry, a

gric

ultu

re, f

ores

try,

an

d w

aste

man

agem

ent

4. A

ctiv

ities

to a

ssis

t dev

elop

ing

coun

trie

s w

hose

ec

onom

ies

are

high

ly d

epen

dent

on

inco

me

gene

rate

d fr

om th

e pr

oduc

tion,

pro

cess

ing,

an

d ex

port

or

on c

onsu

mpt

ion

of fo

ssil

fuel

s an

d as

soci

ated

ene

rgy-

inte

nsiv

e pr

oduc

ts in

di

vers

ifyin

g th

eir

econ

omie

s. T

he P

artie

s to

th

e C

limat

e C

onve

ntio

n id

entifi

ed a

dapt

atio

n to

cl

imat

e ch

ange

as

the

top

prio

rity

of t

he S

CC

F. T

he

SCC

F se

rves

as

a ca

taly

st to

leve

rage

add

ition

al

reso

urce

s fr

om b

ilate

ral a

nd o

ther

mul

tilat

eral

so

urce

s. A

dditi

onal

gui

danc

e on

how

to o

pera

te th

e SC

CF

was

pro

vide

d by

the

CO

P a

t its

nin

th s

essi

on

in M

ilan.

ht

tp:/

/unf

ccc.

int/

coop

erat

ion_

and_

supp

ort/

finan

cial

_mec

hani

sm/s

peci

al_c

limat

e_ch

ange

_fu

nd/i

tem

s/36

57.p

hp

Pro

gram

min

g P

aper

for

SCC

F Fu

ndin

g -

In b

rief

, th

e ov

erar

chin

g cr

iteri

a fo

r gr

antin

g fu

nds

unde

r th

e SC

CF

are

the

exte

nt to

whi

ch th

e pr

opos

ed

proj

ect r

espo

nds

to (a

) the

elig

ibili

ty c

rite

ria

as

spel

led

out u

nder

the

Pro

gram

min

g P

aper

s fo

r SC

CF

as m

entio

ned

abov

e, a

nd (b

) the

pri

oriti

es

in th

e N

APA

s, th

e N

atio

nal C

omm

unic

atio

ns

and

othe

r re

gion

al p

rogr

ams,

and

nat

iona

l pr

ogra

mm

es, p

lans

and

oth

er d

ocum

enta

tion

the

non-

Ann

ex I

coun

trie

s ar

e re

quir

ed to

pro

vide

to

the

CO

P o

n co

untr

y’s

vuln

erab

ility

to c

limat

e ch

ange

. The

tem

plat

es th

at a

re u

sed

for

appl

ying

fo

r SC

CF

fund

ing

refle

ct th

ese

in a

com

pres

sed

form

at fo

r pr

actic

al r

easo

ns, a

nd th

e pr

ojec

t pr

opos

als

are

judg

ed a

ccor

ding

to th

e cr

iteri

a ex

plai

ned

in th

e re

leva

nt S

CC

F do

cum

ents

as

prev

ious

ly d

iscu

ssed

. A

full

size

d pr

ojec

t is

post

ed o

nlin

e fo

r th

e C

ounc

il re

view

bot

h du

ring

the

PIF

(pro

ject

con

cept

) sta

ge,

and

CEO

End

orse

men

t (Fu

ll P

roje

ct D

ocum

ent)

re

view

sta

ge. T

he a

ppro

val p

roce

ss fo

r th

e pr

ojec

ts

cons

titut

es a

ppro

val o

f jus

tifica

tions

sta

ted

with

in

proj

ect d

ocum

ents

. Whi

le th

e pr

ojec

t rev

iew

she

ets

for

indi

vidu

al p

roje

cts

are

inte

rnal

doc

umen

ts,

proj

ect d

ocum

ents

are

pub

licly

ava

ilabl

e fr

om th

e G

EF P

roje

ct D

atab

ase

http

://w

ww

.the

gef.o

rg/g

ef/s

ites/

theg

ef.o

rg/fi

les/

docu

men

ts/A

cces

sing

%20

Res

ourc

es..p

df

Cont

act:

GEF

Eva

luat

ion

Offi

ce

Pho

ne: +

1 (2

02) 4

73-4

054

E-m

ail:

gef

eo@

theg

ef.o

rg


nam

eof

Fun

d/

Fund

ing

org

aniz

atio

nth

emat

icA

reas

c

over

edb

yFu

ndP

rogr

amm

e(s)

wit

hin

Fund

App

licat

ion

Info

rmat

ion

leas

tdev

elop

edc

ount

ries

Fun

d -

Th

e Le

ast D

evel

oped

Cou

ntri

es F

und

(LD

CF)

was

es

tabl

ishe

d un

der

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Fra

mew

ork

Con

vent

ion

on C

limat

e C

hang

e (U

NFC

CC

) at i

t se

vent

h se

ssio

n in

Mar

rake

ch in

200

1, a

nd it

is

man

aged

by

the

GEF

. The

Fun

d ad

dres

ses

the

spec

ial n

eeds

of t

he L

east

Dev

elop

ed C

ount

ries

(L

DC

s), w

hich

are

esp

ecia

lly v

ulne

rabl

e to

the

adve

rse

impa

cts

of c

limat

e ch

ange

. Thi

s in

clud

es

prep

arin

g an

d im

plem

entin

g N

atio

nal A

dapt

atio

n P

rogr

ams

of A

ctio

n (N

APA

s), w

hich

aim

is to

id

entif

y “u

rgen

t and

imm

edia

te n

eeds

” of

eac

h LD

C

acco

rdin

g to

spe

cific

gui

delin

es p

rovi

ded

by th

e Le

ast D

evel

oped

Cou

ntri

es E

xper

t Gro

up (L

EG).

Rel

evan

t pub

licat

ion:

GEF

: Fin

anci

ng A

dapt

atio

n A

ctio

n.

http

://w

ww

.the

gef.o

rg/g

ef/s

ites/

theg

ef.o

rg/fi

les/

publ

icat

ion/

adap

tati

on-a

ctio

ns_0

.pdf

Acc

essi

ng F

inan

cing

und

er L

DC

F -

In o

rder

to

assi

st th

e Le

ast D

evel

oped

Cou

ntri

es in

acc

essi

ng

fund

s un

der

the

LDC

F, th

e fo

llow

ing

tool

s ha

ve

been

dev

elop

ed w

ith th

e su

ppor

t of t

he G

EF:

1. S

tep-

by-S

tep

Gui

de: T

his

guid

e ha

s be

en

wri

tten

to s

uppo

rt le

ast d

evel

oped

cou

ntri

es

(LD

Cs)

in d

esig

ning

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

na

tiona

l ada

ptat

ion

prog

ram

s of

act

ion

(NA

PAs)

, an

d to

gui

de c

ount

ry te

ams

in a

cces

sing

exi

stin

g fu

ndin

g fr

om th

e Le

ast D

evel

oped

Cou

ntri

es

Fund

(LD

CF)

for

impl

emen

ting

thei

r N

APA

s. T

he

guid

e ha

s be

en w

ritt

en b

y th

e LD

C e

xper

t gro

up

(LEG

), un

der

the

coor

dina

tion

of U

NFC

CC

and

in

col

labo

ratio

n w

ith th

e G

EF a

nd it

s ag

enci

es.

A s

igni

fican

t por

tion

of th

e gu

ide

is d

evot

ed to

ac

cess

ing

the

LDC

F, w

hich

is m

anag

ed b

y th

e G

EF. P

artie

s ha

ve c

omm

unic

ated

the

diffi

cult

ies

they

face

in a

cces

sing

the

LDC

F an

d th

e LE

G h

as

asse

mbl

ed th

is fe

edba

ck th

roug

h a

stoc

ktak

ing

mee

ting

in S

epte

mbe

r 20

07, s

urve

ys c

ondu

cted

on

the

mar

gins

of t

he S

ubsi

diar

y B

odie

s m

eetin

gs o

f th

e U

NFC

CC

, and

thro

ugh

inte

ract

ion

with

Par

ties

and

agen

cies

dur

ing

its m

eetin

gs in

diff

eren

t re

gion

s of

the

wor

ld. T

he g

uide

was

dev

elop

ed to

ad

dres

s al

l the

obs

tacl

es id

entifi

ed th

roug

h th

ese

cons

ulta

tions

. 2.

Reg

iona

l Wor

ksho

ps: T

he C

OP

by

its d

ecis

ion

8/C

P.13

ext

ende

d th

e m

anda

te o

f the

LEG

in

supp

ortin

g pr

epar

atio

n an

d im

plem

enta

tion

stra

tegy

of N

APA

s. U

nder

its

activ

ities

for

2008

-20

10, t

he L

EG s

elec

ted

trai

ning

wor

ksho

ps fo

r im

plem

entin

g N

APA

s as

one

of t

he p

rior

ities

. A

tota

l of fi

ve tr

aini

ng w

orks

hops

hav

e th

eref

ore

be

plan

ned

by th

e LE

G in

col

labo

ratio

n w

ith th

e G

EF

and

its a

genc

ies.

The

obj

ectiv

e of

the

trai

ning

is:

to p

rovi

de te

chni

cal s

uppo

rt to

LD

C te

ams

in th

e de

sign

of a

n im

plem

enta

tion

stra

tegy

for

the

NA

PAs,

and

to b

uild

cap

acity

of t

hese

team

s in

the

prep

arat

ion

and

subm

issi

on o

f pro

ject

doc

umen

ts

(PIF

, PP

G a

nd F

SP d

ocum

ent)

to th

e G

EF u

nder

the

LDC

F; to

pro

vide

whe

re n

eede

d te

chni

cal s

uppo

rt

to th

ose

LDC

Par

ties

that

are

stil

l pre

pari

ng

thei

r N

APA

s. T

hree

reg

iona

l wor

ksho

ps h

ave

take

n pl

ace,

as

of J

une

20th

, 201

0. T

his

incl

udes

a

wor

ksho

p th

at w

as h

eld

from

19-

23 O

ctob

er

2009

in T

anza

nia

for

Ang

loph

one

Afr

ican

LD

Cs

com

pris

ing

12 P

artie

s to

the

UN

FCC

C, f

rom

8-1

2 Fe

brua

ry 2

010

in M

ali

for

Afr

ican

Fra

ncop

hone

LD

Cs,

com

pris

ing

16

coun

trie

s, a

nd fr

om 4

-8 M

ay to

in L

ao P

DR

for

Asi

an L

DC

s in

volv

ing

10 c

ount

ries

. An

addi

tiona

l w

orks

hop

targ

etin

g Lu

soph

one

LDC

s (5

cou

ntri

es)

is s

et to

take

pla

ce in

Sep

tem

ber

2010

. 3.

Acc

essi

ng F

inan

cing

und

er th

e Le

ast D

evel

oped

C

ount

ries

Fun

d (G

EF/L

DC

F.SC

CF.

8/3)

: Add

ition

al

sim

plifi

ed g

uide

lines

, pre

pare

d by

the

GEF

Se

cret

aria

t, on

acc

essi

ng fi

nanc

ing

unde

r th

e LD

CF

wer

e pr

esen

ted

to th

e LD

CF/

SCC

F C

ounc

il in

Ju

ly 2

010

(cur

rent

ly u

nder

rev

isio

n.)

http

://w

ww

.the

gef.o

rg/g

ef/s

ites/

theg

ef.o

rg/fi

les/

docu

men

ts/A

cces

sing

%20

Res

ourc

es..p

df

Cont

act:

GEF

Eva

luat

ion

Offi

ce

Pho

ne: +

1 (2

02) 4

73-4

054

E-m

ail:

gef

eo@

theg

ef.o

rg

Spec

ialc

limat

ec

hang

eFu

nd -

The

Spe

cial

C

limat

e C

hang

e Fu

nd (S

CC

F) w

as e

stab

lishe

d un

der

the

UN

Fra

mew

ork

Con

vent

ion

on C

limat

e C

hang

e (U

NFC

CC

) in

2001

to fi

nanc

e ac

tiviti

es,

prog

ram

mes

, and

mea

sure

s re

latin

g to

clim

ate

chan

ge th

at a

re c

ompl

emen

tary

to th

ose

fund

ed

by th

e re

sour

ces

allo

cate

d to

the

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

Foca

l Are

a of

the

GEF

and

by

bila

tera

l and

m

ultil

ater

al fu

ndin

g.

The

SCC

F ha

s fo

ur d

iffer

ent w

indo

ws:

1.

Ada

ptat

ion

2.

Tra

nsfe

r of

tech

nolo

gies

3.

Ene

rgy,

tran

spor

t, in

dust

ry, a

gric

ultu

re, f

ores

try,

an

d w

aste

man

agem

ent

4. A

ctiv

ities

to a

ssis

t dev

elop

ing

coun

trie

s w

hose

ec

onom

ies

are

high

ly d

epen

dent

on

inco

me

gene

rate

d fr

om th

e pr

oduc

tion,

pro

cess

ing,

an

d ex

port

or

on c

onsu

mpt

ion

of fo

ssil

fuel

s an

d as

soci

ated

ene

rgy-

inte

nsiv

e pr

oduc

ts in

di

vers

ifyin

g th

eir

econ

omie

s. T

he P

artie

s to

th

e C

limat

e C

onve

ntio

n id

entifi

ed a

dapt

atio

n to

cl

imat

e ch

ange

as

the

top

prio

rity

of t

he S

CC

F. T

he

SCC

F se

rves

as

a ca

taly

st to

leve

rage

add

ition

al

reso

urce

s fr

om b

ilate

ral a

nd o

ther

mul

tilat

eral

so

urce

s. A

dditi

onal

gui

danc

e on

how

to o

pera

te th

e SC

CF

was

pro

vide

d by

the

CO

P a

t its

nin

th s

essi

on

in M

ilan.

ht

tp:/

/unf

ccc.

int/

coop

erat

ion_

and_

supp

ort/

finan

cial

_mec

hani

sm/s

peci

al_c

limat

e_ch

ange

_fu

nd/i

tem

s/36

57.p

hp

Pro

gram

min

g P

aper

for

SCC

F Fu

ndin

g -

In b

rief

, th

e ov

erar

chin

g cr

iteri

a fo

r gr

antin

g fu

nds

unde

r th

e SC

CF

are

the

exte

nt to

whi

ch th

e pr

opos

ed

proj

ect r

espo

nds

to (a

) the

elig

ibili

ty c

rite

ria

as

spel

led

out u

nder

the

Pro

gram

min

g P

aper

s fo

r SC

CF

as m

entio

ned

abov

e, a

nd (b

) the

pri

oriti

es

in th

e N

APA

s, th

e N

atio

nal C

omm

unic

atio

ns

and

othe

r re

gion

al p

rogr

ams,

and

nat

iona

l pr

ogra

mm

es, p

lans

and

oth

er d

ocum

enta

tion

the

non-

Ann

ex I

coun

trie

s ar

e re

quir

ed to

pro

vide

to

the

CO

P o

n co

untr

y’s

vuln

erab

ility

to c

limat

e ch

ange

. The

tem

plat

es th

at a

re u

sed

for

appl

ying

fo

r SC

CF

fund

ing

refle

ct th

ese

in a

com

pres

sed

form

at fo

r pr

actic

al r

easo

ns, a

nd th

e pr

ojec

t pr

opos

als

are

judg

ed a

ccor

ding

to th

e cr

iteri

a ex

plai

ned

in th

e re

leva

nt S

CC

F do

cum

ents

as

prev

ious

ly d

iscu

ssed

. A

full

size

d pr

ojec

t is

post

ed o

nlin

e fo

r th

e C

ounc

il re

view

bot

h du

ring

the

PIF

(pro

ject

con

cept

) sta

ge,

and

CEO

End

orse

men

t (Fu

ll P

roje

ct D

ocum

ent)

re

view

sta

ge. T

he a

ppro

val p

roce

ss fo

r th

e pr

ojec

ts

cons

titut

es a

ppro

val o

f jus

tifica

tions

sta

ted

with

in

proj

ect d

ocum

ents

. Whi

le th

e pr

ojec

t rev

iew

she

ets

for

indi

vidu

al p

roje

cts

are

inte

rnal

doc

umen

ts,

proj

ect d

ocum

ents

are

pub

licly

ava

ilabl

e fr

om th

e G

EF P

roje

ct D

atab

ase

http

://w

ww

.the

gef.o

rg/g

ef/s

ites/

theg

ef.o

rg/fi

les/

docu

men

ts/A

cces

sing

%20

Res

ourc

es..p

df

Cont

act:

GEF

Eva

luat

ion

Offi

ce

Pho

ne: +

1 (2

02) 4

73-4

054

E-m

ail:

gef

eo@

theg

ef.o

rg


APPENDICESn

ame

ofF

und/

Fu

ndin

go

rgan

izat

ion

them

atic

Are

as

cov

ered

by

Fund

Pro

gram

me(

s)w

ithi

nFu

ndA

pplic

atio

nIn

form

atio

n

the

Ada

ptat

ion

Fund

,u

nFc

cc

:Ada

ptat

ion

Fund

B

oard

clim

ate

cha

nge

-

The

Ada

ptat

ion

Fund

, est

ablis

hed

by th

e P

artie

s to

th

e U

N F

ram

ewor

k C

onve

ntio

n on

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

(UN

FCC

C),

is m

anda

ted

to fi

nanc

e co

ncre

te

adap

tatio

n pr

ojec

ts a

nd p

rogr

amm

es in

dev

elop

ing

coun

trie

s th

at a

re P

artie

s to

the

Kyo

to P

roto

col a

nd

to a

llow

dir

ect a

cces

s to

the

Fund

by

thos

e P

artie

s.

The

tota

l am

ount

of f

unds

to b

e m

ade

avai

labl

e fo

r el

igib

le d

evel

opin

g co

untr

y P

artie

s w

ill d

epen

d on

the

mar

ket-

base

d m

onet

izat

ion

of C

ertifi

ed

Emis

sion

Red

uctio

ns (C

ERs)

whi

ch a

re th

e A

F’s

mai

n so

urce

of r

even

ue. T

he to

tal a

vaila

ble

reso

urce

s is

exp

ecte

d to

be

betw

een

USD

250

-350

m

illio

n by

201

2. F

undi

ng fr

om o

ther

sou

rces

suc

h as

don

atio

ns m

ay a

lso

supp

lem

ent t

he p

roce

eds

of

the

mon

etiz

atio

n of

CER

s.

the

Ada

ptat

ion

Fund

Rel

evan

t pub

licat

ion:

Acc

essi

ng R

esou

rces

from

th

e A

dapt

atio

n Fu

nd, h

ttp:

//w

ww

.ada

ptat

ion-

fund

.or

g/sy

stem

/file

s/H

andb

ook.

Engl

ish_

0.pd

f

App

licat

ion

tem

plat

esa

ndG

uide

lines

-

http

://w

ww

.ada

ptat

ion-

fund

.org

/nod

e/7

Inte

rnat

iona

lclim

ate

and

Fore

stIn

itia

tive

(G

over

nmen

t of N

orw

ay)

clim

ate

cha

nge

Sust

aina

ble

Fore

st

mgm

tlan

dd

egra

dati

on -

In

200

7, d

urin

g th

e in

tern

atio

nal c

limat

e ne

gotia

tions

in B

ali,

Nor

way

ple

dged

sub

stan

tial

fund

ing

tow

ards

eff

orts

to r

educ

e em

issi

ons

from

de

fore

stat

ion

and

fore

st d

egra

datio

n in

dev

elop

ing

coun

trie

s. T

he G

over

nmen

t of N

orw

ay´s

In

tern

atio

nal C

limat

e an

d Fo

rest

Initi

ativ

e w

as

esta

blis

hed

in 2

008,

to im

plem

ent t

he p

ledg

e fr

om B

ali.

Mos

t act

iviti

es a

re b

eing

coo

rdin

ated

th

roug

h m

ultil

ater

al c

hann

els.

In a

dditi

on, N

orw

ay

supp

orts

a fe

w c

ount

ries

bila

tera

lly in

thei

r ef

fort

s to

red

uce

fore

st lo

ss, a

nd p

rovi

des

fund

ing

for

civi

l soc

iety

act

ors

in r

elev

ant a

reas

. Thr

ough

its

supp

ort,

Nor

way

is a

ssis

ting

deve

lopi

ng c

ount

ries

to

red

uce

gree

nhou

se g

as e

mis

sion

s fr

om th

e fo

rest

sec

tor.

Nor

way

is a

lso

wor

king

tow

ards

a

new

inte

rnat

iona

l clim

ate

regi

me

that

rew

ards

de

velo

ping

cou

ntri

es fo

r re

duci

ng e

mis

sion

s fr

om

defo

rest

atio

n an

d fo

rest

deg

rada

tion.

The

initi

ativ

e se

eks

to a

chie

ve c

ost-

effe

ctiv

e an

d ve

rifia

ble

redu

ctio

ns in

gre

enho

use

gas

emis

sion

s fr

om

defo

rest

atio

n an

d fo

rest

deg

rada

tion

in d

evel

opin

g co

untr

ies

(RED

D),

and

appl

ies

to a

ll ty

pes

of

trop

ical

fore

sts.

Red

d+


nam

eof

Fun

d/

Fund

ing

org

aniz

atio

nth

emat

icA

reas

c

over

edb

yFu

ndP

rogr

amm

e(s)

wit

hin

Fund

App

licat

ion

Info

rmat

ion

Fore

stc

arbo

nPa

rtne

rshi

pFa

cilit

y, W

orld

bank

,

FCP

FSec

reta

riat

@w

orld

bank

.or

g,

http

://w

ww

.fo

rest

carb

onpa

rtne

rshi

p.or

g/fc

p/

clim

ate

cha

nge

Sust

aina

ble

Fore

st

mgm

tlan

dd

egra

dati

on -

Th

e FC

PF

is c

ompr

ised

of t

wo

sepa

rate

m

echa

nism

s. E

ach

mec

hani

sm in

clud

es a

trus

t fu

nd fo

r w

hich

the

Wor

ld B

ank

will

act

as

Trus

tee:

1.

Rea

dine

ss M

echa

nism

(Rea

dine

ss F

und)

: Und

er

this

mec

hani

sm, t

he F

acili

ty in

tend

s to

ass

ist

deve

lopi

ng tr

opic

al a

nd s

ub-t

ropi

cal c

ount

ries

pr

epar

e th

emse

lves

to p

artic

ipat

e in

a fu

ture

, la

rge-

scal

e sy

stem

of p

ositi

ve in

cent

ives

for

RED

D. T

his

will

incl

ude,

but

is n

ot li

mite

d to

: (i)

dete

rmin

ing

a na

tiona

l ref

eren

ce s

cena

rio

base

d on

his

tori

cal e

mis

sion

s fr

om d

efor

esta

tion

and

degr

adat

ion

and,

whe

re n

eede

d an

d fe

asib

le,

an a

sses

smen

t of h

ow th

ese

emis

sion

s w

ould

ev

olve

in th

e fu

ture

; (ii)

pre

pari

ng a

nat

iona

l RED

D

stra

tegy

; and

(iii)

est

ablis

hing

a m

onito

ring

sys

tem

fo

r em

issi

ons

from

def

ores

tatio

n an

d fo

rest

de

grad

atio

n.

2. C

arbo

n Fi

nanc

e M

echa

nism

(Car

bon

Fund

): Th

e Fa

cilit

y w

ill s

uppo

rt a

few

cou

ntri

es th

at w

ill

have

suc

cess

fully

par

ticip

ated

in th

e R

eadi

ness

M

echa

nism

to jo

in, o

n a

volu

ntar

y ba

sis,

a s

econ

d m

echa

nism

thro

ugh

whi

ch th

e Fa

cilit

y w

ill te

st

and

eval

uate

ince

ntiv

e pa

ymen

ts fo

r R

EDD

pr

ogra

mm

es in

app

roxi

mat

ely

five

deve

lopi

ng

coun

trie

s. T

he C

arbo

n Fu

nd w

ill r

emun

erat

e th

e se

lect

ed c

ount

ries

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith n

egot

iate

d co

ntra

cts

for

veri

fiabl

y re

duci

ng e

mis

sion

s be

yond

the

refe

renc

e sc

enar

io. T

he C

arbo

n Fu

nd’s

pay

men

ts a

re in

tend

ed to

pro

vide

an

ince

ntiv

e to

the

reci

pien

t cou

ntri

es a

nd th

e va

riou

s st

akeh

olde

rs w

ithin

eac

h of

thes

e co

untr

ies

to

achi

eve

long

-ter

m s

usta

inab

ility

in fi

nanc

ing

fore

st

cons

erva

tion

and

man

agem

ent.

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adv

ance

s w

ill

redu

ce th

e ne

gativ

e im

pact

s on

the

glob

al c

limat

e fr

om th

e lo

ss a

nd d

egra

datio

n of

fore

sts.

The

C

arbo

n Fu

nd w

ould

del

iver

em

issi

on r

educ

tions

fr

om R

EDD

. The

se w

ill p

rovi

de e

vide

nce

that

gr

eenh

ouse

em

issi

on r

educ

tions

res

ultin

g fr

om

the

RED

D a

ctiv

ities

laun

ched

by

the

part

icip

atin

g co

untr

ies

have

bee

n re

aliz

ed a

nd v

erifi

ed a

s pe

r m

etho

dolo

gies

dee

med

acc

epta

ble

by th

e co

untr

ies

and

entit

ies

part

icip

atin

g in

the

Faci

lity.

Rea

dine

ssF

und

-

Und

er th

is m

echa

nism

, the

Fac

ility

inte

nds

to a

ssis

t dev

elop

ing

trop

ical

and

sub

-tro

pica

l co

untr

ies

prep

are

them

selv

es to

par

ticip

ate

in a

fu

ture

, lar

ge-s

cale

sys

tem

of p

ositi

ve in

cent

ives

fo

r R

EDD

. Thi

s w

ill in

clud

e, b

ut is

not

lim

ited

to: (

i) de

term

inin

g a

natio

nal r

efer

ence

sce

nari

o ba

sed

on h

isto

rica

l em

issi

ons

from

def

ores

tatio

n an

d de

grad

atio

n an

d, w

here

nee

ded

and

feas

ible

, an

ass

essm

ent o

f how

thes

e em

issi

ons

wou

ld

evol

ve in

the

futu

re; (

ii) p

repa

ring

a n

atio

nal

RED

D s

trat

egy;

and

(iii)

est

ablis

hing

a m

onito

ring

sy

stem

for

emis

sion

s fr

om d

efor

esta

tion

and

fore

st

degr

adat

ion.

ope

rati

onal

Gui

danc

e -

ht

tp:/

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w.fo

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carb

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rshi

p.or

g/fc

p/no

de/2

55

SouthSudan

Published by the Government of the Republic of South Sudan


With support from the United Nations Development Programme, South Sudan office

January 2012

Documents

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES … · communication, learning), policy development (e.g. fire policy, land use policy, revenue policy), capacity building (e.g. institutions,