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Environmental Investigations UsingEnvironmental Investigations Using Versatile, VaporVersatile, Vapor--Permeable,Permeable,
AdsorbentAdsorbent--based Passive Samplersbased Passive Samplers
Jay W.Jay W. HodnyHodny, Ph.D. & George Sha, Ph.D w. & George ShawW. L. Gore & Associates, Inc.W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc.
77thth Passive Sampling Workshop and SymposiPa umussive Sampling Workshop and Symposi mReston, VAReston, VA
April 24April 24––26, 2026 070, 20 7
GORE™ Surveys: Investigating Air, Soil, and Water GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 1
1
OutlineOutline
• Introduction
• Environmental investigations
– Passive sampling – soil gas, subslab soil gas, air
– Common applications
– Benefits
• GORE™ Module
– What it is and how it works
• Example
• New advances
– Concentration reporting – air, water
• Examples
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 2
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GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 3
Do you prefer an informative pictureDo you prefer an informative picture beforebefore an operation?an operation?
Where’s the problem?
3
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 4
Do you prefer an informative pictureDo you prefer an informative picture beforebefore remediatingremediating??
Reconnaissance Tool • Type • Source • Extent
“Environmental X-ray”
4
Common ApplicationsCommon Applications –– Passive SamplingPassive Sampling
• Site assessment (Conceptual Site Models)
• Vapor intrusion
• Remedial optimization
• Property transfer - Brownfields
• Monitoring
– Long-term GW
– Remediation
• Pipeline integrity
* - partial list
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 5
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BenefitsBenefits –– Passive SamplingPassive Sampling
• Rapid, inexpensive, unobtrusive installation & retrieval
• Minimal operator & field sampling error
• Time-integrated sampling
• ppt sensitivity
• Sensitivity to broad range of compounds VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs
• Minimizes sampling variability
• Virtually any soil and moisture condition
• No forced extraction of vapor
• No mechanical parts
• No energy required
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 6
Limitations
Mercury and vapor concentration, no longer a limitation.
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GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 7
• Active soil gas and subslab soil gas
– Forced withdrawal of vapor
– Complex setup
• Potential for error
ComparisonComparison
Courtesy of ZEBRA Environmental Corporation
• Passive soil gas and subslab soil gas
– No forced withdrawal of vapor
– Simple setup
• Minimal error
Limitations
Mercury and vapor concentration, no longer a limitation.
7
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 8
Passive
Volatile Semivolatile
D rie
r W
et te
r
Active
Sand
s C
l a y s
Shorter Sampling Longer Sampling
Time-integrated: Sensitive to a broader range of compounds, present in lower concentrations, in virtually any soil condition.
S il ts
S hal
low
G W
D
e ep
GW
Organic Compound Universe
Geo
logi
cal U
nive
rse
Why Passive Sampling?Why Passive Sampling?
8
1) GORE-TEX® MembraneChemically-inert, waterproof, vapor permeable
2) Engineered sorbentsHydrophobic
VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs
3) Sample analysisEPA 8260/8270 or TO-15
Duplicate samples
Direct detection of organic compounds
Sample integrity protected
GOREGORETMTM ModulesModules
GORE-TEX® Membrane
1) GORE-TEX® Membrane • Chemically-inert, waterproof, vapor permeable•
2) Engineered sorbents • Hydrophobic• • VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs•
3) Sample analysis • EPA 8260/8270 or TO-15• • Duplicate samples•
• Direct detection of organic compounds• • Sample integrity protected•
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 9
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GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 10
GORE™ ModuleGORE™ Module
String and cork
Insertion rod
Field Kit
Subsurface InstallationSubsurface Installation
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InstallationInstallation -- Soil Gas,Soil Gas, SubslabSubslab Soil Gas and AirSoil Gas and Air
Subslab Soil GasSoil Gas
Slam bar Hammer drill
Module insertion Angle beneath slab
Air
Crawlspace air
Indoor air
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 11
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GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 12
InstallationInstallation –– Sediment and GroundwaterSediment and Groundwater
Sediment Groundwater
Vertical Profiling in Wells
12
Remedial Optimization ExampleRemedial Optimization Example
Manufacturing Facility
Objective: optimize recovery well placementObjective: optimize recovery well placement
• Chlorinated compounds in groundwater
• 30ft weathered, “tight” clay (10-8), fractured bedrock
• Groundwater ~30ft depth
• Geophysical survey lacked resolution
• Active soil gas survey failed
• PETREX survey performed poorly
• 77 GORETM Modules, 30 x 4ft sample spacing
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 13
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Remedial Optimization ExampleRemedial Optimization Example
SOURCE AREA
“Groundwater
Data”
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 14
Remedial Optimization ExampleRemedial Optimization Example
“Soil Gas Data &
New Recovery
Well”
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 15
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Remedial Optimization ExampleRemedial Optimization Example
Conclusions
• Sample spacing delineated suspect fracture
• TCE in groundwater detected in soil gas • Challenging site geology
• Recovery well location optimized
• 25x increase in fluid removal
• 75% increase in TCE removal
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 16
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Calculating ConcentrationsCalculating Concentrations
• Quantify (measure) uptake rate
– Experimental conditions
– Varying concentrations, conditions
– Air, water
• Exposure period
• Quantify (measure) mass desorbed
• Soil gas
– Eff. Diff.=ƒ[total porosity, water-filled porosity]* • Johnson-Ettinger VI model terms
• Millington-Quirk
• Conc = ƒ[volume=ƒ(uptake rate, time), mass, soil*]
• Approach – IH methods-solid, sorbent-based diffusion samplers • ASTM 6306 (1998); 6246 (1998); 4597 (1987)
• MDHS 70 (1990); 80 (1995); 27 (1983)
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 17
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Vapor Intrusion InvestigationVapor Intrusion Investigation
CrawlspaceSubslab
Basement
NAPL
GW Impact
Monitoring Well GORE Module
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 18
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GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 19
Indianapolis site
• US EPA - IDEM
• Objective: – “First look”
• July
• VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs
– Guide next sampling • July, August
• “sampling boot camp”
Vapor Intrusion Concentration ExampleVapor Intrusion Concentration Example
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GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 20
TCE Calculated vs Measured Concentrations
y = 7.0722x - 185.49
R2 = 0.9696
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Gore TCE (ppbv)
Me
as
ure
d T
CE
(p
pb
v)
Courtesy of Todd McAlary, GeoSyntec Consultants
• 3 ft sample depth
• Excellent correlation
TCE (r^2 = 92%)
10.0
100.0
1000.0
10000.0
10.0 100.0 1000.0
Gore Concentration (ppbv)
TA
GA
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n
(pp
bv
)
JulyJuly
AugustAugust
Vapor Intrusion Concentration ExampleVapor Intrusion Concentration Example
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GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 21
Vapor Intrusion Concentration ExampleVapor Intrusion Concentration Example
21
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 22
• 3 ft sample depth
• One hour exposure
• Correlates spatially
• Matches P5
503053 – 2.7 ppmv 503055 - 8.8 ppmv
P-5 - 9.4 ppmv
503051 – 17.1 ppmv
TCETCE
Vapor Intrusion Concentration ExampleVapor Intrusion Concentration Example
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Groundwater Sampling ExampleGroundwater Sampling Example
Dry cleaner site – southeast US
• Chlorinated solvents in groundwater
• Shallow water table ~ 8ft.
• Up to four GORETM Modules per four wells – Vertical profile
– One hour exposure
• Slow purge (peristaltic pump); disposable bailer
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 23
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GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 24
Groundwater Sampling ExampleGroundwater Sampling Example
PCE, TCE, cis-1,2-DCE (ug/L)
y = 1.1611x
R2 = 0.982 n = 12
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Concentrations - Passive
Co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
-B
aile
r
c12DCE
TCE
PCE
Linear
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ConclusionsConclusions
GORETM Module - versatile, membrane-based passive sampler • Effective in broad scope of environmental investigations
• Sample virtually any media – Air, soil gas, water
• Inexpensive installation, retrieval & operation – Minimizes sampling error
• Concentration reporting – Relatively new capability
– Sound science
– Favorable data comparisons
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 25
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THANK YOU!THANK YOU!
The authors acknowledge:
Louise Parker, USACE
US EPA
IDEM
Todd McAlary, GeoSyntec Consultants
S & ME
For more information, contact:
410-392-7600
www.gore.com/surveys
GORE, GORE-TEX and designs are trademarks of W. L. Gore & Associates © 2007 W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. 26
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